EXPERIMENT 3 THE LATENT HEAT OF FUSION OF ICE A small amount of ice is placed in a calorimeter containing water.

By knowing the masses of the ice, the water, and the calorimeter, and the resulting temperature change after the ice melts, the latent heat of fusion of ice is found.

THEORY When heat is added to a substance, a temperature change is generally observed to occur. The heat added, Q. that causes a temperature change T is Q = mc T where rn is the mass of the substance and c is its specific heat, which is assumed to be constant over the temperature change, T "owever, situations e#ist where heat added to a substance does not caust$ a change in the temperature. %n these cases, the added heat causes a change in phase to occur. Two common changes in phase are from solid to li&uid and from li&uid to gas. The amount of heat re&uired to accomplish a phase change is called the heat of transformation. 'ore specifically, for a solid to li&uid phase change, it is referred to as the heat of fusion( and for a li&uid to gas phase change, the heat of vapori)ation. The heat of fusion or vapori)ation can be e#pressed mathematically as Q * m+ (,! where + is the latent heat of fusion or vapori)ation, depending on the phase transition that occurs. %n this e#periment, an ice cube of mass mt, assumed to be at -o., is placed in a calorimeter containing a mass of water rnw. at temperature Tl, . After the ice cube melts, the temperature of the system is T,. When the heat lost is e&uated to the heat gained, and the resulting e&uation solved for the latent heat of fusion +, the result is L= (/! mw c w ( T T, ) + mc cc ( T T, ) mt c wT, . mt ( !

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where cw is the specific heat of water (0. 1 23g o.! and mccc, is the water e&uivalent of the calorimeter. %n order to calculate the heat of fusion of ice from (/!, it is necessary to first determine the water e&uivalent of the calorimeter. The value mccc is found by mi#ing known &uantities of warm water and cool water in the calorimeter. Suppose the Calorimeter contains a mass of warm water mww, at temperature Tw. If a mass of ool water mcw, at temperature Tc is mixed with the warm water in the calorimeter. thermal equilibrium will be established at an intermediate temperature T When the heat lost and the heat gained are equated, and the resulting equation solved for the water equivalent of the calorimeter. the expression becomes L= mcw c w ( T Tc ) m ww c w ( Tw T ) . Tw T

(0! where cw is the specific heat of water.

APPARATUS o o o o calorimeter with cork stopper slotted weights container for water crushed ice o o o o double$pan balance -$4- -. thermometer, -. -$ -- -. thermometer, , -. ice cubes

PROCEDURE There is an attempt in this e#periment to minimi)e heat loses and gains by using a calorimeter. "eat transfers can be further minimi)ed by removing the cork stopper from the calorimeter only when necessary and only for a short time. .ompensation is made for the heat losses $or gains that inevitably occur. By starting the calorimeter and contents at a temperature above room temperature, the heat loss to the environment by the warm water is offset by the heat gained by the cool water or ice that is added to the calorimeter. An attempt is also made to produce a final e&uilibrium temperature at or close to room temperature.

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a)

5ind the mass of the empty calorimeter with the -$ 4-o. thermometer inserted in the cork. (6efer to 5igure .! 7btain water from the tap that is appro#imately o. above room temperature. 8our this water into the calorimeter until it is 3/ full. Wait for thermal e&uilibrium to be established, then record the temperature, Tw. 5ind the mass of the calorimeter with the warm water.

b)

5igure . The .alorimeter

c)

.ool some water in a container with crushed ice until its temperature is appro#imately .o below room temperature. 6ecord the temperature of the cool water, Tc, with the -$ -- o. thermometer

d! 8our the cool water from step (c! into the calorimeter until the calorimeter is ,3/ full. Wait for thermal e&uilibrium and record the e&uilibrium temperature T . 5ind the mass of the calorimeter with the added. water. e! .alculate the water e&uivalent of the calorimeter from e&uation (0! using the data collected in steps (a! through (d!. %f the value of the water e&uivalent is negative, then carefully repeat steps (a! through (d! until a positive value is obtained.
f)

9mpty the calorimeter and fill it until it is 3/ full of warm water that is appro#imately 4 .o above room temperature. Wait for thermal e&uilibrium and record the temperature T . 5ind the mass of the calorimeter witti the warm water. :ry an ice cube and add it to the water. Be sure to agitate the water to ensure the complete melting of the ice cube. .ontinue to add ;dried; ice cubes until the final temperature is at or near room temperature. 6ecord the temperature T,, and find the mass of the calorimeter and contents. 5rom data collected in steps (a!, (f!, and (g!, the latent heat of fusion of ice can be calculated from e&uation (/!.

g)

h! 6epeat the procedures (f! and (g! two more times for a total of three trials.

ANALYSIS .alculate the value of the water e&uivalent of the calorimeter and the three values of the latent heat of fusion of ice. 6eport in a table the values of the water e&uivalent, the three /*/

e#perimental values of the latent heat of fusion, the average of these values, the book value, and the percentage error between the book value and the average e#perimental value of the latent heat of fusion.

QUESTIONS . <et up the e#pressions representing the heat lost and the heat gained, and subse&uently derive /!. ,. What does the water e&uivalent of the calorimeter represent= /. <et up the e#pressions for the heat lost and the heat gained, and subse&uently derive (0!. 0. Before the ice is placed in the calorimeter, the ice is dried. Why did it need to be dry= %f the ice was not dry, would the e#perimental value of the latent heat of fusion be higher or lower than the e#pected value= 9#plain. 4. %f ice cubes are taken from a free)er and used immediately in the e#periment, then will the value of the latent heat of fusion be less than or greater than the theoretical value= 9#plain.

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