Topic 3. Strains-Displacement relationship The exact relationship between strain and displacement can be demonstrated as ollows!

"onsider two perpendic#lar lines OA and OB lyin$ parallel to OX and O% respecti&ely' as shown in the dia$ram below!

B V+dVB B dy O V O U U+dUA A dx X A dVA

D#e to strains( OA mo&es to OA' while OB mo&es to OB( The ma$nit#des o the de ormation are as indicated in the dia$ram( )n this dia$ram! dx! ori$inal len$th o line OA dy! ori$inal len$th o line OB *otice that!
dU A = dV B U (dx' x V = (dy ' y dV A = dU B U (dx y V = (dy x

+rom de inition o strains( The normal ,or dilatational- strain in the x-direction is!
x =
increase in length in the x direction original length in x direction U + dU A U dU A = = dx dx u = x

.(/a

and in the y-direction !

y =
=

increase in length in the y direction original length in y direction

V + dV B V dV B = dy dy v = y

.(/b

The shearin$ strain , or en$ineerin$ shear strain-' xy 0 rotation o OA + rotation o OB

dV A dU B + dx dy v u = + x y =

.(/c

Compatibility of Strains The three strains abo&e do not exist independently( )nstead they are interrelated thro#$h the ollowin$ e1#ation! Di erentiate twice x wrt y and di erentiate twice y wrt x
x =
5U xy 4 '

y =
+

5V yx 4

also'

4 xy x y

5U x y4

5V x 4 y
4 4 x y + y 4 x 4

2ence

4 xy xy

This e1#ation is 3nown as the compatibility e1#ation o strain

6xample( /( A plate is de ormed into the dashed shape as shown below( The hori7ontal lines remain hori7ontal and do not chan$e their len$th' determine abo#t point A the normal strain y and the shear strain xy(

Sol#tion
y =

dv v 4 = = 8(889 mm:mm dy AB 4.8

xy =

dv du U B VC 5 8 + + = + = 8(8/ rad( dx dy AB AB 588 4.8

4( A piece o a plastic plate is ori$inally rectan$#lar( D#e to strains the plate distorts as shown by the dashed lines in i$#re below( ;ith re erence to point D ,consider lines DA and D"- determine the strains x' y and xy( <epeat or the re erence point at A(

Sol#tion ;ith respect to point D( dU A 5 x = = = 8(88=. DA >88 dV 4 y = C = 8(88?= DC 588

xy =

dv du U C V A 4 4 + + = + = 8(8//= rad( dx dy DC DA 588 >88

+or re erence point A' the normal strains x and y are as be ore( The shearin$ strain'
xy =
dv du U B V D 4 ,. 5+ + = + = 8(8//= rad dx dy AB AD >88 588

6xercise( /( A rectan$le AB"D is scribed on a s#r ace o a member prior to loadin$( +ollowin$ the application o the load' the displacement ield is expressed by # 0 c ,4x + y4-' & 0 c ,x4 5y4-> where c 0 /8 ( S#bse1#ent to loadin$' determine ,a- the len$th o the sides AB and ADA ,b- the chan$e in the an$le between sides AB and AD' and ,c- the coordinates o the point A(
y /m D 4m " /(.m A B 8(.m x
/.8 8(84. A B 8(8. 8(/

4( A /88- by /.8- mm rectan$#lar plate @AB" is de ormed into the shape shown by the dashed lines in +i$ @.( All dimensions in mm( Determine at point /88 @! ,a- the strain components' x' y xy' and ,b- the principal strains and the direction o the principal axes( @
8(8.

" 8(/4.

8(8=.

5( As res#lt o loadin$' the rectan$#lar shown in +i$ @5 de orms into a parallelo$ram in which sides @A and B" shorten 8(885 mm and rotate .88 radian co#ntercloc3wise while sides AB and @" elon$ate 8(88> mm and rotate /888 radian cloc3wise( Determine the strains components at point @( Ta3e @A 0 48 mm and @" 0 /4 mm

y A

8(8=.

"

Elastic constants and their Relationship. ;e ha&e shown that in case o linear elastic beha&io#r' especially d#rin$ the initial sta$e o loadin$' the normal stress is directly propotional to the normal strain ,2oo3es law- $i&en by !

or'

0 6

and in the case o p#re shear

0 D
Both 6 and D are 3nown as elastic constants o the materials( 6 is termed as the %o#n$s Eod#l#s or Eod#l#s o 6lasticity o the material' and D is termed as Eod#l#s o <i$idity( Since the strains are dimensionless' 6 and D ta3e the dimension o the stress ,*m-4-( Or in other words the elastic mod#l#s is the stress at a #nit strain( Other Eechanical properties are the b#l3 mod#l#s' F and the Coissons ratio'( Their de inition and relations between these elastic constants will be disc#ssed in the next topic( Poissons Ratio, "onsider a bar p#lled in its lon$it#dinal directions ,as in tensile test-' the bar extends in the direction o the load and this is accompanied by a lateral contraction as shown in +i$#re / below!

y C

B +i$ /

)n the linear -elastic ran$e the lateral strain is proportion to the lon$it#dinal strain( Bet a 0 axial or lon$it#dinal strain and l 0 lateral strain Then'
l G(( ,ia where is 3nown as the Coissonratio( =

The ne$ati&e si$n is introd#ced since the axial and lateral strains are always opposite to each other' i(e i a is tensile ,+&e- then l is compressi&e ,-&e-' and &ice &ersa( 2ence'

l 0 a

+or most metals the &al#e o &aries between 8(49 to 8(5.( Bulk odulus, ! "onsider now an element s#bHected to a biaxial stress system s#bHected to both x and y sim#ltaneo#sly as shown in +i$ 4(

y The total strain in the +i$ 4 x-direction is ! x =

y
E

y x E E

Similarly the total in the y-direction is ! y =

x E

+or a c#be as shown in i$#re 5 s#bHected to normal stress x' y and 7 sim#ltaneo#sly' The total strain in the x-direction is ! x = in the y-direction is ! y =
y x z E E E
y
E

y x d7 7

x z E E

G( ,iidy 7 dx +i$ 5

in the 7-direction is ! z =

z x E E E

Bulk odulus, !., "onsider the abo&e case o the element s#bHected to normal stresses s#ch that x 0 y 0 7 0 ( Bet the element has dimension dx' dy d7 alon$ the x'y7 axes respecti&ely( D#e to these e1#al state o stress ,is 3nown as hydrostatic stress state-' the element will #nder$o chan$e in &ol#me
V = dx I dy I dz I dxdydz

;here dx 0 dx + xdx 0 dx ,/+xdy 0 dy+ ydy 0 dy ,/+yd7 0 d7 + 7xd7 0 d7 ,/+72ence sol&in$ V 0 dx(dy(d7( ,x + y + 7 +xy + x7 + 7y + xy7 -

*e$lectin$ prod#ct o strains ,since the strains are &ery small-' compare with their s#ms V ,x + y + 7-(dx(dy(d7 *ow the normal strains' x 0 y 0 7 0 ' since the ma$nit#de o the stresses are the same( 2ence' = ,/ + 4 E

The &ol#metric strain is there ore

v =
V 0 ,x + y + 7V

i(e is the s#m o the normal strains 5 ,/ + 4 or &0

E

B#l3 Eod#l#s F' is de ined as the stress di&ide by the &ol#metric strain' &( i(e K = ' v 2ence
K = E 5 ,/ + -

or 6 0 5F ,/+ - G( ,iiiis the relation between 6' F and ( Relation bet"een elastic constants. Abo&e e1n ,iii- $i&es the relationship between the %o#n$s mod#l#s' 6' B#l3 mod#l#s F and the Coissons ratio ( <elation between 6' D and can be demonstrated as below(