Protection Systems & Devices (Relays) 3rd Year

CHAPTER 3 Types of Relays according to their function

1. Directional Relays
Directional relays are used where it is desirable to trip the circuit breaker for current flow in one direction. That is, the direction is made responsive to the directional flow of power. This is achieved by making the relay distinguish certain differences in phase angle between current and reference voltage or current. The directional relay has a current winding and directional winding. The current winding is connected to the current transformer, whereas the directional winding is connected to the potential transformers to provide the circuit voltage for polarizing the unit. Therefore, the pick-up of the relay is dependent on the magnitude of current and voltage and the phase relationship between them. The directional relay thus establishes one boundary of the protected zone; that is, it protects the circuit only in one direction. Directional relaying is often used where coordination becomes a problem, such as in tie lines between two supply substations or to provide protection against the motoring of a generator.

Directional relay responds to the flow of power in a definite direction or the flow of current in a particular direction. They can be directional power relays, directional over-current relays or directional earth relays. In these relays, the induction type hatthour construction can be modified to sense the direction. This can be done by using two actuating coils called current coil and voltage coil as shown in figure. 19

Protection Systems & Devices (Relays) 3rd Year

hen fault takes place, the fault current flows in the current coil and produces a flu! in the upper magnet "I# and the voltage coil produces a flu! in the lower v . The two flu!es produce a tor$ue % &'I sin " ( # here is the angle between ' ) I " leading # is the angle between ' ) v " lagging # o when % * then " ( # % +, and the tor$ue becomes ma!imum . hen ( % , or *-,o , the tor$ue % zero. hen ( between *-,o and ./,o, the relay will restrain .

2. O er Current Protection
0ver current protection is that protection which the relay picks up when the magnitude of the current e!ceeds the pickup level. 0ver current protection includes the protection from overloads, which means that e$uipment takes more current than its rated current. This is usually protected by thermal relays. 0verload and ma!imum permissible temperature rise have limits based on insulation class. hen e!cessive current flows in a circuit, it is necessary to trip the circuit breaker protecting that circuit. This type of protection is usually provided by either time-delay or instantaneous overcurrent relays. The instantaneous relay, although inherently fast, re$uires a short time to operate, whereas time-delay relays have intentional time delay built into them to provide coordination with other overcurrent relays for selectivity. The selectivity is obtained by ad1ustment of current setting "sensitivity# and time, using the most applicable of several time-characteristics. The relay time characteristics differ by the rate at which the time of operation of the relay decreases as the current increases. The time characteristics for each family of overcurrent relay consist of inverse, very inverse, e!tremely inverse, definite time, short time, and long time. The application of overcurrent relay is generally more difficult and less permanent than that of other types of relaying. This is because the operation of overcurrent relays is affected by variations of short-circuit current magnitudes. These magnitude variations in short-circuit current are caused by changes in system operation and system configuration. 2hort circuit protection is provided using fuses or circuit breakers fitted with or tripped by over current relays or series connected trip coils operating switching devices. 0vercurrent protection is the most basic form of short circuit protection, but in many parts of the system it is not ade$uate to provide the level of protection "dependability, security, selectivity, etc.# that is demanded of the modern electric power system protective relaying system. 3evertheless, in some areas it still finds application, especially on radial feeders that serve only loads, on small and medium sizes of motors, and on certain transformer primaries. 4ach of these, and other, applications will be covered in detail later, but we will find it helpful to review the fundamental basis for overcurrent relays now. 5esides introducing an important topic, it will allow some more concrete e!amples of the philosophical issues previously discussed. Instantaneous overcurrent relays

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Protection Systems & Devices (Relays) 3rd Year

To protect against very severe short circuits, such as a bolted three-phase short circuit close to the source end of a line, the overcurrent relay may be used to instantaneously trip the circuit breaker. 6ere instantaneous means with no intentional time delay. 0bviously, this is an e!ample of a pure magnitude type relay, which lacks fle!ibility to protect against low-level short-circuit currents, such as a line-to-line short circuit at the far end of a long line. 6owever, the most damaging faults may be detected much more $uickly by instantaneous overcurrent than any other type of relay. 7onse$uently, this relay is often used with relatively high settings to detect very severe faults, in con1unction with other types of relays to detect the other faults.
Time-overcurrent current relays

8 more or less obvious improvement is to introduce time as a variable, producing the timeovercurrent relay. This device will trip its breaker if a short-circuit current e!ists for a certain time, but not if the same current e!ists for a shorter time. This allows much more fle!ibility in coordination between ad1acent relays on a line, or between line and transformer protection. The over current protection should not operate for starting current, permissible over current or current surges. To achieve this, the time delay is provided or high-set instantaneous relay is used. 0ver current protection should be coordinated with neighboring over current protections for discrimination. 0ver current protection is used for motors and transformers. 9or small motors, thermal relays and 6:7 fuses are employed. Thermal relays are used for overload and 6:7 fuses for short circuits. 9or large motors "larger than *;,, 6<# relays are used. 8lso, for transformers less than =,, &'8, fuses are usually used. 9or large transformers, differential relays or 0.7. relays are used.

3. Earth !ault Protection "ground fault protection#

hen the fault current flows through earth return path, the fault is called earth fault. The following are some methods of earth fault protection. a- Residually connected earth fault relay

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Protection Systems & Devices (Relays) 3rd Year

In the absence of earth fault Ia ( Ib ( Ic % , % I: In case of fault I: , then the relay operates b- Neutral to earth protection

c- Core balance current transformers

d- Frame leakage protection

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Protection Systems & Devices (Relays) 3rd Year

$. Re erse Po%er Protection

In directional over current relay, the directional element does not measure the magnitude of power. It senses only direction of power flow. The over current protection responds to over current for a particular direction flow. If power flow is in the opposite direction, the directional over current protection does not operate. :everse power protection operates when the power direction is reversed in relation to the normal working direction. It senses both the magnitude and direction of power flow.

&. Differential Protection

Differential protection responds to vector difference between two or more similar electric $uantities. It is used for protection of large transformers, generators, motors, feeders and bus bars. a- Circulating current differential (Mer - !ri e" This relay may operate even for e!ternal faults or may loose its stability for through faults due to 7.T. :atio errors during short circuit or saturation of 7.T. magnetic circuits during short circuit conditions. 8lso, magnetizing current " in rush current # during switching or changing the tap changer may cause the relay to trip at normal conditions. To overcome these problems we may use the percentage differential relay or biased differential relays.

b- #iased or percent differential relay In this relay, the operating coil is connected to the mid point of the restraining coil. The total number of ampere turns in the restraining coil % I*3 ; ( I;3 ; % " I* ( I; # 3 ;

9or e!ternal faults, I* ) I; increases and there by the restraining tor$ue increases which prevents the mal- operation. c- #alanced voltage differential protection

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Protection Systems & Devices (Relays) 3rd Year

'. Distance Relays

Distance relays differ in principle from other forms of protection in that their performance is not governed by magnitude of the current or voltage but rather on the ratio of these two $uantities. In impedance relays, there is a balance between voltage and current the ratio of which can be e!pressed in terms of impedance which represents a measure of distance along a transmissions line. a- Impedance relay In impedance relays, the tor$ue produced by a current element is balanced against the tor$ue of a voltage element. The current element produces positive " pickup # tor$ue proportional to I; whereas voltage element produces negative " reset # tor$ue proportional to ';. The tor$ue e$uation is T % &*I; > &;'; > &. where &. is the control spring effect 8t the balance point, T % , then &*I; % &;'; ( &. or &;'; % &*I; > &. '; % &* I; &; Then &. &;I; or ' % ? % &* - &. &* I &; &;I; &;

? % &* % constant &; The operating characteristic in terms of voltage and current is shown in fig.*, where the effect of the control spring is shown as causing a noticeable bend in the characteristic only at the low-current band. 9or all practical purposes, the dished line, which represents a constant value of ?, may be considered the operating characteristic.

?%

* 2lope of the line

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Protection Systems & Devices (Relays) 3rd Year

8 much more useful way of showing the operating characteristic of distance relay is by means of @Impedance diagramA or the @ : > B diagram @. The numerical value of the ratio ' to I is shown as the length of a radius vector ? and the phase angle between ' and I determines the position of the vector. 8ny value of ? less than the radius of the circle will result in the production of a positive tor$ue and any value of ? greater than ? will produce negative tor$ue regardless of the phase angle ' ) I . 0C represents the feeder on the :B diagram. If fault occurs within distance 0?, the relay operates. 9or faults beyond ?, the relay does not operate.

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Protection Systems & Devices (Relays) 3rd Year

b- $irectional Impedance Relay Directional feature senses the direction in which the fault power flows with respect to the location of 7T and 'T. This means that the directional unit will permit tripping only in its positive tor$ue region. The net result is that the tripping will occur only for points that arc both within the circle "characteristic impedance# and above the directional unit characteristic. This means that the relay will operate only when faults occur on one side of the relay.

c- Modified ( shifted " characteristic The modified impedance relay is like the impedance type e!cept that the impedance characteristic is shifted by a @ current bias @ which merely consists of introducing into the voltage supply an additional voltage proportional to the current " I ; #, then T % &*I; > &; " ' ( cI #;

d- Reactance type distance relay The reactance type is an over current relay with directional restraint. The directional element is arranged to develop ma!imum negative tor$ue when its current lags the voltage by +, o.

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Protection Systems & Devices (Relays) 3rd Year

T % &*I; > &;'I sin - &. ' sin % ? sin % B % constant I which is a straight line on the :-B diagram. In other words the relay operates only on the reactance. 0r

e- Mho type distance relay It is also called the admittance relay. This relay is similar to the impedance relay but is made inherently directional by the addition of a voltage winding known as the polarizing winding. The characteristic e$uation of this relay is ? % & cos " - # &* This e$uation represents a circle of diameter & % ?: &* This is the ohmic setting of relay which passes through the origin. This means that the characteristic e$uation of a Dho relay is a circle passing through the origin.

e consider the two lines 85 and 87, with mho relay located at "8#, it will only operate for faults occurring in the line 85 but not for faults in the line 87. This relay does not need a directional relay "separate# because it is inherently directional. 3oticeE 8ny fi!ed setting such as ., o, F=o, /,o or G=o can be given to " # which is called the characteristic angle of the relay.

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Protection Systems & Devices (Relays) 3rd Year

%&ampleE 8 line section has an impedance of ;.- (H= ohms. 2how this on :-B diagram as impedance vector. If the relay is ad1usted to 1ust operate for a zero impedance short circuit at the end of the line section. 2how the operating characteristic ofE *. an impedance relay. ;. a reactance relay. .. a mho relay " assume that the centre of the mho relay operating characteristic lies on the line impedance vector. If the arcing short circuit occurs having an impedance of *.= ( 1 , ohms anywhere along the line. 9ind for each type the ma!imum protected portion of the line. 2olution E 08 % ;.- ( H = The circle with 0 as centre ) 08 as radius represents the characteristic of the impedance relay. The circle with 08 is the diameter and passing by the origin is the mho relay characteristic. The line parallel to 05 and passing by 8 is the characteristic of the reactance relay. The impedance of the 2.7. % *.= ( H , represented by the line 0D. The total impedance of the line ) the 2.7. is the line from D and parallel to 08. i.e. D94. This line cuts the mho circle in 9 and the impedance circle in 4. Drawing 93 and 4D parallel to 0D, then the protected part of the line in the mho relay id 03 and for the impedance relay is 0D. The percentage protected zones are 03 I 08 % -; J for the mho relay and 0D I 08 % -= J for the impedance relay. The reactance relay is unaffected and the percentage protected zone % *,, J.

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