A PROJECT REPORT ON

MODELING OF GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM USED AS A DISPERSED GENERATOR

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY SYSTEMS

By

ZAMEER AHMAD

ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE ROORKEE- 247667 (INDIA) SEPTEMBER, 2012

CANDIDATES DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is presented in this Project, entitled, Modeling of Grid-connected Photovoltaic Energy Conversion System used as a Dispersed Generator, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in Alternate Hydro Energy Systems in Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period from July 2012 to September 2012 under the supervision and guidance of Shri S.N SINGH, Senior Scientific Officer , Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (India).

I also declare that I have not submitted the matter embodied in this dissertation for award of any other degree. Date: 27th SEPT, 2012 Place: Roorkee (ZAMEER AHMAD)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge.

(S.N SINGH)
Senior Scientific Officer, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247677.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel much honored in presenting this Project report in such an authenticable form of sheer endurance and continual efforts of inspiring excellence from various coordinating factor of cooperation and sincere efforts drawn from all sources of knowledge. I express my sincere gratitude to Shri. S.N SINGH Senior Scientific Officer, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee for their valuable guidance and infilling support for the completion of the Project work. Last but not the least I am also grateful to all faculty members and staff of Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. I extend my thanks to all classmates who have given their full cooperation and valuable suggestion for my Project work.

Date: 27th September, 2012 Place: Roorkee (ZAMEER AHMAD)

ABSTRACT
The grid integration of renewable energy sources applications based on photovoltaic systems is becoming today the most important application of PV systems, gaining interest over traditional stand-alone systems, but grid connection brings problems of voltage fluctuation and harmonic distortion and reactive power compensation. A Matlab-Simulink based simulation study of PV module/PV array is carried out and presented in this work. The simulation model makes use of basic circuit equations of PV solar cell based on its behavior as diode and comprehensive behavioral study is performed under varying conditions of solar insolation, temperature, varying diode model parameters, series and shunt resistance etc. The study is helpful in outlining the principle and intricacies of PV cell/modules and may be used to verify the impact of different topologies and control techniques on the performance of different types of PV systems. The model presented is a generalized structure so that it can be used as a PV power generator along with wind, fuel cells and small hydro system by establishing proper interfacing and controllers. The model is simulated connecting a three phase inverter showing that, the generated dc voltage can be converted to ac and interfaced to ac loads as well as ac utility grid system

CONTENTS
4

SR.NO.

PARTICULARS CANDIDATES DECLARATION AND CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES

PAGE NO. i ii iii iv-v vi vii

CHAPTER- 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL 1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF EXPLOITING SOLAR ENERGY 1.3 GLOBAL ENERGY SCENERIO 1.4 SOLAR POWER IN INDIA 1.5 GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 1.5.1 External Support 1.6 SOLAR POWER ADVANTAGES 1.7 CONCEPT OF DISPERSED GENERATOR 1.7.1 The General Definition 1.7.2 The Benefits 1.7.3 Difficulties CHAPTER-2 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE/ARRAY 2.1 MODELING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE/ARRAY 2.1.1 PV Cell under varying Insolation 2.1.2 PV Cell under Varying Temperature CHAPTER-3 MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL 3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM MODEL OF SOLAR PV MODULE/ARRAY IN MATLAB/SIMULINK 3.2 MODEL FOR MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING 3.3 MODEL FOR GRID-CONNECTED SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM CHAPTER-4 SIMULATION RESULTS 4.1 SIMULATION OF SOLAR PV MODULE IN MATLAB/SIMULINK
5

1-9 1 2 3 4 6 7 7 8 8 8 9

10-12 10 11 11 13-19

13 17

18 20-30 20

4.2 PV MODULE CHARACTERISTICS 4.2.1 V-I Characteristics 4.2.2 Power Curve 4.3 MODEL PARAMETER VARIATION 4.3.1 Variation in Rs 4.3.2 Variation in Rsh 4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETER VARIATION 4.4.1 PV Module under Reduced Insolation 4.4.2 PV Module under Varying Temperature 4.5 PV ARRAY CHARACTERISTICS CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSION REFERENCES

20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 25 26 31 32-33

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.

PARTICULARS

PAGE NO.

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13

Evolution of global cumulative installed capacity 2000-2011 (MW) Solar Industry Growth has produced Steadily Falling Prices India Solar Resource Solar Market in India Equivalent circuit of a PV cell Block Diagram Model of Solar PV Module/Array in Matlab/Simulink Subsystem of Model of Solar PV Module/Array Block Diagram Model of photon generated current Iph Iph Matlab/SIMULINK Subsystem Block Diagram Model of saturation current Is Subsystem of Block Diagram Model of saturation current Is Block Diagram Model of reverse saturation current Irs Subsystem of Block Diagram Model of reverse saturation current Irs Maximum power point tracking of PV array by IncCond algorithm Simulink block diagram for solar photovoltaic energy conversion system Matlab Simulink block diagram for grid-connected solar photovoltaic V-I characteristics of PV module power curve for different insolation V-I characteristics of a PV cell for three different values of N PV characteristics with varying Rs V-I characteristics & power-curves with varying Rsh PV Module Characteristics with Varying Insolation PV Module Power Curve For Varying Insolation PV Module Characteristics with Varying Insolation Effect of Temperature Variation on PV Module Output Effect of Temperature variation on power curve PV Array Characteristics and Power Curves for Varying Insolation Array power-curves and dP/dV curves for varying insolation Vmpp and Pmax

3 4 5 6 10 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 27 27

4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17

Vdc, line to line voltage of inverter and Vab load Three phase inverter output voltage and infinite bus voltage Three phase current at the output of inverter and infinite bus DC output current and voltage of SPV

28 29 30 30

LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

2.1 4.1

Factor N Dependence on PV Technology Parameters of BP SX150S Solar Module

11 20

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL India is endowed with vast solar energy potential. About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energy is incident over Indias land area with most parts receiving 4 -7 kWh per sq. m per day. Hence both technology routes for conversion of solar radiation into heat and electricity, namely, solar thermal and solar photovoltaic, can effectively be harnessed providing huge scalability for solar in India. Solar also provides the ability to generate power on a distributed basis and enables rapid capacity addition with short lead times. Off-grid decentralized and low-temperature applications will be advantageous from a rural electrification perspective and meeting other energy needs for power and heating and cooling in both rural and urban areas. From an energy security perspective, solar is the most secure of all sources, since it is abundantly available. Theoretically, a small fraction of the total incident solar energy (if captured effectively) can meet the entire countrys power requirements. It is also clear that given the large proportion of poor and energy un-served population in the country, every effort needs to be made to exploit the relatively abundant sources of energy available to the country. While, today, domestic coal based power generation is the cheapest electricity source, future scenarios suggest that this could well change [1]. The world constraint of fossil fuels reserves and the ever rising environmental pollution have impelled strongly during last decades the development of renewable energy sources (RES). The need of having available sustainable energy systems for replacing gradually conventional ones demands the improvement of structures of energy supply based mostly on clean and renewable resources. At present, photovoltaic (PV) generation is assuming increased importance as a RES application because of distinctive advantages such as simplicity of allocation, high dependability, absence of fuel cost, low maintenance and lack of noise and wear due to the absence of moving parts. Furthermore, the solar energy characterizes a clean, pollution free and inexhaustible energy source. In addition to these factors are the declining cost and prices of solar modules, an increasing efficiency of solar
9

cells, manufacturing-technology improvements and economies of scale [2]. The grid integration of RES applications based on photovoltaic systems is becoming today the most important application of PV systems, gaining interest over traditional stand-alone systems. This trend is being increased because of the many benefits of using RES in distributed (aka dispersed, embedded or decentralized) generation (DG) power systems. These advantages include the favourable incentives in many countries that impact straightforwardly on the commercial acceptance of grid-connected PV systems. This condition imposes the necessity of having good quality designing tools and a way to accurately predict the dynamic performance of three-phase grid-connected PV systems under different operating conditions in order to make a sound decision on whether or not to incorporate this technology into the electric utility grid. This implies not only to identify the currentvoltage (IV) characteristics of PV modules or arrays but also the dynamic performance of the power conditioning system (PCS) required to convert the energy produced into useful electricity and to provide requirements for power grid interconnection.[3],[4] 1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF EXPLOITING SOLAR ENERGY In the modern context, solar energy history can be traced to Horace-Benedict de Sassure, a Swiss scientist who built the first solar oven in 1767. While quite rudimentary in design, it was nevertheless very successful in application and paved the way for a generation of technologies and devices that employed solar energy directly. The promise of solar energy was apparent to everyone by the 19th century. It was an abundant, inexhaustible source of power. By the 1860s, when oil was still not much in use, it was believed that all coal reserves would soon run out. Consequently, the world turned to the sun to meet its energy needs. However, this enthusiasm for solar energy soon faded away as large coal reserves were soon discovered. Oil and coal, being cheaper to transport and exploit, were preferred over solar energy, paving the way for much of our modern day environmental problems [5]. In 2010, the photovoltaic industry production more than doubled and reached a worldwide production volume of 23.5 GWp of photovoltaic modules. Yearly growth rates over the last decade were in average more than 40%, which makes photovoltaic one of the fastest growing industries at present. Business analysts predict that investments in PV technology could double from 35-40 billion in 2010 to over 70 billion in 2015, while prices for consumers are continuously decreasing at the same time [6]. Evolution of global cumulative installed capacity 2000-2011 (MW) is shown in figure 1.1.

10

MW

Years

Figure 1.1: Evolution of global cumulative installed capacity 2000-2011 (MW) [7] 1.3 GLOBAL ENERGY SCENERIO In 2010 world-wide new investments into the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors increased to a new record of $ 243 billion, up 30% from 2009 and for the third year in a row solar power attracted, behind wind, the second largest amount of new investments into renewable energies[Wor 2011]. Europe was still the leading region in terms of renewable energy investments, totalling $ 94.4 billion, followed by Asia/Oceania with $ 82.8 billion and the Americas with $ 65.8 billion [Pew 2011] [6].figure 1.2 shows Solar Industry Growth has produced Steadily Falling Prices.

11

Figure 1.2: Solar Industry Growth has produced Steadily Falling Prices [8] 1.4 SOLAR POWER IN INDIA The amount of solar energy produced in India in 2007 was less than 1% of the total energy demand. The grid-interactive solar power as of December 2010 was merely 10 MW. Government-funded solar energy in India only accounted for approximately 6.4 MW-yr of power as of 2005. However, India is ranked number one in terms of solar energy production per watt installed, with an insolation of 1,700 to 1,900 kilowatt hours per kilowatt peak (kWh/KWp). 25.1 MW was added in 2010 and 468.3 MW in 2011. By May 2012 the installed grid connected photovoltaics had increased to over 979 MW, Indias (Jawaharlal Nehru) National Solar Mission (JJNSM) was launched in January 2010 in order to achieve the governments target of generating 22 GW (20 GW on-grid; 2 GW off-grid) of solar power by 2022[9].Figure 1.3 shows India Solar Resource

12

Figure 1.3: India Solar Resource [10]

13

Figure 1.4: Solar Markets in India [11] 1.5 GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 51 Solar Radiation Resource Assessment stations have been installed across India by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to monitor the availability of solar energy. Data is collected and reported to the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), in order to create a Solar Atlas. The government of India is promoting the use of solar energy through various strategies. In the latest budget for 2010/11, the government has announced an allocation of 10 billion (US$199.5 million) towards the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission and the establishment of a clean energy fund. It is an increase of 3.8 billion (US$75.8 million) from the previous budget. This new budget has also encouraged private solar companies by reducing customs duty on solar panels by 5% and exempting excise duty on solar photovoltaic panels. This is expected to reduce the cost of a roof-top solar panel installation by 1520%. The budget also proposed a coal tax of US$1 per metric ton on domestic and imported coal used for power generation. Additionally, the government has initiated a Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) scheme, which is designed to drive investment in low-carbon energy projects.

14

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy provides 70 percent subsidy on the installation cost of a solar photovoltaic power plant in North-East states and 30 percentage subsidy on other regions. The detailed outlay of the National Solar Mission highlights various targets set by the government to increase solar energy in the country's energy portfolio. The Mysore City Corporation has decided to set up a mega solar power plant in Mysore with 50% concession from the Government of India. The Maharashtra State Power Generation Company (Mahagenco) has made plans for setting up more power plants in the state to take up total generation up to 200 MW. 1.5.1 External Support: A four-year $7.6 million effort was launched in April 2003 to help accelerate the market for financing solar home systems in southern India. The project is a partnership between UNEP Energy Branch, UNEP Risoe Centre (URC), (http://uneprisoe.org/) two of Indias major banking groups Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank, and their sponsored Grameen Banks. As per the existing policy, Foreign Direct Investment up to 100 percent is permitted in non-conventional energy sector through the automatic route. The FDI received in non-conventional energy sector from January 2003 to September 2006 is estimated at around Rs.35 crore. The Multilateral Development Banks like World Bank and Asian Development Bank are also helping India to achieve its potential on renewable resources [12]. 1.6 SOLAR POWER ADVANTAGES a. It is one of the most environment friendly, clean and safe energy resources. b. It produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases c. PV systems are very safe and highly reliable d. It has lowest gestation period e Equipment erection and commissioning involve only a few month. f. It requires low maintenance g. It can be aesthetically integrated in buildings (BI PV). h. It contributes to improving the security of energy supply I. The technological advancements in solar energy systems have made them extremely cost effective.

15

1.7 CONCEPT OF DISPERSED GENERATOR In the literature, a large number of terms and definitions are used in relation to distributed generation. In regards to the rating of distributed generation power units, the following different definitions are currently used: 1. The Electric Power Research Institute defines distributed generation as generation from a few kilowatts up to 50 MW [13]; 2. According to the Gas Research Institute, distributed generation is typically [between] 25 and 25 MW [14]; 3. Preston and Rastler define the size as ranging from a few kilowatts to over 100 MW [15]; 4. Cardell defines distributed generation as generation between 500 kW and 1 MW [16]; The International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems (CIGRE) defines DG as smaller than 50 100 MW [17] 1.7.1 The General Definition 1. Distributed generation is an electric power source connected directly to the distribution network or on the customer site of the meter. 2. Distributed generation as a small source of electric power generation or storage (typically ranging from less than a kW to tens of MW) that is not a part of a large central power system and is located close to the load. [18] 1.7.2 The Benefits [19] a. Flexibility in price response. b. Flexibility in reliability needs. c. Flexibility in power quality needs. d. Environmental friendliness e. Substitute for grid investments.

16

1.7.3 Difficulties The question of power quality and distributed generation is not straightforward. On one hand, distributed generation contributes to the improvement of power quality. In the areas where voltage support is difficult, distributed generation offers significant benefits for the voltage profile and power factor corrections. On the other hand, large-scale introduction of decentralized power generating units may lead to instability of the voltage profile. The bidirectional power flows and the complex reactive power management can be problematic and lead to voltage profile fluctuation. Additionally, short-circuits and overloads are supplied by multiple sources, each independently not detecting the anomaly [20].

17

CHAPTER-2 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE/ARRAY

2.1 MODELING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE/ARRAY The building block of the PV array is the solar cell, which is basically a p-n semiconductor junction that directly converts solar radiation into dc current using the photovoltaic effect. Fig.2.1 depicts the well-known equivalent circuit of the solar cell composed of a light generated current source, a diode representing the nonlinear impedance of the p-n junction, and series and parallel intrinsic resistances.

Fig.2.1: Equivalent circuit of a PV cell A mathematical description of current - voltage terminal characteristics for PV cells is available in literature. The single exponential equation (2.1) which models a PV cell is derived from the physics of the PN junction and is generally accepted as reflecting the characteristic behaviour of the cell. INPIPHNPISexp {q(V/NS+IRS)/(NPKTCN)}-1]-(NPV/NS+IRS)/RSH Iph is the short circuit current Is is the reverse saturation current of diode (A), q is the electron charge (1.60210 -19 C), V is the voltage across the diode (V), K is the Boltzmanns constant (1.38110 -23 J/K), T is the junction temperature in Kelvin (K). N Ideality factor of the diode Rs is the series resistance of diode, Rsh is the shunt resistance of diode,
18

(2.1)

The complete behaviour of PV cells are described by five model parameters (Iph, N, Is, Rs, Rsh) which is representative of the physical behaviour of PV cell/module. These five parameters of PV cell/module are in fact related to two environmental conditions of solar insolation & temperature. The determination of these model parameters is not straightforward owing to non-linear nature of equation (2.1). 2.1.1 PV Cell under varying Insolation
The photon generated current Iph is in fact related with solar insolation S as

IPH= [ISC+KI (TC-Tref)] S/1000

(2.2)

KI = 0.0017 A/C is cells short-circuit current temperature coefficient, ISC is cells short circuit current at 25 C, T is the cells temperature and S is the solar insolation in kW/m2. From equation (2.2), it can be seen that at constant temperature, the photon generated current Iph is directly proportional to solar insolation. 2.1.2 PV Cell under Varying Temperature The effect of varying temperature on PV cell output is twofold: (i) It affects short circuit current Isc of Cell as given by equation (2.2). (ii) It changes saturation current of the diode in PV cell approximately as cubic power and is given by equation (2.3), IS=IRS (TC/Tref) 3 exp [qEG (1/Tref-1/TC)/KN] (2.3)

Where IRS is the cells reverse saturation current at a reference temperature and a solar radiation EG is the band-gap energy of the semiconductor used in the cell. The ideal factor N is dependent on PV technology [21] and is listed in Table2.1. Table 2.1: Factor N Dependence on PV Technology. Technology Si Mono Si Poly a Si:H a Si:H tandem a Si:H triple CdTe
N 1.2 13 18 3.3 5 1.5

19

All of the model parameters can be determined by examining the manufacturers specifications of PV products. The most important parameters widely used for describing the cell electrical performance is the open-circuit voltage VOC and the short-circuit current ISC. The aforementioned equations are implicit and nonlinear; therefore, it is difficult to arrive at an analytical solution for a set of model parameters at a specific temperature and irradiance. Since normally IPH >> IS and ignoring the small diode and ground-leakage currents under zero-terminal voltage, the short-circuit current ISC is approximately equal to the photocurrent IPH, i.e. IPH=ISC (2.4)

On the other hand, the VOC parameter is obtained by assuming the output current is zero. Given the PV open-circuit voltage VOC at reference temperature and ignoring the shunt leakage current, the reverse saturation current at reference temperature can be approximately obtained as IRS=ISC/ [exp (qvOC/KNNSTC)-1] (2.5)

20

CHAPTER-3 MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM MODEL OF SOLAR PV MODULE/ARRAY IN MATLAB/SIMULINK The characteristic equations (2.1), (2.2), (2.3) & (2.5) for the PV module is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink shown in Fig.3.1. and its subsystem is shown in Fig.3.2.

Fig.3.1: Block Diagram Model of Solar PV Module/Array in Matlab/Simulink

Fig.3.2: Subsystem of Model of Solar PV Module/Array

21

The photon generated current Iph is related with solar insolation S as given in equation (2.2). The Block Diagram Model of photon generated current Iph is shown in Fig.3.3. and its subsystem is shown in Fig.3.4.

Fig.3.3: Block Diagram Model of photon generated current Iph

Fig.3.4: Iph Matlab/SIMULINK subsystem for varying cell temperature and solar radiation.
22

Block Diagram Model of equation (2.3) is shown in Fig.3.5. and its subsystem is shown in Fig.3.6.

Fig.3.5: Block Diagram Model of saturation current Is

Fig.3.6: subsystem of Block Diagram Model of saturation current Is

23

Block Diagram Model of equation (2.5) is shown in Fig.3.7.

Fig.3.7: Block Diagram Model of reverse saturation current Irs The reverse saturation current subsystem shown in Fig.3.8. is constructed based on equation (2.5).

Fig.3.8: Subsystem of Block Diagram Model of reverse saturation current Irs

24

3.2 MODEL FOR MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING The Block diagram used to obtain the power-curves and dP/dV curves for varying insolation is shown in Fig.3.9.

Fig.3.9: Maximum power point tracking of PV array by IncCond algorithm

25

3.3 MODEL FOR GRID-CONNECTED SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM Matlab Simulink block diagram for solar photovoltaic energy conversion system supplying power to three phase load is shown in Fig.3.10.

Fig.3.10: Matlab Simulink block diagram for solar photovoltaic energy conversion system

The block diagram comprises of following components: 1. solar photovoltaic array (SPVA) 2. DC filter 3. IGBT based inverter 4. Three Phase

26

Matlab Simulink Block Diagram Model For Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Energy Conversion System used as dispersed generator is shown in Fig.3.11.

Fig.311: Matlab Simulink block diagram for grid-connected solar photovoltaic energy conversion system The block diagram comprises of following components: 1. solar photovoltaic array (SPVA) 2. DC filter 3. IGBT based inverter 4. AC filter 5. Step Up Transformer 6. Three Phase Pi Section Line 7. Three Phase Load 8. Infinite Bus Bar

27

CHAPTER-4 SIMULATION RESULTS

4.1 SIMULATION OF SOLAR PV MODULE IN MATLAB/SIMULINK The parameters chosen for modeling corresponds to the BP SX150S module as listed in Table 4.1. The voltage V is considered varying from 0 to open circuit voltage Voc corresponding to the variation in current from short circuit current Isc to 0. Table 4.1: Parameters of BP SX150S Solar Module parameter Maximum power (Pmax) Voltage at Pmax (Vmax) Current at Pmax (Imax) Short circuit current (Isc) Open circuit voltage (Voc) Maximum system voltage Temp co-efficient of Isc Temp co-efficient of Voc Temp co-efficient of Power Normal operating cell temp(NOCT) 4.2 PV MODULE CHARACTERISTICS 4.2.1 V-I Characteristics V-I characteristics of solar module obtained by simulation is shown in Fig.4.1.
V-I Characteristics for different insolation 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 800w/sqm 1000w/sqm

Value 150W 34.5V 4.35A 140A 43.5v 600 V -(0.065+-0.0015)%/c -(160+-20)mv/c -(0.5+-0.05)%/c 47+2 C

Current(Amps)

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Voltage(volts) 35 40

700w/sqm

400w/sqm

100w/sqm

45

50

Fig.4.1: V-I characteristics of PV module

28

4.2.2 Power Curve Power Curve is shown in Fig.4.2.

P-V Characteristics for different insolation 180 160 1000W/sqm 140 120 800W/sqm 600W/sqm

Power (Watt)

100 80 60 40 20 0 0

400W/sqm 100W/sqm

10

15

20

25 30 Voltage (Volts)

35

40

45

50

Fig.4.2:power curve for different insolation 4.3 MODEL PARAMETER VARIATION The effect of Diode Parameter (N) Variation on open circuit voltage is shown in Fig.4.3.
Effect of variation of N on open circuit voltage of PV 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 N=1.5 N=1

Current(A)

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Voltage(V) N=2

Fig.4.3: V-I characteristics of a PV cell for three different values of N Fig.4.3.shows V-I characteristics of a PV module for three different values of N corresponding to 1, 1.5 & 2 respectively. The ideal value of Ideality -factor N is unity but its practical value for Silicon PV cell lies between 1 & 2. It can be observed that as we increase value of N, the open circuit voltage of module increases.
29

4.3.1 Variation in Rs The PV cell model of Figure 3.1(chapter-3) has two loss representative element Rs and Rsh. The effect of increasing value of Rs can be seen using simulink model produced for equation (2.1). The simulation is produced for three different values of Rs as 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1. The resultant V-I characteristics and power-curves is obtained as shown in Fig.4.4. The series resistance (Rs) of the PV module has a large impact on the slope of the I-V curve near the open-circuit voltage (Voc), as shown in the graph. One can observe decay of PV cell constant current characteristics at an early cell voltage for higher value of Rs, indicating more output power loss.
PV characteristics with varying Rs 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 0.001 ohm 0.1 ohm Power Curves V-I Characteristics 0.01 ohm 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Voltage(v) 30 35 40 45 0 50 180 160

Current(A)

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

Fig.4.4.PV characteristics with varying Rs The power curves demonstrate that higher value of Rs reduces power output of a cell. An indicative index known as Fill factor in PV terminology is defined for judgment of efficient cell operation as given by (2.2): FF=Pmax/VOC.ISC The fill factor appreciably gets low for higher value of Rs. 4.3.2 Variation in Rsh The simulation is produced for three different values of Rsh; 1k, 100 & 10. The resultant V-I characteristics & power-curves plotted is shown in Fig.4.5. It is observed that
30

Power(W)

3.5

(6)

the smallest value of Rsh causes PV cell current to fall more steeply indicating higher power loss and low Fill Factor. All practical PV cell therefore must have high value of Rsh and low value of Rs for giving more output power and higher Fill Factor.
PV characteristics with varying Rsh 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 1000 ohm 10ohm 140 120 V-I curve 100 ohm 1ohm 100 80 60 P-V curve 40 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Voltage(V) 30 35 40 45 0 50 180 160

Current(A)

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

Fig.4.5. V-I characteristics & power-curves with varying Rsh

4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETER VARIATION 4.4.1 PV Module under Reduced Insolation The two environmental conditions of Solar Insolation and Temperature govern output of a PV Cell. Simulink is used to demonstrate behaviour of PV cell under varying solar insolation. it can be seen that at constant temperature, the photon generated current Iph is directly proportional to solar insolation. If now the rated Isc of specimen PV cell is 4A under STC (solar insolation of 1 sun at 25C), i.e. 1000 W/m2 insolation. The effect of varying solar insolation on V-I characteristics can now be produced using Simulink where the main variable is control voltage V and other variable is insolation. The simulation is produced for five different values of solar insolation. The resultant V-I characteristics and power- curves is shown in Fig.4.6.and Fig.4.7.combined curve is shown in Fig.4.8.

31

power(W)

3.5

V-I Characteristics for different insolation 6 5.5 5 4.5 4

Current(Amps)

1000w/sqm 800w/sqm

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Voltage(volts) 35 40

700w/sqm

400w/sqm

100w/sqm

45

50

Fig.4.6: PV Module Characteristics with Varying Insolation

P-V Characteristics for different insolation 180 160 1000W/sqm 140 120 800W/sqm 600W/sqm

Power (Watt)

100 80 60 40 20 0 0

400W/sqm 100W/sqm

10

15

20

25 30 Voltage (Volts)

35

40

45

50

Fig.4.7: PV Module Power Curve For Varying Insolation

V-I Characteristics and Power Curves of PV Module 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 700W/sqm 100 80 400W/sqm 60 40 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Voltage(V) 30 35 40 45 0 50 1000W/sqm Power Curves 180 160 140 120

Current(A)

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 100W/sqm

Fig.4.8: PV Module Characteristics with Varying Insolation

32

Power(W)

3.5

From the simulation result it can be observed that as solar radiation falling on PV cell is reduced, both Isc and Voc decreases, but the change in Voc is not as prominent with incident solar radiation as is with Isc, which varies almost directly proportional. 4.4.2 PV Module under Varying Temperature To study the effect of Temperature variation on PV cell output, temperature is taken as one of the variable in addition to the voltage. V-I characteristics and power curves are obtained as shown in Fig.4.9.and Fig.4.10.
V-I Characteristics for different temperature 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 35degC 45degC 60degC 100degC 65degC 70degC 25degC

Current(A)

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Voltage(Volts) 40 45 50 55 60

Fig.4.9: Effect of Temperature Variation on PV Module Output

P-V Characteristics for different temperature 180 25degC 160 140 120 45degC 35degC

Power(W)

100 80 60 40 70degC 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Voltage(V) 30 35 40 45 50 100degC 65degC 60degC

Fig.4.10: Effect of Temperature variation on power curve

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Obviously from equation (2.4) the saturation current of diode of PV cell is highly temperature dependent and it increases with increase in temperature and is taken care by Simulink diode model. The increased saturation current in fact reduces open circuit voltage. 4.5 PV ARRAY CHARACTERISTICS PV array can be simulated in a similar manner by making a slight change in the equation and simulink model by putting Np = 7 and Ns = 722. The simulated graph is shown in Fig.4.11.
PV array characteristics and power curves for varying insolation 2000 Power Curves

30

V-I Chracteristics

25 20

1600

Current(A)

1200 15 800 10 400

10

20

30

40

50 Voltage(V)

60

70

80

90

0 100

Fig.4.11: PV Array Characteristics and Power Curves for Varying Insolation

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power(W)

A plot of dP/dV is shown in Figure 4.12. The intersection of the dP/dV graph on voltage axis i.e. X-Axis gives the voltage corresponding to peak or maximum power of the PV module (since at voltage axis, the dP/dV=0). The Value of dP/dV is negative on the right side of the MPP and positive on the left side. Fig.4.13.showing the voltage at which maximum power occurs.
Array power-curves and dP/dV curves for varying insolation 40 35 30 25 dP/dV Curves 1000W/sqm 1200 1100 Power Curves 1000 900 800 700W/sqm

20 15

600 500

400W/sqm 10 5 0

400 300 200 100

10

15

20

25 Voltage(V)

30

35

40

45

0 50

Fig.4.12: Array power-curves and dP/dV curves for varying insolation

Maximum power point tracking of PV array by IncCond 35 Pmax 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 Vmpp 300 200 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 Voltage 30 35 40 45 0 50

dP/dV

Fig.4.13: Vmpp and Pmax

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power

Power(W)

700

dP/dV

Simulation result for solar photovoltaic energy conversion system block diagram shown in Fig.3.10. (chapter-3) is shown below. The Fig.4.14. shows the following output signals: 1. Vdc 2. Vab inverter 3. Vab load

Fig.4.14: Vdc, line to line voltage of inverter and Vab load.

The model shown in Fig.3.10. is a generalized structure so that it can be used as a PV power generator along with wind, fuel cells and small hydro system by establishing proper interfacing and controllers. The model is simulated connecting a three phase inverter showing that, the generated dc voltage can be converted to ac and interfaced to ac loads as well as ac utility grid system. Therefore the model proposed here can be considered as a part of distributed power generation systems.

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The simulation result for solar photovoltaic energy conversion system connected to grid block diagram shown in Fig.3.11 gives the following output signals: 1.Vabc_SPV 2. Vabc_IB (infinite bus) 3. Iabc_IB 4. Iabc_ SPV 5. Vpv_SPV 6. IPV_SPV are shown in Fig.4.15. Fig.4.16and Fig.4.17.

Fig.4.15: Three phase inverter output voltage and infinite bus voltage.

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Fig.4.16: Three phase current at the output of inverter and infinite bus.

Fig.4.17: DC output current and voltage of SPV.

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CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSION
A Matlab/SIMULINK model for the solar PV modules and array is developed. This model is based on the fundamental circuit equations of a solar PV cell taking into account the effects of physical and environmental parameters such as the solar radiation and cell temperature. The module model is simulated using Parameters of BP SX150S Solar Module As a result of the study, one can benefit from this model as a photovoltaic generator in the framework of the Sim- Power-System Matlab/SIMULINK toolbox in the field of solar PV power conversion systems. In addition, such a model would provide a tool to predict the behaviour of any solar PV cell, module and array under climate and physical parameters changes. I-V and P-V simulation results show a good agreement in terms of short circuit current, open circuit voltage and maximum power. In this study, the Matlab/SIMULINK model not only helps to predict the behaviour of any PV cell under different physical and environmental conditions, also it can be considered a smart tool to extract the internal parameters of any solar PV cell including the ideal factor, series and shunt resistance. Some of these parameters are not always provided by the manufactures. The model shown in Fig.3.10.(Chapter-3) is a generalized structure so that it can be used as a PV power generator along with wind, fuel cells and small hydro system by establishing proper interfacing and controllers. The model is simulated connecting a three phase inverter showing that, the generated dc voltage can be converted to ac and interfaced to ac loads as well as ac utility grid system. Therefore the model proposed here can be considered as a part of distributed power generation systems.

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