Resonant Cavities

as Beam Position Monitors

Part 1. Waveguides and cavities
A. Liapine
1. Waves and waveguides
Electromagnetic fields oscillating on high frequencies ("radio" and "microwave" ranges) can
be transmitted by means of waveguides. Basically, a waveguide is a metallic pipe filled with
dielectric or vacuum, but there are many other special types (like stripline, microstrip, radial
lines etc). he electromagnetic field is known to propagate through the waveguide as a wave
(or a mi!ture of a few waves) with a fi!ed configuration. his configuration depends on the
frequency of oscillations, waveguide type and e!citation type.
"et#s take a look on an e!ample of the common wave in a circular waveguide$
electric field is shown with red lines, magnetic with blue ones
wave is ransverse Electric % the electric field has no longitudinal component (in some
literature it is marked as &%wave)
the direction of the propagation is given by 'E, H(
ma!imums and nodes of transversal components of E and H coincide in case of
vacuum filling
) bit more about inde!es on an e!ample of a rectangular waveguide$
TE
11
(Transverse
Electric)
H
11
Direction of
propagation
z
r

inde!es show the numbers of variations of the field for both a!es (!, y for rectangular,
*, + for a circular waveguide)
here are several possibilities to couple to the fields in the waveguide (or cavity)
magnetic coupling uses a loop acting to the magnetic field. he coupling strength
depends on the magnetic flu! through the loop i.e. inductivity of the loop
electric coupling uses an antenna , the coupling depends on its capacitance.
electromagnetic coupling is a sum of two , electric and magnetic, they may sometimes
even cancel each other.
2. Circular waveguide
-e start with a wave equation for the
z
E %component of the electric field
0
2 2
+
z z
E k E ,
were
2 2
k .
.t is convenient to use the cylindrical coordinate system. /o we write
0
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
+

z
z z z z
E k
z
E E
r r
E
r r
E

.
-e uncouple dependencies on r, *, 0, introducing ) ( ) ( ) ( z Z r R E
z
, in that way we get
three independent equations
TE
10
TE
11
TE
01
y
x
P
Magnetic
coupling
P
Electric
coupling
Electroagnetic
coupling
;
1
,
1
, 0 ] ) ( [
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
z
z
k
dz
Z d
Z
m k
d
d
m k k r R
dr
dR
r
dr
R d
r

+ +

with solutions
. ) (
), cos( ) (
), ( ) ( ) (
5 4
3
2 2
2
2 2
1
z ik z ik
z m z m
z z
e C e C z Z
m C
k k r N C k k r J C r R
+

+

1ombining these solutions and introducing
2 2 2
z c
k k k we get equations describing two
waves traveling in 20 and ,0 directions$
) (
2 , 1
) cos( ) (
z k t i
c m z
z
e m r k J A E


.
-e want to know the transversal components as well. hey can be obtained from the
longitudinal components with help of the 3a!well equations. .n cylindrical coordinate
system
4or the harmonic oscillating fields the 3a!well equations can be simplified to
Combining these equations and evauating the !"de#ivatives $e get
%e a#e inte#ested in t#ansve#se magnetic osciations, so $e &ut
0
z
H
and come to the com&onents
Boundary condition 0 ) ( R r E
z
gives an evaluation for the
c
k
$
R
j
k
mn mn
c
5
mn
j
is the
n
th
0ero of the Bessel function
m
J
.
3. Cylindrical resonant cavity
-e can "make" a cavity out of a cylindrical waveguide cutting it transversally with conductive
planes at 0 z and l z .
he sum of the transversal components of the reflected and initial waves must be equal to 6
at these planes$
his means that 2 '
2 1
C A A and
l
p
k
z

. -e get the components of the electromagnetic

field in the cavity$
hese equations describe the fields of all possible transverse magnetic modes in a cylindrical
cavity. .nde!es m, n and p enumerate the number of variations in *, r and 0 directions
respectively.
7sing the equation
2 2 2
z c
k k k + we can establish a connection between the geometrical si0es of
the cavity and its resonant frequencies$
0
!
z
r

he fields and the frequencies, given by m, n, p are eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies of the
cavity.
4. Single bunch excitation and coupled signals
) beam, passing through a cylindrical cavity, interacts with its eigenmodes e!citing them. he
mode, which is used for the beam position monitoring, is the first dipole mode, 3
886
. .ts
e!citation depends on the position of the beam and the phase of the e!cited field depends on
the direction of the offset with respect to the cavity centre. his mode has the strongest
e!citation among the all position dependent modes (dipole, quadruple, etc).
he field components of the dipole mode are given by
.ntegration of the electric field among the tra9ectory of the bunch
dt v E V

+

gives us the
voltage seen by a bunch passing through the cavity. .n the accelerator physics this voltage is
known as an accelerating voltage (
acc
V
). his voltage depends on the field strength and the
effective length of the cavity , its actual length multiplied by the transit time factor. he
transit time factor indicates that the field in the cavity changes during the passage. .n the
assumption that the electric field is constant among the 0%a!is and the beam tra9ectory is
parallel to 0%a!is we get
l T E V
tr 0

. he accelerating voltage can also be written as

dz Ee dt v Ee V
ikz t i

+

+



if v E (( .
he definition of the accelerating voltage can be also used for the calculation of the beam
e!citation. he fundamental theorem of the beam loading says that the voltage seen by the
bunch e!citing the cavity itself is a half of the voltage e!cited in the cavity which can be seen
by a probe charge traveling behind the e!iting charge.
7sing the model of a closed cavity for the calculation of the e!citation we do not take into
account the fact, that a cavity B:3 has beampipes. herefore the e!citation is proportional to
the Bessel function of the offset, which looses the linearity very fast with the increasing beam
offset.
)s a matter of fact, the e!citation is almost linear in the beam pipe region. .n order to show it,
we replace
( ) cos
2 2
1
r k k AJ E
z z

by an integral over all
z
k possible in an infinite beampipe
( ) ( )

z
z ik
z z z
dk e r k k J k A E
z
cos
2 2
1 .
)ssuming the electrical field to be constant among 0%a!is in the cavity gap we can find the
constants ( )
z
k A fitting the field in the cavity to the field in the beampipe at
a r
. -e apply
an additional integration over d0 to be able to use
( )
) ) (
2
)
z z
z k k i
k k dz e
z z

;$
( ) ( )

+

+

+


'


elsewhere
l z l E
dz e dk e a k k J k A dz e
z ik
z
z ik
z z
z ik
z z z
, 0
2 ' 2 ' , cos
cos
0
2 2
1
) )

5
.n the right part we get the e!pression for the accelerating voltage for
a r
$
( ) ( )

+

+

l T E dk a k k J k A dz e
tr z z z
z k k i
z z
0
2 2
1
) (
)
.
)pplying ; we get$
( ) ( ) l T E a k k J k A
tr z z 0
2 ) 2
1
)
2 .
<ow the field is given by$
( )
( )

z
z ik
z
z
tr
z
dk e r k k J
a k k J
l T E
E
z
2 2
1
2 2
1
0
2
.
his is still an integral with infinite limits, but we need to calculate the accelerating voltage$
a
"
!
( )
( )

+

+

+

z
z ik
z
z tr ikz t i
z
dk e
a k k J
r k k J
l T E
dz e dz e E V
z
2 2
1
2 2
1 0
2

.
-e come again to the integral ; and we get$
( )
( )
a
r
l T E
a k k J
r k k J
l T E V
tr
z
z
k k
tr
z
0
2 2
1
2 2
1
0
im

.
his equation shows a pure linear dependence of the e!cited voltage on the beam offset.
4or the estimation of the e!cited and the output voltages of a mode n it is convenient to relate
them to the secondary cavity parameters, such as quality factor and shunt impedance. -e
calculate the accelerating voltage integrating the electric field of this mode$
dt v E V
n

+

he energy lost by the bunch is the voltage multiplied by the bunch charge q$
n n
qV W
.
he voltage induced in the cavity is a doubled voltage seen by the bunch$
q
W
V V
n
n n
2
2
*

.
=earranging the above equation we get$
n
n
n
V
q
W
V
*
2
*
2

q
W
V
q
W
V
V
n n
n n
n
n
n

2 2
*
2 2
*
*

.
<ow we use the definition of the shunt impedance
loss n
n
n

V
R
,
2
*

and the internal quality factor

loss n
n n
n

W
!
,
0 ,

to get a normali0ed shunt impedance

n n
n
n
W
V
!
R

2
*

,
_

.
loss n

, is here the power dissipated in the cavity walls.

.ntroducing
n
!
R

,
_

into our equation we get a material independent solution, because the

normali0ed shunt impedance does not depend on the cavity#s material. .t depends only on the
geometry.
q
!
R
V
n
n
n

,
_

2
*

,
2
4
q
!
R
W
n
n
n

,
_

.
-e use ne!t the definition of the e!ternal quality factor
o"t n
n n
e#t n

W
!
,
,

,
which characteri0e the coupling strength, and get the output power as
2
,
2
,
4
q
!
R
!

n
e#t n
n
o"t n

,
_

.
.n the output line with the impedance >
Z V
so the output voltage is
q
!
R
!
Z
V
n
e#t n
n
o"t n

,
_

,
,
2

.
"et us consider the above equation for the dipole mode and show the offset dependence there.
-e take the shunt impedance for a fi!ed offset, which is reasonable for the
calculation?simulation. he shunt impedance is proportional to the offset squared and the
voltage is in a linear dependence on the offset, so we can scale it to any offset we are
interested in$
q
r
r
!
R
!
Z
V
$i#
$i#
e#t
o"t

,
_

2
0

.
his voltage can be compared to the noise level produced by the thermal noise in the
bandwidth of the dipole mode $ kTZ V
noise
4 in order to estimate the best resolution
achievable with the B:3.
4urther comments to this calculation$
he energy lost by the bunch depends on the voltage seen by the bunch and the bunch charge.
.t depends on the bunch offset, because the voltage depends on the offset. -e assume no
losses during the e!citation time, the system is closed. hat means that the whole energy is
stored in the cavity#s fields.
.f a certain amount of energy is stored in the cavity, the strength of the fields is given by this
energy, because it is an integral of the fields over the volume of the cavity. he voltage
calculated as a linear integral has an offset dependence and, being involved squared into the
shunt impedance definition, gives
2
+ r
!
R

,
_

, that means that the output voltage in the last

equation is proportional to the offset.
he last key is given by the fundamental theorem of the beam loading, which connects the
voltage seen by the bunch e!citing the cavity and the voltage seen by a probe charge traveling
behind the bunch.
he !unda"ental theore" o! the bea" loading
o illustrate this theorem we assume that a charge q goes through a cavity and sees a fraction
f of its own induced voltage @
b8
for a particular mode. he energy lost by the charge is then$
1 1 %
q$V &
.
1onsider a second equal charge following the first charge by e!actly one half of the modeAs
oscillation period. -hen the second charge e!cites that mode, the field induced by the first
charge changes its phase by 8B6
6
and becomes accelerating for the second charge. he voltage
induced by the second charge will cancel the voltage e!cited by the first charge, which is equal
by value, but has changed its sign. )s a result no energy remains stored in this mode. he
energy gained by the second charge must be equal the energy lost by the first one by the
conservation law$
) 1 ( ) (
1 2 1 2 1 1
$ qV $V V q & q$V &
% % % %

.
his means that fC8?D.