Cells Structure Cells are the basic unit of life. All plants & Animals are made up of Cells.

It is made up of a mass of matter called protoplasm, consisting of up to 70-90% water. The remainder is made up of mineral salts & orgainic compounds such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Important Structure Cell Membrane (Cell membrane) It surrounds the entire cell It is thin & delicate, made up of lipids & proteins. It is partially / semi permeable, selective, thus, controlling the passage of matter coming in & out of the cell, this includes: -In: food & oxygen -Out: Waste products This maintains a chemical balance with with its surrounding mediums. Cell Wall Cell wall is made up of cellulose It is rigid and acts as an important internal support for the plant For e.g.: When placed in water, an animal cell bursts, however, a plant cell stays in tact due to cell wall. It can only be found in Plant Cells. Cytoplasm Forms larger part of the plant, made up of 90% water and contains dissolved proteins, sugars & enzymes. Numerous chemical reactions also take place here. It also contains large suspended particles of fats & many structures called organelles Part Mitochondria Function Rod shaped / spherical structures that carry out cellular respiration to release energy. Energy is stored in chemical form known as adenosine triphosphate. Spherical body surrounded by a membrane called nuclear

Nucleus

membrane. It controls all activities taking place in the cell & is also responsible for cell division. The nucleus also contains: i) Nucleoplasm: nucleus sap ii) Chromosomes: Network of long thread-like substances, made up of proteins & deoxyribonucleic. They carry hereditary materials called genes. iii) Nucleolus(1 or more): Responsible for Protein building. Vaculoes Fluid filled cvaties Plant: Large Central vacuole containing cell sap, which is salts, sugars deissolved in water. It exerts high amounts of pressure, pushing out on all sides and flattening the protoplasm against the cell wall. Surrounded by thin membrane known as tonoplast, which functions like a cell membrance. Animal: Vacuoles are small, numerous & temporary. Centrioles Ribosomes They are generally absent in plants Small body close to nucleus, help in cell division Small spherical structures They act as sites where proteins are synthesized in cell. They are found a long a network of tubules called the endoplasmic reticulum. Endoplasmic reticulum. Layers of membrance folded through cytoplasm of a cell forming complex inner surfaces It also acts as a pathway for substances to move from one part of the cell to another. Chloroplasts Found in green plants Contains chlorophyll which traps light energy for photosynthesis. Consists of stacks of flattened membranous sacs & vesicles involved in processing, packaging & secretion.

Golgi Apparatus

Difference between plant & animal cells Part Cellulose Vacuole Chloroplasts Animal Absent Small & numerous Absent Plant Present Large & central Present

Centriole

Present

Generally Absent

To make 1st table more readable