1. Aim: (a) To generate an FM signal using Varactor Modulator.

(b) Perform the Frequency demodulation using Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Detector and Foster Seeley / Ratio detector.

Equipment Required: Trainer Kit- ST 2203, CRO

Introduction: FM Transmitter/ Receiver consist of following blocks:

1. Audio Oscillator: It comprises of IC 8038, which generates sine wave output whose frequency is varied from 300 Hz-3.4 kHz 2. Mixer/amplifier: It amplifies and buffers the frequency-modulated signals available from varactor modulator. That is used to avoid any capacitance loading; we observe the FM o/p at t.p. 34, from Mixer/Amplifier block. 3. Amplitude Limiter: It removes the amplitude variations from the FM output signal 4. Low Pass Filter: Input of this is first coupled by C 32 and R 40 and then in buffered by IC 34084 (a), then it applied to a 4th order butturworth filter. this stages comprised IC 34084 (b,c). The cut off frequency is 3.4kHz. The o/p of it is applied to non-inverting input of 34084 (d). The negative feedback is applied through a potentiometer VR6 to control gain. 5. Varactor Modulator: It is connected in parallel with the oscillator-tuned circuit. Its characteristics is such that the application of a reverse voltage across the diode makes it behaves as a Voltage-Variable Capacitance. 6. PLL Demodulator: The FM signal from output of Mixer/Amplifier is applied to i/p of PLL detector. This block employs 4046 PLL IC. The i/p appears at pin 14 of IC, which is input of phase comparator; it compares the i/p signal with the VCO o/p. The o/p of phase comparator is fed to i/p of VCO. The o/p of VCO through LPF is fed to a buffer amplifier IC 34081. The signal is buffered to avoid loading of output of LPF.

7. THE FOSTER-SEELEY DETECTOR: The circuit of this detector is as shown in figure: Vfm C4 D1 C1 Vfm L1 V1 V2 0V L2 L3 Vfm D2 C2 R2 + R1

It consists of two envelope detectors like half wave rectifiers being fed from the center-tapped coil L2. With reference to the centre-tap, the two voltages V1 and V2 are in antiphase as shown by the arrows. The output voltage would be zero volts since the capacitor voltage would be zero volts since the capacitor voltages are in antiphase and are equal in magnitude. C4 is only a DC blocking capacitor and has negligible impedance at the frequencies being used. But what is does do is to supply a copy of the incoming signal across L3. The entire incoming signal is dropped across L3 because C1 and C2 also have negligible impedance.

The effect of noise is to change the amplitude of the incoming FM signal resulting in a proportional increase and decrease in the amplitude of the diode voltage VD1 and VD2- and the difference in the voltage is the demodulated output, the circuit is susceptible to noise interference and should be preceded by a noise limiter circuit (AMPLITUDE LIMITER CIRCUIT). This block is used to remove any amplitude modulations due to noise, before they reach to the detector.

8. RATIO DETECTOR: Diode D2 has been reversed so that the polarity of the voltage across C2 will be as shown in figure below. When the carrier is demodulated, the voltages across C1 and across C2 are equal and additive. The audio out is taken across C2 (or R2 of course). Capacitor C6 is a large electrolytic capacitor. It charges to this voltages and, owing to the long time constant of C6, R1and R2, the total voltage across it remains virtually constant at all times. In fact it just acts as a power supply or a battery. The important thing to note is that it keeps the total voltage of C1+C2 at a constant value. If the amplitude of the Fm signal suddenly increases, the voltage VD1 and VD2 will try to increase and these in turn will try to increase the voltage across both R1 and R2. However, since C6 is large, the overall voltage across R1 and R2 will not respond to the fast change in input amplitude. The result is that the demodulated audio output is unaffected by fast changes in the amplitude of the incoming FM signal. R3 and R4 are current limiting resistor to prevent momentary high levels of current through the diodes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF RATIO DETECTOR

Objective (a): How VARACTOR MODULATOR CIRCUIT works as a frequency modulator. Procedure:

1. Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the ST2203 board.

(a) All switched faults off. (b) Amplitude preset (in Mixer amplifier block) in fully clockwise direction. (c) VCO switch (in PLL detector block) in OFF position. 2. Make the connection as shown in diagram 1 3. Turn ON the power. 4. Turn the audio oscillator blocks amplitude preset to its fully clockwise, and adjusted the frequency of this modulating signal from about 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz, by adjusting the audio oscillators frequency preset. 5. Leave the amplitude preset in Min position. 6. Set the Reactance/Varactor switch to the Varactor position. 7. Put the Varactor modulators carrier frequency preset in its mid way position then examine t.p. 34. Note that it is a sine wave of approx. 1.2 VPP,

this is our FM carrier and it is unmodulated since the varactor modulator

s audio input signal has zero amplitude. 8. See the effects of varying the amplitude and frequency preset in the audio oscillator block. 9. Monitor the AUDIO INPUT (at t.p. 6) and the FM OUTPUT (at t.p.34) triggering the oscilloscope on the AUDIO INPUT signal

Objective (b): This experiment investigates how the 1. PLL Detector and 2. Foster-Seeley / Ratio detector performs Frequency Demodulation .

Procedure:
1. Ensure that following initial condition exist on the ST2203 board. (a) (b) (c) All switched faults OFF. AUDIOI AMP blocks AMPLITUDE preset in fully clockwise. AUDIOI AMP blocks FREQUENCY preset in fully counter clockwise. (d) AMPLITUDE preset (in the MIXER/AMP block) in fully clockwise.

(e)

VCO in ON position.

2. Make the connection as shown in Dig 7. 3. Turn ON Power to ST2203 module. 4. Now monitor the audio input signal at (t.p. 14) and o/p from PLL Detector block (at t.p. 60), trigger the oscilloscope with t.p.14. 5. The LPF/ AMPLIFIER block strongly attenuates the high frequency ripple component at the detectors output. Thus the output at LPF/AMPLIFIER block (at t.p. 73) should be very closely resembles the original audio signal. 6. To understand how the Ratio /Foster-Seeley detector work follow step 1, except that the VCO switch in PLL block is in OFF position. 7. Make the connections as shown in the diagram 8(Ratio detector). 8. Turn on the power to the ST2203 module.

9. Now monitor the audio input signal to the varactor modulator block (t.p. 14) together with the Ratio output from the FOSTER-SEELEY/RATIO DETECTOR block (at t.p. 53) triggering the oscilloscope on t.p. 14. The signal at t.p. 53 should be contain two main components: 1. A positive DC offset voltage 2. A sine wave at the same frequency a the audio signal at t.p. 14, but shifted in phase by 1800 Note that amount of high frequency ripple present on the signal is very small this is due to the smoothing effect of the large output capacitor. 10. The LOW-PASS FILTER /AMPLIFIER block removes the DC offset voltage at the detectors output, and strongly attenuates any residual high frequency ripple that may be present. Consequently, the signal at the output of the LOWPASS FILTER /AMPLIFIER block (at t.p. 73) should vary closely resemble the original audio modulating signal. Monitor the input (t.p.14) and output (t.p.73), triggering at t.p.73 and observe how the two signals differ. Adjust the gain preset (in the LOW-PASS FILTER /AMPLIFIER block) until the amplitudes of the monitored audio waveforms are the same. 11. Adjust the AUDIO OSCILLATOR Blocks AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY presets and compare the original audio signal with the final demodulated signal. 12. Now make connections as shown in diagram 9. Follow the step 1 except VCO switch off.

13. Turn on the power to the ST2203 module. 14. Select the Foster Seeley detector by putting the switch in the FOSTER SEELEY position. 15. Initially we will use the VARACTOR MODULATOR to generate our FM signal, since this is the more linear of the two modulators, as far as the frequency / voltage characteristic is concerned. To select the VARACTOR MODULATOR put the REACTANCE /VARACTOR switch in the VARACTOR position. Ensure that the VARACTOR Modulators CARRIER FREQUENCY preset is in the midway position. 16. The AUDIO OSCILLATOR OUTPUT signal (which appear at t.p. 14) is now being used by the VARACTOR modulator, to Frequency modulates a 455KHz carrier sine wave. FM waveform appear at the FM output socket from the MIXER/AMPLIFIER block. 17. Now the monitor the audio input signal to the VARACTOR MODULATOR block (at t.p. 14) together with FOSTER-SEELEY output from the FOSTERSEELEY/RATIO detector block (at t.p. 52), triggering the oscilloscope on t.p. 14.the signal at t.p. 52 contains two components: i) A sine wave at same frequency as the audio signal at t.p. 14. ii) A high frequency ripple component of small amplitudes 18. The LOW PASS FILTER/AMPLIFIER strongly attenuates this high frequency ripple component and also blocks any small D.C. offset voltage that might exist at the detectors output. Consequently the signal at the output of the LOW PASS FILTER/AMPLIFIER block (at t.p. 73) should very closely resemble the originals audio modulating signal. 19. Monitor the audio input to the VARACTOR MODULATOR (at the t.p. 14) and the output of the LOW PASS FILTER/AMPLIFIER block (at t.p.73) and adjust the GAIN preset (in the LOW PASS FILTER/AMPLIFIER block) until the amplitude of the monitored audio waveforms are the same. 20. Adjust the AUDIO OSCILLATOR blocks AMPLITUDE and FREQUENCY presets, and compare the original audio signal with the final demodulated signal.

Result:

Precautions (if any):