Energy Automation

Proper detection and treatment of power swing to reduce the risk of Blackouts
Gustav Steynberg
Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

Basics

P=

VG VM sin( ) XG + X L + XM

I*XG

I*XL

I*XM P Pmax

VA VG

VB VM

0 90 180
Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

Page 2

Nov-09

Jrg Blumschein

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

Influence of voltage angle

I*XG I*XL I*XM

P Pmax PM=PG =120 =60 I*XG I*XG V G VG

VG

VB VM I V I*XL I*XM A I I*X M VAI*XL VB V M I VB =60 =120 =180 VM

=180 0 90 180

VA=0

Page 3

Nov-09

Jrg Blumschein

Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

Typical impedance trajectory

Z( = 0 )

= 60 normal load condition = 120 dangerous for distance protection = 180 unstable power swing out of step tripping R

Z( = 180 ) Z( = 120 )

Z( = 60 )

Page 4

Nov-09

Jrg Blumschein

Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

Required characteristics for power swing detection No settings are required, thus no complex calculation is needed. Detection of power swing with frequencies up to 7Hz. Detection of power swings that occur during single-pole open condition and during faults. Immediate unblocking of distance protection on all kind of faults occurring during power swing. Quick detection of reappeared power swing after fault clearance. Out-of-step tripping in case of unstable power swing

Page 5

Nov-09

Jrg Blumschein

Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

Principle of power swing detection

X

Continuous calculation and monitoring of Impedances First impedance in power swing area: algorithm starts to analyze the impedance trajectory

Zone

automatically sized power swing area

Page 6

Nov-09

Jrg Blumschein

Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

Main criteria for power swing detection

Page 7

Nov-09

Jrg Blumschein

Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

monotony criterion

X X1 X2 X1 X2 1 R2 R2 R2 R1 R R1

power swing if R1 and R2 or 2 and X1 and X2 2 have same directions direction no power swing if R1 and R2 and X1 and X2 have different directions

X2

Page 8

Nov-09

Jrg Blumschein

Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

continuity criterion

X X

power swing if R or X exceed a threshold no power swing if R and X are below the threshold R R

Page 9

Nov-09

Jrg Blumschein

Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

smoothness criterion

X X1 X1 R2 R2 R1 X2 R1

power swing if R1 nearly R2 and X1 nearly X2

X2 no power swing if R1 strong vary from R2 or X1 strong vary from X2

Page 10

Nov-09

Jrg Blumschein

Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

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If three machines oscillating against each other

Impedance trajectory will not follow a perfect elliptical path difficult to manage with blinders easy to detect with criteria monotony, continuity and smoothness

Page 11

Nov-09

Jrg Blumschein

Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

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Quick redetection of power swing after fault inception

Page 12

Nov-09

Jrg Blumschein

Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

12

Secure power swing detection during open pole condition

Page 13

Nov-09

Jrg Blumschein

Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

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Necessity of power swing detection, example

D1

Trip

Trip

D2

Busbar 1
Transmission network

Busbar 2

3-phase-fault initiates a power swing in the transmission network

D3

Trip

Trip

D4

3-phase fault
Distribution network

Relay 5

Power swing blocking function prevents the distance relays D1 .. D4 from unselective tripping

Page 14

Nov-09

Jrg Blumschein

Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

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Impedance Vector for Distance Relay D4

X Zone Z2 Zone Z1

3-phase reverse fault: Impedance vector jumps to ZFault ZLoad

R

power swing is initiated by the reverse fault: The impedance moves on a circular trajectory The power swing blocking function prevents an unselective trip, before the impedance vector enters the tripping zone Z1

ZFault
Zone Zone Z3

Power Swing Detection

Page 15 Nov-09 Jrg Blumschein Siemens AG 2008 Energy Sector

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009

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