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q in
2
3 p wout
2
closed system
T
1
4 q out win 1
V1 = V 4
BDC
TDC
clearance vol.
s
Swept volume:
3.14 2 d l= 502 75 = 147, 200 mm3 = 147.2 cm3 4 4 V1 = V2 + Vs = Vc + Vs = 21.3 + 147.2 = 168.5 cm3 Vs = Compression ratio: 1 V1 168.5 = = = 7.914/1 2 V2 21.3
r=
th,Otto = 1
Show that the thermal efciency of the Diesel engine can be expressed as: th,Diesel = 1 1 r1
1 rc (rc 1)
With r =
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
q in
2
wout 2
4
w23
3 closed system
T win
q out
1
V2
V1
BDC
TDC
clearance vol.
Thermal efciency of Diesel cycle: th = wnet q23 q41 = qin q23 u4 u1 q41 =1 =1 q23 h3 h2 T4 1) T1 T3 1) T2
= r1
1
(4)
1
V3 V2 V2 V1
rc r
(V4 = V1 )
(5)
Process 2 3 is isobaric heat addiation: p2 V2 = mRT2 ; p3 V3 = mRT3 ; T3 V3 = = rc T2 V2 th = 1 Equation (4) * (5) yields: T4 T3 1 1 = rc = rc rc T1 T2 T4 = rc T1 The thermal efciency of Diesel cycle: th = 1 th,Diesel = 1
1 1 1 rc 1 r rc 1
p2 = p3 (6) (7)
cv T1 T4 /T1 1 cp T2 T3 /T2 1
(8) (9)
(10) (11)
1 r1
1 rc (rc 1)
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Plot:
1 r c=
Thermal efficiennncy, 50 40 30 r c= 3
Otto
cyc
le
r c= 2
Diesel cycle
10 20 15 Compression ratio, r
A diesel engine has an inlet temperature and pressure of 15 C and 1 bar, respectively. The compression ratio is 12/1 and the maximum cycle temperature is 1100 C. Calculate the air standard thermal efciency based on the diesel cycle. Thermal efciency: th = wnet q23 q41 = qin q23 q41 u4 u1 =1 =1 q23 h3 h2
= r1 = 120.4 = 2.7
(12) (13)
(14)
(15)
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
(16) (17)
(18)
u4 u1 = cv (T4 T1 ) = 0.7179 (638 288.15) = 251.14 kJ/kgK h3 h2 = cp (T3 T2 ) = 1.005 (1373.15 778) = 598.13 kJ/kgK th = 1 = th = 1 u4 u1 h3 h2 251.14 = 58% 598.13
An oil engine takes in air at 1.013 bar, 20 C and the maximum cycle pressure is 69 bar. The compressor ratio is 18/1. Based on the dual-combustion cycle and assuming that the heat added at constant volume is equal to the heat added at constant pressure.
wout
69
3 2
4 T wout 2 Q in 3
Q in
5 Q out
win
1.013
5
20
v = v3
2
1 v = v5
1
1 s
(a) the air standard thermal efciency Energy balance: w12 + q23 + q34 = w34 + w45 + q51 w34 + w45 w12 = q23 + q34 q51 wnet = q23 + q34 q51
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Thermal efciency: th, Dual = wnet q23 + q34 q51 = qin q23 + q34 q51 =1 q23 + q34 u5 u1 =1 u3 u2 + h4 h3
th, Dual
= r1 1 = 0.4;
0.4
T2 = 293.15 18 T2 p2 = T1 p1
1
= 931.53 K
1
v1 v2
= r1 p1 = 1.013 bar
(24)
p2 = p1 r ;
with
p2 = 1.013 181.4 = 57.94 bar Constant volume heat addition 2 3: v2 = v3 ; (pv = RT ) T3 p3 = ; T2 p2 T3 = T2 with p3 = p4 = 69 bar
(25)
(26) (27)
(28) (29)
u3 u2 = h4 h3 cv (T3 T2 ) = cp (T4 T3 ) T4 T3 = T4 = T3 (1 +
T4 = 1236.3 K
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Isentropic expansion 4 5: v4 T5 = T4 v5
1
with v5 = v1 and v2 = v3
T5 = T4 0.06190.4 = 1263.3 0.3286 = 415.1 K Calculation of thermal efciency: u5 u1 = cv (T5 T1 ) = 0.7179 (415.1 293.15) = 87.55 kJ/kgK u3 u2 = cv (T3 T2 ) = 0.7179 (1, 109.3 931.53) = 127.6 kJ/kgK h4 h3 = cp (T4 T3 ) = 1.005 (1236.3 1, 109.3) = 127.6 kJ/kgK th, Dual = 1 u5 u1 u3 u2 + h4 h3 87.55 = 0.657 =1 127.6 + 127.6 = 65.7%
= th, Dual
(31)
(b) Mean effective pressure for the cycle wnet pmep = v1 v2 wnet = qin qin = (u3 u2 ) + (h4 h3 ) = 255.2 kJ/kg wnet = 0.657 255.2 = 167.7 kJ/kg (1 2 ) = 1 (1 (1 2 ) = 1 = 17 1 18 1 2 1 ) = 1 (1 ) = 1 (1 ) 1 r 18
0.287 kJ/kgK 293.15 K 1 bar 1 Pa 1 Nm RT1 2 = p1 1.013 bar 10 kPa N/m2 J 3 m = 0.8305 kg 17 m3 0.8305 = 0.7844 18 kg wnet v1 v2 167.7 kJ/kg 0.7844
m3 kg
(1 2 ) = pmep = =
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
A four-cylinder petrol engine has a bore of 57 mm and a stroke of 90 mm. Its rated speed is 2800 rev/min, and it is tested at this speed against a brake which has a torque arm of 0.356 m. The net brake load is 155 N and the fuel consumption is 6.74 ltr/h. The specic gravity of the petrol used is 0.735 and it has a lower specic caloric value Cnet,v of 44,200 kJ/kg. A Morse test is carried out and the cylinders are cut out in the order 1, 2, 3, 4 with corresponding brake loads of 111, 106.5, 104.2, and 111 N, respectively.
r T F 3 2 T 1 s 4 p 2 4 1 V
1 d
Work in
(a) the engine torque, the bmep, the brake thermal efciency (i) Engine torque: T = F r = 155 N 0.356 m = 55.18 J (ii) Brake power: bp = 2N T = 2 3.14 2800 rev/min 55.18 J 1 min W 60 s = 16, 171.42 W = 16.17 kW (iii) Brake mean effective pressure: bp 2 W pbmep = AlN n bp 2 = 16.17 kW 2 = 32.34 kW W rev 1 min 3.14 AlN n = (0.057 m)2 0.090 m 2800 4 = 0.0428 m3 /s 4 min 60 s pbmep = pbmep 32.34 kW 1000 J/s Nm 1 Pa 1 bar 5 2 3 0.0428 m /s kW J 10 Pa N/m = 7.548 bar
(32)
BT =
(33)
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
(b) the specic fuel consumption, the mechanical efciency (i) Specic fuel consumption sfc = = m f bp W (34) (35)
0.001376 kg/s kg = 8.51 105 16.17 kW kJ kg 3600 s = 8.51 105 kW*s 1h kg = sfc = 0.3064 kW h (c) the imep (i) Morse test ip,1 = W bp W bp,1 = 155 111 = 44 N W ip,2 = W bp W bp,2 = 155 106.5 = 48.5 N W ip,3 = W bp W bp,3 = 155 104.2 = 50.8 N W ip,4 = W bp W bp,4 = 155 111 = 44 N W ip : Total indicated power (loads) W ip = W (ii) Mechanical efciency: M = bp W 155 = = 0.828 82.8% 187 .3 Wip ip,i = 187.3 N W
(36)
(37)
(38)
(iii) Indicated mean effective pressure: pbmep = M pimep pbmep 7.548 pimep = = = 9.116 bar M 0.828
(39)
(d) Estimate the volumetric efciency of the engine, if the engine is tested in an atmosphere at 1.013 bar and 15 C. (i) Air fuel ratio: raf = 14.5/1 (ii) Air mass ow rate: m a = raf m f = 14.5 0.001376 kg/s = 0.02 kg/s (iii) Induced volume rate: a RT in = m V p 0.02 kg/s 287 J/kgK 287.15 K 1 Pa 1 Nm 1 k = 2 101.3 kPa J 1000 N/m 3 = 0.0162 m /s (42) (41) (40)
(43)
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (iv) Swept volume (four-stroke engine): s = AlnN/2 = d2 l n N/2 V 4 AlnN = 0.0428 m3 /s s = 0.0214 m3 /s V (v) Volumetric efciency: vol. = = vol. in V s V 0.0162 = = 0.757 75.7% 0.0214
(44)
(45)
(46) (47)