3.1.1 State that temperature determines the direction of thermal energy transfer between two objects.

When two objects are in thermal contact, thermal energy is transferred from high temperature to low temperature until those objects reach the same temperature. When this happens they are said to be in thermal equilibrium. 3.1.2 State the relation between the Kelvin and Celsius scales of temperature. T/K = t/C + 273 3.1.3 State that the internal energy of a substance is the total potential energy and random kinetic energy of the molecules of the substance. Internal energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of molecules. 3.1.4 Explain and distinguish between the macroscopic concepts of temperature, internal energy and thermal energy (heat). Macroscopic point of view considers the system as a whole and sees how it interacts with its surroundings. Microscopic point of view looks inside the system to see how its component parts interact with each other. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance. Internal energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of molecules. Kinetic energy is due to either translational kinetic energy (the whole molecule is moving in a certain direction) or rotational kinetic energy (the molecule is rotating about one or more axes). Potential energy is due to intermolecular forces between molecules. Thermal energy is energy flows from higher temperature body to lower temperature body. 3.1.5 Define the mole and molar mass. Mole: the amount of substance that contains the same number of atoms as 0.012kg of carbon-12. Molar Mass: the mass of one mole of a substance 3.1.6 Define the Avogadro constant. Avogadro Constant: the number of atoms in 0.012kg of carbon-12. It is 6.02 x 1023. 3.2.1 Define specific heat capacity and thermal capacity. Thermal capacity is the energy required to raise temperature by 1K. Specific heat capacity is the energy required to raise a unit mass of a substance by 1K. 3.2.2 Solve problems involving specific heat capacities and thermal capacities. Q = mcT Energy lost by hot substance cooling down = Energy gained by cold substance heating up 3.2.3 Explain the physical differences between the solid, liquid and gaseous phases in terms of molecular structure and particle motion. Characteristic Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Mean molecular Separation Solid Vibrational High Liquid Vibrational, rotational, (translational) Higher Gas Mostly translational, higher rotational and vibrational Highest 10

3.2.4 Describe and explain the process of phase changes in terms of molecular behaviour.

Melting: vibrational kinetic energy increases and particles gain enough thermal energy to break from fixed positions. Potential energy of system increases. Freezing: particles lose potential energy until thermal energy of the system is unable to support distance between particles and is overcome by the attraction force between them. Kinetic energy changes form from vibrational, rotational and part translational to merely vibrational. Potential energy decreases. Evaporating: certain particles in the liquid gain enough potential energy to escape the intermolecular bonds as a gas. The escape of the higher-energy particles will lower the average kinetic energy and thus lower the temperature. Boiling: substance gains enough potential energy to break free from inter-particle forces. Similar to evaporation, the only difference being that energy is supplied from external source so there is no decrease in temperature. Condensing: the energy changes are opposite to that of boiling. 3.2.5 Explain in terms of molecular behaviour why temperature does not change during a phase change. During a phase change, the thermal energy gained or lost will go towards increasing or decreasing the potential energy of the particles to either overcome or succumb to the inter-molecular force that pulls particles together. In the process, the average kinetic energy will not change. 3.2.6 Distinguish between evaporation and boiling Evaporation occurs only on the surface of liquid/ Boiling takes place everywhere Evaporation takes place at every temperature level/ Boiling occurs only above boiling point Pressure increase decreases the rate of both boiling and evaporation Temperature increase increases the rate of both boiling and evaporation 3.2.7 Define specific latent heat. The amount of energy per unit mass absorbed or released during a change of phase 3.2.8 Solve problems involving specific latent heats. Q = mL ex) Energy lost by water cooling down = energy gained by ice mwatercwater(Twater - Tmix) = miceL + micecwaterTice 3.2.9 Define pressure. P = F/A The force per unit area 3.2.10 State the assumptions of the kinetic model of an ideal gas. Newtons laws apply to molecules No intermolecular forces Point like molecules Random motion of molecules Elastic collisions No time spent in the collisions 3.2.11 State that temperature is a measure of the average random kinetic energy of the molecules of an ideal gas. Explain the macroscopic behaviour of an ideal gas in terms of a molecular model. How change in one of volume/temperature/pressure affects the other factors