Schinnen, June 2013.

A quantum model about coherence to understand the mechanisms generating biological effects caused by man-made non-ionizing radiation

And possible ways to restore influences

H. Geesink, The Netherlands.

Contents

1. 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3. 3.1 3.2

Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 7 An integration of models .............................................................................................................. 7 Water clathrates, proteins and DNA ............................................................................................. 11 Rydberg states and cyclotron resonances ...................................................................................... 13 Protection technologies .............................................................................................................. 13 Coherence of quantum resonances ............................................................................................... 15 How to restore biological effects caused by non ionizing radiation ................................................... 16 The different models ......................................................................................................................... 16 Current models ......................................................................................................................... 16 Models about ECR .................................................................................................................... 18 3.2.1 ECRs in plasma ............................................................................................................... 18 3.2.2 ECRs and coherence in semiconductors ............................................................................... 20 Models about water molecules .................................................................................................... 21 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 21 Water clusters, electrons and Rydberg states.......................................................................... 22 Water clusters and quantum resonances. ............................................................................... 23 Models about resonances of biopolymers...................................................................................... 26 Introduction. ..................................................................................................................... 26 DNA ............................................................................................................................... 27 Neurons, ion channels, hormones and microtubilins ............................................................... 29 Models about aether science, Jan Wicherink and Hans Geesink ....................................................... 31 Plato ................................................................................................................................ 31 Maxwell ........................................................................................................................... 32 Rutherford and Bohr .......................................................................................................... 32 De Broglie ........................................................................................................................ 32 Heisenberg ....................................................................................................................... 32 Schrdinger ...................................................................................................................... 33 The Copenhagen interpretation ............................................................................................ 33 Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen.............................................................................................. 33 Aspect ............................................................................................................................. 33 Bohm............................................................................................................................... 34 Jenny and Buckminster Fuller ............................................................................................. 34 Del Giudice ...................................................................................................................... 35 Wheeler and Feynman........................................................................................................ 36 2

3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.5.7 3.5.8 3.5.9

3.5.10 3.5.11 3.5.12 3.5.13

3.5.14 3.5.15 3.5.16 3.5.17 3.5.18 3.5.19 3.6 4. 5. 6. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 7. 7.1 7.2 8. 9.

Winter.............................................................................................................................. 36 Haramein ......................................................................................................................... 39 Lefferts ............................................................................................................................ 40 La Violette ....................................................................................................................... 41 Geesink ............................................................................................................................ 41 Consciousness................................................................................................................... 42

Models about the disturbance of well being .................................................................................. 42 The origin of a quantum model about coherence ................................................................................... 43 The kT-paradox ................................................................................................................................ 48 Natural resonances ............................................................................................................................ 50 Plasma..................................................................................................................................... 50 E.C.R.s ................................................................................................................................... 53 I.C.R.s .................................................................................................................................... 54 Magnetic resonances.................................................................................................................. 55 X-rays ..................................................................................................................................... 56 Schumann resonances ................................................................................................................ 56 Geomagnetic waves ................................................................................................................... 57 Rydberg resonances ................................................................................................................... 58 Resonance transfer between electrons and whistler modes .............................................................. 59 Black body emission curves and line emissions in the sub-mm ........................................................ 61 Effects of geomagnetic storms .................................................................................................... 62 Model of Avakyan ............................................................................................................................ 63 Avakyan: Rydberg states, water clusters and well being ................................................................. 64 References used by Avakyan ...................................................................................................... 69 Model of magnetic field, D.L. Henshaw ............................................................................................... 71 Cryptochrome and the concept of Litovitz proposed by A. Goldsworthy ................................................... 72

10. Model of biophotons, F.A. Popp ......................................................................................................... 74 11. Model of sferics, F. Knig and A.Schienle ........................................................................................... 75 12. Model of imprints in water molecules, C. Smith and H. Frhlich ............................................................. 76 13. Model of hyperschall, R. Gebbensleben. .............................................................................................. 77 14. Resonances ...................................................................................................................................... 78 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Rydberg states .......................................................................................................................... 78 Coherent control of Rydberg states .............................................................................................. 80 Rydberg matter ......................................................................................................................... 81 Resonant energy transfer ............................................................................................................ 83 Resonant energy transfer by the mineral ....................................................................................... 89 Electrons.................................................................................................................................. 93 14.6.1 Energetic particles ............................................................................................................. 93 14.6.2 The role of electrons in aether theories ................................................................................. 94

14.7

Resonances of a prequantum mode .............................................................................................. 94

15. Proposed further research ................................................................................................................... 95 16. Appendices ...................................................................................................................................... 96 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 Studies about cognitive function & memory.................................................................................. 96 Alexander G. Gurwitschs mitogenic radiation: UV or FIR? ............................................................ 99 Study of J. Han, M. Yang and Y. Chen. ...................................................................................... 100 Study of Li and Hroux............................................................................................................ 102 Binhi about Magnetobiology and underlying physical problems .................................................... 103 Considerations about the theory of H. Frhlich ............................................................................ 104 Considerations about the quantum theory of D. Bohm .................................................................. 107 Resonant energy transfer and water molecules............................................................................. 110 Resonant transfer of phyllosilicates............................................................................................ 122 Comparison of models of Illinger, Betskii, Avakyan, Gebbensleben and Geesink ............................. 127 Description of phyllosilicates .................................................................................................... 130 Study of Smirnov .................................................................................................................... 132 Organization scheme towards biomolecules ................................................................................ 133 References used ...................................................................................................................... 134

1.

Summary

We propose that man-made non ionizing radiation disturbs natural resonances. It is already known that electric fields of power lines can influence biological processes in living organisms, while research about possible influences of mobile phones on health effects is systematically undertaken. Frequencies of manmade radiation range from some Hertz to 10 THz. Health symptoms such as fatigue, stress, irritation, frequent headaches and sleep disturbances are emerging subjects of research. Researchers indicate that the amount of people directly sensitive to nonionizing electromagnetic waves range from 2.0 to 6.0 percent. Effects on DNA and genetic systems are current research topics. A particularly interesting issue is whether exposure to EMFs can induce genome and DNA instability in human cells and even carcinogenicity. Several physical and biological mechanisms have been discussed during the past 50 years. Researchers have studied the influences of parts of the electromagnetic spectrum: H. Frhlich, S. Avakyan, E. Del Giudice, K. Illinger, A. Szent-Gyorgyi, F.A. Popp, G.H. Pollack, A.R. Liboff. N. Haramein and D. Winter show models about the dimensions of aether, toroids, vortexes, fractality, platonic solids and the holofractographic universe. H. Geesink found overlaps between these models and proposes a quantum model about coherence to understand the principle of man-made non-ionizing radiation. The model makes use of the proposed models, while adding more knowledge about energy carriers, coherent quantum resonances, metamaterials and resonant energy transfer to stabilized water clusters/molecules. D. Bohm proposed in 1952 a model of the electron as enfolded ensembles, which are generally not localized in space. The electron has access to information about its environment, while their exsists an undivided wholeness. H. Frhlich in 1968: If the system can resonate at certain frequencies, then it can increase the degree of its coherence. Since fluctuations of matter are related with fluctuations of the electromagnetic field and vice versa, the ecosystem turns out to be a system which is governed by negentropy. In the framework of quantum electrodynamics ions dissolved in water are not in a gaseous state, but settle in a coherent configuration, where they perform plasma oscillations in resonance with a coherent electromagnetic field. He proposes that a driven set of oscillators can condense with nearly all of the supplied energy activating the vibrational mode of the lowest frequency. E. Del Giudice c.s. in 1990: there is energy exchange between quantum resonances, electromagnetic waves and the so called vacuum or zero point field. Quantum fluctuations and coupling between matter and electromagnetic field in quantum-electro-dynamics predicts quantum coherence for liquid water even under ordinary temperatures and pressures. Their theory suggests that interaction between the vacuum electromagnetic field and liquid water induces the formation of large, stable coherent domains of about 100 nm in diameter at ambient conditions, and the domains may be responsible for all the special properties of water including life itself. Quantum field theory explicitly recognizes an extended vacuum field zero point field interacting with matter, as well as quantum fluctuations. 5

The thesis of S. Avakyan in 1997 fits in the model and is related to natural microwaves present in the higher atmosphere. Rydberg radiation of the higher atmosphere excited by electrons carries all ionizing fluxes needed for our heliogeophysical activity, with modulations of the background electromagnetic field. Resonances of the higher atmosphere have a direct influence on our biosphere and well being related to variations of solar and geomagnetic activity. V. Binhi, 2002: The interference of quantum states of ions and molecular groups explains many of the paradoxes that envelop the non-thermal action of electromagnetic fields. Of special interest is the existence of molecular gyroscopic degrees of freedom, because these degrees of freedom are not thermalized on biologically relevant time scale. Therefore, mechanisms that involve molecular gyroscopes can account for the biological effects of hyperweak electromagnetic fields. It is important to keep in mind that the interference mechanism depends on the value of the local static magnetic field. Jinxiang Han proposed in 2011 that the most probable candidate for forms of organism communications is electromagnetic radiation, as many experiments have confirmed that electromagnetic radiation widely exists in cells, tissues, organisms and even between organisms and their surroundings. The well-known connection between electromagnetic radiation and quantization of the energy transfer makes to suggest that quantum energy serves as a biological messenger. J. Preto in 2012 has reinvestigated the Frhlich model equations describing phonon condensation in open systems of biological relevance in a semi-classical non-equilibrium statistical context, in which the evolution of the system is described by means of classical equations with the addition of energy quantization. G.H. Pollack c.s. in 2012 have discovered that the exclusion zone of water molecules, in which protons, ions and micro/sub-micron spheres are excluded, is related to the formation of water structures. The exclusion is very sensible for external radiation like UV, light and IR. R. Gebbensleben describes hyperschall in 2010, which are (longitudinal) waves in the terahertz frequency band. Hyperschall arises when free electrons are hitting atoms, and excitations in higher electronic levels occur. Electrosmog has been related to hyperschall, while living organisms have biological sensors for these waves. H. Geesink proposes in 2013 a quantum model about coherence describing the influences on biological effects caused by man-made non-ionizing radiation across a wide frequency spectrum, in which terahertz resonances are central frequencies. It is based upon the principle that natural resonances are coherent and are embedded in lower and higher frequencies, carried by natural waves and are responsible for our well being, while man-made electromagnetic waves disturb these coherent waves. Metamaterials: an assemblies of ordered clay-platelets are able to restore the connection and the access to natural fractal waves and natural quantum dynamics.

2.

Introduction

V. Binhi and A.R. Sheppard among others have already published an overview of physical models related to non-ionizing radiation. Russian scientists like I. Belyaev, V. Shcheglov, V.V. Lednev, A.R. Liboff and V. Binhi have discussed the role of electron and ion cyclotron resonances: ECRs and ICRs in models during the past 30 years. W.J. Rea, past president of AAEM, and a long time researcher on the effects of EMFs on the human body, sayd in 2012: ''Technological advances must be assessed for harmful effects in order to protect society from the ravages of end-stage disease like cancer, heart disease, brain dysfunction, respiratory distress, and fibromyalgia. EMF and wireless technology are the latest innovations to challenge the physician whose goal is to help patients and prevent disease. A quantum physics model is necessary to fully understand and appreciate how and why EMF and RF fields are harmful to humans. In quantum physics and quantum field theory, matter can behave as a particle or as a wave with wave-like properties. Matter and electromagnetic fields encompass quantum fields that fluctuate in space and time. Innovative material solutions are arising claiming to protect living organisms against adverse influences of non-ionizing radiation, such as stress, tiredness, headache, dizziness and loss of concentration. Experiments have shown that it is indeed possible to reduce or even fully neutralize complaints about wellbeing of test persons sensitive to non-ionizing man-made electromagnetic waves. The characterization of a mineral might contribute to the clarification of the physical mechanisms active during exposure to radiation. The mechanism may be found by considering the interaction of multi quantum resonances, energetic electrons, electromagnetic waves and electron cyclotron resonances at terahertz related to eigenstates of water clathrates besides lower and higher frequencies.

2.1 An integration of models

An integration of models is proposed to understand the effects caused by man-made non-ionizing radiation, which uses the concepts of: 1) resonances of electrons and electromagnetic waves, 2) coherent quantum resonances, 3) resonances of ion water clathrates and optionally: 4) aether science and prequantum-mode/backfield. According to David Bohm an electron is understood to be a set of enfolded ensembles, which are generally not localized in space. At any given moment, one of these ensembles may be unfolded and localized, and the next moment, this one enfolds and is replaced by another that unfolds. If this process continues in a rapid and regular fashion in which each unfoldment is localized adjacent to the previous one, it gives the appearance of continuous motion of a particle, to which we humans have given the name electron, while space and matter are intimately interconnected. When Bohm began work in quantum theory, he accepted the "Copenhagen interpretation" of it developed by Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, and others. The Copenhagen interpretation says two basic things: (1) reality is identical with the totality of observed phenomena (which means reality does not exist in the absence of
1

A natural field with quantum resonances as once considered by Einstein c.s.

observation), and (2) quantum mechanics is a complete description of reality; no deeper understanding is possible. In 1931, John von Neumann published The Foundations of Quantum Theory, which remains to this day the mathematical bible on that topic. In this book, von Neumann offered a mathematical proof that an ordinary classical reality could not underlie quantum theory. For over twenty years, "von Neumann's proof" stood as a mathematical corroboration of the Copenhagen interpretation. However, in 1952, David Bohm uprooted this "proof" by constructing a model of the electron with classical attributes whose behavior matched the predictions of the quantum theory. In this model, the electron is viewed as an ordinary particle, with one key difference: the electron has access to information about its environment. To derive this model, Bohm began with the Schroedinger equation, which is the central mathematical formula of quantum physics. Using mathematics, Bohm partitioned this equation into two parts, or terms: a classical term that essentially reproduces Newtonian physics, and a nonclassical term that he calls the quantum potential. The classical term treats the electron as an ordinary particle, as in classical physics. The nonclassical quantum potential is a wave-like term that provides information to the electron, linking it to the rest of the universe. The quantum potential is responsible for the well-known wave-particle duality, (see W. Keepin: lifework of David Bohm). Bohm postulated the undivided wholeness, which questions the prevailing assumptions about order and fragmentation. Bohm was the first physicist to seriously question our understanding of order, just as Einstein was the first physicist to question our understanding of space and time. Referring to quantum theory, he evolved a new and controversial theory of the universe, a new model of reality, that Bohm calls the "Implicate Order. The central underlying theme of Bohm's theory is the "unbroken wholeness of the totality of existence as an undivided flowing movement without borders. Geesink: it seems that the theory of David Bohm is embedded in aether science and fits well within the framework of the research of Plato, Aristotle, Maxwell, Bohr, De Broglie, Schrdinger, Einstein, Hans Jenny and Buckminster Fuller, Wheeler and Feynman and to our contemporary researchers like Daniel Winter, Nassim Haramein, Marshall Lefferts and Paul La Violette. H. Frhlich in 1968: If a system can resonate at certain frequencies, then it can increase the degree of its coherence. Since fluctuations of matter are related with fluctuations of the electromagnetic field and vice versa, the ecosystem turns out to be a system which is governed by negentropy. In the framework of quantum electrodynamics ions dissolved in water are not in a gaseous state, but settle in a coherent configuration, where they perform plasma oscillations in resonance with a coherent electromagnetic field. He proposes that a driven set of oscillators can condense with nearly all of the supplied energy activating the vibrational mode of the lowest frequency. S. Avakyan c.s. have shown in 2004 that natural microwave resonances and resonances of water clathrates present in the upper atmosphere have a direct influence on well being of living organisms. This microwave radiation penetrates into the lower atmosphere, providing channels for the influence of solar variability on terrestrial phenomena. The same phenomenon is significant in study of the influences of microwave frequencies of cellular telephones. However the possible resulting health effects from cellular phones and the ionospheric sporadic radiations significantly differ in quality and in magnitude. E. del Giudice has proposed that water molecules show quantum coherence and that water is the only substance that can give rise to the nest of coherence domains forming a larger coherent unit. Monochromatic terahertz resonances are characteristic frequencies of intermolecular resonances of water molecules. These resonances can be coupled to geometrical structures and conformational states of water molecules and influence the folding of biopolymers. And there is a relation with the statements of Del Giudice c.s. in 1990: there is energy exchange between quantum resonances, electromagnetic waves 8

and the so called vacuum or zero point field. Quantum fluctuations and coupling between matter and electromagnetic field in quantum-electro-dynamics predicts quantum coherence for liquid water even under ordinary temperatures and pressures. Their theory suggests that interaction between the vacuum electromagnetic field and liquid water induces the formation of large, stable coherent domains of about 100 nm in diameter at ambient conditions, and these domains may be responsible for all the special properties of water including life itself. Quantum field theory explicitly recognizes an extended vacuum field zero point field interacting with matter, as well as quantum fluctuations. Gebbensleben (2010): longitudinal waves in the terahertz frequency band, free electrons hitting atoms and excitations in higher electronic levels play a role to understand the effects of man-made non ionizing radfiation. Preto (2012) has reinvestigated the Frhlich model equations describing phonon condensation in open systems of biological relevance in a semi-classical non-equilibrium statistical context, in which the evolution of the system is described by means of classical equations with the addition of energy quantization. Geesink: Winter and Haramein elaborate in 2012 the knowledge about the dimensions of aether, toroids, vortexes, fractality, platonic solids and the holofractographic universe is key to extend the current knowledge of physics.

D. Winter (2010) makes use of geometries in his models and proposes "implosion physics" where the faces of vortices are the basis of platonic solids, the electrons are the vortex cones, and the center of the double vortex (torus) creates the inertia (gravity) or nucleus. The aether is a kind of super conductive fluid that flows right through all physical objects. The aether vacuum is an extremely dense nonetheless frictionless medium. He proposes that vortexes, little eddies or tornados in the fluid-like aether are the basic building blocks of matter. Since the aether is some kind of a fluid, it follows the well-known physical laws of hydrodynamics. Harameins model (2012) incorporates components of both holographic and fractal principles and has accordingly been named the Holofractographic Universe. The universal topology of space-time (which equates black holes) is described as a rotating double torus which is expanding and contracting on itself endlessly. A lot of researchers have studied the influences of electromagnetic fields and/or magnetic fields on water molecular structures: G.H. Pollack, E.E. Fesenko, A.Y. Gluvstein, S. Ozeki and I. Otsuka, M. MohsenNia, D. Rai, K.T. Chang and C.I. Weng, T. Yokono, S. Shimokawa, K. Mohri, M. Fukushima, F. GutirrezMeja and C. Ruiz-Surez, C. Desfrancois. G.H. Pollack c.s. discovered in 2006 that the EZ (exclusion zone of water molecules or zone at which protons, ions and micro/sub-micron spheres are excluded, is related to the formation of water structures or the so called CDs or crystal domains. The EZ is very sensitive to external radiation like UV, light and IR. T. Yokono and S. Shimokawa have proven that IR/FIR resonances are transferred from a mineral to water molecules at a distance of some mms and showed the clathrate-like ordering in liquid water induced by IR(/FIR). They also showed the structural changes of liquid water induced by sunlight irradiation. Pure liquid water exposed to infrared irradiation by a mineral is able to order the clathrates structure of water molecules at 0.2 mW/cm2 using X-ray diffraction as a detection technique.

Geesink (2006) found an indication of the disturbance of well being in test persons exposed to non thermal man made non ionizing radiation. Assemblies of phyllosilicate minerals were able to restore well being of test-persons when attached to man made non ionizing emitters. He proposes that non thermal man-made electromagnetic fields are able to disturb natural coherent resonances of electrons and waves, but can be restored through resonant interaction by using doped phyllosilicate minerals. These assemblies of phyllosilicates might resonate at a prequantum-mode or backfield. Ion water clathrates present in and near receptors of living organisms may act as resonators or natural semiconductors, sensitive to electron resonances and electromagnetic waves, and resonate at typical frequencies and electron cyclotron resonances, related to different Rydberg states. Geesink (2013) proposes that the order mentioned by Bohm and Frhlich is coupled to typical resonances of electrons: Rydberg states of nearly all elements present in the ionosphere and the toplayer of the earth, of which assemblies of resonances of Rydberg states are able to generate patterns of vortices, all present in a natural quantum field. Non thermal non ionizing radiation disturb these patterns, while arrays of elements present in clay minerals are able to restore again these patterns. Resonances of charged particles: electrons and electromagnetic waves present in the atmosphere transfer these multi quantum resonances over a wide band of frequencies. It is proposed that these coherent multi quantum resonances of electrons in their natural state, as well as natural electromagnetic waves, have a positive influence on receptors of living organisms and on the well-being of living organisms, whereas low energy non-ionizing man-made waves disturb these resonances. All these resonances are transferred to water molecules, and their structures. The science of geometry-fractality-quantum dynamics can be applied in Metamaterials. Metamaterials are materials engineered in assemblies of multiple individual elements arranged in periodic patterns and gain their properties from their composition, and from their designed structures: their precise shape, geometry, size, orientation and arrangements, which both affect electromagnetic waves in quantum transitions. Man-made electromagnetic waves disturb the connection and the access of natural fractal waves and natural quantum dynamics, while a restore of this connection can be achieved by applying typical metamaterials making use of assemblies of ordered clay-platelets. The geometry of metamaterials has been located in tetrahedral and octahedral nano-platelet structures, which are used as building blocks to compose two opposite vortex-geometries, with a converging point of some Angstroms and a base line of some mms corresponding to the two opposite vortexes as proposed by Nassim Haramein and Dan Winter. Experiments show that negative biological effects caused by non thermal man-made non ionizing radiation can be neutralized by applying these metamaterials near emitters of man-made electromagnetic waves. The characterization of the mineral might contribute to the clarification of the physical mechanisms active during exposure to radiation. The mechanism may be found by considering the interaction of multi quantum resonances, energetic electrons, electromagnetic waves and electron cyclotron resonances at terahertz related to eigenstates of water clathrates besides lower and higher frequencies.

10

2.2 Water clathrates, proteins and DNA

Relations of quantum resonances, Rydberg states and structures of water clathrates and even relations with preconformational states of biopolymers are key concepts in this study. It is proposed that possible health effects caused by non ionizing electromagnetic waves/radiation emitted by antennae and power lines are related to a thermodynamic disturbance of resonances of conformational states of clathrate hydrates. These structures can be found in and near neurons, microtubilines and DNA and other proteins. The clathrate hydrates are ordered structures of water and ions (fig.1) and have their typical conformational states in the terahertz and sub-terahertz-domain, while lower and higher frequencies will support these states. Carriers of these resonances are electrons and electromagnetic waves. Natural electrons and waves are present in the atmosphere, while indirectly emitted from the sun and directly from the minerals of top layer of the Earth caused by natural beta-decay, while coherent water domains have 1 quasi free electrons. Terahertz (THz) radiation (0.1 to 30 THz or 3 to 1000 cm ) seems to be important for 1 the earths radiation budget: up to 50% of the outgoing long wave radiation is below 1000 cm and up to 50% of the basic greenhouse effect is in the THz-band. Atmospheric absorption of THz waves is described by two components. One is the line contribution, which arises mainly from the resonance absorption of water vapor. The other component of atmospheric absorption is the continuum, which is defined as the excess of absorption unaccounted for by the resonance of the water vapor spectrum. THz resonances can be measured for example by Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) with a mercury lamp and a liquid Helium cooled bolometer detector or by using femto second lasers combined with Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS).

Fig. 1: Ordered ionic water clathrates, H. Bakker and K.J. Tielrooij

In 1957 T. Pauling has proposed the resonance structure of water in hydrogen bonding and in 1968 H. Frhlich has discussed the coherence of a water system. Frhlich wrote that if a system can resonate at certain frequencies, then it can increase the degree of its coherence. Since fluctuations of matter are related with fluctuations of the electromagnetic field and vice versa, the ecosystem turns out to be essentially a non-linear non-local system, which is governed by negentropy. In the framework of quantum electrodynamics (QED) ions dissolved in water are important. The ions dissolved in water are not in a gaseous state, but settle in a coherent configuration, where they perform plasma oscillations in resonance with a coherent electromagnetic field.

11

In the seventies K.H. Illinger, E.W. Prohofsky, E.H. Grant, K.D. Staub and W.R. Adey have proposed models for the influence of electromagnetic radiation on biopolymers and the role of H2O structure, which is a salient entity in the stabilization of conformational structures of biopolymers in general, and appears to be a crucial component in the formation of metastable states associated, in particular, with coherent electromagnetic oscillations. From 2000-2012 more knowledge came available about calculating and measuring techniques for ordering structures of water molecules, and studies have been carried out by many researchers: Johnson, Havenith, OBrien, Hunt, Pollack, Fesenko, Srebrenik, Sekimoto, Ozeki, Shimokawa, Yokono, Xin, Bankura and Chandra, Starzak, Mathlouthi, Sun, Globus, Schmidt, Desfrancois, Cybulski, Pietak, Emory, Cosic, Chang, Avoird, Groenenboom, Bakker, Tielrooij. N.T. Hunt c.s. have monitored the motion of the water molecules and they found that these molecules move into natural configurations faster than the protein itself, which supports the work of Fraunfelder at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. Fraunfelder claims that the motion of proteins is slaved to the faster motion of water molecules. It is also known that water molecules are affected by a wide range of electromagnetic waves with different frequencies and there is evidence that clathrate-like ordering in liquid water can be influenced by electromagnetic waves at low intensities. It is considered by Geesink that resonances of the different conformational states of clathrate hydrates (i.e. OH-stretching, bending, torsion and vibration-rotation tunnelling of water molecules) will become more stable, when resonances of phyllosilicates are added to man made electromagnetic signals. In this stabilisation process quantum coherence of excited electrons and resonant energy transfer to water clusters occur at THz frequencies, that are just at the level of thermal energy: kT. There is a relation and coupling between the conformational states of the water clathrates, the stretch and bending vibrations of the proton in the hydrogen bonds and the Fermi resonances in IR and Raman. Dynamic coupling of hydrated-electron orbitals to the THz vibrations promote water clusters as vibronically active structured water essential to biomolecular function such as protein folding. According to K. Johnson: based on the electronic-structure water clusters show unique terahertzfrequency vibrational modes in the 1-6 THz range, corresponding to OOO bending, squashing, and twisting surface distortions of the clusters. The clusters lowest unoccupied energy levels are huge Rydberg S-, P-, D-, and F- like molecular orbitals that accept an extra electron via optical excitation, or electron-donation from interacting atoms or molecules. These water clusters have been experimentally identified as key to the hydration and stabilization of biomolecules and related quantum coherences. Minerals incorporated with water structures show typical resonances at terahertz frequencies, but also at much lower frequencies and maybe even to extreme low frequencies like resonances of ICRs (ion cyclotron resonances). It is known that nuclear spin-spin coupling constants for small water clusters related to the hydrogen-bond transmitted intermolecular coupling constants are substantial and in the range of some hertz and 7.5 till 13 Hz.

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2.3 Rydberg states and cyclotron resonances

It turns out that Rydberg resonances and cyclotron resonances are important in the quantum model. Rydberg states and cyclotron resonances occur in atoms of gasses, water clusters, minerals, but also in semiconductors. The energy of a Rydberg state is related to the circular movement of an electron around the nucleus of an atom and can be coherently excited Rydberg states (fig. 2). Electron cyclotron resonances are observed both in plasma physics and condensed matter. Electron cyclotron resonance is related to the free movement of an electron around magnetic or electric field lines. Resonances of Rydberg states can be transferred to electron cyclotron resonances.

Fig. 2: Image of coherently excited Rydberg state, from Control of Quantum Correlations inTailored Matter, Stuttgart.

Natural Rydberg states are present in gasses and minerals of the upper atmosphere/ionosphere and are able to generate microwave/terahertz resonances, but also minerals present in the top-layer of the Earth show Rydberg states and terahertz resonances, also called far infrared. The Rydberg states of an electron will take place in the several higher or lower lying orbits. And as for the electron showing electron cyclotron resonance, an electron in a static and uniform magnetic field will move in a circle due to the Lorentz force. In the presence of an electrical or gravitational field, the circular motion may be superimposed with a uniform axial motion, resulting in a helix, or with a uniform motion perpendicular to the field, resulting in a cycloid. In 1987 Eastlund filed a patent in which he described that natural electrons and electron cyclotron resonances can be tuned and even disturbed in the atmosphere by man-made electromagnetic waves using emitting antennae.

2.4 Protection technologies

We know that non-thermal man-made electromagnetic waves are able to induce micro-stress in living beings. In an attempt to understand the mechanism behind this fenomenon, it is proposed that resonances of natural electrons, Rydberg states and cyclotron resonances might influence this kind of stress. The past decades companies have studied these stress effects, and have initiated the development of technologies trying to compensate possible health effects, making use of pulsed electromagnetic waves or of resonances of atomic and molecular assemblies. 13

Since the 1950s an estimated amount of 800 million Euros has been invested in research on possible biological effects caused by man-made non-ionizing radiation and an estimated amount of 20 million Euros have been spent in the research and development of protective technologies and materials. Protective technologies have been based upon emission of non-thermal pulsed electromagnetic waves, while protective materials have been based upon resonances of highly purified minerals solved in water or on ions doped upon nano-platelet-structures making use of nano-technology. Both types show cation microsolvation water-cluster structures. Current models could be refined and extended by using the knowledge that was gained in the development of these technologies. Minerals like phyllosilicates (fig. 3) are one class of materials, which have been investigated for these purposes. Coatings of phyllosilicates have ionic clathrate hydrates, which are able to interact with natural as well as with man made electrons, while showing typical monochromatic terahertz frequencies, as well as Rydberg states and cyclotron resonances, besides much lower and higher frequencies. These minerals have been tested on devices emitting non ionizing radiation and show the ability to restore possible health effects related to a disturbed well being in a surrounding of non ionizing radiation.

Fig 3.: Phyllosilicate mineral with stabilized ion water clathrates, G.Sposito

A selection of different silicates has been made, which have different ionic clathrate hydrate structures. The silicates have typical central resonances at Terahertz frequencies, besides UV, light, IR and lower frequencies and can be applied in coatings. They have smooth patterns in surface plasmon resonances. These types of minerals are able to protect DNA against ionizing radiation and can act as a catalyst to synthesize RNA. Recently the mechanism has been described by Ferris et al. The silicate favors the conversion of fatty acids into vesicles, with the encapsulation of silicate-absorbed RNA-molecules, probably a way of solving the primitive compartmentalization. The mineral protects genetic molecules in a bio hostile environments against biotic (i.e. nucleases) and abiotic (UV, X-ray radiation) degrading agents and might stabilize active sites of folded/unfolded proteins. Influences of the layered silicate on conformational states of water near the surface of the silicate have been measured and calculated by researchers, among others Sposito et al. More into detail: submicron-silicates have a broad assembly of quantum resonances due to several doped ions incorporated in the galleries of the nano-layered structure of the mineral. Transport can be captured by electron tunnelling between quantum wells and so transport of coherent quantum resonances at room 14

temperature takes place, which is related to terahertz, Rydberg states, cyclotron resonances and resonances of surface plasmons. Companies who are involved in developing technologies, using pulsed electromagnetic waves or resonances of atoms/molecules are: Qlink (USA), Aulterra (USA), Bemer (USA), Bioshield (France), CMO (France), Memon (Germany), Rhumart (Canada), MediConsult (Canada), ClaeSmog (Charles Claessens, the Netherlands), Floww (the Netherlands) and many others.

2.5 Coherence of quantum resonances

Coherence or non-randomness of quantum resonances has been discussed by Einstein and Infield 1961: the so-called prequantum mode. This non- randomness of quantum resonances might have a relation with the coherence of quantum resonances in electrons and water clathrates, but also present in phyllosilicates. Coherent resonances of conformational states can be present in charged particles: electrons, water molecules and water clusters. The locations receiving resonant transfer of living organisms are probably the surroundings of ion water clathrates, which are present near and in neurons, ion channels, DNA and other proteins. Man made non ionizing radiation possibly has an influence on health of human beings, as known and caused for example by fields of electric cables and might be able to disturb these coherent resonances. The disturbed resonances of electrons and water structures might be restored by considering that these are in a natural surrounding of coherent quantum resonances, which is a function of elements present in the higher atmosphere and the toplayer of the Earth, resulting together in an energy exchange in a diluted plasma of electrons. When a coherent diluted plasma of electrons exists, the resonances of this plasma can be disturbed, but also restored. H. Geesink discovered that selected phyllosilicates show phenomena of restoration of resonances of this natural diluted plasma. It is now proposed that man made non-ionizing electromagnetic waves are able to transfer energy to and disturb the coherent resonances of natural charged particles, i.e. electrons present in the atmosphere, like a diluted plasma. These electrons have quantum resonances of nearly all elements of the periodic system that are present in the upper atmosphere as well as in the top layer of the Earth, both having a certain quantum coherence. Selected doped silicates might restore this coherence to a certain extent, while all these elements are theoretically incorporated in natural silicates. To determine to which extent coherent resonances can be established, 300 exposure tests have been performed on 40 test-persons, exposing them to daily man-made radiation and selected silicates. There is probably some relation with the experiments of A.G. Gurwitsch. A.G. Gurwitsch did experiments with onion roots (1923). He monitored the number of mitoses in a set of chemically isolated onion root cells that were in the vicinity of a group of actively dividing cells (Gurwitsch, 1923). He observed a significant rise in the number of mitoses if detector roots were separated from actively dividing roots by quartz glass but not by normal glass. The fact that UV light can pass through quartz but not through regular glass suggested the existence of a form of cellular radiation of an electromagnetic nature which he named mitogenetic radiation. It is proposed now that these resonances are related to monochromatic terahertz resonances and Rydberg states of water molecules/clusters, modulated and probably coherent 15

with much lower and higher frequencies. Tests with phyllosilicates in traditional glasses and in highly purified quartz show that only the highly purified quartz glass results in the proper resonant energy transfer needed to eliminate disturbances in well being, caused by non-ionizing radiation.

2.6 How to restore biological effects caused by non ionizing radiation

Leading questions are: 1) Are we able to precisely influence and tune quantum level resonances and waves, disturbed by non-ionizing radiation and restore biological effects through the use of ion doped layered silicates or other technologies? 2) Does a background field or prequantum field exist, which gives coherence in water clathrates?

3.

The different models

3.1 Current models

Several physical and biological mechanisms have been proposed during the past 50 years, but up until now there is little consensus. The proposed models are summarized below. Belyaev, Shcheglov: Millimeter waves (MMW) rearrange the electron subsystem of DNA. It takes place in a magnetic field (Zeeman effect) or in an electrical field (Stark effect) and circular polarization occurs. A possibility is that MMW with subthermal intensity induces rearrangement of levels in the electron subsystem of DNA (I. Belyaev, V. Shcheglov, 1996). Left-handed polarization was shown to be more effective than right-handed polarization at a resonance frequency. Some results are explained in the context of electron conformational interactions. And electron tunneling could induce electronconformational transitions which should involve rearrangement of the ionic framework in a segment of DNA-protein complex. A.R. Liboff: Ion-cyclotron resonances at ELF frequencies and joint static/oscillating magnetic fields of less than 100 microTesla, such as the geomagnetic field, are involved. Resonances of mono- and divalent cations are abundant in the cellular environment, for example the ions in membrane channels. V.V. Lednev, Hence: Ion parametric resonances are involved. Ca-proteins cause splitting of energetic levels of the calcium ion oscillation in the protein (Zeeman effect), while the width of the splitting is equivalent to the cyclotron frequency of an ion and the applied direct electromagnetic field. M. Blank and R. Goodman: Electric and magnetic fields and mobile charges within the DNA-molecule and gene activation by magnetic fields could be involved due to a direct interaction with moving electrons within the DNA.

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 D.J. Panagopoulos, A. Karabarbounis, L.H. Margaritis: Oscillating, external electric fields will exert an oscillating force on each of the free ions that exist on both sides of all plasma membranes and that can move across the membranes, through trans-membrane proteins. When the amplitude of the ions forced-vibration transcends some critical value, the oscillating ions can give a false signal for gating channels that are electrically sensitive disordering in this way the electrochemical balance of the plasma membrane and therefore the whole cell function.

J.B. Beal: Liquid Crystals may play a part in the life processes of all biosystems, interacting with natural and artificial EMFs in detection, info storage/retrieval, and stimulus/response. LCs seem to play a part in the near-quantum-energy sensory detection capabilities of biosystems and the electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome in humans. V.V. Lednev, Belova: Nuclear spins of hydrogen atoms are the primary targets in the interaction of low energy EMFs with bio-systems. A.G. Pakhomov: Influences of millimeter waves on cells. A. Del Moral c.s.: Frequencies of neuronal networks have been related to electromagnetic resonance spectra of Ca2+, K+ and Na+. H.W. Ludwig: Resonances that originate indirectly from the sun and from the top layer of the Earth are involved, as well as geomagnetic fields. H. Frhlich in 1968: Quantum resonances and the long range coherence and energy storage in biological systems is important. Biological systems are expected to have a branch of longitudinal electric 1 modes in a frequency region between 10^11 and 10^12 sec , that is around terahertz frequencies. These resonances occur in the dipolar sites of cell membranes, H-bonding and possibly in pockets of non-localized electrons. The supplied energy is not completely thermalized but stored in a highly ordered fashion. This order expresses itself in long-range phase correlations. Through the electromagnetic field the components of the system connect with each other and exchange information. The size of the ecosystem is the size of the array of signals. If the system can resonate at certain frequencies, then it can increase the degree of its coherence. Since fluctuations of matter are related to fluctuations of the electromagnetic field and vice versa, the ecosystem turns out to be essentially a nonlinear non-local system, which is governed by negentropy. In the framework of quantum electrodynamics (QED) ions dissolved in water are important. The ions dissolved in water are not in a gaseous state, but settle in a coherent configuration, where they perform plasma oscillations in resonance with a coherent electromagnetic field. E. Del Giudice, L.S. Brizhik: The electromagnetic potentials in the evolutionary dynamics of ecosystems are involved. The electromagnetic fields that are produced by all the coherent parts of the organism act as a messenger system. Del Giuduce et al. recall that a coherent system is one where the phase (namely the rhythm of oscillations of the coupled matter and electromagnetic field) is sharply defined. This approach is generalized to a larger scale and show that according to Quantum Field Theory, the electromagnetic field is the messenger that, via its electromagnetic potential, governs the dynamics of not only living organisms, but of the whole ecosystem. They pointed out the importance of the Bohm Aharonov effect (Peshkin and Tonomura, 1989), as stressed years ago by Ho et al. (1994). This effect can be summarized as follows. The physical state of the system could be an eigenstate of the phase or not. In the first case the state is coherent, in the second case it is non-coherent. In this respect it is worth mentioning that water, which accounts for the large majority (70% in weight, 99% in moles) of the living organisms, is the only substance that can give rise to the nest of coherence domains by inducing 17

coherence among coherence domains forming a larger coherence unit (E. Del Giudice et al., 2009; Arani et al., 1995). In pure water, according to Arani et al. (1995) and G. Preparata (1995), the minimum energy state corresponds not to the gas phase state of the ensemble of water molecules, in which molecules are independent, but to the coherent state, where water molecules and electromagnetic field are simultaneously present. K. H. Illinger, E.W. Prohofsky, E.H. Grant, K. D. Staub and W.R. Adey have proposed models in the seventies about the influence of electromagnetic radiation on biopolymers and the role of structural H2O, which is a salient entity in the stabilization of conformational structures of biopolymers in general, and appears to be a crucial component in the formation of metastable states associated, in particular, with coherent electromagnetic oscillations. R. Gebbensleben describes the socalled hyperschall in 2010, which are (longitudinal) waves in the terahertz frequency band. Hyperschall arises when free electrons hit atoms, and excitations in higher electronic levels occur. Difference has been made between natural and unnatural hyperschall. Electrosmog has been related to hyperschall, while living organisms have biological sensors for these waves. Physical models are related to the parameters: cyclotron resonances, coherence of resonances, quantum resonances and resonances of electrons, electromagnetic waves and magnetic fields. Some models discuss the relation between quantum resonances and water molecules and even with the resonances of proteins and DNA. Other models discuss the ECRs and ICRs. ECRs (electron cyclotron resonances) are present in gasses and condensed matter and can be measured in the upper atmosphere as well as in semi-conductors, and have a relation with Rydberg resonances. ECRs and coherence of resonances of semi-conductors are known. ICRs (ion cyclotron resonances) have extreme low frequencies and are measurable in the upper atmosphere, but could not yet be measured in pure ion/water solvents, with the exception of the Zadhin The characterization of ion/water clusters/clathrates has now been established: measurements of water molecules and disturbances thereof are emerging technologies. The role of preconformational states of water molecules near biopolymers and the resonance patterns of neurons have been initially described. The study of electrons in water molecules is still relatively new. In the next paragraphs items of the different models and research principles and findings wil be discussed into more detail: influences of water molecules, DNA, proteins, neurons, neurotransmitters, hormones, microtubules, Rydberg states, electron transfer, magnetic fields and protection-minerals. After that a quantum model is proposed to further understand the mechanisms generating biological effects caused by non-ionizing radiation.

3.2 Models about ECR

3.2.1 ECRs in plasma

Resonant energy transfer by electrons and electron cyclotron resonances (ECR) is a physical part of the model. ECR is a phenomenon observed in plasma physics as well as in condensed matter. Energetic electrons come from the upper atmosphere and impinge on the Earths atmosphere and then follow the

18

Earths magnetic lines, make an angle with these lines or travel perpendicular to the surface of the Earth, depending on their energy. Energetic electrons with energies above 10 GeV approach the Earths surface isotropically. At energies below 10 GeV there is a directional dependence, due to the interaction of the charged component of these electrons with the Earths magnetic field. The charged particles move in a helix around the Earths magnetic field lines. The direction of the rotation of the electrons depends upon the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the energetic particles movement (moving to the left or to the right). Energetic electrons and electromagnetic waves resonate along the geomagnetic field lines. Spiralling motions of electrons interact with electromagnetic waves, the so called whistlers. In the late 1950s, it was discovered that naturally occurring belts exist at high altitudes. These belts result from charged electrons and ions becoming trapped along the magnetic lines of the Earth's dipolar magnetic field. The trapped electrons and ions are confined along the field lines and move in helical paths around their particular field lines. Some of these particles will diffuse downward into the Earths lower atmosphere (fig. 4). As the gyrating particle moves along a field line in a uniform field, it will follow a helical path about its guiding center and will remain on the field line. Electrons and ions both follow helical paths around a field line but rotate in opposite directions.

Fig. 4: Helical paths of electrons.

The frequencies at which the electrons and ions rotate about the field line are called gyro magnetic frequencies or cyclotron frequencies because they are in accordance with the expression for the angular frequencies of gyration of particles in a cyclotron. If the particles which form the plasma along the Earth's field lines would continue to move with a constant pitch angle, theyd impact on the Earth's surface. It is well known that man made radiowaves at different frequencies are able to disturb natural cyclotron resonances in the upper atmosphere, which means that it is also plausible that man made waves will disturbe ECRs present in the lowest atmosphere, and even ion/water clusters, which are in cells of living organisms. Eastlund has used this interaction in 1987 and asked for a patent to influence natural cyclotron resonances or distort them with electromagnetic waves using antennae or with magnetic fields as described in the patent: 4,686,605. A method and apparatus is used for altering at least one selected region which normally exists above the Earth's surface. The region is excited by ECR heating. In one embodiment, circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation is transmitted upward in a direction substantially parallel to and along a field line which extends through the region of plasma to be altered. The radiation is transmitted at a frequency which excites ECR to heat and accelerate the charged particles. Eastlund described that a part of the energetic electrons will penetrate the atmosphere, of which we think that microwave/terahertz resonances, among other frequencies, are able to affect our natural well being. 19

Natural microwave/terahertz-resonances are caused by Rydberg-states and natural electromagnetic waves that are present in: 1. 2. upper atmosphere, free ions, hydrates, minerals/silicate particles. Earths top layer, free ions, hydrates, mineral/silicate particles.

Further it is known that negatively charged beta particles and energetic electrons are deflected by both magnetic and electric fields. It is considered that these resonances also have an influence on our well being. It is proposed that there are several ways to disturb natural resonances of natural energetic electrons, which directly act on living organisms: 1. 2. 3. 4. static magnetic or electric fields. alternating magnetic or electric fields. more specific: non-thermal electromagnetic waves at all frequencies. metal structures which are able to deflect and conduct energetic electrons.

3.2.2

ECRs and coherence in semiconductors

According to M.W.Ho, at ordinary temperatures, the molecules in most physical matter have a high degree of uncoordinated or random motion. The situation can be changed when the temperature is lowered beyond a critical level. At that point, all the molecules condense into a collective state, and exhibit the unusual properties of superfluidity and superconductivity. In other words, all the molecules of the system move as one, and conduct electricity with zero resistance (by a coordinated arrangement of all the electrons). Liquid helium at a temperature close to absolute zero is the first and only superfluid substance known. Various pure metals and alloys superconduct at liquid helium temperatures.Technology has progressed to materials which can superconduct at much higher temperatures, far above absolute zero. The solid-state physicist H. Frohlich (1968) was the first to point out that something like a condensation into a collective mode of activity may be occurring in living systems, such that living organisms are in effect, superconductors working at physiological temperatures. He suggested that much of the metabolic energy, instead of being lost as heat, is actually stored in the form of coherent electromechanical vibrations in the body. He called these collective modes coherent excitations. It is proposed that natural phyllosilicates are able to mimic all these coherent excitations at and around room temperature. It is already known that these types of minerals are able to act as a catalyst to synthesize RNA and protect DNA in a surrounding of radiation and can be described as a semiconductor. Condensed matter, as present in semiconductors, show ECRs: electron cyclotron resonances. Cyclotron resonances of electrons and holes in silicon and germanium crystals have been already been described in 1954. Each doped element has its typical angular rotation frequency. Semiconductors can be man-made, but also by nature: for example: phyllosilicates. Coherent control of Rydberg states in silicon semiconductors and coherent control of THz radiation as a particularly precise regulator of orbitals in solids is possible. It is proposed to use this technology to control and restore natural resonances affected by man-made non thermal radiations.

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Citation 1: Description of cyclotron resonances in silicon and germanium crystal in 1954.

Phyllosiliate minerals, of which it has been shown that they are able to protect people against negative influences of man-made non ionizing radiation, act as semi-conductors and might control coherence resonances.

3.3 Models about water molecules

3.3.1 Introduction

In 1977 K. H. Illinger has discussed the role of structural H2O and millimeter wave and far-infrared absorption in biological systems. According to him there are three different types of electromagnetic field sources: (a) blackbody radiation at a given temperature T (with an associated Planck distribution in radiation flux density over frequency, as a function of T), (b) monochromatic radiation and (c) coherent monochromatic radiation. In the case of intramolecular vibrational excitations in the infrared region, internal conversion of specific vibrational excitation in polyatomic molecules into other degrees of freedom in the same molecule can be quite efficient; electronic excitation, at visible and ultraviolet frequencies may initiate photochemical processes. Even low-frequency (h << kT) transitions can be pumped by resonant interactions in a simple fluid, if relaxation to equilibrium with the thermal bath is sufficiently ineffective 21

(more adiabatic condition), and if a small (finite) number of exited states exists. In case of coherent oscillations attributed to biological systems, the efficiency of the thermalization of the electromagnetic radiation will depend on the extent of thermal decoupling of the metastable state(s) from the heat bath. Whether or not coherent electromagnetic radiation in the millimeter wave and in the far infrared region can effectively pump molecules in and/or out of the metastable state(s), linked to collective biochemical reactions, is a question of critical importance to the existence or non-existence of associated bio-effects. C. W. Smith has discussed and proposed that water and living systems have macroscopic quantum properties which can give rise to a memory for frequencies, long-range effects and entanglement between separated systems.

3.3.2

Water clusters, electrons and Rydberg states

The formation/stabilization of water clusters and Rydberg states together with the interaction of electrons has been investigated by many researchers. C. Desfrancois c.s. in 1991: The interaction of an electron with an assembly of water molecules has been the subject of several experimental and theoretical studies. While individual water molecules do not attach to electrons to form stable water anions, excess electrons injected into bulk water thermalize and lead to the formation of hydrated electrons. In between these two extreme situations, negatively charged water clusters offer an opportunity for studying the association of excess electrons with water. Water cluster anions can be prepared by mixing electrons with neutral clusters in an adiabatic expansion and by low energy (< 1 eV) electron attachment to preexisting cold water clusters. Depending on source conditions and electron energy distributions, their mass spectra were observed to vary considerably. T. Kondow c.s. in 1991: Especially interesting is the electron energy range near kT which is encountered in the solvated electron formation process in bulk water. In this thermal energy range, however, free electron sources are difficult to achieve experimentally. As an alternative, he introduced a method of cluster anion formation in which collisions with free electrons were replaced by collisions with electrons weakly bound in Rydberg atoms. Water cluster anions (H20)n with n equal to or larger than 11 were observed with Rydberg electrons in Kondows experiment. Haberland, on the other hand, detected all water cluster anions except for the tetramer, with n = 2, 6 and 7 being the predominantly observed species below n = 11. The formation of cluster anions in charge transfer collisions between neutral clusters and Rydberg atoms can be thought of as a two-step process: first, at some rather large internuclear distance comparable to the Rydberg atom radius, a sudden attachment of the quasi free Rydberg electron takes place leading to the formation of a Coulombic positive ionic core-cluster anion complex. In a second step, the Coulombic complex dissociates if its kinetic energy Ek exceeds the electrostatic attraction interaction. Because of the presence of a Rydberg ionic core, Rydberg electron sources can lead to the formation of Coulombic complexes with cluster anions. S. Avakyan in 2006: Rydberg resonances at microwave/terahertz frequencies will stabilize water clusters, and are responsible for the different water clusters with n = 2, 6, 7 and even much higher. The variety of water anion mass spectra which have been obtained by different groups can be largely explained, at least for the small clusters (n < 11), by the observed influence of the excess electron energy upon the anion formation. K. Johnson in 2009: The water cluster LUMOs (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbitals) are huge Rydberg s-, p-, d-, and f- like molecular orbitals that accept an extra electron via optical

22

excitation, ionization, or electron-donation from interacting atoms or molecules, acting as vibronically active structured water essential to biomolecular functions such as protein folding. C. Eckman in 2010: Water molecules are assembled in small clusters called Rydberg clusters. Rydberg clusters are atoms and (or) molecules that are weakly bound together in minitiature clusters by the electrons and the electromagnetic force. W.L. Glab in 2002: Quasi-linear autoionizing Rydberg states of the water molecule with three quanta of bending vibration using double-resonance excitation through the quasi-linear state have been studied. The use of double-resonance resulted in vibrational and rotational selectivity which led to simple, easily understood spectra. An analysis has been performed on one ns series and two nd series, yielding quantum defects for the series and an improved value of the energy of the ionic state which is the convergence limit for these Rydberg states. At low n, the 4dp state showed vibronic splitting consistent with the SD splitting in the ion core. This splitting vanished at high n as the Rydberg electron uncoupled from the ion core. Comparison of the spectra of bent and linear states in the same energy region displayed the effects of linear-bent interactions on the Rydberg. One frequently sees strong interactions between Rydberg series which converge to different ionic rotational states in molecular Rydberg spectra. These rotational interactions can lead to large energy shifts and intensity variations in localized regions of the spectra where there is near-degeneracy between Rydberg states with differing values of n. The natural theoretical framework for the interpretation of such series of interactions is Multichannel Quantum Defect Theory (MQDT).

3.3.3

Water clusters and quantum resonances.

Coherent monochromatic radiation and quantum coherence is also seen in biopolymers. Molecules involved in living organisms are water molecules, water-clusters, water/ion clusters, and proteins/DNA. Structural H2O is a salient entity in the stabilization of conformational structures of biopolymers in general, and appears to be a crucial component in the formation of metastable states associated, in particular with coherent electromagnetic oscillations. Theres a relation and coupling between the conformational states of the water clathrates, the stretch and bending vibrations of the proton in the hydrogen bonds and the Fermi resonances in IR and Raman. Dynamic coupling of hydrated-electron orbitals to the THz vibrations promote water clusters as vibronically active structured water essential to biomolecular function such as protein folding. Infrared absorption is well-suited for examining the structural correllations in liquid water as it is directly probed to the interactions of the oscillators and couples to the ground state of the molecules. The different structures of the stretching mode v(OH) is related to the structure of the water molecules, and although this mode is strictly probing vibrations along the O-H bond, the influence of neighboring hydrogen bonds alter the intramolecular O-H bond and thus the dipole moment and vibrational spectra. M. Ho and A. Szent-Gyorgyi: Free electrons and quantum resonances in water structures occur. Water is quantum coherent under ordinary conditions according to a quantum electrodynamics field theory, and revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. Water molecules are affected by a wide range of electromagnetic waves with different frequencies and are a mediator for various biological effects. There is evidence that clathrate-like ordering in liquid water can be influenced by electromagnetic waves at low intensities, but can probably be restored by using coherent resonances of ionic clathrate systems. H. Geesink: Resonances of different conformational states of clathrate hydrates (i.e. OH-stretching, bending, torsion and vibration-rotation tunneling of water molecules) might become more stable in a 23

surrounding of non-ionizing radiation, when resonances of phyllosilicates are added to man-made electromagnetic signals. In this stabilisation process quantum coherence of excited electrons and the resonances of waterclusters are thought to occur at THz. Small energy levels of man made radiation may indirectly influence conformational states of water molecules having their resonances at different FIR frequencies, which are just in balance with the thermal motion with energy of kT. Emitting quantum resonances on these disturbed clusters might restore the resonances of these conformational states. N.T. Hunt et al.: Water molecules in the surrounding of proteins move into the natural configuration faster than the protein itself, which supports the work of Hans Fraunfelder. Fraunfelder claims that the motion of proteins is slaved to the faster motion of water molecules. N.T. Hunt observed the protein/water interactions and showed experimental confirmation of the process known as the lubricant of life. Insight into the mechanisms controlling changes in this structure is vital in allowing us to understand a whole range of biological processes from enzyme activity to the causes of diseases such as Alzheimers or 2 CJD , which are thought to arise from mistakes in protein folding. Although we know a lot about the way in which proteins fold, comparatively little is known about the effect of water in these processes. All biological processes in living organisms take place in water and water molecules interact with proteins through the formation of hydrogen bonds. It was suggested a decade ago that the structure of the water surrounding a protein is continually changing, as hydrogen bonds are broken and reformed at a very rapid rate. This was thought to lead to protein secondary structures such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets inter-12 converting or flickering on picosecond (10 ) timescales. This flickering is thought to play a part in controlling changes in protein structure such as during folding or in the active site of enzymes. This effect has been called the lubricant of life. Using ultrafast spectroscopy, Hunt et al. have studied the low frequency Raman spectrum of poly-L-lysine on both sides of the helix-to-coil transition. They observed a broad band that can be assigned to hydrogen bond stretching vibrations between the solvent and the peptide. This band shifts depending upon the structure of the peptide and reflects changes in the strength of the interactions between water and the biological molecule. When the peptide is in the random coil state, water can bond freely to it along its backbone but when coiled, the peptide bonds more effectively to itself than to water leading to weaker interactions. The frequency of the band shows that these dynamics occur on the scale of ~0.18 to 0.33 ps. This is the first direct observation of protein/water interactions and also the first experimental confirmation of the process known as the lubricant of life. E.H. Grant: Bound water in biological materials can be characterized from dielectric measurements. For aqueous biological materials variations in permittivity occurs between 100-1000 MHz. These variations principally are due to the water of hydration. The hydration of biopolymers can be determined by measurement of the dielectric permittivity, which is related to the absorption of the microwave energy. Using a spherical shell model for the macromolecules, the variation of specific energy absorption as a function of the frequency can be calculated and in a certain region the absorption is much greater for bound water than for free water. The differences in electrical behavior are noticed experimentally: bound water exhibits dielectric dispersion in the frequency range of hundreds of MHz, whereas free water disperses at much higher frequencies (1-100 GHz). Since most of the biological molecules relax at frequencies well below 100 MHz, changes in permittivity occuring between 100-1000 MHz in an aqueous biological material are due to the water of hydration, and therefore dielectric measurements made in this region may be interpreted in terms of the quantity and nature of the bound water present. L.S. Brizhik, E. Del Giudice: The coherence of quantum resonances in relation with water molecules and the role of electromagnetic potentials in the evolutionary dynamics of ecosystems are described. The messengers should be the electromagnetic fields produced by all the coherent parts of the organism. The energy of this coherent state is lower than that of the non-coherent state, and its size is of the order of the
2

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

24

wavelength of 0.1 micron, which corresponds to the infrared region. This basic coherence domain of water has a reservoir of almost free electrons that are excitable at each step of metabolism, which is accompanied by decreasing the entropy. A coherent aqueous system has a tendency to reach a squeezed state by increasing the number of oscillators it interacts with. H. Pohl, J. Pokorny, F. Jelinek: Characteristic frequencies of cell coherence are orders of kHz and GHz, which correspond to millimeter wavelengths, while human brain produces frequencies which are as low as 20 Hz, which corresponds to much higher coherence length. Through the electromagnetic field the components of the system connect with eachother and exchange information. The size of the ecosystem is the size of the array of signals. If the system can resonate at certain frequencies, then it can increase the degree of its coherence. K.Johnson studied the quantum resonances and dynamic coupling with water clusters. Water nanoclusters are essential to biology and health, being key to proper protein folding and normal biological cell structure and function. Pentagonal water clusters have been experimentally identified as key to the hydration and stabilization of biomolecules. Such examples indicate the tendency of water pentagons to form closed geometrical structures at biomolecular interfaces including amino acids and nucleotides (DNA, RNA). The restructuring or clustering of water molecules may even determine biological cell architecture. Approximately 70 percent of the human body is water by weight. Much of that water is believed to be restructured or nanostructured, which affects biomolecular processes including protein stability, enzyme activity, and proton transfer. Pentagonal dodecahedral water clusters water buckyballs - and arrays thereof are shown from first-principles electronic-structure calculations to possess unique terahertz-frequency vibrational modes in the 1-6 THz range, corresponding to OO bending, squashing, and twisting surface distortions of the clusters. The cluster LUMOs (lowest unoccupied energy levels) are huge Rydberg s-, p-, d-, and f-like molecular orbitals that accept an extra electron via optical excitation, ionization, or electron-donation from interacting atoms or molecules. Dynamic Jahn-Teller coupling of these hydrated-electron orbitals to the THz vibrations promotes such water clusters as vibronically active structured water essential to biomolecular function such as protein folding. In biological microtubules, confined water-cluster THz vibrations may induce their quantum coherence, communicated by Jahn-Teller phonons via coupling of the THz electromagnetic field to the water clusters large electric dipole moments. Pentagonal water clusters have been experimentally identified as key to the hydration and stabilization of biomolecules. Some diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, type II diabetes, and cataracts) are associated with the misfolding of proteins. Water - restructured as nanoclusters of the above-described type plays a key role in the proper folding of proteins. The misfolding of proteins, making them dysfunctional and disease-causing, is likely associated with the failure of water molecules to congregate in clusters that properly interact with the protein. Water cluster surface THz vibrational modes are especially important because they couple or resonate with THz-frequency bending vibrations of the amino-acid residues in proteins. Much of that water is believed to be restructured or nanostructured, which affects biomolecular processes including protein stability, enzyme activity, and proton transfer. The development of drugs to treat such diseases should therefore be focused on the restoration of water clustering at the protein interfaces. There are environments in biology where water molecules may be confined in linear or filamentary arrays instead of in globular arrays. One example is the microtubule, a principal component of the cytoskeleton - hollow polymeric cylinders approximately 25 nm in diameter composed of the protein, tubulin. Microtubules are dynamic structures that help to determine biological cell shape and facilitate intracellular transport. As a first step toward modelling the water confined to a microtubule, a linear array of pentagonal dodecahedral water clusters has been confined to a cell with periodic boundary conditions on the ends of the cell and an electron added to the array to simulate electron donation from a 25

surrounding microtubule. Density-functional calculations of the lowest energy structure were performed and produce the stable configuration and vibrational spectrum. Two primary bands of THz vibrational modes are found, in common with the results obtained for globular arrays of water buckyballs. The lowestfrequency THz vibrational modes communicated by Jahn-Teller phonons via coupling of the THz electromagnetic field to the water clusters extraordinarily large electric dipole moments, may lead to the quantum coherence or Bose-Einstein-like condensation of interacting water clusters confined to microtubules. While the human body is 70 percent water by weight, the normal human brain is nearly 90 percent water. It is possible that this quantum-coherent dynamical Jahn-Teller system of water clusters and the quantized THz electromagnetic field confined within the hollow inner cores of brain microtubules may be relevant to conscious thought processes, consistent with controversial ideas promoted by Penrose and Hameroff. Common to all water clusters studied are a lowest unoccupied (LUMO) energy levels, delocalized S-, P-, SD- and F-like cluster surface orbital wave-functions: a narrow band of vibrational modes of 1.5 and 6 -1 THz (50-200 cm ), due to O-O-O bending motions between adjacent hydrogen bonds. Near-ultraviolet excitation of an electron from the HOMO to LUMO can put the electron into the bound S-like cluster molecular orbital. Occupation of the LUMO produces a stable state of such a water-cluster, even when an extra electron is added, the so called hydrated electron. In contrast, a water monomer or dimmer has virtually no electron affinity. Near-infrared absorption can further excite the cluster LUMO S-like electron into a higher LUMO such as the P-like cluster orbital. The lowest-frequency water cluster vibrations induced by optical pumping should be the 1.5-6 THz surface modes. Ambient water vapor containing 17 -3 4 6 + -3 10 cm water monomers typically contains only 10 to 10 (H2O)nH clusters cm , whereas neutral 10 12 -3 water dimmer and cluster concentrations are as high as 10 to 10 cm . K. Johnson discusses the high-Tc superconductivity of electron-doped water-cluster clathrates, describing water clathrated in and around proteins can yield high-Tc superconductivity. In certain biological systems, water can clathrate in and around proteins and be essential to their biological function, including protein folding (M.M. Teeter). A dodecahedral water-cluster hemisphere caps a valyl amino acid residue in insulin (T.Baker et al.). The coupling of the water-cluster THz vibrations to the THz bending mode vibrations of the amino acid group should be noted. Addition of electrons to the LUMOs (electrical charging of) such clathrates confined in proprietary nano-emulsions and lowering their temperatures to 43 C can induce superconductivity as indicated by the analysis of Johson et al. Negatively charged hydrated proteins can provide high-Tc superconductivity. Stimulation of clathrate nanoparticles can be accomplished by radiating the emulsions with infrared light (Yokono et al. 2004). Supercooled clathrate nanoparticles can be dispersed in Quartz capillaries or deposited on substrates like quartz or oxide on silicon to provide uniform thin-film highTc superconductors. Also mentioned are nanomaterial membranes, carbon nano-tubes doped with a donor, which donates one or more electrons to the lattice of the nanomaterial membrane.

3.4 Models about resonances of biopolymers

3.4.1 Introduction.

O.V. Betskii, N.D. Devyatkov, V.V. Kislov have stated that multi-quantum processes influence biological aspects. The energy estimate suggests that MMW/THz radiation seems to affect life processes only in multi-quantum processes, which is a charateristic of coherent oscillations. We know now that resonances of proteins like DNA are within this frequency band.

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3.4.2

DNA

E.W. Prohofsky: The vibrational modes of DNA double helices have been calculated and measured with -1 -1 IR and Raman, and range from 1200 cm to about 200 cm . The calculations also indicate the existence of a number of bands within the microwave region of the spectrum. Low-lying vibrational modes are of -1 importance in predicting conformational, or shape, changes in macromolecules. A mode near 0.3 cm is involved in the B to A conformational change of DNA. Conformational changes can alter biological function and in this sense the low-lying vibrational modes can affect function. Insight may be gained from these studies into possible mechanisms by which electromagnetic interactions can affect vibrational modes which in turn affect conformation and biological function. The problem of conformational change in macromolecules is analogous to the problem of displacement changes in crystalline solids. A powerful method for analyzing such change is the soft mode analysis. In this method the phase change arises from a particular vibrational mode which becomes unstable and whose displacement becomes large enough to distort the structure into the new conformation. The analysis can be made rigorous and works primarily because the vibrational modes are the normal motions of the structure and changes in conformation must follow along the lines of these natural motions and also associated with the removal of water of hydration. It has been suggested that a conformation change similar to this occurs locally in vivo when DNA switches to actively transcribing RNA. It may be that a non-polar enzyme is able to induce some conformation change by replacing water in the region of the double helix and the change may aid its function. Any interaction can alter the mode structure and even the conformation of the macromolecules. Microwave absorption is a transfer of energy from the microwave field to the very vibrational modes of the -1 10 macromolecules. Conformational changes have been calculated at 0.3 cm , which is roughly 10 Hertz. Frequency of modes of structural importance are certainly low enough to be affected by electromagnetic radiation. Several modes which exist at higher frequencies may be involved in similar dynamical roles. Pumping on these modes can cause instabilities, which can affect the function. Microwave absorption may also alter the interaction of modes, which can alter instabilities driven by other phenomena. J. Bock c.s. and B.S. Alexandrov found that mammalian stem cells are reprogrammed by terahertz radiation at low energy intensities. Extended exposure to broad-spectrum terahertz radiation results in specific changes in cellular functions that are closely related to DNA-directed gene transcription. The hydrogen bonds in dsDNA also vibrate at a THz frequency, and THz radiation has the potential to change important cellular genomic DNA and DNA-protein functions. Although the THz photons do not carry enough energy to directly alter chemical reactions, nonlinear resonance effect may cause local changes of the breathing dynamics in systems such as DNA leading to changes in gene transcription. The extended exposure to broad-spectrum THz radiation (centered at ~10 THz) results in specific (rather than global) changes in the functionality of cellular DNA. Certain genes in irradiated mouse stem cell (MSC) cultures 2 are activated, while other genes are repressed, when exposed to an average power density of 1 mW/cm , broadband THz radiation (~10 THz) at a high repetition rate (1 kHz). In light of these data, together with a previous demonstration of strong correlations between transcription and the propensity of dsDNA for local breathing, it is obvious to consider the influence of nonlinear THz resonances upon DNA breathing dynamics as one of the factors in the cellular response to THz radiation. Extended exposure to broadspectrum terahertz radiation results in specific changes in cellular functions that are closely related to DNA-directed gene transcription. A gene chip survey of gene expression shows that whereas 89% of the protein coding genes in mouse stem cells do not respond to the applied terahertz radiation, certain genes are activated, while other are repressed. RT-PCR experiments with selected gene probes corresponding to transcripts in the three groups of genes detail the gene specific effect. The response was not only gene specific but also irradiation conditions dependent. These findings suggest that the applied terahertz irradiation accelerates cell differentiation toward adipose phenotype by activating the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Finally, the molecular dynamics computer 27

simulations indicate that the local breathing dynamics of the PPARG promoter DNA coincides with the gene specific response to the THz radiation. They propose that THz radiation is a potential tool for cellular reprogramming. In 2006 L.M.Westerhoff c.s. have focussed their research on the electronic properties of DNA. With recent advances in linear scaling quantum mechanics there are new tools available to enhance the understanding of the electronic properties of DNA. Using both explicit solvent models and implicit (continuum) solvent models, the electronic characteristics of a dodecamer duplex DNA have been studied using both divide and conquer (D&C), semi-empirical quantum mechanics and non-D&C semi-empirical quantum mechanics. According to the AM1 Hamiltonian, approximately 3.5 electrons (approximately 0.3 electron/base pair) are transferred from the duplex to the solvent. According to the density of state (DOS) analysis, in vacuo DNA has a band gap of approximately 1 eV showing that in the absence of solvent, the DNA may exhibit similar properties to those of a semiconductor. Upon increasing solvation (2.5-5.5 A), the band gap ranges from approximately 3 eV to approximately 6 eV. For the implicit solvent model, the band gap continues this widening trend to approximately 7 eV. Therefore, upon solvation and in the absence of dopants, the DNA should begin to lose its conductive properties. Finally, when one considers the energy and localization of the frontier orbitals (HOMO and LUMO), the solvent has a stabilizing effect on the DNA system. The energy of the HOMO drops from approximately 15 eV in vacuo to approximately 2 eV for 5.5 A of water to approximately -8 eV for the implicit solvent model. Similarly, the LUMO drops from approximately 16 eV in vacuo to approximately 9 eV for 5.5 A of water to approximately -1 eV for the implicit model. Beyond the importance of the computed results on the materials properties of DNA, this work also shows that the behavior of intercalators will be affected by the electronic properties of DNA. Y. Li and P. Hroux have studied the alteration of the amount of chromosomes in cancer cells, exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic fields in 2012. Five cancer cell lines were exposed to ELF-MFs within the range of 0.025 to 5 T, and the cells were examined for karyotype changes after 6 days. All cancer cells lines lost chromosomes from MF (magnetic field) exposure, with a mostly flat dose-response. Constant MF exposures for three weeks allow a rising return to the baseline, unperturbed karyotypes. From this point, small MF increases or decreases are again capable of inducing karyotype contractions. The data suggest that the karyotype contractions are caused by MF interference with mitochondrias ATP synthase (ATPS), compensated by the action of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The effects of MFs are similar to those of the ATPS inhibitor oligomycin. They are amplified by metformin, an AMPK stimulator, and attenuated by resistin, an AMPK inhibitor. Over environmental MFs, karyotype contractions of various cancer cell lines show exceptionally wide and flat dose-responses, except for those of erythroleukemia cells, which display a progressive rise from 0.025 to 0.4 T. They concluded that the biological effects of MFs are connected to an alteration in the structure of water that impedes the flux of protons in ATPS channels. These results may be environmentally important, in view of the central roles played in human physiology by ATPS and AMPK, particularly in their links to diabetes, cancer and longevity. As possible biological site of action of magnetic fields is proposed: if the effect on water described by Semikhina and Kiselev is involved, it would be most prominent in a location where high concentrations of hydrogen bonds and protons are found. The only known location in the biota where these two conditions are met are the entry and exit water channels of ATPS. According to this mechanism, magnetic fields (MF) would impede proton flow through the hydrophilic channels, and MF removal would improve proton flow, directly impacting ATPS efficiency. In this hypothesis, the dose-responses are determined by rising proton impedance (decreased soliton tunneling) through ATPS half-channels. Tunnelling of protons similar to the one we hypothesize for ATPS has been observed as double wells in neutron Compton scattering studies performed on nanotubes. The involvement of protons relieves the area of EMF bioeffects of the kT problem, because EMF would act not on molecules, but on particles (protons and electrons), which, as

28

fermions, do not follow Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, but Fermi-Dirac statistics, and are governed by quantum electrodynamics.

3.4.3

Neurons, ion channels, hormones and microtubilins

Various authors have investigated the influences of non ionizing radiation on neurons, neurotransmitters, ion channels, ions themselves, DNA, pre-synaptic grids and cytoskeletal microtubules. Neurons of living cells are systems of ions in a surrounding of water resonating at GHz/THz frequencies and are influenced by non ionizing man made radiation (Masson, Siegel, Pikov). Neurons are able to interfere with terahertz-resonances. Resonances of neurons or in the near surrounding of neurons can be related to ionic clathrates, and there might also be a relation with microtubules and their component tubulins as a part of neurons. Georgiev and Manne: Neurons can communicate at a distance with electromagnetic signals, modeling the brain as mere physical connections of neurons (be they biochemical or electrical) is doomed to failure unless it also includes emergent extraneuronal phenomena such as electric and magnetic fields. J.B. Masson: Neuron cells contain ions and resonate at gigahertz/terahertz frequencies. A broad-spectrum of terahertz radiation can result in specific changes in cellular functions that are closely related to DNA2 directed gene transcriptions, and DNA replication at low power rates even below 1 mW/cm . M.A. Marchionni: The firing rate of rat sensory neurons can be modified by 50/60 Hz magnetic field and recordings in dorsal root ganglion neurons acutely exposed to the electromagnetic field show increased functionality of calcium channels. M.S. Sansom and R. Smith: ion channels mediate electrical excitability in neurons. B. Cuccurazzu: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields promote the neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro. R. Zhao: 1.8 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields have an effect on the expression of microtubule associated proteins in rat neurons. S. Hameroff and R. Penrose: the microtubules, as a part of the neuron's exoskeleton have confined waterclusters resonating at terahertz vibrations, which might induce their quantum coherence. E.E. Fesenko: Millimetre microwaves (42.25 GHz) at 2 mW/cm at a non thermal power level influence the 2+ + characteristics of single Ca , and K channels, in particurlarly the channel open state probility. Either the channel protein itself, or the membrane structure, or the solution surrounding the membrane could occur as an acceptor for non ionizing electromagnetic fields. Y. Feldman: GHz-THz signals might couple with helically shaped sweat duct tubes filled with conductive sweat as low-Q antennas. V. Pikov, P.H. Siegel, 2010: Neurons are able to sense THz resonances, responses of cortical slices of 2 the adrenal gland are at terahertz frequencies and at power densities of 0.3-0.6 microWatt/cm . Modulation of neuronal activity and plasma membrane properties with low-power millimeter waves in organotypic cortical slices has been studied. As millimeter waves (MMWs) are being increasingly used in communications and military applications, their potential effects on biological tissue has become an 29
2

important issue for scientific inquiry. Specifically, several MMW effects on the whole-nerve activity were reported, but the underlying neuronal changes remain unexplored. This study used slices of cortical tissue to evaluate the MMW effects on individual pyramidal neurons under conditions mimicking their in vivo environment. The applied levels of MMW power are three orders of magnitude below the existing safe limit for human exposure of 1 mW/cm2. Surprisingly, even at these low power levels, MMWs were able to produce considerable changes in neuronal firing rate and plasma membrane properties. At the power 2 density approaching 1 microW/cm , 1 minute of MMW exposure reduced the firing rate to one third of the pre-exposure level in four out of eight examined neurons. The width of the action potentials was narrowed by MMW exposure to 17% of the baseline value and the membrane input resistance decreased to 54% of the baseline value across all neurons. These effects were short lasting (2 min or less) and were accompanied by MMW-induced heating of the bath solution at 3 C. Comparison of these results with previously published data on the effects of general bath heating of 10 C indicated that MMW-induced effects cannot be fully attributed to heating and may involve specific MMW absorption by the tissue. 2+ Blocking of the intracellular Ca -mediated signaling did not significantly alter the MMW-induced neuronal responses suggesting that MMWs interacted directly with the neuronal plasma membrane. The presented results constitute the first demonstration of direct real-time monitoring of the impact of MMWs on nervous tissue at a microscopic scale. Implication of these findings for the therapeutic modulation of neuronal excitability is discussed. T. Kreuz, S. Luccioli, A. Torcini, 2006: The double coherence resonance in neuron models driven by discrete correlated noise has been described. The influence of correlations among discrete stochastic excitatory or inhibitory inputs on the response of the Fitz-Hugh-Nagumo neuron model has been studied. For any level of correlation, the emitted signal exhibits at some finite noise intensity a maximal degree of regularity, i.e., a coherence resonance. Furthermore, for either inhibitory or excitatory correlated stimuli, a double coherence resonance is observable. Double coherence resonance refers to a (absolute) maximum coherence in the output occurring for an optimal combination of noise variance and correlation. M.A. Emekaya in 2010: Research has been carried to learn the influences of non ionizing radiation on neurotransmitters and hormones. The overall findings indicate that whole body exposure to pulsemodulated RF radiation can cause pathological changes in the thyroid gland by altering the gland structure and enhancing caspase-dependent pathways of apoptosis. S. Mortavazi in 2009: Alterations in TSH and Thyroid Hormones following exposure of RF-fields occur. S.N. Narayanan in 2010: Passive avoidance behaviour was significantly affected in mobile phone RFEMR-exposed rats demonstrated as shorter entrance latency to the dark compartment when compared to the control rats. Marked morphological changes were also observed in the CA(3) region of the hippocampus of the mobile phone-exposed rats in comparison to the control rats. M.R. Sarookhani in 2010: Studies about the influence of 950 MHz magnetic fields on sex organ and adrenal functions of male rabbits showed that FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and testosterone levels are disturbed/decreased. H.S. Noor in 2011: Variations in amino acid neurotransmitters in some brain areas of adult and young male albino rats due to exposure to mobile phone radiation have been found. Exposure to electromagnetic 2 radiation (EMR) with a frequency of 900 MHz (SAR 1.165 W/kg, power density 0.02 mW/cm ) on the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in the midbrain, cerebellum and medulla of adult and young male albino rats. Data of the present study showed a significant increase in both excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the cerebellum of adult and young rats and midbrain of adult animals after 1 hour of EMR exposure. In the midbrain of adult animals, there was a significant increase in glycine level after 1 month 30

followed by significant increase in GABA after 4 months. Young rats showed significant decreases in the midbrain excitatory amino acids. In the medulla, the equilibrium ratio percent (ER%) calculations showed a state of neurochemical inhibition after 4 months in case of adult animals, whereas in young animals, the neurochemical inhibitory state was observed after 1 month of exposure due to significant decrease in glutamate and aspartate levels. This state was converted to excitation after 4 months due to the increase in glutamate level. R.L. Buchner in 2011: Variations of neurotransmitters occur due to exposure of high frequency fields. Stress hormones Adrenaline and Noradrenaline increase, dopamine and phenylethylamine (PEA) levels decrease, deregulation of the katecholamine system. A dose response relation occurs. Y. Duan in 2011: An association between high frequency fields and epithelial parotid gland malignancy has been found. D. Belpomme in 2011: A diagnostic method based on blood tests and a special brain scan (pulsed Doppler echography) to visualize blood flow has been developed. Test-persons exposed to non ionizing radiation clearly have vascular disorders in the brain. In addition, the biological tests show that 30% of them have high levels of the neurotransmitter histamine, 50% have too much stress proteins, most have low levels of melatonin (a potent anti-cancer hormone), and 30% have levels of antibodies and proteins that are tell-tale signs of thermal shock and brain damage. He adds that half of his patients suffer from Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) and that MCS and EHS share the same brain abnormalities. N. Eskander in 2011: showed that RF radiation significantly decreases ACTH, cortisol, thyroid hormones, prolactin for young females, and testosterone levels in volunteers.

3.5 Models about aether science, Jan Wicherink and Hans Geesink

3.5.1

Plato

In Greek antiquity, the Greek scientists and philosophers believed that nature only counted four elements: earth, water, fire and air. The atoms were believed to be the building blocks of these four elements of the universe. Aristotle added the fifth element aether and postulated that planets and stars were made of this aether. The Greek philosopher Plato, 350 years B.C., described these five elements and learns that matter is created from these five elements, later called the Platonic solids. He equated the cube with the earth, the icosahedron with water, the tetrahedron with the element fire, the octahedron with air and the dodecahedron with the aether, the stuff of the planets and stars. We have proof that humanity knew about the Platonic solids even before Plato. In the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford they preserve all of the 5 Platonic solids and some additional semi-regular solids that were described by Pythagoras. Carved out of stone the Platonic solids are dated at least a thousand years before Plato. These stones were found in Britain and belonged to the Neolithic peoples, a culture that according to our current understanding did not have the mathematical ability to understand these forms - nonetheless they carved them out of stone.

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3.5.2

Maxwell

In the 19th century the aether was accepted by science. It was the medium through which electromagnetic waves was supposed to propagate. In those days physicists believed that matter and the aether were two separate things. The aether served as the carrier medium for radiant energies such as light and was believed to transmit force fields between material objects in the universe such as gravity. James Clerk Maxwell, the founder of electrodynamics and his contemporaries didnt have any doubt that the aether existed. In 1887 Albert Michaelson and Edward Morley conducted an experiment, which has been believed to be an evidence against the then prevalent aether theory. At the time light was thought to be a compression wave that propagated as a longitudinal wave through the motionless and stationary aether, just like sound waves through the air. While the Earth itself is spinning it should have a relative motion with respect to the motionless aether. It was reasoned that the speed of light, when measured on the surface of the Earth, should give different results when measured clockwise or counter clockwise with respect to the rotation of the Earth around its axis. The Michelson Morley experiment proved that the speed of light had the same constant value independent upon the direction of measurement. From this experiment it was concluded that the aether does not exist. Physicists have abandoned the aether theory ever since.

3.5.3

Rutherford and Bohr

In 1905 Rutherford discovered the nucleus of the atom and in 1913 Niels Bohr proposed a model of the atom similar to a miniature solar system in which the electrons orbit the nucleus like our planets orbit the sun. The electrons, like the planets, orbit the nucleus in spherical layers called the electron shells at discrete distances from the nucleus. The electron shell was Bohrs answer to the discoveries made by Max Planck. He conjectured that an atom could exist only in a discrete set of stable energy states. And explained that electrons can only orbit the nucleus in a given shell, but they are free to make a quantum leap from one shell to another. When the electron jumps from a higher shell to a lower shell a photon of a distinct wavelength is emitted. Bohr explained the question of why electrons dont crash into the nucleus by saying there is a lowest shell that cannot be trespassed. Bohr was convinced that light behaved like both waves and particles, and in 1927 experiments confirmed the de Broglie hypothesis that matter like electrons also behaves like waves.

3.5.4

De Broglie

In 1924 Louis de Broglie raised the question in his doctoral thesis Recherches sur la thorie des quanta whether electrons could actually be waves as well? De Broglie proposed that particles (electrons) can be observed as solid objects and in other cases behave like waves. This was the introduction of the waveparticle duality in quantum physics.

3.5.5

Heisenberg

Heisenberg was one of the key creators of quantum mechanics. He published in 1925 and stated that absolute certainty about the exact state and properties of a particle cannot be determined; it can only be calculated in terms of a statistical probability. This principle has become known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. 32

3.5.6

Schrdinger

Erwin Schrdinger worked out the equation which determined either the speed (momentum) or the exact location of an electron in an electron cloud. Because of Heisenbergs uncertainty principle it is not possible to know both speed and location at the same time: if you know its speed its location will be uncertain and if you know its location its speed will be uncertain. In 1937 he wrote that what we observe as material bodies and forces are nothing but shapes and variations in the structure of space itself. Eventually even Einstein rejected the idea of discrete particles and believed that particles were in fact part of a continuous field.

3.5.7

The Copenhagen interpretation

The Copenhagen interpretation gave the most commonly taught interpretations of quantum mechanics. It holds that quantum mechanics does not yield a description of an objective reality but deals only with probabilities of observing, or measuring, various aspects of energy quanta, entities that fit neither the classical idea of particles nor the classical idea of waves. The essential concepts of the interpretation were devised by Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg and others in the years 192427. Quantum science predicted also the existence of so called non-local effects. Non-local effects are effects that take place instantaneously between physical objects that are separated in space-time. In this case there is no time involved between the cause and the effect, which was against Einsteins theory that nothing can exceed the speed of light in the universe.

3.5.8

Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen

In a paper released in 1935 by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen the so-called Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlation for quantum-entangled particles has been proposed. Two particles are entangled when the quantum states of the particles are coupled. Quantum entangled particles react as one body; there seems to be no separation. When the quantum state of one particle collapses into a classical state, so does the other in exactly the same state. In order for this to occur, it requires that the communication between the two particles is instantaneous; in other words non-local. In the EPR proposal however Einstein tried to disprove the non-locality of quantum entangled particles stating that quantum science must be incomplete, and so he came up with an alternative of local hidden variables. In 1964 John Bell in theory proved that the non-local effect of quantum-entangled particles was real after all, and this became known as Bells theorem. Communication between entangled particles was assumed to be non-local and therefore, instantaneous. If the state of one entangled particle changes, so must the other to reflect the same state. Non-locality in quantum science suggests that there must be higher planes of existence, other dimensions besides our known physical world, since no information can travel faster than the speed of light.

3.5.9

Aspect

Non locality and quantum entanglement only existed in theory until Alain Aspect of the Institute of Optics at the University of Paris in 1982 first proved the very existence of these effects in his laboratory. He 33

managed to produce a series of twin photons that were sent in opposite directions. The quantum entangled twin photons travelled in their quantum state, meaning they have an infinite number of spin directions, all at the same time, as a quantum possibility. When one of the photons was intercepted and measured, the quantum state of spin of the photon collapsed into a classical spin state that could be determined. At exactly the same time, with zero time difference, the other twin photon was measured. This photon collapsed in exactly the same classical spin state as the first photon, no matter what the distance between the two photons. The experiment proved that a non-local communication must have taken place between the two photons.

3.5.10 Bohm
After Aspects discoveries, University of London physicist David Bohm (1917-1992) came up with a new and different explanation. What we see as two separate photons may be illusory. The photons may be united at a hitherto unknown level as one. He assumed that our universe could be holographic in nature. He suggests with this analogy that at a deeper level of reality the two photons may not be separate after all and proposed an implicit order of the universe, a oneness at a deeper level that is folded outwards as separate things. In quantum electrodynamics the background sea of quantum energy is now used to explain the uncertainty principle that was discovered by quantum physics, the unpredictable behavior of subatomic particles. A growing number of post quantum physicists are discussing what Einstein and Schrdinger already assumed. They suggested that we may live in a wave-based universe, while matter is the focal point of a vibration in an energy sea called the aether. The medium of the electromagnetic waves could be aether, while it is assumed that it is a non-material fluid-like medium, a subtle energy substance that permeates the universe (waves need a medium to exist). Even the presence of an all-pervasive background sea of quantum energy in the universe is discussed, in which the material world emerges from a so called unified field, also called zero point field or implicate order (Bohm). When the universe is shaped from one substance, then a way to give the physical world a seeming separate appearance of individual material aspects is through form, since substance by itself is not able to discriminate. Hence the geometry of the aether and how it is structured might be the crux in creating the material world.

3.5.11 Jenny and Buckminster Fuller

A relation between waves/vibration and structure/geometry was described by the work of Hans Jenny (1904-1972) in a science called Cymatics. He carried on the work of Buckminster Fuller and tested standing wave vibrations in spherical volumes of fluid, and concluded that all of the Platonic solids showed up as geometrical patterns.

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vibration of a fluid with a colloid showing a star-tetrahedron

Buckminster Fuller (1895 - 1983) discovered that a relation between musical frequencies (The Diatonic scale) and geometrical forms exists. He used a balloon submerged in blue dye and vibrated it with frequencies from the musical scale: as a result of wave interference, two dimensional arrangements appeared on its surface.

3.5.12 Del Giudice

E. del Giudice has proposed that water molecules show quantum coherence and that water is the only substance that can give rise to the nest of coherence domains forming a larger coherent unit. E. Del Giudice and L.S. Brizhik: The electromagnetic potentials in the evolutionary dynamics of ecosystems are involved. The electromagnetic fields that are produced by all the coherent parts of the organism act as a messenger system. Del Giuduce et al. recall that a coherent system is one where the phase (namely the rhythm of oscillations of the coupled matter and electromagnetic field) is sharply defined. This approach is generalized to a larger scale and show that according to Quantum Field Theory, the electromagnetic field is the messenger that, via its electromagnetic potential, governs the dynamics of not only living organisms, but of the whole ecosystem. They pointed out the importance of the BohmAharonov effect (Peshkin and Tonomura, 1989), as stressed years ago by Ho et al. (1994). This effect can be summarized as follows. The physical state of the system could be an eigenstate of the phase or not. In the first case the state is coherent, in the second case it is non-coherent. In this respect it is worth mentioning that water, which accounts for the large majority (70% in weight, 99% in moles) of the living organisms, is the only substance that can give rise to the nest of coherence domains by inducing coherence among coherence domains forming a larger coherence unit (E. Del Giudice et al., 2009; Arani et al., 1995). In pure water, according to Arani et al. (1995) and G. Preparata (1995), the minimum energy state corresponds not to the gas phase state of the ensemble of water molecules, in which molecules are independent, but to the coherent state, where water molecules and electromagnetic field are simultaneously present. Del Giudice and his colleagues c.s. in 1990: Quantum fluctuations and coupling between matter and electromagnetic field in QED predicts quantum coherence for liquid water even under ordinary temperatures and pressures. Their theory suggests that interaction between the vacuum electromagnetic field and liquid water induces the formation of large, stable coherent domains (CDs) of about 100 nm in diameter at ambient conditions, and these CDs may be responsible for all the special properties of water including life itself. Quantum field theory explicitly recognizes an extended vacuum field zero point field interacting with matter, as well as quantum fluctuations whereby energy in the vacuum field in the form of photons could be captured by matter.

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3.5.13 Wheeler and Feynman

A small, but growing number of scientists considered this zero point field seriously. Princeton Universitys John Wheeler and Richard Feynman valued the zero point energy for the first time. This new physics that is emerging is a revival and a further elaboration of 19th century aether physics. The science of geometry claims that everything in our universe has an underlying geometric structure following a fundamental principle. Knowledge of geometry is used to explain how physical reality is constructed from the omnipresent and all-pervasive infinite background energy of the physical vacuum. Geometry is probably a key to a period of new post quantum physics and a link with the existence of the zero point field. The five Platonic solids, named after Greek philosopher Plato, who first described these 350 years BC in his book Timaeus, play a central role.

Platonic solids.

3.5.14 Winter.
Daniel Winter makes use of these geometries in his models and proposes "implosion physics" where the faces of vortices are the basis of platonic solids, the electrons are the vortex cones, and the center of the double vortex (torus) creates the inertia (gravity) or nucleus. The aether is a kind of super conductive fluid that flows right through all physical objects. The aether vacuum is an extremely dense nonetheless frictionless medium. He proposes that vortexes, little eddies or tornados in the fluid-like aether are the basic building blocks of matter. Since the aether is some kind of a fluid, it follows the well-known physical laws of hydrodynamics.

Double vortex = Torus, Winter.

The torus is a unique flow form in hydrodynamics, it allows fluids to spiral inwards and outwards on the same surface of the torus, and is a very stable flow form: the torus is natures perfect flow form to create a 36

seemingly separate entity in the formless aether that is stable enough to last. The individual aether torus doughnuts can be nested inside each other. Nesting torus doughnuts requires that the vortex cones of the torus are aligned with the faces of the Platonic solids. As an example the cube that contains 3 vortex pairs or 3 torus doughnuts are aligned perpendicular to each other in a cube.

Cube and 3 doughnuts, Winter.

Metatron's Cube is a geometric figure composed of 13 equal circles with lines from the center of each circle extending out to the centers of the other 12 circles. In this cube all the Platonic solids themselves can be nested, they fit into each other. When lines are drawn to interconnect all centers on the 6 faces of the cube, they form the octahedron. The octahedron is fully circumscribed by the initial cube. The same process can be repeated now with the octahedron by interconnecting the centers of the faces of the octahedron. The result is a cube now circumscribed by the octahedron. This process can go on and on forever, creating smaller and smaller. It shows that all Platonic solids can be perfectly nested into each other, creating fractals, a repetitive geometric pattern.

Nested Platonic Solids, Winter.

It is the nesting of the Platonic solids that also creates the electron shells of the atom. Similarly at a much smaller scale the nucleus of the atom is formed. The electrons in the electron shells correspond with the vortexes that are nested in Platonic symmetries. Within the atom, the electrons orbit the nucleus at a fixed distance from the nucleus. The sphere that describes the orbital plane of the electron is called the electron shell. There are different types of shells in the makeup of the atom that were given the names s, p, d and f shells and they contain respectively 2, 6, 10 and 14 electrons maximum. Each vortex pair in the doughnut corresponds with 2 electrons and when the doughnuts are organized inside a Platonic Solid we get the equivalent of an electron shell. The correspondence is: 1 vortex pair (1 torus) corresponds with the 2 electrons of the s shell.

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3 nested vortex pairs in a cube correspond with the 6 electrons of the p shell. 5 nested vortex pairs in a decahedron correspond with the 10 electrons of the d shell. 7 nested vortex pairs in an cubeoctahedron correspond with the 14 electrons of the f shell. It shows that matter is the stable flow form pattern emerging from the aether. It takes on geometrical shapes from a formless energy, creating the illusion of separate electron particles in the electron shells and the particles that make up the nucleus. Another way of looking at the torus shape is regarding it as a form that can be perfectly described by a set of Phi spirals.

Phi spirals in nested doughnuts, Winter.

Each Phi spiral is actually a series of pure sine waves. It is a well-known principle in physics that any complex wave shape can be created from the sum of simpler pure sine waves with different frequencies and amplitudes. This principle is called the Fourier principle. The Phi spiral is constructed from a series of harmonics with wavelengths that comply with the Golden Mean version of the Fibonacci sequence: when pure sine waves with wavelengths of 1/ , 1, , , etc. are added together, they will form a perfect Phi spiral.

Golden Mean Waves, Winter.

When Phi spirals circle around the torus they meet and interfere. As a result of this interference two new additional waves will be created and both new waves will have wavelengths that are again in the Fibonacci series. This allows that the interference will be non-destructive since the interference will simply result in more harmonics in the Fibonacci series. Whilst destructive interference is the norm in wave interference, the only exception in nature is when the waves interfere with golden mean ratio wavelengths. In other words, the Phi spiral can re-enter itself around the torus shape without destroying itself. He concludes that the Phi spiral is the universes only possible way to nest and become self-organizing. This is how stable matter can be formed from electromagnetic energy as a form of pure wave interference.

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Torus (Leoie).

The Golden Mean spirals of the torus shape eventually spiral into a perfect zero still point in the nucleus of the vortex that coincides with the nucleus of the atom. So these sine waves implode inwards into increasing smaller wavelengths. The implosion of the Golden sine waves into smaller and smaller wavelengths not only increases the frequency of the waves but also increases the speed of the waves to become super-luminal waves (travelling faster than light). When doughnuts are nested to form the electron shells of the atom, the only requirement to continue this form of non-destructive interference is that these doughnuts align according to the Platonic Solid geometries. This will cause a rush into the center of the atom, creating repetitive, recursive or fractal patterns that not only shape the electron shells but also the nucleus. Eventually the fractal patterns disappear into a zero point in the nucleus of the atom. The implosion of the electromagnetic waves into shorter and shorter wavelengths is what gravity is, the cascade of Golden Mean electromagnetic sine waves that gain an ever-increasing velocity breaking the speed barrier of light. In this way the torus is a miniature black hole that attracts the light into itself creating gravity. Fractal means fraction of the all, indicate that each piece is part of the whole and the inner structure in a fractal is reflected in the outer structure and a fractal has self-similarity at all scales, its the same geometric pattern repeated. The fractal patterns that shape the atom, also shape our planets and stars, in fact the universe and the fractals of electromagnetic energy are interconnected within the universe and are the basic building blocks of this hologram. At a large scale the fractal repetitive structures of electromagnetic energy weave a giant cobweb throughout the universe.

3.5.15 Haramein
Harameins model incorporates components of both holographic and fractal principles and has accordingly been named the Holofractographic Universe (HFU in short). In his model black hole is actually an intrinsic feature of the universe itself. It is not that collapsing stars create black holes, rather space-time itself naturally curves towards infinity (zero volume) always and at all points. This reflects the original scenario created by Einsteins field equations: the presence of even one singularity with infinite curvature automatically implies that all other points of the universe belong to that extreme curve. Yet commonly it is believed that information/energy disappears forever once caught within this infinite curve. No known mechanism brings that information back out. However, the HFU model revises this understanding with a modified topology of space-time which allows information to implode and expand from the singularity state. Rather than being a one-way ticket to nowhere, black holes become more like radiating objects as well as imploding holes. In the HFU model, the universal topology of space-time (which equates black holes) is described as a rotating double torus which is expanding and contracting on itself endlessly. Notice in his animation that as space-time curves towards the centering singularity, it also curls like in a whirlpool. 39

Rotating double torus, Haramein.

3.5.16 Lefferts
Cosmometry has its roots in the earliest phases of human inquiry into the nature of manifest reality. From the advent of geometry and the "Platonic Solids" via Plato, Pythagoras, Euclid and Archimedes in ancient Greece, and on to the founding fathers of the modern era, including Da Vinci, Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, Maxwell and Einstein (and our understanding of astronomy, gravity, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, and relativity), and most recently the 20th century's great pioneers, including Buckminster Fuller, Arthur Young, Walter Russell. Synergetic Geometry lays the groundwork of the paradigm shift in our understanding with a simple, yet fundamental, shift in our perceptual framework: the shift from a primarily cube-based, 90 X-Y-Z coordinate system (generally regarded as the standard by which to measure and map reality) to a 60 coordinate system wherein the tetrahedron is understood to be the fundamental structural form and the root of an elegant and synergetic integration of all geometric structures, including the cube. One essential understanding is that nature inherently includes feedback loops in such systems, a selfreflective process by which the system learns from its environment, adjusts accordingly to maintain balance and well-being for itself and its surroundings, and communicates back out to its environment new patterns and behaviors that exhibit these adjustments and informs the living system as a whole. The form that underlies this process is the torus. This form can be seen literally and discerned conceptually in all natural systems, from blood cells and biological processes, to the resource exchange of plants and animals with their environment, outward to the macrocosmic realms of planets, stars and galaxies, and inward to the microcosmic elemental and atomic realms. The synergetic geometries and toroidal flow patterns appear to be fundamental to all cosmic creation. Cosmometry: consists of a few interconnected primary components and working assumptions that combine to present a theory of unified wholeness in all creation at all scales. Embracing a New Paradigm of Understanding and Design: the vortex spiral is clearly present in galaxies, in the gas clouds of planets, in our own clouds and the oceans of Earth, in hurricanes, tornadoes, in our sinks as water drains, in plants and shells, and even in the flow of hair at the back of our heads. These same patterns are also present at the micro scale in cells, DNA molecules, and in atomic structures. Though often we can only see a small portion of this unified model, such as the vortex in the examples just mentioned, there is emerging at this time an understanding of the integrated whole system of which the vortex is a part.

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Now, in the early 21st century, we are at the threshold of synthesizing these threads into a unified field of knowledge, thanks to the present day researchers at its forefront, including Nassim Haramein, Foster Gamble, Marko Rodin, Peter Rowlands, Vanessa Hill, Elizabeth Rauscher and others. Summarized: cosmometry is the natural choice as it encompasses the geometry of the cosmos in its entirety, from micro to macro, physical and metaphysical and it appears that the general manifest field of spacetime is fundamentally based upon the phi ratio in its cosmometry.

3.5.17 La Violette
Paul La Violette has developed a general system aether theory called subquantum kinetics. He believes that the cosmology of the ancients is a better alternative that does not suffer from the Big Bangs singularity problems. According to many ancient cosmologies, the universe evolved over billions of years as a result of a continuous process of matter and energy creation from a supposedly fourth dimensional realm, the aether. To sustain his claims, he explains that the universe at heart is not a closed but an open system and is able to receive energy and matter from a fourth dimension without contradicting the laws of thermodynamics. He reasoned that the aether may spawn wave patterns from two aether states, two different aetherons, which continuously mutate from one state into the other and visa versa. In normal cases, the aether maintains its equilibrium state due to the second law of thermodynamics, however under critical conditions these aether transmutations like the predator-prey waves may become self-organising and form stable wave patterns. These wave patterns will become observable in our physical universe as electromagnetic energy, light.

3.5.18 Geesink
Geesink (2013) proposes that the science of geometry-fractality-zero point field also takes place in metamaterials, which are materials engineered in assemblies of multiple individual elements arranged in periodic patterns. Metamaterials gain their properties from their composition, and from their designed structures: their precise shape, geometry, size, orientation and arrangements, which both affect electromagnetic waves in quantum transitions. The geometry of metamaterials has been located in tetrahedral and octahedral nano-platelet structures, which are used as building blocks to compose two opposite vortex-geometries, with a still point of some Angstroms and a base line of some mms corresponding to the two opposite vortexes as proposed by Daniel Winter and Nassim Haramein. Experiments show that negative biological effects caused by non thermal man-made non ionizing radiation can be neutralized by applying these metamaterials near emitters of man-made electromagnetic waves. It is now proposed that man-made electromagnetic waves disturb the access of natural fractal waves to the zero point field, while a restore of this field can be achieved by applying these metamaterials having structures of the platonic solids. The metamaterial is a selected naturally assembly of sub-micron clay platelets.

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3.5.19 Consciousness
In many philosophies the conscious mind is considered to be a separate entity, existing in a parallel realm not described by physical law. Some scientists propose that there might be a relation between consciousness and quantum physics. Parallels between quantum mechanics and mind/body dualism were first drawn by the founders of quantum mechanics including Erwin Schrdinger, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, Niels Bohr, and Eugene Wigner. And it seems that quantum mechanics requires an interpretation before it describes the experience of an observer, while Descartes and Newton founded science with the assumption that consciousness doesnt have any effect on reality. It is also discussed that consciousness energy is coupled to aether energy. David Wilcock refers to the Russian research on torsion waves that travel as spiralling impulses through the aether. They are caused by many types of events such as the movement of physical objects but also by conscious thought. Quantum physicist David Bohm believes that the universe is holographic in nature and that there is an undivided wholeness of all things. It is useless to think in terms of separate particles since they are like little whirlpools in the river, you cant tell where the whirlpool starts and the river ends. Bohm goes on to say that consciousness is not only present in animate life forms but also in inanimate matter since, energy, space, time and consciousness are not separate things. Daniel Winter explains consciousness as follows: wherever the aether waves organize themselves around the torus to become fractal or recursive, they turn around the torus to meet themselves, they become selfreferential. Not only do they create gravity but also self-reference or self-awareness in the process. Selfreference is the principle of being self-aware and is the definition of consciousness according to the ancient Vedas. Daniel Winter warns us of the hazards of electromagnetic smog in our biosphere; it destructively interferes with biology itself and might have a chance to increase the risk of cancer. And we are shielding ourselves from the natural Schumann resonance and the Earth grid energies.

3.6 Models about the disturbance of well being

Since the year 2000, possible health symptoms such as fatigue, frequent headaches and sleep disturbances are emerging subjects of research. Researchers now indicate that the amount of people sensitive to non-ionizing electromagnetic waves range from 1.5 to 6.0 percent. Effects on DNA and genetic systems are current research topics. A particularly interesting issue is whether exposure to EMFs can induce genome and DNA instability in human cells and even carcinogenicity. A lot of studies have been performed to determine the biological effects of man-made electromagnetic fields and at this moment, a broad awareness is growing that these fields could negatively influence the health of living beings. Studies regarding the effects of GSM (Global system for Mobile Communication), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System), WIFI, WLAN (wireless local area network) and power cable signals on well-being and cognition aroused considerable controversy. Exposure to these signals was found to have a negative impact on well-being. Many complications of non-ionizing radiation have been investigated by a great number of researchers. They found adverse effects on:

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Well-being, cognitive functions such as reaction time, working memory and attention, acceleration of response times in cognition tasks, headache, dizziness, sleep disturbances, nervousness, depression, concentration disturbances or skin arousals, delayed effects of pulsed exposure on imprinting behavior in animals, altered oscillatory activity on brain activity, behavior of animals related to learning, cholinergic activity in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and the hypothalamus, neurotransmitters, suppression of melatonin. The following researchers have contributed to these investigations (in chronological order): Baranski, 1972; Dumanski and, Shandala, 1974, Takashima et al., 1979, Adey et al. 1980, Lorge and Ezell, 1980, Amir et al, 1980, Johnson et al., 1983, de Lorge 1984, DAndrea et al. 1986, Lai et al. 1987, 1989, Pakhomov et al. 1998, Fisher, 1989, Lai, 1992, Grigoriev and Stepanov 1998, Golovacheva, 1995, Lebedeva 1993, Wang 1994, Leitgeb 1995, Andersson 1996, Sandstrm 1997, Pakhomov 1998, Silny 1999, Murphy 2000, Krause et al. 2000, Koivisto et al. 2000, Hyland 2000, Koivisto et al 2000, Krause et al. 2000, Freude et al. 2000, Oftedal et al. 2000, Chia et al. 2000; Smith 2000, Lyskov 2001, Sandstrom et al. 2001, Cook et al. in 2002, Di Carlo et al., 2002, Schrder 2002, Hilbert et al. 2002, Hietanen et al. 2002, Levallois 2002, Hakansson et al., 2003, Zwamborn 2003, Haarala et al. 2003, Haarala, Huber, Leitgeb, Schrttner, 2003, Krause et al. 2004, Maijer at al. 2004, Seitz et al 2005, Curcio et al. 2005, Huber et al. 2002 and 2005, Preece et al. 2005, Abelin et al. 2005, Wensel 2005, Irvine 2005, Hutter et al. 2006, Regel, Rubin et al. 2006, Regel, Achermann et al. 2006, Rubio et al.2006, Eberhardt et al. 2006, Schutz 2006, Altpeter et al. 2006, Adang, Van der Vorst 2006, Schreier 2006, Geesink 2006, Oftedal et al. 2007, Eltiti et al. 2007, Preece et al. 2007, Heinrich et al. 2007, Nittby et al, 2008, Bamiou 2008, Schrttner 2008, Cinel 2008, Hillert et al. 2008, Brandt et al. 2009, Nanou 2009, Wiholm 2009, Augner 2009, Luria 2009, Szemerszky 2010, Mohler 2010, Nordin 2010, Noor 2011, Lindberg 2011, Munezawa 2011, Tseng 2011, Vecchio 2011, McCarty 2011, Divan 2011, Leung 2011, Buchner/Eger 2011, Hareuveny 2011, Nieto-Hernandez 2011, Thome 2012, Peart 2012, Lim 2012, Havas 2012, Kato and Johansson 2012, Hagstrm 2013. The influence of man-made non ionizing radiation on well being of test-persons has been studied by H. Geesink, while making use of traditional daily emitting devices and cables. Geesink has validated them in combination with protection technologies and materials offered by different supliers. To achieve insight in this kind of technologies and materials, knowledge of nano-technology has been used to understand the technical principles of these technologies/materials.

4.

The origin of a quantum model about coherence

An integration of physical models is proposed by combining knowledge of models of the past 50 years and knowledge about protection technologies directed to reduce biological effects caused by man-made non ionizing radiation. The quantum model is based upon the principle of disturbance and restoration of resonant energy transfer of quantum resonances, of which the carrier resonances are at terahertz frequencies, besides lower and higher natural frequencies and related to coherent resonances of structured water molecules. Man-made non ionizing electromagnetic waves are able to disturb coherent resonances of charged particles: electrons and structured water molecules. The elecrons have cyclotron resonances, and are present in the 43

atmosphere and carry quantum resonances of Rydberg states of elements of the periodic system from the upper atmosphere as well as from the top layer of the Earth, both having a quantum coherence. The quantum model has a direct relation with the work of Daniel Winter and Nassim Haramein about the dimensions of aether, toroids, vortexes, fractality, platonic solids and the holofractographic universe. According to T.F. Callagher: resonant energy transfer between two atoms, or molecules, is the transfer of energy between the internal degrees of freedom of the collision partners, with no transfer of energy to the translational motion. It is a process requiring an exact match of the energy levels of the collision partners and this resonant excitation is responsible for quantum efficiencies of 100%. A rapid form of energy transfer is resonant energy transfer between rotational states of molecules related to Rydberg states. The collision transfer can be observed by microwave or infrared resonance techniques. A.R. Sheppard and V. Binhi have published an overview of physical models related to non-ionizing radiation. Russian scientists like I. Belyaev, V. Shcheglov, V.V.Lednev, A.R. Liboff and V. Binhi have discussed the role of electron and ion cyclotron resonances in these models. We would like to propose an extension of the model of Avakyan c.s., in which there is a close relation between natural multi quantum resonances, interference with electrons, ECRs with specific frequencies, Rydberg states, influences on water clathrates and biological effects of natural and man-made nonionizing radiation. In this synthesis microwave/terahertz resonances are the central frequencies, related to Rydberg resonances, at which all natural electromagnetic waves have been modulated, due to the sensitivity of Rydberg resonances to weak electromagnetic fields. Rydberg resonances will be transferred to water molecules and water structures/water clathrates. S. Avakyan c.s.: the same phenomenon as found in nature can be significant in studies of the influence of microwave frequencies of cellular telephones. The possible resulting medical effects from cellular phones and the ionospheric sporadic radiations significantly vary in quality and in magnitude. Electrons and electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere are held responsible for the transfer of multi quantum resonances. They presume that multi quantum resonances of natural energetic electrons as well as natural electromagnetic waves have a positive influence on the well-being of living organisms, whereas man-made, low energy, non-ionizing waves, tend to disturb these natural resonances. R. Gebbensleben: there are (longitudinal) waves and fields in the terahertz frequency band, while free electrons are hitting atoms and excitations in higher electronic levels occur. Difference has been made in between natural and unnatural hyperschall, while living organisms have biological sensors for these waves. Electrosmog is related to hyperschall. H. Geesink: Living organisms have receptors neurons, and all kinds of ion assemblies of ion-water clathrates around proteins and DNA that may act as condensed matter and even act as natural semiconductors, sensible for typical resonant absorption with natural as well as unnatural man made frequencies. Resonances of energetic electrons: ECRs arise in the upper atmosphere as well as in the top layer of the Earth and are transported to the atmosphere. It is already known that natural electrons have resonant interactions with electromagnetic fields, but also with atoms and molecules. Terahertz and lower frequencies are characteristic for all kinds of Rydberg states as well as for geometrical structures and conformational states of molecules, namely water molecules and may have an influence on the structure formation of biopolymers. It is proposed that there is a close relation between multi quantum resonances and biological effects of non-ionizing radiation. Coherent multi quantum resonances of natural energetic electrons as well as 44

natural electromagnetic waves might have a positive influence on the well-being of living organisms, whereas man-made non-ionizing waves, are able to disturb these natural resonances. Within nature there 20 probably is a coherence of resonances from one tenth of Hertz to 10 Hertz, while quantum resonances are in a coherent mode. Already supposed by A. Einstein, as he did not believe in irreducible randomness: completeness of quantum mechanics. He dreamed of a prequantum mode (Einstein and Infeld 1961). The same resonances can also be found in semi-conducting materials such as doped silicon semiconductors. It is now proposed that disturbances of natural resonances of energetic electrons by manmade electromagnetic waves, can be restored by applying selected electron cyclotron resonances and Rydberg states, that are coherently transmitted by selected phyllosilicate minerals in the near surrounding of man-made emitters. These phyllosilicates have a coherent mode of resonances. This coherent mode of monochromatic frequencies in the band of 3-1000 cm has been found by exposing test-persons to non thermal man-made ionizing radiation and to all kinds of phyllosilicates incorporated in man-made emitting antennae. The silicates show different modes of resonances of water clathrates and each dopant has its typical band of quantum/Rydberg resonances. In the proposed model there is a relation with the statements of Del Giudice and colleagues c.s. in 1990: there is an energy exchange between quantum resonances, electromagnetic waves and the so called vacuum or zero point field. Quantum fluctuations and coupling between matter and electromagnetic field in QED predicts quantum coherence for liquid water even under ordinary temperatures and pressures. Their theory suggests that interaction between the vacuum electromagnetic field and liquid water induces the formation of large, stable coherent domains (CDs) of about 100 nm in diameter at ambient conditions, and these CDs may be responsible for all the special properties of water including life itself. Quantum field theory explicitly recognizes an extended vacuum field zero point field interacting with matter, as well as quantum fluctuations whereby energy in the vacuum field in the form of photons could be captured by matter. S. Avakyan c.s. has presented scientific proof about resonances of the higher upper atmosphere, ionosphere and the interaction with resonances of water clusters and the biosystem. Such radiation freely (with the exception of several absorption bands) penetrates into the troposphere to the Earths surface, and therefore, this radiation can be a physical factor acting on the biosphere. His group was probably the first to discovere this and published these important findings in the 4th international workshop on biological effects of electromagnetic fields, 16-20 October 2006, Crete, Greece. The first discovery has been done by Tchijevski in 1924, and continued by the researchers of the group of S.V. Avakyan in St. Petersburg. They found that microwave/terahertz ionospheric emissions are a factor of solar-biosphere relations as well as microwave/terahertz radiation of the ionosphere as a factor in the way solar flares and geomagnetic storms act on biosystems. Earths ionosphere and upper atmosphere produces microwave radiation and is generated in quantum transitions between highly excited Rydberg states of all atomic-molecular components of the upper-atmosphere plasma and is monochromatic. The transitions between the Rydberg states with the main quantum numbers n ~10 lie in the microwave region from millimeter to decimeter and larger. The Rydberg RF radiation of the ionosphere excited by electrons carries all ionizing fluxes; i.e. it scans all forms of heliogeophysical activity. It should be assumed that a direct link from the lowest layers of the atmosphere and the biosphere itself concerning variations of solar and geomagnetic activity has been detected. The microwave radiation that has been proposed is capable of acting as the carrier frequency, with the modulation of resonances present in the upper atmosphere, probably including the resonances within cells and related to the region of biorhytms.
-1

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H. Geesink would like to extend these findings to coherent resonances also to be found in minerals. And it is proposed that all atomic-molecular components of the upper-atmosphere are important: the elements of the periodic table, as well as dispersed in sub-micron silicates, which are present in the higher/upper atmosphere. These minerals are called solid dust particles by Holmlid and dusty space plasma by Malnev and Martysh, which emit in the range of 0.8 till 1000 micrometer and are additional sources of natural microwave/terahertz radiation in space plasma. Phyllosilicates generating plasmon resonances and integrated in man-made emitting devices have been tested during 10 years, including the restoration of well being in a surrounding of non ionizing radiation. Peoples complaints about well being have been related to: headache, dizziness, sleep disturbances, nervousness and depression. It is interesting that the same types of disturbance of well being have also been reviewed by D.L. Henshaw, and are related to disturbances of natural radiation by geomagnetic storms causing the same type of acute health effects on Earth like: depressive illnesses, headache, melatonin disruption, heart rate variability, blood pressure changes, while 10-15% of the population seems directly affected (refs: 58-86). According to H. Geesink it is technically possible to neutralize possible health effects by man-made non ionizing as well as by natural radiation by tuning the quantum states of resonances, influencing the resonances of water molecules and probably the stability of water structures, also called water clathrates. This tuning might be realized by the application of different resonance technologies. One of these technologies is the addition of natural signals of stabilized water clathrates to the resonances of the electrons of man-made emitting devices. By using test-persons and animals exposed to non ionizing radiation, and protected by resonances of the different water clathrates incorporated and stabilized in phyllosilicate minerals, it was possible to carry out double blind experiments, which gave a restoration of nearly 90% of their behavior and well being. The most important frequencies are the carrier frequencies of these minerals at 0.1-10 THz, which is right in the band of microwave/THz as proposed by S. Avakyan and approaching the IR-band proposed by E. Del Giudice. Apart from the carrier frequency, other frequencies are present next to the THz also called FIR-band: UV, light frequencies, IR frequencies, and much lower frequencies. Within the IR-region at 220 microns the mineral shows OH-stretching/bending/torsion of the intramolecular vibrations of water molecules. Within the FIR-region: 10-1000 microns it shows monochromatic resonances of the dopants in the mineral and resonances related to to the Rydberg states.These frequencies are in the band of the different frequencies of water molecules and probably with the conformational states of the water clusters present in the galleries of the mineral. The carrier frequency band could be detected applying different typical frequency filters. The detected band might also have a direct relation with the so called agent X, found by Tchijevski in 1924, as a band of resonance interactions with living organisms, but probably also with the band found by Alexander Gurwitsch around 1920 in the union-experiment. Gurwitsch concluded that the mitogenic radiation is in the UV-band, due to the fact that quartz glass is open for UV, whereas traditional glass is less or even not open for this frequency. Quartz glass is also open for FIR/microwave resonances, but closed for IR. Traditional glass is rather closed or disturbed in the FIR/microwave band. So it seems in both experiments that FIR/microwave are the important carrier frequencies. The minerals: phyllosilicates are able to emit IR as well as FIR, using the energy input of electrons or light, or IR, or man-made EMFs. Electrons and waves are energy carriers, while the resonace transfer takes place to water molecules and clusters (water clatrates) at a distance, as shown in picture 5.

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Picture 5: In and output energy of the phyllosilicate mineral, and energy transfer to water clathrates (picture of Tielrooij and Bakker).

The proposed relevant resonances of water molecules are at frequencies in the range of 0.1 till 10 THz, and related to the movements of water molecules and the different resonances of the conformational states of the water clusters as shown by Tanaka in figure 6. In this figure (a) real and (b) imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constants of liquid H2O at 296 K. In addition to the results of our work (red lines), the results of microwave spectroscopy by Kaatze et al. (open rectangles) and Alison et al. (open circles) and far-infrared spectroscopy by Afsar et al. (black lines) are shown. The fitting result by using Eq. (1) is denoted by a broken blue line in both figures, and the results of the decomposition are shown by green lines in (b). For the libration mode (VL), parameters obtained in the previous report were employed.

Fig. 6: spectrum of resonances of water molecules, by Tanaka, 2009.

FIR resonances are energetically just in balance with thermal motion of molecules at kT energy around room temperature. Coherence of resonances might make resonances more stable. It is already known that Rydberg states of atoms are very sensitive to weak electric and magnetic fields in the Hz-Thz region: EMFs > 1 V/m. The concept shows that resonant energy transfer between water molecules probably is the mechanism that leads to understanding the biological effects caused by non ionizing radiation. By evaluating a lot of different silicate minerals it has become clear that quantum coherence is involved, related to the different Rydberg states of the elements present in the mineral. But the presence of the different water clathtrates, stabilized by the different ions, are directly held responsible for the restoration of well being, disturbed by non ionizing radiation as shown in many experiments using exposed test-persons. In 2004 T. Yokono, S. Shimokawa et al. have proven that resonance transfer in the IR/FIR of a mineral to water molecules at a distance is possible. They showed the clathrate-like ordering in liquid water induced by IR/FIR and studied the structural changes of liquid water induced by sunlight irradiation in 2009. Pure 47

liquid water exposed to infrared irradiation from a mineral at 0.2 mW/cm is able to order the clathrates structure of water molecules, as measured by X-ray diffraction. The mineral has been separated from the water molecules by a wall of glass of some mms. It takes more than 24 hours for the ordered structure to return to the original state, as long as the temperature is kept below 278 K. X-ray diffraction also shows that liquid water irradiated by a mineral at far infrared at 0.2 mW/cm2, is able to destruct the clathrates structure of water molecules. The mineral has been separated from the water molecules by a wall of a polymer or glass of some mms. A lot has already been measured, but there are further needs to measure the energy transfer of the resonances of the mineral into water molecules more precisely by making use of laser light excitation, THz-spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Questions still to be solved are: Question 1: Is it possible to measure the non thermal man-made electromagnetic disturbance of quantum resonances and ordering of water molecules around kT more precisely? Question 2: Is it possible to measure the restoration of non thermal man-made electromagnetic disturbance of quantum resonances and ordering of water molecules around kT precisely? And probably on longer term: Question 3: Does a prequantum mode exist? Is this mode related to resonances of an array of elements present in the higher atmosphere and in the top-layer of the atmosphere, and even present in the cosmos? Question 4: Is it possible that the mineral assembly is able to resonate at a prequantum mode and even to restore the prequantum mode, disturbed by man made non ionizing radiation, or also called backfield resonance?

5.

The kT-paradox

Another way to make progress in models and measurements is to solve the kT-paradox. Up to now it is not known why non ionizing radiation is able to disrupt biological processes, and only thermal effects are taken into account. However research results about biological effects of non ionizing radiation show non thermal effects, which should be overruled by thermal motions of electrons, atoms and molecules: called the kT-paradox. The kT-paradox has been discussed by many researchers in the field of research about biological effects and the kT problem has been formulated for the first time in the 1960s in a broad sense with respect to the biological effects of electromagnetic microwaves. At that time, microwaves were discovered to cause 2 different biological effects at rather small energy flux densities of the order of 0.1 mW/cm , well below the thermal limit. The kT paradox is especially dramatic in such cases, as the energy quantum of the extreme low frequency fields is many orders of magnitude less than kT. A proposal to solve the kT-paradox is presented: 48

Basic resonances of the different conformational states of clathrate hydrates, related to OH-stretching, bending, torsion and vibration-rotation tunneling of water molecules and inter molecular resonances have their typical monochromatic resonances at infrared, terahertz and microwave frequencies. The energy of these quanta at terahertz frequencies, related to inter molecular resonances are just equal or in the band of the energy of moving particles at temperatures around room temperature. It is also known that structures of water clathrates are stable in a temperature window. Frhlich and also Del Giudice: if coherence of resonances of particles electrons, atoms and molecules exits, within a spectrum of quantum resonances, this coherence will be more stable than the negentropy of thermal motion. The balance in resonances of water clusters can be disturbed by external non thermal man-made electromagnetic waves over a broad frequency spectrum, due to the fact that water molecules absorb these resonances over a broad frequency spectrum. It is now proposed that by adding non thermal resonant energy transfer of the eigenstates of water clathrates the resonances and the coherence of water molecules might be improved and restabilized. In this stabilisation process there is quantum coherence of excited electrons and resonances of waterclusters at THz/FIR frequencies, which is just at the level of thermal energy: kT. This would mean that small energy levels of man-made radiation at all frequencies may indirectly influence conformational states of water molecules having their resonances over a broad frequency spectrum, of which monochromatic FIR-resonances are central frequencies, which are just in balance with the thermal motion with an energy of kT. Phyllosilicates are able to emit quantum resonances at monochromatic FIR-resonances showing typical Rydberg states, having resonances of stabilized water clathrates, of which the emitted energy is not thermal. These resonances might keep resonances of water molecules exposed to non thermal manmade radiation in a more stable or coherent state. Next to the wavelength bands of terahertz, infrared, visible light and much lower frequencies are emitted, which pump the quantum resonances to the high lying Rydberg states emitting monochromatic FIR/THz-resonances. Dynamic coupling of hydratedelectron orbitals to the THz vibrations might promote water clusters in turn as vibronically active structured water essential to biomolecular functioning. An important question remains: could it be possible that the mineral assembly is just resonating in a certain background field or prequantum field, which probably also gives the natural resonances of coherence in water clathrates?

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6.

Natural resonances

Natural resonances play an important role in this stabilization process, therefore an overview of the different types of natural waves and resonances has been made.

6.1 Plasma
The earth is actually surrounded by a complex system of interacting electric and magnetic fields, electric currents and charged particles, called the magnetosphere. The magnetosphere provides a barrier between our planet and particles continually emitted by the Sun's corona, called the "solar wind". These particles constitute a plasma - a mixture of electrons (negatively charged) and ions (atoms that have lost electrons, resulting in a positive electric charge). Plasma is not a gas, liquid, or solid - it is the fourth state of matter. Plasma often behaves like a gas, except that it conducts electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. On an astronomical scale, plasma is common. The sun is composed of plasma, fire is plasma, fluorescent and neon lights contain plasma; 99.9 percent of the Universe is made up of plasma. The part of our atmosphere that contains plasma - the ionosphere - is generally 80 to 1,000 km above the ground, but close to the surface of the Earth there is still a diluted plasma, partly coming from the upper atmosphere and partly coming from natural beta decay from minerals present in the top layer of the Earths crust. The shorter wavelengths of sunlight, ranging from the ultraviolet to X-rays, ionize the Earth's upper atmosphere by tearing electrons off atoms. The ions and electrons do not readily recombine in the ionosphere because particle collisions are infrequent in the rarified atmosphere. Ionospheric densities 3 3 range from a peak of about 1million particles/cm down to many thousands of particles/cm . The densities continue to fall moving to higher altitudes, see fig. 8.

Fig. 7: Plasma and ionosphere around planet Earth

50

Fig.: 8 Electron density as function of distance to Earth.

From the equator to the middle latitudes of the earth, the ionosphere joins smoothly with the plasmasphere. Beyond the outer boundary of the plasma sphere, the densities of plasma in the 3 magnetosphere can fall as low as 0.01 particles/cm . The plasma environment around the earth is a natural extension of earth's atmosphere, ionized by the sun. Any planet that has an atmosphere is going to have energy from the sun imparted to the atoms. The consequences are that lighter elements escape. But Earth's magnetic field traps much of this escaping gas. In the late 1950s, it was discovered that naturally occurring belts exist at higher altitudes. These belts result from charged electrons and ions becoming trapped along the magnetic lines of the Earth's dipolar magnetic field. The trapped electrons and ions are confined along the field lines and move in helical paths around their particular field lines. A part of these particles will diffuse downward into the Earths lower atmosphere (fig. 9). As the gyrating particle moves along a field line in a uniform field, it will follow a helical path about its guiding center and will remain on the field line. Electrons and ions both follow helical paths around a field line but rotate in opposite directions.

Fig. 9: Helical paths of electrons

The frequencies at which the electrons and ions rotate about the field line are called gyro magnetic frequencies or cyclotron frequencies because they are in accordance with the expression for the angular 51

frequencies of gyration of particles in a cyclotron. If the particles which form the plasma along the Earth's field lines would continue to move with a constant pitch angle, theyd impact on the Earth's surface. Cyclotron resonances for electrons called E.C.R.s, and for ions ICRs. In these plasma regions between 80 and 100 kms above the Earth surface nearly all elements of the periodic system are present: as gases, hydrates and amounts of non-metallic as well metallic ions. The main metallic ions are: Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, Al, K, Mn, Ni.

Fig. 10: Charged particle from the sun enter Earths magnetic field.Amounts of metals ions and hydrates as function of altitude.

In 2004 P.A. Roddy c.s. have published the relative concentrations of molecular and metallic ions in midlatitude intermediate and sporadic-E layers and the situ measurement of the relative concentrations of + + 2+ + Fe , Mg , O , and NO . Fig. 11 shows shows the relative concentrations of metallic and molecular ion species within an intermediate layer below 140 km. This in situ observation confirms that intermediate layers below 140 km are composed of a significant percentage of metallic ions, and also indicates that substantial + concentrations of NO within the layer are being constantly supplied by transport into the region.

Fig. 11: Amounts of metals ions, hydrates and nitrogenoxide as function of the altitude (measurement from the thesis of Jenzer).

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Fig. 12: Amounts of different metals ions as function of altitude.

E. Kopp and U. Jenzer have measured the ions of the nighttime mid-lattitude E-region. The results show a dominant metallic ion layer between 90 and 104 km altitude with a corresponding strong depletion of the + main molecular ion NO . The metal ions can be partly related to the origin of Orionid meteors and its parent comet Halley. A superimposed thin sporadic E-layer was present at 101 km altitude with a peak -3 density of 3x10^4 cm . The relative abundance of the main ions Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, Al, K, Mn and Ni is similar to carbonaceous chondrites. However, the abundance for Al and Ni is strongly reduced. The normal proton hydrates of the daytime D-region were only observed between 74 km and 88 km in low -3 abundance and with a maximum density of 200 cm . Below 74 km the ion densities of the D-region were -3 below the instrument detection limit of 10 cm . H.Geesink: Energetic electrons from the sun and the cosmos as well as energetic electrons coming from natural terrestrial sources of the top layers of the Earth, where beta decay of naturally occurring radioactive elements takes place, are considered as carriers of resonances important for the well being of living organisms. No matter where the electrons come from, they are all considered to be able to transfer resonance energy of every kind of ion, that is present in the top layers of the Earth and in the ionosphere. And nearly all elements that are present in the top-layers of the Earth are also present in the ionosphere. Types and amounts of these elements affect the well being of living organisms on Earth. Energies are related to E.C.Rs, I.C.Rs and Rydberg state.

6.2 E.C.R.s
Electron cyclotron resonance or E.C.R. is a phenomenon observed both in plasma physics and condensed matter physics. An electron in a static and uniform magnetic field will move in a circle due to the Lorentz force. The circular motion may be superimposed with a uniform axial motion, resulting in a helix, or with a uniform motion perpendicular to the field, e.g., in the presence of a magnetical, electrical or gravitational field, resulting in a cycloid. The angular frequency ( = 2f ) of this cyclotron motion for a given magnetic field strength B is given (in SI units) by: 53

. E.C.R.s will be a part of the resonances present in the atmosphere and exposed to living organisms, as discussed later in the models and measurements of S. Avakyan and H. Geesink. E.C.R.s in the upper atmosphere are measurable, and also in condensed matter.

6.3 I.C.R.s
Researchers in the field of magnetobiology and non ionizing radiation have considered ICRs (ion cyclotron resonances) as a possible mechanism for the effects of electromagnetic fields on living organisms. The knowledge of ion cyclotron resonance significantly originates from the work of three physicists: H. Aspden, A. Pazur, V. Binhi. The authors have attempted to make a valid physical and molecular-biological description of ion cyclotron resonances, of which the ions are present in cells as a solute in water. Calculations demonstrate that the ion cyclotron resonances for biologically relevant ions are in the range of human brainwave frequencies and the Schumann resonance frequencies present in the atmosphere. The concept is based upon the cyclotron resonance theory and their formulas. In the frequency range of ion cyclotron resonance the orbit in free space has a relatively large radius in the order of 1 m. The following comments have been made about this large radius. H. Aspden (1997): the ions orbit is theoretically compressed by having it collide numerous times against other particles and the cell membrane, while completing its cyclotron orbit. V. Binhi (2002): the ions are moving in helical orbits through ion channels, thus compressing the large orbit. Because ion channels for different ions have different sizes they could select for specific elements whose helical orbits fit inside the channel. A. Pazur (2003): the ions will orbit on the boundary of spherical water domains that have a diameter of 100 nm (=0.1 m), which are coherently oscillating between two inner electron configurations ( delta E=12 eV). After applying an electromagnetic field, coherent water regions will establish. Many coherent regions fit inside a human body cell, which has a diameter on the average of 25 m (Koster 2003). ICRs can be measured in strong static fields and alternating electromagnetic waves using special devices. Rimkus and Gallaher have measured ICRs in 2003 using an electron or an ion cyclotron device and a strong static magnetic field able to put ions in an orbit. An alternating (RF) magnetic field is superimposed on it, to pump and accelerate the ions at a resonating frequency, as also used in ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers. Calculations of the ICRs of the different ions in the geomagnetic field have been made: One atomic mass unit (amu) is equal to 1.6605387 10 kg. For example the mass of Ca (one of the -26 biologically relevant ions) is ca. 40.1 amu = 6.65876 x 10 kg (Parra 2002). The movement of a charged particle q with the speed v in a static magnetic field B0 results in a force F, which is perpendicular to B0 and v in a rectangular frame of reference. We get the vector product: F = qvB0 This Lorentz force urges the particles with mass m onto an orbit with radius r in a plane perpendicular to B0. Here, only a static magnetic field is present.
-27 2+

54

r = mv/qB0 It is called Larmor precession and after solving leads to the orbit frequency of the generic Ion Cyclotron Resonance Formula: f = qB0/2m Wheras f denotes the idealized Larmor precession frequency of the Ion in the vacuum, not respective to any (thermal) interaction with its environment (Pazur 2003, adapted by author). The Earths magnetic field -6 -19 has a strength of 45 T = 4510 T. The charge of the electron is about -1.602210 C, the charge of the proton is equal and opposite to that of the electron, both charges are constant (Volantis 1999).Thus for the 2+ -6 calcium ion (Ca ) in the geomagnetic field the frequency of its orbit is f = q B0/2m = 4510 x 2 x -19 -26 2 1.602210 / (2 x 3.14 x 6.6587610 ) = 0.34 x 10 = 34 Hz. Ion cyclotron resonances at ELF (extremely low frequencies) in the presence of a static field of less than 100 T, as is the geomagnetic field for these ions, can be easily calculated, but nobody could ever measure the ICRs in salt solutions or in cells. M.N. Zadhin claims to have measured ICRs in the occurrence of a biopolymer. It is known that ICRs are present and measurable in the upper atmosphere of the Earth. H. Geesink considers that there are indications that phyllosilicates having ion water clathrates are able to resonate at ICRs of the different ions, but until now a valid evidence or measuring technique could not be found.

6.4 Magnetic resonances.

When placed in a magnetic field, nuclei and protons (such as 1^H or 13^C) absorb electromagnetic radiation with typical frequency characteristics, called nuclear magnetic resonances. Nuclei placed in the Earths magnetic field and exposed to natural electromagnetic waves show very small signals of magnetic resonance. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can also provide detailed information about the structure, dynamics, and chemical environment of molecules. The resonance frequency, the energy of the absorption, and the intensity of the signal are proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. For example, in a 21 Tesla magnetic field, protons resonate at 900 MHz. NMR spectroscopy is the research technique that exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei to determine physical and chemical properties of atoms or the molecules in which they are contained. H. Frhlich and C. Smith have studied the proton NMR for water molecules and the possible imprint of resonances of water molecules in a magnetic field, and made some calculations: The proton NMR condition gives a precession frequency: = B/2, where is the gyro-magnetic ratio 8 -1 -1 2.67510 rad. T s and B is the magnetic field and is in Hz. The magnetic field B at the centre of a magnetic dipole from a rotating charge is: B = 0 n e / 2a, where 0 is the permeability of free space, n is the number of charges e involved, is frequency (Hz) and a is the radius of the orbit. According to Frhlich and Smith, if water structures are near a so-called energy of erase, then the magnetic energy in a domain equals kT. Thus a field of erases at 380 nT gives a coherence domain of 53 m diameter, while humid air erases at 47 nT, giving a coherence domain 162 m diameter. Consequently, the number of proton charges n required to become coherent and generate a magnetic field to satisfy NMR conditions, 12 will be n = 6.2910 .

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A 53 m domain contains than 2.7610 frequency imprints.

15

water molecules, and there should be enough protons for 982

6.5 X-rays
X-rays is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 16 19 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range of 310 Hz to 310 Hz. This type of radiation is also called Rntgen radiation. There are two sources of natural X-rays: cosmic radiation and sources in the Earth's crust, also referred to as terrestrial radiation. Since the wavelength of hard X-rays are similar to the size of atoms they are useful for determining crystal structures by X-ray crystallography. By contrast, soft X-rays are easily absorbed in air and the attenuation length of 600 eV (~2 nm) X-rays in water is less than 1 micrometer. And even the ordering or structures of water molecules can be measured by X-ray crystallography.

6.6 Schumann resonances

Between 1952 and 1957 the German physicist Prof. W.O. Schumann theoretically predicted the existence of a quasi standing electromagnetic wave in the cavity between the Earth's surface and the D-layer (dynamo layer), which is the bottom layer of the ionosphere, 55 kilometers up (Schumann 1952, Odenwald 1995). Both the Earth's surface and the ionosphere are electrically highly conductive regions with an electrical potential difference between them, allowing for the reflection of electromagnetic waves like the Schumann resonance waves back and forth off these "surfaces", making the Earth-ionosphere cavity a waveguide for the Schumann resonance ELF waves. The Schumann resonance was measured for the first time by Schumann and Knig in 1954. Its fundamental frequency is 7.8 Hz, thus its fundamental wavelength equals the circumference of the Earth (40,000 km). All its frequencies are in the ELF (Extremely Low Frequency, 1-100 Hz) range. The Schumann resonance appeared to consist of a series of frequencies: 7.8, 14.1, 20, 26, 33, 39, 45 and 51 Hz, which are the eigen-frequencies of the cavity between the Earths surface and the ionosphere (Fig. 13). The Schumann resonance is an electromagnetic ringing of the Earth-ionosphere cavity, generally thought to be caused by the total of thunderstorm discharges worldwide (Schumann 1952, Knig 1974). Shortly after its discovery in the 1950-s, the spectrum around the Schumann resonance's fundamental frequency (7.8 Hz) was found to correspond with the EEG spectrum of healthy adult humans in a relaxed state. The human EEG or electroencephalogram consists of voltage oscillations with amplitudes of about 2-200 V originating from brain activity and can be picked up by metal electrodes on the human scalp. These voltage fluctuations are also called 'brainwaves'. In a very relaxed state, humans demonstrate brainwaves in their EEG in the 7.0-8.0 Hz range, thus on the boundary between theta and alpha brainwaves, which is also the band within which the fundamental frequency of the Schumann resonance fluctuates. Several researchers have demonstrated intermittent entrainment of the relaxed persons brainwaves to the Schumann resonance fundamental frequency. This means the brainwaves might be phase-locked to the Schumann resonances.

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Figure 13: Spectra of the Schumann resonance, measured in various locations. SU = Stanford, California, AH = Arrival Heights, Antarctica, SS = Sondrestromfjord, Greenland. University of Frankfurt.

Schumann resonances can be measured on Earth, see figure 13, and are also important for living organisms.

6.7 Geomagnetic waves

H. W. Ludwig has proposed a concept of geomagnetic waves in 1999. The Earths crust contains 64 socalled trace elements, which are vital for living organisms. Each of these trace elements possesses its own characteristic types of vibrations. According to H.W. Ludwig the Earths magnetic field is influenced or modulated by these vibrations, the resulting modulation being known as geomagnetic waves (see fig. 14).

Fig. 14: Geomagnetic waves

He also discovered that an imbalance of Schumann and geomagnetic waves induces micro-stress in living creatures. The first Schumann wave generators were developed in 1974. Based on the research, NASA constructed Schumann frequency generators in its manned satellites. It is now proposed to refine the concept of H. W. Ludwig: physically the geomagnetic waves are the Rydberg states of elements transferred by electrons into the so-called cyclotron resonances, as explained earlier. The 64 elements have a direct relation with the dopants found in silicates, while selections of phyllosilicates can be used as protection materials to neutralize effects caused by man-made non ionizing radiation.

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6.8 Rydberg resonances

A Rydberg atom is an excited atom with one or more electrons that have a very high principal quantum number. These atoms have a number of peculiar properties including an exaggerated response to electric and magnetic fields, long decay periods and electron wavefunctions that approximate, under some condition, classical orbits of electrons about the nuclei. The core electrons shield the outer electron from the electric field of the nucleus such that, from a distance, the electric potential looks identical to that experienced by the electron in a hydrogen atom. The corresponding atomic spectra were experimentally studied for the first time by the Swedish physicist Johannes Robert Rydberg, 1854-1919. These Rydberg-states are metastable (longlived), since most radiative quantum transitions from them have a low probability. Rydberg states correspond to strong excitation of a valence electron that had been in orbit with high principal number n > 10. In practice, this is a state of an atomic-molecular particle of any gas of the upper atmosphere close to its ionization potential. The Rydberg states of an atom are electronically excited states with energies that follow the Rydberg formula. Much early experimental work on Rydberg atoms relied on the use of collimated beams of fast electrons incident on ground-state atoms. Inelastic scattering processes can use the electron kinetic energy to increase the atoms' internal energy exciting to a broad range of different states including many high-lying Rydberg states. Because the electron can retain any arbitrary amount of its initial kinetic energy, this process always results in a population with a broad spread of different energies. The kinetic energy of the interaction can contribute to the final internal energies of the constituents; this technique populates a broad range of energy levels. Hydrogenic potential: an atom in a Rydberg state has a valence electron in a large orbit far from the ion core; in such an orbit the outermost electron feels an almost hydrogenic, Coulomb potential, UC from a compact ion core consisting of a nucleus with Z protons and the lower electron shells filled with Z-1 electrons. An electron in the spherically symmetric Coulomb potential has potential energy. The similarity of the effective potential seen by the outer electron to the hydrogen potential is a defining characteristic of Rydberg states and explains why the electron wave functions approximate to classical orbits in the limit of the correspondence principle. In other words, the electron's orbit resembles the orbit of planets inside a solar system, much like the obsolete but visually useful Bohr and Rutherford models of the atom used to show. The large separation between the electron and ion-core in a Rydberg atom causes an extremely large electric dipole moment. The large sizes and low binding energies of Rydberg atoms lead to a high magnetic susceptibility. Rydberg atoms present in interstellar gas clouds persist for long periods of time without being ionised by collisions or electric and magnetic fields. The density within interstellar gas clouds is typically many orders of magnitude lower than the best laboratory vacuums attainable on Earth. As a result of this longevity and the abundance of hydrogen it is particularly common for astronomers to observe radiation from the heavens at a frequency of 2.4 GHz, now known to correspond to the hydrogen n = 109 to n = 108 transition. Strongly interacting systems: due to their large size, Rydberg atoms can exhibit very large electric dipole moments. Calculations using perturbation theory show that this results in strong interactions between two close Rydberg atoms. Classical simulation of a Rydberg atom: a simple 1/r potential results in a closed Keplerian elliptical orbit. In the presence of an external electric field Rydberg atoms can obtain very large 58

electric dipole moments making them extremely susceptible to perturbation by the field. With the application of a static electric field, the electron feels a continuously changing torque. The weakly bound 2 outer electron has a binding energy according to the Rydberg formula Eb=-13,6/n eV, where n is the typical quantum number. Typical binding energies are 1-100meV or 0.2-24 THz. Tunable dye lasers allow a great level of control over populations of excited atoms. In optical excitation the incident photon is absorbed by the target atom, absolutely specifying the final state energy. The problem of producing single state, mono-energetic populations of Rydberg atoms thus becomes the somewhat simpler problem of precisely controlling the frequency of the laser output. This form of direct optical excitation is generally limited to experiments with the alkali metals because the ground state binding energy in other species is generally too high to be accessible with most laser systems. For atoms with a large valence electron binding energy (equivalent to a large first ionization energy) the excited states of the Rydberg series are inaccessible with conventional laser systems. Initial collisional excitation can make up the energy shortfall allowing optical excitation to be used to select the final state. Although the initial step excites to a broad range of intermediate states, the precision inherent in the optical excitation process means that the laser light only interacts with a specific subset of atoms in a particular state, exciting to the chosen final state, as also used in mineral-technology. Summarized: Rydberg resonances, generated in quantum transitions between highly excited Rydberg states of all atomic-molecular components occur in the higher/upper atmosphere as well as in the toplayer of the Earth and are transferred to the lowest atmospheric region. Resonant energy transfer of natural Rydberg resonances is also important for well being of living organisms.

6.9 Resonance transfer between electrons and whistler modes

In the 1950s and 1960s, the ground-to-ground inter-hemi-spheric propagation of lightning-generated electromagnetic waves called whistlers came to be understood and whistlers came into regular use as remote probes of the radial distribution of electron density in the Earth's geomagnetic equatorial plane. Whistler data are recorded by Stanford at spaced stations in the northern hemisphere and in Antarctica. An example of a whistler that propagated along geomagnetic-field-aligned paths from a lightning flash is absorbed in the northern hemisphere by the antennae of Palmer Station, Antarctica. The whistler paths in this case extended at the equator to geocentric distances of 2-2.5 Earth radii. The event is presented in coordinates of frequency (0-10 kHz) vs time in seconds and intensity. Vertical lines indicate impulsive, minimally dispersed energy from lightning flashes (sferics) that propagated in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide to the receiver. An arrow indicates the sferic radiated by the lightning flash that launched the whistler.

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Fig. 15: sferics and whistler waves.

Characteristic are the right-hand circularly polarized waves of these Whistler modes and the resonance transfer in between electrons and electromagnetic waves occurring along axis B: the geomagnetic fieldlines. For propagation along B, Whistler waves and electrons must propagate in opposite directions, see fig. 16.

Fig. 16. Spiral motion of electron and whistler wave about the geomagnetic field.

Whistler waves can also be simulated at lab. scale. Sugimoto and Kawai have shown the spatial variation of whistler waves in an ECR (electyron cyclotron resonance) plasma and have demonstrated ECR plasma production by introducing microwaves (2.45 GHz) into a vacuum chamber parallel to the applied magnetic field. The microwave propagates in the plasma to the ECR region as a whistler wave (1997). Office of Naval research, univ. of Alaska, studies the plasma science/technology and has reviewed the experiments on Electromagnetic interactions with Ionosphere leading to ULF/ELF/VLF. 60

Fig. 17. Electron whistler waves.

Cyclotron resonant interactions involving such waves are fundamentally different from those involving broadband incoherent waves, since energetic electrons can be phase-trapped in the wave potential well, and follow specific paths in velocity space. So resonant interactions between discrete coherent Whistlermodewaves and energetic electrons occur. There is clear evidence from controlled wave-injection experiments that the coherence of the waves involved in such interactions is the crucial ingredient that leads to nonlinear exponential wave growth, which is suppressed if the waves are incoherent.

6.10 Black body emission curves and line emissions in the sub-mm
Black-body radiation is the type of electromagnetic radiation within or surrounding a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment, or emitted by a black body (an opaque and non-reflective body) held at constant, uniform temperature. The radiation has a specific spectrum and intensity that depends only on the temperature of the body. This type of radiation is non coherent. The sun, with an effective temperature of approximately 5800 C, can be approximated by a black body with an emission spectrum peaked in the central, yellow-green part of the visible spectrum, but with significant power in the ultraviolet as well. The Earth radiates nearly as a perfect black body in the infrared, see figure 18.

Fig. 18: black body emission curves of the sun and earth.

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Results from the NASA Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and examination of the spectral energy distributions in observable galaxies, indicate that approximately one-half of the total luminosity and 98% of the photons emitted since the Big Bang fall into the submillimeter and far-IR. Much of this energy is being radiated by cool interstellar dust. Older galaxies, like our Milky Way, have a much greater abundance of dust. Many of the same spectral signatures that are so abundant in interstellar and intragalactic space are also present in planetary atmospheres where background temperatures range from tens of Kelvin to several hundred Kelvin. Particularly important are thermal emission lines from gases that appear in the Earths stratosphere and upper troposphere: water, oxygen, chlorine, nitrogen, and mineral compounds, see fig. 19.

Fig. 19: emission lines of different elements, including silicates.

6.11 Effects of geomagnetic storms

D.L. Henshaw has reviewed the knowledge about geomagnetic storms and their possible mechanisms, which are also able to disturb the well being of living organisms on Earth. Geomagnetic storms arise from charged particles from the sun, at levels of > 100 till >400 nT, which is a superposition on the static geomagnetic field of 30-50 T. Geomagnetic storms last 15 days and have a magnitude of about > 100 nT at a frequency of 4.6 per year and > 400 nT at a frequency of 9.73 per 100 years. Acute health effects due to storms have been found by many researchers and show an increase in depressive illnesses, melatonin disruption, heart rate variability and blood pressure changes. 10-15% Of the population seems directly affected. Geomagnetic disturbances are associated with reduced nocturnal excretion of a melatonin metabolite in humans, in association with incidence of depression as measured by hospital admissions, dependence of human EEG and arterial blood pressure (refs: 58-86). 62

7.

Model of Avakyan

In 1994, Avakyan and colleagues proposed that the plasma of the Earths upper atmosphere (and of other planetary atmosphere) unconditionally contains highly excited Rydberg states of atoms, molecules, and their ions and should be taken into account in aeronomy and ionospheric physics as a new factor in the physics of solar-terrestrial relationships. Ionospheric emissions are a factor of solar-biosphere relations, while solar flares and geomagnetic storms act on biosystems, resulting in radiation of microwave radiation in the atmosphere. More presicely: this kind of radiation is generated in quantum transitions between highly excited Rydberg states of all atomic-molecular components of the upper-atmosphere plasma and are monochromatic, while radiation of the sun is not monochromatic and doesnt consist of separate lines and bands, but has a continous spectrum. These quantum resonances are at high values of n and hence of l (l=n-1 and below). Transitions from high l can occur only between adjacent Rydberg states and consequently lie in the RF region. The main point is that all of this radiation (beginning with a wavelength of labda of about 0.8 mm and higher) freely penetrates into the lower atmosphere all the way to the Earths surface. The main mechanism for exciting Rydberg states is electron impact. In the upper atmosphere and ionosphere there are different types of electrons with energies up to several tens and hundreds of electronvolts for which the Rydberg excitation cross sections are maximal. The Rydberg RF radiation of the ionosphere excited by these electrons accordingly carries full spatiotemporal information concerning all the variations of the ionizing fluxes: it scans all forms of heliogeophysical activity. It should be assumed that a direct information channel from the lowest layers of the atmosphere and the biosphere itself concerning variations of the solar and geomagnetic activity has been detected. For the biosphere and in particular for the human organism, this information, in the form of flux variations of the microwave radiation, can be just the Agent X, postulated by A.L. Chizhevskii. Numerous experimental and theoretical papers on studies of the mechanisms by which millimeter and centimeter radiation acts on living organism emphasize the resonance charater of the response of biological cells to such irradiation. The microwave radiation is capable of acting as the carrier frequency, with modulation by waves of the upper atmosphere, as well as vibrations of the background electromagnetic field, including the region of biorhythms. This amplifies the influence of low-frequency vibrations of the background electromagnetic field, with its high biological efficiency, but at low energy densities, especially because of the surprisingly strong action on biological objects from the side of microwave radiation, fig. 20.

Fig. 20: Biological effects of solar activity and Rydberg states.

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This biological effectiviness has been found in numerous experimental and theoretical papers on studies of the mechanisms by which millimeter and centimeter radiation acts on a living organism, emphasizing the resonance character of the response of biological cells and erythrocytes. The width of the resonances is 10-310-4 of the active frequency and this incidentally seems close to the actual width of the atomic lines in a Rydberg transition when it exhibits collisional (Lorentzian) broadening under the actual conditions. -15 2 From the aggregate of such studies, all the way to 10 W/cm , which is close to the threshold of perception of vision and hearing, it is known that microwave radiation acts on water-containing media and its resonance with the hydrogen bond in structured water. The clusters of water molecules formed under the action of quanta of this radiation can be in stable or unstable states for a fairly long time, up to several weeks. The main mechanism for exciting Rydberg levels is electron impact. In the upper atmosphere and ionosphere there are three types of electrons with energies up to several tens and hundreds of electronvolts for which the Rydberg excitation cross sections are maximal: 1) Photoelectrons, 2) Secondary electrons 3) Auger electrons. By photoelectrons (arise by X-ray and hard UV), secondary electrons and Auger electrons, (energies 101000 eV) in the ionosphere, modulations of the back ground electromagnetic field (Alfven and Schuman resonances) occurs. Rydberg states correspond to strong excitation of a valence electron, that is in orbit with high principal quantum number n>10. This is a state close to its ionization potential, while Rydberg states are metastable (long lived). The microwave spectrum under conditions of solar and geomagnetic activity is monitored, recording the unfavorability of the heliogeophysical situation related to medical/biological aspects (background microwave radiation in relation to a storm and a flare). According to Avakyan c.s. the same phenomenon can be significant in studies of the influence of microwave frequencies of cellular telephones on health of living organisms. The possible resulting medical effect from cellular phones and the ionospheric sporadic radiations significantly vary in quality and in magnitude, and this creates indeterminacy.

7.1 Avakyan: Rydberg states, water clusters and well being

A mechanism has been proposed, explaining the effect of solar and geomagnetic activity on weather parameters and biosphere (including human beings) as a result of influence of microwave radiation of solar and ionosphere origin. Generation of strengthened fluxes of this radiation during solar flares and geomagnetic storms has been analyzed, using the mechanism of excitation of the Rydberg states of atoms and molecules by fast ionospheric electrons. Energetic aspects of the problem are solved by using the mechanism of resonant influence of microwave radiation on biological systems. Variations in weather parameters (cloudiness, humidity and temperature) are considered to be a result of change in condensation processes in the lower atmosphere caused by the respective change in the rate of

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generation and dissociation of ion clusters, which is controlled by microwave radiation of ionospheric and solar origin. Present work is based on experimental data and correlation of observed weather parameters with bursts of solar microwave radiation, which was revealed in the works (1-4). Authors of (1) have analyzed observations of (3, 4). They suggested to take into account influence of solar microwave radiation on the state of water vapor in the lower atmosphere and the process of its condensation. Experimental evidences testifying that water vapor can be transformed from free state to bounded state and vice versa due to influence of the solar microwave radiation were firstly obtained in the work (3). Ultra-violet and corpuscular radiations might also contribute to this process. It was shown that the effect of these radiations causes generation of water clusters, which resulted in appearance and strengthening of cluster absorption bands in 320-330, 360, 380-390, 400 and 480 nm ranges (4). It was found that the density of the solar corpuscular flux is not enough to activate the mechanism connected with cluster generation. In (1, 2) it was suggested to take into account the contribution of water cluster (complex) ions, generated due to ionization of the atmosphere by galactic cosmic rays, to the mechanism of condensation. Sporadic rises in intensity of microwave radiation of ionosphere were registered in (6) at times of solar flares and aurora borealis (geomagnetic storms and substorms). The intensity during periods of flares exceeds usual microbursts of solar origin many times. Microwave radiation of aurora borealis has been registered since 1950 (7). It is important that the more intensive microwave radiations of natural origin (emitted from the terrestrial ionosphere) during time of solar flares and geomagnetic substorms might be modulated by oscillations at frequencies of Alfven and Schumann ionosphere-magnetosphere resonance as well as by acousticgravitation waves, existing in upper atmosphere. Therefore, resonantly acting high-frequency (microwave) radiation of ionosphere delivers information on the natural electromagnetic oscillations in the circumterrestrial space to the biological object as variations in the low-frequency (less than 100 Hz) range, which includes a range of human brain and heart rhythms. It is important for the solar-terrestrial physics (including solar-biosphere and solar-atmosphere links) that terrestrial atmosphere is transparent for radiations with length more than 0.8 mm (besides few absorption bands in mm and cm ranges). Thus, question about the role of such sporadic radio emission in processes in the lower atmosphere and biosphere is rather actual. Microwave radiation of ionosphere in transitions between Rydberg states: They were the first (14-16) who suggested to link microwave radiation of ionosphere with excitation of atomic and molecular gas components of the upper atmosphere, which creates highly excited Rydberg electronic states (the main quantum number n>9). These states, named after the Swedish physicist J. R. Rydberg, have a high energy of excitation and are metastable (long living) due to a small probability of radiative quantum transitions. Transitions from the Rydberg states fulfill almost all the range of electromagnetic spectrum of the upper atmosphere emissions (starting from the hard UV radiation). Allowed transitions between them also lay and are in the microwave range of wave length. These transitions often are the most probable (14-17). Possible role of the microwave radiation of ionosphere in heliogeobiocorrelations (including occurrence of days unfavorable for patients during time of increases of solar and geomagnetic activity) was established for the first time in (16). Energetic estimations of intensity of ionospheric microwave radiation were made in (17) both in framework of mechanism of Rydberg excitation by electronic impact (ionospheric photoelectrons and electrons precipitating from magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms and substorms) (14, 16) and with the use of the results of measurement (6). Agreement between theoretical calculations and the experimental data was obtained. It was shown that at time of strong geomagnetic 65

storm microwave UHF radiation of ionosphere in Rydberg transitions might reach 10 Wt/cm and 10-100 times less at time of solar flare. Experimental confirmations of reality of the mechanism of excitation of the microwave radiation of the ionosphere in Rydberg transitions have been obtained already. Experiments, have been performed in (18, 19) and including heating of ionosphere by strong pulses of radio waves (4.7-6.8 Mhz), revealed responded microwave decimeter radiation from altitudes of 185-240 km as well as additional emission in red line of atomic oxygen. Analysis of the possible sources of the revealed microwave radiation showed that transition of electrons between high Rydberg levels of molecules of neutral components of ionospheric plasma, excited by impacts with the accelerated electrons, is the most probable (18, 19). In (18, 19) it is emphasized also, that the area of artificial generation of microwave radiation on height (~200 km) coincides with position of maxima of high-altitude structures of excitation rate Rydberg the conditions calculated in (14) for an ionosphere in natural conditions (both at the quiet Sun, and during solar flare). Thus, results of (18,19) are the first experimental evidence of reality of the mechanism of excitation of Rydberg levels by energetic ionosphere electrons suggested in (14-16). Optical emissions caused by transitions between Rydberg sublevels of atomic oxygen were registered by the authors (20), who performed Alpine research of the spectrum of night sky luminescence at 394-927 nm. This is a basis for suggestion of hypothesis about the new physical mechanism transferring effect of solar and geomagnetic activity on the phenomena in the lower atmosphere, including biosphere and weather parameters. This influence is carried out by microwave radiation of ionosphere, which intensity in Rydberg transitions is determined by level of solar and geomagnetic disturbance of ionosphere and might be stronger than radiations of usual microwave solar bursts (21). Condensation mechanism and microwave radiation have been discussed. It was found in (3) that microwave radiation of the Sun influences dynamical equilibrium in distribution of the lower atmosphere clusters toward extent of water vapor association, while it can both increase and decrease the association extent. This is important when taken into account the condensation mechanism, which, according to (4), dominates in the solar-weather link. It was shown in (22) that ions, generated in the upper atmosphere due to high-energy solar cosmic ray (SCR), can condensate water vapor and cause change in the altitude temperature profile of the lower atmosphere. These phenomena cause additional vertical and horizontal gradients of pressure and might cause appearance of the ground-surface and elevated tropospheric waveguide, which is important to the propagation of radio waves. The rate of the ion pair generation depends not only on the altitude, but also on the atmosphere density, which influences the rate of ion recombination. Ionization of the gas molecules usually starts from generation of the singly charged positive ion. Then few (usually 7-10) neutral gas molecules of the water vapor attach to this ion almost instantly, creating the so-called light ions. The light ions join to aerosol particles and produce heavy ions (25). Ion equilibrium is reached after 10 sec to a few minutes for light ions and after 10 minutes to a few hours for heavy ions (the time depends on the aerosol state of atmosphere) (27). Three particle recombination appreciably contributes to the recombination of electron and cluster ion when 18 3 gas density is 10 m and pressure is close to few tens of Torr (27) i.e. at altitudes less than 25 km. + Dissociative recombination of cluster ions from the water vapor (and (CO2 )n) in presence of the third molecule, is the main channel for ion demolishing at the altitudes where condensation due to GCR occurs (above 3 km). New calculations of the reaction coefficients of three-particle electron-ion recombination were performed by authors (28), who interpreted results of the laboratory experiments with the ions (CO2+)n and H3O+(H2O)n. It was suggested theory of this mechanism, which includes two stages: 66

-11

collisions between electrons and gas molecules (nitrogen and oxygen molecules in case of condensation mechanism) fill Rydberg levels, electrons from Rydberg states take part in non-radiative transitions resulted in dissociation of clusters. Authors of (28) proposed to call this process the collision dissociative recombination. The process is + effective for large proton hydrates H3O (H2O)n over the wide range of pressure of ambient gas including altitudes of the lower atmosphere above 3 km. Actually, experiments (29) show that coefficients and rates 8 3 of binary recombination in a mutual neutralization reach ~ 610 m (this value doesnt depend on the complexity of ions) while the same values for electron-ion dissociative recombination are much more (up 5 3 + to 10 m for the ion H3O (H2O)n when n=6). This electron-ion recombination in fact is a result of two subsequent processes: (a) fast two particle process in which electron takes part and Rydberg levels are settled due to oscillation excitation (30) and (b) three particle process with the neutral molecules of the atmosphere (30, 31). According to (28) coefficients of the rate of dissociation of the ion clusters of water vapor and carbon dioxide molecules are sharply dependent on the mean value of change in the orbital quantum moment (l) of Rydberg level occurring as a result of collision. Probability of dissociation increases for small values of l while for large values of l it is low. Therefore, at time of the solar radiobursts and sporadic flares, the microwave Rydberg radiation of ionosphere increases (they occur during solar UV and X-ray flares and geomagnetic storms), Rydberg levels with higher l will be filled due to the processes of collision dissociative recombination induced by absorption of increased flux of microwave radiation. This would result in decrease of probability of the dissociation of the cluster ions in the lower atmosphere. Thus, present work proposes for microwave radiation to play a new role in processes in the lower atmosphere: according to the obtained results it can influence the probability of dissociation of the water vapor and, possibly, carbon dioxide cluster ions by means of the mechanism of collision dissociative recombination of high values of the orbital quantum numbers of the states of Rydberg electrons (they occur as a result of absorption of quanta of microwave radiation of the Sun and ionosphere) (28). So it was experimentally observed in (3, 4) that radio emission can cause both generation and decay of water clusters in the lower atmosphere. Decline in the water vapor abundance (its association into clusters) is observed as a result of burst of radio emission of the Sun at 2-5 cm while decay of clusters takes place when the length of the radio wave is 3-10 cm. These wavelengths correspond to Rydberg transitions in atmospheric gases with the main quantum number n ~ 10 (15). Water vapor can associate into clusters in framework of the scheme of generation of many-atomic Rydberg molecules, suggested in (33). Complex ions, originated in this process, are neutralized by capturing an electron in the Rydberg orbital. Induced transition of the Rydberg electron due to microwave radiation also might play a role in this act. According to (6) flux of the ionospheric microwave radiation during solar flare is stronger than the corresponding flux during usual microwave burst at the Sun (typically they are separated in time for 10-15 min or more (34)). This testifies that a microwave radiation of ionosphere, generated as a result of absorption of X-ray and hard UV radiation of solar flare, might contribute to weather phenomena. Correlation of the extent of spectral attenuation in the soft UV band (likely connected with water clusters) with the Suns activity, obtained in (4), is in good agreement with our hypothesis because increase of activity causes rise in all kinds of microwave radiation (both from the Sun and from ionosphere) and decrease of cluster decay due to filling of high l levels. Heliogeobiocorrelations have been taken into account related to this microwave radiation of terrestrial ionosphere. Fig. 21 shows a scheme of the influence of solar flares and geomagnetic storms on biological objects via microwave emission of the ionosphere. This scheme illustrates the physical mechanism of the agent X providing a solar-terrestrial link according to Soviet heliobiologist A.L. Chizhevsky. He supposed 67

that agent X is some kind of electric oscillations (35) and that solar activity can influence them by means of millimeter radiation (36). According to Avakyan c.s. there is a response of biological cells and erythrocytes to such kind of radiation.

Fig. 21. Biological effects of solar activity and Rydberg states. Heliobiocorrelation diagram including human beings.

Fig. 22: the diagram of control condensation mechanism induced by disturbances in solar and geomagnetic activities.

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Fig.23: Control of condensation mechanism at low atmosphere and change of atmopheric transparency by means of variation for ratio: vapours of H2O/clusters from the water vapor.

7.2 References used by Avakyan

1. Kondratyev K.Ya., Nikolsky G.A. Solar activity and climate. 1. Observations Data. Condensation and ozon hypotheses // Earth research from space, 1995, 5, 3-17. 2. Kondratyev K.Ya, Nikolsky G.A. Solar activity and climate. 2. Direct impact of of extraatmospheric spectral distribution of solar radiation variations // Earth research from space, 1995, 6, 3-20. 3. V.L. Krauklis, G.A. Nikolskii, M.M. Safronova, E.Yu. Shults. On the Conditions under Which the Anomalous Extinction of the UV Radiation by Aerosol Can Occur in Clear Atmosphere. J. Optics atmosphere, 1990, v. 3, N 3, pp. 227-241. 4. G.A. Nikolskii, E.O. Shults. Spectral and Temporal Variations of the Residual Extinction in the Near UV-Region. J. Optics atmosphere, 1991, v. 4, N 9, pp. 961-966. 5. N.I. Moiseeva and R.E. Lyubitski, The action of heliogeophysical factors on the human organism, Probl. Kosm. Biol. 53, 136 1986. 6. V.S. Troitskii, A.M. Starodubtseva, L.N. Bondar, M.R. Zelinskaya, K.M. Strezhneva, M.S. Kitay, A.I. Sergeeva. Search for sporadic radio emission from cosmic space at centimeter and decimeter wavelengths. J. Radiphysics. 1973, v. XVI, N 3, pp. 323342. 7. Forsyth P.A., Petrie W., Currie B.W. On the origin of the centimeter radiation from the polar aurora // Can. J. of Research, 1950, V. 28, ser. A, No. 3, P. 324-325. 8. A. Kh. Tambiev, N. N. Karinova, O. V. Betski_, and Yu. V. Gulyaev, Millimeter Waves and Photosynthesizing Organisms, ed. Yu. V. Gulyaev and A. Kh. Tambiev, Radiotekhnika, Moscow, 2003, 158. 9. N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant and O. V. Betski, Millimeter Waves and Their Role in Vital Processes Radio i Svyaz, Moscow, 1991. 10. Frhlich H. "The biological effects in microwaves and related questions". In "Adv. in electronics and electron physics", 1980, v.53, p. 85-152. 11. Pohl H.A. "Natural Oscillating fields of cells". In "Coherent excitations in biological Systems", Eds. H. Frhlich, F. Kremer. Springer, Berlin, 1983, p. 198-210. 12. L. A. Sevastyanova, A. G. Borodina, E. S. Zubennova et al., Resonance characteristics of the action of radio waves of the millimeter region on biological systems, in Effects of the Nonthermal Action of Millimeter Radiation on Biological Objects, ed. N. D. Devyatkov, Moscow, 1983. pp. 6377. 13. V. N. Binhi, Magnetobiology. Experiments and Models, IOF RAN, Moscow, 2002. 14. S.V. Avakyan, N.A. Voronin, and A.E. Serova, The role of Rydberg atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere, Geomag. Aronom. 37, No. 3, 99? 1997.

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15. Avakyan S.V. Microwave Emission of Rydberg States as a New Factor of SolarBiosphere Relations, Proc. of 5th Intern. conf. "Problems of Geocosmos". SPb.: SPb. State University, 2004, P. 335-338. 16. Avakyan S.V. Microwave radiation of the ionosphere as a factor in the way solar flares and geomagnetic storms act on biosystems // Opticheski Zhurnal 2005, (J. Opt. Technol. 2005, 72, 8, 608-614), 72, 8, 41-48. 17. Avakyan S.V., Voronin N.A. Possible mechanisms for the influence of heliogeophysical activity on the biosphere and the weather // Opticheski Zhurnal, (J. Opt. Technol. 2006, 73, 4, 281-285), 2006, 73, 4, 78-83. 18. Grach S.M., Fridman V.M., Lifshits L.M., Podstrigach T.S., Sergeev E.N., Snegiryov S.D. Decimeter electromagnetic radiation, stimulated heating of an ionosphere. Works of XX All-Russia conference on distribution of radiowaves. Nizhni Novgorod, on July, 2-4nd, 2002, 303-304. 19. Grach S.M., Fridman V.M., Lifshits L.M., Podstrigach T.S., Sergeev E.N., Snegirev S.D. UHF electromagnetic emission stimulated by HF pumping of the ionosphere // Annales Geophysicae, 2002, V. 20. N. 10, P. 1687-1691. 20. Slanger T.G., Cosby P.C., Huestis D.L. Oxygen atom Rydberg emission in the equatorial ionosphere from radiative recombination // J. Geoph. Res., 2004, V. 109, A10309, doi:10.1029/2004JA010556. 21. C.W. Allen, Astrophysical quantities, The Athlone Press, 1973. 22. F.V. Kivva, Yu.V. Goncharenko. Evaluation of the atmospheric aerosol particle size in the reflective layer produced by strong solar flares. J. Radiophysics and electronics. 2002, v. 7, N 3, pp. 509-512. 23. M.P. Pudovkin, A.L. Dementeva. Variation of altitude dependence for temperature at the low atmosphere during Solar Proton Events. Geomagnrtizm and aeronomy. 1997, v. 37, N 3, pp. 84-91. 24. Pudovkin V.I., Babushkina S.V., Atmospheric transparency variations associated with geomagnetic disturbances, J. Atm. Terr. Phys., 54, 9, 1135, 1992. 25. Smirnov V.V. Factor responsible for the variability of medium-ion concentration in the surface atmosphere. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2005, 41, 6, 824-835. 26. Eletskii A.V., Smirnov B.M. Properties of cluster ions. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, 1989, 159, 1, 45-81. 27. Smirnov B.M. Complex ions. M., Fizmatgiz, 1983, 31-32. 28. Bates D.R. Classical theory electron-ion recombination in an ambient gas // J. Phys. B, 1981, V. 13, No. 13, P. 2587-2600. 29. Mark T.D., Castle A.W. Jr. Experimental studies on cluster ions // Adv. in Atomic and Molec. Phys. 1985, V. 20, P. 65-172. 30. Biondi M.A. Electron-ion recombination in gas phase // Appl. Atomic Collision Phys. Eds.: E.W. McDaniel, W.L. Nighan, 1982, V. 3, P. 173-189. 31. Senhavser E.S., Armstrong D.A., Warman J.M. The temperature dependence of three-body electron-ion recombination in gaseous H2O, NH3 and CO2 // Radiation Phys. and Chem., 1980, V. 15, No. 2/3, P. 479-483. 32. Perov S.P. Why change the terrestrial climate / Second All-Russian conference "Physical problems of ecology (Physical ecology)", 1999. 33. Gallas J.A.C., Leuch G., Wallher H., Figger H.; Rydberg atom: high-resolution spectroscopy and radiation interaction - Rydberg molecules // Adv. in Atomic and Molec. Phys. 1985, V. 20, P. 413-466. 34. S. V. Avakyan, A. I. Vdovin, and V. F. Pustarnikov, Ionizing and Penetrating Radiation in Near-Earth Space. A Handbook. Gidrometeoizdat, St. Petersburg, 1994. 35 A. L. Chizhevskii, The Cosmic Pulse of Life Mysl, Moscow, 1995, pp. 646647. 36 A. L. Chizhevskii, Terrestrial Echo of Solar Storms, Mysl, Moscow, 1976, p. 327. 37. B. F. Gordiets, M. N. Markov, and L. A. Shelepin, Connection of the upper and lower atmosphere by the flux of IR radiation in the problem of the influence of solar activity on the weather, Trudy FIAN 105, 109

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8.

Model of magnetic field, D.L. Henshaw

It is well established that whilst epidemiology has linked exposure to magnetic fields and power lines to numerous health effects, definitive explanations of such links have remained elusive. Fluctuations in the level of the Earths Geomagnetic Field (GMF), a quasi static magnetic field, and geomagnetic storms have also been associated with a number of health effects and disorders mentioned in scientific literature spanning more than 50 years. Magnetic fields are ever present in our lives. They exist wherever there is a flow of charged particles. There are contributions to this field from solar winds, the Earths core, local crust variations, and the atmosphere. Values of the field range from 20T70T. According to D.L. Henshaw there are two main mechanisms for animals to interact with the GMF: magnetite and RPM. Most of the work on magnetoreception in animals has been concentrated on birds and turtles: obvious migratory participants. The first mechanism is magnetite, (Chemical Formula: Fe3O4, Iron Oxide), which is also present in the human brain. Kirschvink (1992) has suggested that a possible mechanism for coupling of non thermal levels of microwaves to biological systems may involve their absorption by magnetite. Presence of trace amounts of magnetite in animal and human tissues have been reported. Magnetite absorbs microwaves at frequencies of 0.5 and 10 GHz through the process of ferromagnetic resonance. Kirschvink et al. characterised magnetite biomineralisation in adult human brain: Sizes of 1070 nm, 90200 nm, some 600 nm, 5 million single-domain crystals/g for most brain tissues. And Ferritin is a natural ferrihydrite nano-particle, ~8 nm, and is superparamagnetic at room temperature. Semm studied the effects of an Earth-strength magnetic field on electrical activity of pineal cells (1980). After initial exposure to 50T diminished pineal electrical activity was observed, it was possible to depress activity again with a low stimulus of 0.10T. The pineal gland is the adrenal gland responsible for the synthesis of the hormone melatonin which is a well-established free-radical scavenger. It also plays an important part in establishing and controlling the body-clock or circadian rhythm. There is evidence of exposure to temporal changes of the GMF and melatonin suppression. A second mechanism might be that low intensity MFs can increase the lifetime of free radical pairs making them potentially more available to cause biological damage. Wiltschko (2005): The available evidence suggests that birds use a magnetite mechanism and RPM to navigate. The RPM (Radical Pair Mechanism) is light dependent and is thought to be influenced by magnetic fields.

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9.

Cryptochrome and the concept of Litovitz proposed by A. Goldsworthy

According to A. Goldsworthy: Cryptochrome is a ubiquitous pigment in animals and plants. Plants use it to sense light to optimise their ability to photosynthesise. Animals use it to sense the direction of the Earths magnetic field. Both animals and plants also use it to regulate their body clocks, which anticipate dawn and dusk to switch metabolism between day and night modes. In animals, it regulates the sleep-wake cycle and also the immune system, which has peak activity during the night phase (Koukkari and Sothern 2006). Unfortunately, radio waves badly upset the cryptochrome molecule to affect all of these functions. The energy doesnt come from the radio wave itself but from a previously absorbed high energy photon of light that flips an electron between two parts of the molecule to drive it into a high energy free radical state. This decays spontaneously as the electron returns to the restore the status quo. Light intensity at any one time is perceived from the proportion of cryptochrome in the free radical state. The direction of the Earths magnetic field is detected because free radicals are magnetic and the rate at which the electron returns is determined by the orientation of the magnetic field in relation to the molecule. This time, the proportion of the cryptochrome in the free radical form is a measure of the strength and direction of the magnetic field. Both processes appear to be disrupted by radio frequency magnetic fields and the magnetic component of radio waves. In plants, radio waves are perceived as if they were light and have profound effects on their physiology. Animals that use the Earths magnetic field for navigation may partially or completely lose that ability, which can account for colony collapse disorder in bees. The role of cryptochrome in the body clock means that this too can be disrupted by radio waves. Since the activity of the immune systems of both animals and plants are closely linked to the body clock, if the clock fails, their immune systems will not at any time function at full capacity. This will result in a reduced resistance to pathogens. It may also account for the increased incidence of cancer often reported around cell towers as the immune system becomes less able to deal with incipient cancer cells. Much of this evidence is very recent, the earliest being Ritz et al (2004). Fortunately, the frequencies responsible (below about 10MHz) are outside the main cell phone frequencies, but occur as out-of-band frequencies arising from the transmission of harmonics of the main signal. They are therefore easy to filter out without loss of information carrying capacity. The idea behind Litovitzs method was to add a random ELF (noise) magnetic field to the regularly repeating fields from power lines or cell phones. It works on the principle that most of the biological effects of electromagnetic fields are due to the relatively slow but progressive loss of calcium from cell membranes, which then makes them leak. However, the effect on any cell takes place only within certain amplitude windows. We may not be able to prevent this leakage just by reducing the power of the field. All this might do is to put other cells (perhaps nearer the source) into their amplitude windows and we may be no better off. However, if we add a second magnetic field with a randomly varying amplitude, cells are constantly being driven in and out of their amplitude windows and do not spend long enough in their windows to lose significant amounts of calcium before leaving their windows. The lost calcium then floods back and there is no biological effect. This theory has been tested in several biological systems and found to work. Much of Litovitzs work used the in production of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) by tissue cultures as an indicator of radiation damage to living cells. The activity of this enzyme increases several fold when exposed to electromagnetic fields (Byus et al. 72

1987). ODC is part of a defence mechanism against the radiation and an increase in its production is taken as an indication that damage is occurring. Conversely, if the random signal prevents its production, it is an indication that damage is not occurring. Work in Litovitzs laboratory was mainly concerned with mitigating the effects of 60Hz power line frequencies and he found that adding a random (noise) magnetic field of about the same strength completely reversed their effects on ODC production in mouse tissue cultures (Litovitz et al. 1994b) and also the deformities induced by 60Hz fields in chick embryos (Litovitz et al. 1994a).They then went on to study the effects of modulation frequency on 845MHz microwave radiation on ODC production in mouse tissue cultures. They found that constant frequencies between 6 and 600Hz were harmful as measured by ODC production. Simple amplitude modulated speech (which is more random) did not stimulate ODC production, neither did frequency modulated microwaves and frequency modulated analogue phone signals. Continuous microwaves had only a slight effect. Balanced signal technology While Litovitzs method might protect the user from the radiation, because magnetic fields dissipate rapidly as you move away from the source, they may not protect other people nearby, who are out of range of the protective random field. By the same token, random low frequency magnetic fields emitted by a cell phone base station would not be able to protect most users. The principle involves transmitting two complementary mirror image signals on different carrier frequencies; i.e. when one has a pulse, the other has a gap. The base station would have no problem with this since they would look like two separate phone calls. However, living cells would be unlikely to distinguish between the two carrier frequencies and the pulses on each would cancel and it would look like a relatively harmless continuous wave. It would need very little extra bandwidth since only one of the signals need be used, with the other one being effectively thrown away and they could all be dumped on the same frequency. In theory, this technology could be applied to both handsets and base stations.

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10. Model of biophotons, F.A. Popp

In 1974 German biophysicist F.A. Popp studied the light emission of cells (called biophotons), their origin from the DNA and later their coherence (laser-like nature), and has developed a biophoton theory to explain their possible biological role and the ways in which they may control biochemical processes, growth, differentiation etc. He showed that the spectral distribution of the emission fell over a wide range of wavelengths, from 200 to 800 nm and proposed that the radiation might be both semi-periodic and coherent. The typical detected magnitude of "biophotons" in the visible and ultraviolet spectrum ranges from a few up to several hundred photons per second per square centimeter of surface area, much weaker than in the openly visible and well-researched phenomenon of normal bioluminescence, but stronger than in the thermal, or black body radiation that so-called perfect black bodies demonstrate. The detection of these photons has been facilitated by the development of more sensitive photomultiplier tubes and associated electronic equipment. By use of coincidence measurements on ultraweak photon emission, the photocount statistics (PCS) of artificial visible light turns out to be Poissonian. A leaf (elderberry, Sambucus nigra) that has been illuminated by external light, displays delayed luminescence in darkness.The luminescence never falls below the Poissonian distribution, which indicates that in addition to a chaotic one, a coherent or a squeezed field may be responsible.

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11. Model of sferics, F. Knig and A.Schienle

F. Knig and A.Schienle Knig have investigated the influences of sferics on well being of persons. The living organism is constantly affected by natural electromagnetic influences covering a wide range of frequencies and amplitudes. One of these influences, with frequencies in the very low frequency (VLF) range (1-100 kHz), is represented by a phenomenon called VLF-atmospherics or VLF-sferics. Sferics are very short, weak, and dampened electromagnetic impulses generated by atmospheric discharges (lightning). Due to this fact, they can be used to study the characteristics of lightning, as well as the lower ionosphere. Besides their significance as indicators of thunderstorm activity, it has been hypothesized that sferics are able to affect the functioning of living organisms and physico-chemical systems. More specifically, this atmospheric parameter has been considered a possible trigger for changes in the somatic and emotional well-being of humans, sometimes referred to as weather sensitivity symptoms or meteoropathy.

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12. Model of imprints in water molecules, C. Smith and H. Frhlich

C. Smith has performed studies on the relationship between vital processes (life) and electrical phenomena (electromagnetism). Since 1974 he was involved in research on the Interactions of electromagnetic fields with bio-materials and living systems. He cooperated with H. Frhlich. An early conclusion of this work was that there were anomalous magnetic field effects in water and living biological systems and that these were only explicable in terms of coherence phenomena. Since 1982 he became involved in the diagnosis and therapy of patients Hypersensitive to their Electromagnetic Environment. He worked with J. Monro and W.J. Rea investigating electrically hypersensitive patients. Hypersensitivity has been found in patients, who already have an on-going chemical sensitivity. They proposed that an environmental frequency or pattern of frequencies could match with some toxic chemical in their body, Hbonded to water. The electrical and chemical triggered symptoms seem to be identical. Any chemical which can hydrogen-bond to vicinal water develops a characteristic frequency signature, which might be a stressful or therapeutic situation. When a specific field or intensity threshold has been exceeded, frequency becomes the relevant parameter. In 1984 he published a paper about hypersensitive patients with strong reaction to power lines and abstracted that electromagnetic hypersensitivity actually does exist and can be elicited under environmentally controlled double-blind conditions with 100% reactions to an active frequency and 0% to the placebos. He proposes that coherence effects in water and quantum resonances are involved.

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13. Model of hyperschall, R. Gebbensleben.

R. Gebbensleben describes the socalled hyperschall in 2010, which are (longitudinal) waves in the terahertz frequency band. Hyperschall arises when free electrons hit atoms, and excitation in higher electronic levels occur. Difference has been made in between natural and unnatural hyperschall. Electrosmog has been related to hyperschall, while living organisms have biological sensors for these waves. The mostly unconscious observation of hyperschall has been translated in a dB-scale, while living organisms have been adapted to these waves/resonances during their evolution.

Fig. 24: Hyperschall expressed in dBs by R. Gebbensleben.

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14. Resonances
14.1 Rydberg states
A Rydberg atom is an excited atom with one or more electrons that have a very high principal quantum number. These atoms have a number of peculiar properties including an exaggerated response to electric and magnetic fields, long decay periods and electron wave functions that approximate under some conditions classical orbits of electrons about the nuclei and are also present in water clathrates (K. Johnson). Electron impact excitation: Much early experimental work on Rydberg atoms relied on the use of collimated beams of fast electrons that impact on ground-state atoms. Inelastic scattering processes can use the electrons kinetic energy to increase the atoms' internal energy, exciting to a broad range of different states including many high-lying Rydberg states. Because the electron can retain any arbitrary amount of its initial kinetic energy, this process always results in a population with a broad spread of different energies. Charge exchange excitation: Another mainstay of early Rydberg atom experiments relied on charge exchange between a beam of ions and a population of neutral atoms of another species, resulting in the formation of a beam of highly excited atoms. Again, because the kinetic energy of the interaction can contribute to the final internal energies of the constituents, this technique populates a broad range of energy levels. Optical excitation: The arrival of tunable dye lasers in the 1970s allowed a much greater level of control over populations of excited atoms. In optical excitation the incident photon is absorbed by the target atom, absolutely specifying the final state energy. The problem of producing single state, mono-energetic populations of Rydberg atoms thus becomes the somewhat simpler problem of precisely controlling the frequency of the laser output. This form of direct optical excitation is generally limited to experiments with the alkali metals because the ground state binding energy in other species is generally too high to be accessible with most laser systems. For atoms with a large valence electron binding energy (equivalent to a large first ionization energy) the excited states of the Rydberg series are inaccessible with conventional laser systems. Initial collisional excitation can make up for the energy shortfall, allowing optical excitation to be used to select the final state. Although the initial step excites to a broad range of intermediate states, the precision inherent in the optical excitation process means that the laser light only interacts with a specific subset of atoms in a particular state, exciting to the chosen final state. In spite of its shortcomings, the Bohr model of the atom is useful in explaining these properties. Classically an electron in a circular orbit of radius r, about a nucleus of charge +e, obeys Newton's second law:

where k = 1/(40) and 0 = permittivity of free space

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Orbital momentum is quantized in units of (reduced Planck constant):

Combining these two equations leads to Bohr's expression for the orbital radius in terms of the principal quantum number, n:

It is apparent why Rydberg atoms have such peculiar 2 properties: the radius of the orbit scales as n (the n = 137 state of hydrogen has an atomic radius ~1 m) and the 4 geometric cross-section as n . Thus Rydberg atoms are extremely large with loosely bound valence electrons, easily perturbed or ionized by collisions or external fields. Because the binding energy of a Rydberg electron is 2 proportional to 1/r and hence falls off like 1/n , the energy 3 level spacing falls off like 1/n leading to ever more closely spaced levels converging on the first ionization energy. These closely spaced Rydberg states form what is commonly referred to as the Rydberg series. Fig. 24 shows some of the energy levels of the lowest three values of orbital angular momentum in lithium.

Fig. 25: energy levels in atomic lithium showing the Rydberg states of the lowest 3 values of orbital angular momentum converging on the first ionization energy.

Stavros, Fielding, 1997 have investigated the influence of weak electric fields on Rydberg electron wavepacket dynamics in the radial coordinate: atomic electron wavepackets that move in classical Keplerian orbits can excited in a coherent superposition of several non-degenerate stationary Rydberg eigenstates using the broad bandwidth of a transform-limited short laser pulse. For example, a coherent superposition of Rydberg states with the same angular momentum l, but with different principal quantum numbers n, will create a wavepacket which is localised in the radial coordinate. When the wavepackets are in phase, then the total Rydberg population is enhanced. Alternatively, if they are out of phase, the excited-state population is depleted. Cabral c.s., 2011 studied the effects of electric fields on ultracold Rydberg atom interactions: Rydberg atom interactions can be used to create a single collective atomic excitation in macroscopic volume on the order of microns in a gas. This phenomenon is referred to as the Rydberg atom dipole blockade and provides a quantum mechanically entanglement of clusters of atoms. Influence of electric fields occur: particularly problematic are quadrupolar interactions between near degenerate states at long range and large background electric fields which mix and shift the atomic states. Bixon and Jortner (1995) pursue the formal analogy between the coupling, accessibility, and decay of ultrahigh Rydbergs in an external weak (F = 0.01 -1.0 V/cm) electric field and intramolecular (interstate and intrastate) relaxation in a bound level structure. The effective Hamiltonian formalism with several doorway and escape states was advanced to treat the dynamics. The theory accounts for the dilution effect, i.e. the dramatic lengthening of the lifetimes of ultrahigh Rydbergs, relative to that expected on the -3 basis of the n scaling law for the decay widths. Model calculations for the field-induced (I) mixing reveal

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that the Rydberg time-resolved population probability is characterized by two distinct (-ns and -micros) time scales.

14.2 Coherent control of Rydberg states

Greenland has shown among others that coherent mixtures of different orbital states for one of the most common impurities in the most common Silicon semiconductor. Coherent control of donor orbitals in silicon opens up many possibilities currently under examination using atom traps, such as entanglement of pairs of impurities whose ground state wavefunctions are too compact to interact. Modern nanotechnology, which has recently been used for deterministic positioning of individual impurities in silicon, will also enable such control to be used for the regulation of magnetism by opening and closing exchange pathways by the timed preparation of excited states. Abel has studied in 2011 the coherent excitation of ultracold atoms between ground and Rydberg states; when coherent light interacts with a simple two-level atom the wavefunction is found to oscillate coherently between the ground and excited states in a process known as Rabi oscillation. Scheibner has discussed the coherent Rydberg states in 1999. Since E. Schrdinger introduced coherent states for the harmonic oscillator to obtain a quantum description of the behavior of a classical harmonic oscillator, it has been a challenge to generalize this idea of quantum-classical correspondence. During the last two decades, there has been progress in the development of coherent states for the bound state part of the Coulomb potential. In 1990 generalized coherent states were invented and in 1996 Klauder proposed coherent states for the hydrogen atom. Proposals for new descriptions of coherent states have been made for Gaussian wave packets which successfully accounted for pump-probe experiments. Besides the development of a theoretical representation, interesting experimental work was also done. One example is the preparation of a superposition of two atomic coherent states. Because of the immense computational effort that is required for a complete quantum treatment, classical mechanics is often a practical and also successful way to study such systems. Usually, more complex atoms, like alkali atoms, are used for experimental studies, but their high energy states can in good approximation be treated as in the hydrogen atom. An experiment with coherently superimposed Rydberg wave packets has been described. Schlagmller studied in 2011 the pulsed coherent Rydberg excitation in a thermal gas of Rubidium. In this thesis the observation of gigahertz Rabi oscillations to a Rydberg state in a thermal gas of rubidium is presented. A two photon excitation scheme is used of which the excitation to the Rydberg state is driven by a pulsed laser. During the time of the pulse (4 ns) six full Rabi cycles were achieved with a peak Rabi frequency of 2.3 GHz. All experimental data presented is in good agreement with a model of noninteracting three-level atoms. The fully coherent dynamics shown in the experiment paves the way towards the realization of quantum devices at room temperature such as single photon sources or quantum gates. Even though the coherence time of this system is in the range of a couple of nanoseconds the coherent dynamics could be observed by driving the Rydberg transition on the low gigahertz scale. This is a promising rst step towards a realization of scalable quantum devices.

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14.3 Rydberg matter

Also dusty particles are a source of Rydberg states formation in the upper atmosphere and the low ionosphere. The mechanisms of microwave radiation in the dusty space plasma have been associated with the electron-ion recombination on the surface of grains that have to be taken into account in the general balance of radiation. The recombination of plasma ions with electrons in these states forms neutral excited atoms (Rydberg atoms). Their quantum states depend on the dielectric permittivity of the grains and the quantum state of the electron on the surface. Spontaneous quantum transitions of the Rydberg atoms to the states with lower energies may be considered as an additional source of infrared radiation. As already discussed: A Rydberg state is a state of an atom or molecule in which one of the electrons has been excited to a high principal quantum number orbital. Sensitive to external influences such as fields and collisions, extreme reactivity, and huge probabilities for interacting with microwave radiation. The Rydberg atoms with energies closed to zero (near the ionization threshold) in a constant magnetic field radiate cyclotron radiation. Atoms in highly excited electronic states, have a weakly bound electron with the binding energy given by the Rydberg formula: Eb = 13.6 / n2 eV, where n is the quantum number. Typical binding energies are 1-100 meV, (0.2-24 THz). Scattering dynamics of Rydberg electron wave packets from the core of alkali atoms have been studied. The scattering has been enhanced by the application of an external dc field. The scattering wave function can be devided into two components: one whose nearly hydrogenic behavior is due to quantum interference near the core, and another which exhibits the orbital procession found in classical models of nonhydrogenic atoms. Left and right precession of the electron occurs. L. Holmlid : IR emission lines lie in the bands of Rydberg matter (RM) and silicate particles, with their adsorbed and absorbed atoms, provide an excellent direct desorption source for the RM. They have been studied at wave lengthes of 0.8-16 mu and have an long-lived exited state.

Fig. 26: Rydberg matter.

Rydberg matter may consist of hexagonal planar clusters. These cannot be very big because of the retardation effect caused by the finite velocity of the speed of light. Hence, they are not gases or plasmas; nor are they solids or liquids; they are most similar to dusty plasmas with small clusters in a gas. Rydberg matter can be studied in the laboratory by laser probing, the largest cluster reported consists of only 91 atoms. Bonding in RM is caused by delocalisation of the high-energy electrons to form an overall lower energy state. The way in which the electrons delocalise is to form standing waves on loops surrounding nuclei, creating quantized angular momentum and the defining characteristics of Rydberg matter. Electronic excitation and vibrational motion of these bonds can be studied by Raman spectroscopy. Both electrons and core ions move in their mutual field. 81

L.Holmlid has described Rydberg matter as the dust atmosphere in comets and the spectroscopic and polarization signatures in 2006. The carboneous and silicate dust particles with their absorbed and adsorbed gas atoms and molecules provide an excellent direct desorption source for the RM (Rydberg Matter). Optical response in the visible and IR ranges will be determined by their electronic state. The polarizability of the RM clusters is very large, due to the almost free electron in the RM. Stimulated emission has been studied in the range of 800-16000 nm. RM is an almost metallic phase with low density, built up by planar clusters with the thickness of one atomic layer. In principle RM consists of interacting circular Rydberg states. The bonding distances and the diameters of the clusters at an excitation level of n = 80 are around 1.0 mu. The IR emission from comets at wavelengths of > 8 mu is usually interpreted as due to vibrations in solid dust particles containing silicates and other minerals. According to L. Holmlid: clouds of the condensed excited Rydberg matter (RM) also exist in the atmosphere of Earth. The circular Rydberg electrons in the magnetic field in the RM may be chiral scatterers. Light in condensed matter in the upper atmosphere might be the origin of homochirality, related to circularly polarized light from Rydberg matter. It has been shown in experiments with RM that linearly polarized visible light scattered from an RM layer is transformed to circularly polarized light. Amino acids and other chiral molecules will experience a strong interaction with this light field in the upper atmospheres of planets. The interaction will vary with the stereogenic conformation of the molecules and in all probability promote the survival of one enantiomer. Here, this strong effect is proposed to be the origin of homochirality. So the formation of amino acids in the RM clouds is probably facilitated by the catalytic effect of RM. V.N. Malnev, E.V.Martysh: Coulomb-type bound states of electrons exist on the surface of these dust particles. The recombination of plasma ions with electrons in these states forms neutral excited Rydberg atoms. Their quantum states depend on the dielectric permittivity of the grains and the quantum state of the electron on the surface. Quantum transitions of the Rydberg atoms to the states with lower energies may be considered as an additional source of infrared radiation. The Rydberg atoms with energies close to zero (near the ionization threshold) in a constant magnetic field radiate cyclotron resonances. The 9 cyclotron resonance (eH/mc) in space is in the order of 10 Hz, corresponding to the radio-frequency domain. J.A. West and C.R. Stroud have presented classical and quantum studies of the scatteringdynamics of Rydberg electron wave packets from the electronic core of alkali atoms. In alkali systems the scattered wavefunction can be devided in two components: one whose nearly hydrogenic behavior is due to quantum interference near the core, and another which exhibits the orbital precession found in classical models of nonhydrogenic atoms. G. Ganguli c.s.: Dusty plasma, is generated in the near Earth environment by dust and other debris of meteoric origin and exhausts and effluents from space platforms. The presence of charged dust is shown to modify the properties of ion-acoustic waves and electrostatic ion-cyclotron waves through the quasi neutrality condition even though the dust grains do not participate in the wave dynamics. Plasma is generally considered to be an ensemble of ions and electrons. But in fact plasmas often contain large numbers of fine solid particles, loosely referred to as dust. For example, the Earths D-Region (roughly 60 to 100 kms) is known to be populated by substantial amounts of dust and other debris of meteoric origin, (fig. 26). Low temperatures in this region can lead to condensation of water vapor on these 'smoke' particles from meteorites (Hunten et al., 1980) and can form larger particles which are observed as noctilucent and polar mesospheric clouds (Thomas, 1984). Typical metallic elements of meteoric origin introduced in the ionosphere are Fe, Al, and Ni (Castleman, 1973). The solar sources on the other hand introduce metallic elements of higher atomic weights like La, 82

Tu, Os, Yt, and Ta (Link, 1973). These atomic species are assumed to arise due to high temperature activity on the sun. Most of the metallic elements introduced in the ionosphere are oxidized easily, forming FeO, AlO, TiO, etc. and is suspected to form aggregates, which become constituents of the background dust. Dust particles immersed in plasmas and UV radiation tend to collect large amounts of electrostatic charges and respond to electromagnetic forces in addition to all the other forces acting on uncharged grains. The charged dust particles participate in complex interactions with each other and the plasma, leading to completely new types of plasma behavior. T. Gallagher studied the manipulation of Rydberg Atoms with microwaves. He used microwave fields at the Kepler frequency of a Rydberg atom to phase-lock the motion of the Rydberg electron to the microwave field. The motion remains phase-locked for thousands of orbits, producing a non dispersing wave packet. In particular, this has been done for n=70 atoms in 17 GHz microwave fields. Since the electron's motion is phase-locked to the microwave field, it is possible to speed up or slow down the orbital frequency by raising or lowering the microwave frequency. Using this technique he has moved atoms between n=70 and 80 with microwave fields chirped between 13 and 19 GHz. In quantum mechanical terms the population transfer is an adiabatic rapid passage through overlapping avoided crossings of dressed energy levels.

Fig. 27: the different regions in the atmosphere.

14.4 Resonant energy transfer

H. Geesink: Natural resonant energy transfer takes place in between receptors of living organisms and doped elements in grains/minerals, water molecules/structures, ion water clathrates and energy carriers like electrons of which the central frequencies are at microwave/terahertz frequencies, and modulated with lower and higher frequencies showing quantum and cyclotron resonances.

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This natural resonant energy has a certain coherence and a typical frequency window. The window contains monochromatic resonances at microwave/terahertz frequencies and could be found by applying filters to detect which frequency band is responsible to restore the well-being of 40 test-persons, exposed to man-made non ionizing radiation. To do so, selected monochromatic resonances have been used, modulated at signals of man-made devices emitting non-thermal energy from some Hertz to 30 GHz. The principle of the discovery of monochromatic resonances at microwave/terahertz frequencies has a resemblance with the theories already proposed in the seventies. H. Frhlich in 1968: Coherence of quantum resonances and energy storage takes place in biological systems. Biological systems are expected to have a branch of longitudinal electric modes in a frequency 11 12 1 region between 10 and 10 sec , which is at microwave and terahertz frequencies. These can be found at/near cell membranes, H-bonding and possibly on pockets of non-localized electrons. The supplied energy is not completely thermalized but stored in a highly ordered fashion. This order expresses itself in long-range phase correlations. K.D. Staub in 1973: Molecular absorption of non-ionizing radiation takes place in biological systems. Millimeter and far infrared interactions may lie in the existence of long range collective molecular interactions with membranes, associated with electromagnetic oscillations. Collective interactions and conformations of biomolecules are involved. Qualitatively, while the prediction, on basis of the Debye model, of a constant (asymptotic) attenuation distance for H2O in the millimeter wave region and the low frequency portion of the far infrared region is correct, it is expected that there may exist a window (relatively large attenuation distance) between the broad rotational relaxation spectrum in the millimeter wave and far infrared region and the discrete, resonant (intermolecular-vibrational) transitions in the infrared region. K. H. Illinger in 1977: The role of structural H2O, millimeter Wave and Far-Infrared Absorption in Biological Systems. Coherent electromagnetic radiation in the millimeter wave and the far infrared region probably can effectively pump molecules in and out of the metastable state(s), linked to collective biochemical reactions. Role of structural H2O at millimeter waves and far-infrared absorption in biological systems is important. Even low-frequency (h << kT) transitions can be pumped by resonant interactions in a simple fluid, if relaxation to equilibrium with the thermal bath is sufficiently ineffective. Structural H2O is a salient entity in the stabilization of conformational structures of biopolymers in general, and appears to be a crucial component in the formation of metastable states associated, in particular, with coherent electromagnetic oscillations. Free H2O and structural H2O exibit different (temperature-dependent) frequency profiles, and rotational/translational effects. Structural water according to Grant has a much higher absoption than bulk or free water in the region of 10 GHz. Structured water stabilizes the biopolymeric conformations which maintain the metastable state, while serving further to decouple it partially from the thermal bath provided primarily by free H2O. The extent of decoupling is reflected in the narrowness (relative to the rotational-relaxation absorption) of the linewidth of the coherent oscillations and shows possible coherent oscillations of the metastable state(s) at different frequencies in the GHz band and higher. The temperature of the thermal bath (consisting primarily of free H2O) will affect the electromagnetic-field interaction of a biological system containing metastable states in a complicated fashion. The thermal energy of the heat bath will affect the population of the metastable state(s) associated with the coherent oscillations. This would imply a rough threshold temperature T0, for the maintenance of the cooperative system. Above this temperature the stability of the conformation of the biopolymer structural H2O-ion system will be influenced. At a certain temperatue T1 destabilisation of the system occurs, in which the biological functions are operational. The narrow band response is taken to be evidence for the intervention of the external electromagnetic field and the population of the metastable state, which reflects itself in a perturbation of chemical reactions in which it is involved and, ultimately, a 84

perturbation of the cellular activity. Extension of the conventional spectroscopy theory is required to provide a meaningful analysis of transition probabilities and linewidths for such transitions. From the experimental point of view, reliable determination of these quasi-resonant transitions, arising from the relatively low concentration of absorbers, compared with the predominant absorption due to free H2O and structural H2O, requires refinement and development of spectroscopic techniques. Three different types of electromagnetic field sources are: (a) blackbody radiation at a given temperature T (with an associated Planck distribution in radiation flux density over frequency, as a function of T), (b) monochromatic radiation and (c) coherent monochromatic radiation. In the case of intramolecular vibrational excitations in the infrared region, internal conversion of specific vibrational excitation in polyatomic molecules into other degrees of freedom in the same molecule can be quite efficient; electronic excitation, at visible and ultraviolet frequencies may initiate photochemical processes. H. Pohl, 1980; J. Pokorny 2001, F. Jelinek, 2007: Characteristic frequencies of cell coherence are orders of kHz and GHz, which correspond to millimeter wavelengths, while human brain produces frequencies which are as low as 20 Hz, which corresponds to much higher coherence length. Through the electromagnetic field the components of the system connect to each other and exchange the information. The size of the ecosystem is the size of the array of signals. If the system can resonate at certain frequencies, then it can increase the degree of its coherence. Since fluctuations of matter are related with fluctuations of the electromagnetic field and vice versa, the ecosystem turns out to be essentially a nonlinear non-local system, which is governed by negentropy. In the framework of quantum electrodynamics (QED) ions dissolved in water play an important role. The ions dissolved in water are not in a gaseous state, but settle in a coherent configuration, where they perform plasma oscillations in resonance with a coherent electromagnetic field. O.V. Betskii c.s. in 2000: Energy of low intensity millimeter waves affecting biological molecules, is less than the thermal energy of motion. So millimeter waves seem to affect life processes first of all in water molecules related to rotational motions by multi quantum processes, which is characteristic of coherent oscillations. The energy absorption is of a resonant nature. Resonant frequencies of molecular oscillations of water and the biological medium of living organism lie in the millimeter/sub-terahertz range and coincide. Resonant spectra of water and human tissues and salts, solutions of sugar and alcohols in water have been demonstrated. Proper wave processes of coupled oscillators can be autosynchronized and transform the water medium to an excited resonant state. Effects of a magnetic field (Zeeman effect) and of an electric field (Stark effect) have been shown. D.M. Leitner, M.Havenith (2008) have used ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to reveale a fundamental mechanistic difference between correlated molecular dipole oscillations at infrared and THz -1 frequencies. While at infrared frequencies beyond 1000 cm (30 THz) the molecular dipoles of neighbouring water molecules are correlated purely due to electronic polarization effects, at THz frequencies the nuclear motion of neighbouring water molecules are responsible for the observed correlated oscillation of molecular dipoles. While the vibrational motion of atoms is strictly localized on single molecules at infrared frequencies, at frequencies below 1000 cm-1, the onset of truly correlated, and thus collective nuclear motion of neighbouring water molecules is observed. In particular at THz -1 frequencies below 200 cm (6 THz), the collective vibrational motion included water molecules significantly beyond next neighbours. N. Marchettini, E. Del Giudice, V.L. Voeikov, E. Tiezzi in 2010: Water is a medium where dissipative structures are produced by coherent dynamics. The BelousovZhabotinsky phenomenon is analyzed in a framework where the dynamics of dissipative structures outlined by Prigogine is implemented through the collective dynamics produced in liquid water by Quantum Electrodynamics, which has recently received some experimental support. A mechanism allowing the appearance of self-produced oscillations is 85

suggested. The thermodynamics of irreversible processes (TIP) pioneered by Prigogine and the quantum field theory (QFT). Their role should then be connected to the creation of the conditions of the selforganizing capability of the system (E. Tiezzi, 2003). By virtue of its quasi-free electrons, a coherence domain of water has unique properties with respect to all other liquids. It has a rich spectrum of excited states corresponding to vortices of quasi-free electrons. These vortices have angular momentum (quantized at integer values) and similarly quantized magnetic moments (this property explains why turbulent water can be discovered by animals and humans, whose nervous systems are known to be very sensitive detectors of magnetic fields). In the presence of external fields, such as the magnetic field of the Earth, these vortices line up and are summed. Since electrons move coherently, they do not collide, which means that the vortices are cold, and in the absence of internal friction caused by collisions, their life is very long (weeks, months, years). Because of their persistence, it is possible to sum a large number of excitations, producing large energies, starting from individual low-energy excitations, provided that they are below the ionization threshold. The coherence domain of water is therefore a structure capable of transforming low-grade (high entropy) incoherent environmental energy into high-grade (low entropy) coherent energy, that can excite specific chemical reactions. When the energy, stored in the electromagnetic field of a coherence domain, becomes equal to (resonates with) the activation energy of a specific non-aqueous molecule captured in the domain, by the fact that it resonates at the oscillation frequency of the domain (the criterion for biomolecules), the domain dis-charges, transferring its energy to the single molecule that receives a specific excitation (enzyme activation) that makes it capable of performing a specific chemical reaction (coupling of electromagnetic and chemical modes). If the domain is immersed into an energy field, it recharges again and a permanent oscillation is created in which charging is electromagnetic and discharge is chemical. As a result the dissipative structure introduced by Prigogine is supported by the QFT and also Del Giudice et al. (2009). A CD (crystal domain) of water is an extended region where all molecules are in a minimum entropy state as a consequence of a common oscillation on a frequency whose value is defined by the electrodynamics of molecules, chemically non-interacting. The coherent feature of this state guarantees that its entropy is fairly low. Molecules (other than water) of species can be admitted within the CD provided that they are able to oscillate at the same frequency, without changing the self-governing electrodynamical structures of the CD. The experimental finding by Magnani et al. (2004) on a critical relationship between the amounts of water and lipids forming lamellar structures, indicates that both the formation of EZ-water (Exclusion Zone-water) due to the presence of hydrophilic surfaces and the existence of a less organized aqueous phase in the same reaction system, is the condition for the appearance of order out of chaos in chemical processes proceeding in aquatic systems. A. van der Avoird (2011) proposes a special role for water in promoting electron transfers between proteins. In an intermediate distance before the proteins are too far apart, the water plays a very special role in mediating the electron tunneling more strongly than expected. An illustration in their Science paper, derived from computer studies by the authors, shows how a mere handful of those water molecules can form an organized cluster under the influence of the protein molecules on either side of the gap. This cluster aids the electron transfer process. Electrons can then tunnel between "donor" atoms at the tip of one protein to "acceptor" atoms on the other protein. Along the way, the electrons follow multiple pathways through these water molecules that facilitate the transport more strongly than expected. Literature data give evidence for resonance interactions in a broader frequency range between stretching, bending, torsion vibrations of C-H and O-H at IR and overtones engaged in the different hydrogen-bonds, influence on water structure at THz, and also on nuclear spin effects of hydrogen atoms in the water molecule. The origin of the structure in the stretching band comes from the range of O-H distances in liquid water, which are directly influenced by the extended hydrogen bond network.

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H.T. Flakus c.s.: The effect of the resonance of the C-H and O-H bond stretching vibrations on the IR spectra of the hydrogen bonds. There is a coupling between the Fermi resonance in IR and Raman and the stretching and bending vibrations of the proton in hydrogen bonds. T. Yokono, S. Shimokawa, 2004-2009: liquid water, exposed to infrared irradiation by a mineral at 0.2 2 mW/cm by using X-ray diffraction, is able to order the clathrates structure of water molecules. The mineral has been separated from the water molecules by a wall of a polymer or glass of some mms. It takes more than 24 hours for the ordered structure to return to the original state, as long as the temperature is kept below 278 K. X-ray diffraction shows that liquid water irradiated by a mineral at far infrared at 0.2 mW/cm2 is able to destruct the clathrates structure of water molecules. A.S. Grtler in 2003 has shown that Rubidium atoms are able to transfer the Rydberg resonances to water molecules in a mono chromatic way, while each element has its own Eigenfreqency. Rubidium is one of the incorporated cations in the galleries of the phyllosilicate. D.A. Schmidt: Six vibrational modes v(OH) of pure water have been studied. Water has a threedimensional spatial network of hydrogen bonds, that gives water its unique properties. Hydrogen bonds are formed and broken at subpicosecond scales. Hydrogen bond rearrangement occurs quickly and most of the time the interconnected network is well-defined. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the interpretation of X-ray absorption and photoelectron spectra, but it is clear that a single water molecule is hydrogen bonded to at least two and at most four water molecules. Raman spectroscopy has been related to the electronic transitions of the states but is still too complex to interpret. Infrared absorption is wellsuited for examining the structural correlations in liquid water as it is directly probed to the interactions of the oscillators and couples to the ground state of the molecules. The different structures (six components) of the stretching mode v(OH) is related to the structure of the water molecules, and although this mode strictly probes vibrations along the O-H bond, the influence of neighbouring hydrogen bonds alter the intramolecular O-H bond and thus the dipole moment and vibrational spectra. The different modes are related to the amount of water molecules present in the network: up to 7 or 8 water molecules. But according Raman and IR also formation and breaking of donor and acceptor type hydrogen bonds, the type of hydrogen bond, number of bonds, and bond angles make a difference. The origin of the structure in the stretching band comes from the range of O-H distances in liquid water, which are directly influenced by the extended hydrogen bond network. G.N. Ling has proposed in 2003 a theory about polarized-oriented multilayers of water molecules in cell water and for inanimate systems, demonstrating long-range dynamic structuring of water molecules. G.H. Pollack c.s. discovered in 2006 that the EZ (exclusion zone of water molecules or zone at which protons, ions and micro/sub-micron sphere are excluded, which is related to the formation of water structures or the so-called CDs or crystal domains) has a length as function of exposed wavelengths at UV, light and IR frequencies. The influences of these wavelengths are only seen in EZ and not in bulk layer. J.T. Trevors and G.H. Pollack have hypothesized that pre-biotic bacterial cell(s) and the first cells capable of growth/division did not require a cytoplasmic membrane. A gel-like microscopic structure less than a cubic micrometer may have had a dual role as both an ancient pre-cytoplasm and a boundary layer to the higher-entropy external environment. The gel pre-cytoplasm exposed to radiant energy, especially in the IR region of the EM spectrum, resulted in the production of an EZ with a charge differential of -100 to -200 mV and a boundary that may have been a possible location for the latter organization of the first cytoplasmic membrane. Pre-biotic cells and then-living cells may have used hydrogen as the universal energy source, and thermosynthesis in their bioenergetic processes. These components will be discussed as to how they are interconnected, and their hypothesized roles in the origin of life.

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Fig. 28. Pollack and Trevors: Illustration of a hypothesized mechanism whereby EM radiation generates an exclusion zone (EZ) with a negative charge both inside and also outside, immediately adjacent to the gel boundary. The gel may have been attached to a mineral surface but this was not necessary. The gel with the EZ is the required structure. The charge differential in the -100 to -200 mV range at the EZ boundary may have been a plausible location for beginning of the assembly of an eventual primitive cytoplasmic membrane.

Fig. 29: Exclusion zone expansion ratio under exposure of different wavelengths

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14.5 Resonant energy transfer by the mineral

Resonances of phyllosilicates and ion water clathrates has been studied. A short summary of typical characteristic resonances of these minerals is given below. C. Poinsignon, J.M. Cases and J.J. Fripiat, 1978: the resonant coefficients of OH-stretching and bending mode of residual water in silicates/smectites depend on the types of the doped cations of the phyllosilicate. J.J. Fripiat (1981) and Laperche (1991) have measured the monochromatic resonances of the mineral at discrete terahertz quantum resonances as a function of the applied cations. G. Dresselhaus (1954) and Linfield (2001) have described the electron vortices or cyclotron resonances in semiconductors. L.M. Coyne c.s. (1985) have discussed a possible energetic role of mineral surfaces in chemical evolution. The postulated roles of clays and other minerals in chemical evolution and the origin of life are reconsidered in terms of the interaction of these minerals with penetrating sources of energy such as ionizing radiation and mechanical stress. This interaction, including such facets as excitation, degradation, storage, and transfer, is considered with regard to its profound potential for altering the capabilities of minerals to serve both as substrates for prebiological chemistry and as inorganic prototypic life forms. The interaction of minerals and energy in relationship to surface chemistry is discussed in terms of the spectroscopic properties of minerals, the interaction of energy with condensed phases, some commonly accepted concepts of heterogeneous catalysis in the absence of electronic energy inputs, and some commonly accepted and novel means by which surface activity might be enhanced in the presence of energy inputs. The electronic structure of the minerals has been considered in terms of band theory and localized defect centers and provides a predictive theoretical framework from which to rationalize the capacity of these materials to store and transduce energy. The bulk crystal is seen as a collecting antenna for electronic energy, with the defect centers serving as storage sites. The mobility of charge/electronic excitation between defect centers serves as the basis for a primordial inorganic electron transport chain.
sis is that energy stored near isomorphically substituted sites provides the energetic basis for the coupled transport of electrical charge

Fig 30: A conceptual diagram of the process of studying the relationships between photophysics and surface reactivity using kaolins (hexagonal platelet) as an example. Changes in the structure made by, for instance, intercalation by water or other solvents, variation of the interface medium, or energization by a variety of means have been shown to affect the properties of a number of specific sites - catalytic, luminescent, and ESR active - in the material, designated by the shapes on the hexagonal layer. That these sites either are in common with each other, or are closely coupled (illustrated by the springs connecting the shapes), is evidenced by correlations or anticorrelations in their response to treatments of the clay which affect its structure, environment, or electronic energy content.

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Quantum levels of the phyllosilicates, and the behavior of the molecular orbitals near the Fermi level as a result of isophomorphic substitution have been described and measured. P.A. Schroeder (1992): Linear depence of torsional mode vibrational frequencies for the different cations in phyllosilicates as function of charge and mass of the different cations have been studied and measured. G. Sposito (1995): Resonances of water clusters in phyllosilicates have been calculated and measured. N.R.J. Poolton (2001, 2002): Interference with free electrons by electron cyclotron resonance in the phyllosilicate and ECR have been studied and measured. A.S. Grtler (2003) has shown that Rubidium atoms are able to transfer the Rydberg resonances to water molecules at a mono chromatic way, while each element has its own Eigenfreqency. Rubidium is one of the incorporated cations in the galleries of the phyllosilicate. M. Janek (2006-2008): Terahertz resonances of different dopants in different phyllosilicates have been characterized. R.M.T. Thijssen (2009): Atom chips allow unprecedented flexibility in creating complex trapping potentials for neutral atoms, and construction of atom chips is facilitated by expertise in micro- and nanofabrication techniques from the semiconductor industry. Highly excited Rydberg states of the trapped atoms could be used to mediate long range interactions between atoms trapped on the chip surface and excited Rydberg states from n=19 up to n=100 were generated. M. Kutteruf (2010): The coherence of the Rydberg states depends upon the applied quantum resonances of the atoms of different alkali metal atoms: Li, K, Rb, which are some elements of phyllosilicates. Rydberg atoms provide a system for coherent resonant energy transfer because of the high density of states, and the variation in state separation with principal quantum number and angular momentum, while Rydberg atoms are very sensitive to noise of their surroundings; significant perturbations occur already at relatively small electric fields (1V/m). A two (or more) level quantum system is coherent as long as there is a predictable or well defined phase between the levels. When the relative phase of the waves is welldefined, a predictable interference pattern results. The experiments discussed in the dissertation involve alkali metal atoms, Rydberg atoms in which an electron is excited to a state with a high principal quantum number (n>9); same types of excitements take place in the selected mineral. F. Yitagesu (2011): Resonances of the different hydroxyl groups in the mineral have been measured. Examination of their reflectance spectra resulted in grouping them into three mineralogical classes: Kaolinites, Mixtures and Smectites. Among the Smectites are Montmorillonite and Nontronite, and of the Kaolinites groups are Halloysite and Kaolinites. Vaillant (2012): Long range dipoledipole and quadrupolequadrupole interactions between pairs of Rydberg atoms are calculated perturbatively for calcium, strontium and ytterbium within the Coulomb approximation. Quantum defects, obtained by fitting existing laser spectroscopic data, are provided for all S, P, D and F series of strontium and for the 3P2 series of calcium. The results show qualitative differences with the alkali metal atoms, including isotropically attractive interactions of the strontium 1S0 states and a greater rarity of Frster resonances. Only two such resonances are identified, both in triplet series of strontium. The angular dependence of the long-range interaction is briefly discussed. H. Geesink (2010): Protective materials might be based upon highly purified minerals solved in water and on ion assemblies doped upon nano-platelet-structures having clathrate structures, figure 30.

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Fig.31: Visualization of K+ bound in an inner-sphere surface complex in the interlayer region of the phyllosilicate by G. Sposito.

The main resonances in the mineral are in the band of monochromatic terahertz frequencies, next to much lower and higher frequencies. At frequencies below or much lower than 6 THz, the interaction may be understood as a classical EM wave interaction (using the parameters of permittivity and conductivity), whereas at higher frequencies, transitions between the different atomic and molecular vibrational and rotational energy levels become important and are governed by quantum-resonances. Making use of these nano-minerals emitting terahertz resonances as basic frequencies, it is possible to transfer energy by radiation, but also by conductance. The mineral, multi ion doped layered phyllosilicates (figure 31), emits multi quantum resonances, and it has been found able to reduce or even eliminate complaints about well-being of test persons exposed to non-ionizing man-made electromagnetic waves. In a double blind experiment, test persons were exposed to non-ionizing radiation from transmitter antennae with and without the mineral. The stress reactions that occurred without the mineral, were restored when the mineral was applied on the transmitter antenna.

Fig.32: Phyllosilicate mineral.

These minerals have resonances in the Rydberg states. Rydberg atoms are highly excited atoms with one valence electron of principal quantum number n >>1 and are very susceptible to external electric fields. At sufficiently high principal quantum numbers, an excited electron-ionic core system will have the general character of a hydrogenic system and the energy levels will follow the Rydberg formula. Rydberg states have energies converging on the energy of the ion (figure 32). 91

Fig. 33: Rydberg state of an atom.

The mineral interferes with resonances of energetic electrons arising in the upper atmosphere as well as in the top layer of the Earth and are transported to the atmosphere. It also interferes with conductive electrons in antennae and cables, accompanying the so-called surface plasmons. The findings of the mineral have some links with other research topics. It is known that these types of silicates are able to catalyze RNA and to protect DNA in a surrounding of ionizing radiation, while different ion water clathrates are stabilized in and around the platelet structure of this silicate. Researchers like Liboff and many others have tried to link the biological effects caused by non ionizing radiation to disturbances of ion cyclotron resonances in cells, having low concentrations of ions in water and where mono- and divalent cations, abundant in the cellular environment are present. Cyclotron resonances at ELF (extreme low frequencies) in the presence of a static field of less than 100 T, as is the geomagnetic field for these ions, can be easily calculated. But up to now ICRs in salt solutions or in cells could not be measured. According to H. Geesink there might be resonance transfer by these kind of minerals related to the ICRs at ELF (extreme low frequencies), as a resonant transfer to the Rydberg states, but could not yet been measured. Most striking is the relation with the proposed theory and measurements of the group of Avakyan. c.s. They have summarized that radio emission of the Sun can cause both generation and decay of water clusters in the lower atmosphere. Water vapour can associate into clusters in a framework of the scheme of generation of many-atomic Rydberg molecules. These wavelengths correspond to Rydberg transitions in atmospheric gases and Rydberg atoms/ions in the upper atmosphere with quantum numbers around n ~ 10 and probably much higher. Next to this, these kinds of minerals are present in the higher atmosphere, and will act as Rydberg matter. Also the model is compatible with the work of K.H. Illinger, where coherent monochromatic radiation play an important role. In the case of intramolecular vibrational excitations in the infrared region, internal conversion of specific vibrational excitations in polyatomic molecules into other degrees of freedom in the same molecule can be quite efficient. The model might be compatible with the findings of L. Holmlid: clouds of the condensed excited Rydberg matter (RM) exist in the atmosphere of the Earth. The circular Rydberg electrons in the magnetic field in the RM may be chiral scatterers. The model might be compatible with the findings of Siegel, who has measured terahertz resonances in neurons, disturbed by non thermal man made radiation. Siegel c.s. have shown that resonance transfer of

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non ionizing radiation can occur in neuron cells, which are composed of water/ion systems, probably composed ion/water clathrate assemblies. The model is compatible with the resonances and energy transfer of semi-conductors of Ziad in 2011: Hydrodynamic Study of Terahertz Three-Dimensional Plasma Resonances in InGaAs Diodes. They have + + investigated the presence of plasma resonances in InGaAs n n n diodes under different optical excitation conditions. Also terahertz plasma wave resonance of two-dimensional electrons is possible in semiconductors like in InGaP/InGaAs/GaAs, and the frequency dependence of the plasma resonant intensity is in the terahertz range. Popov and Tsymbalov (1998): Influence on plasma resonance in a semiconductor heterostructure with a two-dimensional electron gas has been shown. A strict electrodynamic approach is used to analyze the excitation of oscillations of a two-dimensional electron plasma by an external plane electromagnetic wave in a semiconductor heterostructure with a grating coupling element. An analysis has been made of the influence of the substrate thickness on the resonance magnitude and the profile of the resonance curve

14.6 Electrons
14.6.1 Energetic particles
Between 1911 and 1913, Hess undertook the work that won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936. For many years, scientists had been puzzled by the levels of ionizing radiation measured in the atmosphere. The assumption at the time was that the radiation would decrease as the distance from the Earth, the source of the radiation, increased. The electroscopes previously used gave an approximate measurement of the radiation, but indicated that higher in the atmosphere the level of radiation may actually be more than that on the ground. Hess approached this mystery first by greatly increasing the precision of the measuring equipment, and then by personally taking the equipment aloft in a balloon. He systematically measured the radiation at altitudes up to 5.3 km during 1911-12. His conclusion was that there was radiation penetrating the atmosphere from outer space as well as coming from the toplayer of the Earth due to beta decay. Cosmic rays are energetic charged subatomic particles, originating in outer space. They may produce secondary particles that penetrate the Earth's atmosphere and surface. The term ray is historical as cosmic rays were thought to be electromagnetic radiation. Most primary cosmic rays (those that enter the atmosphere from deep space) are composed of familiar stable subatomic particles that normally occur on Earth, such as protons, atomic nuclei, or electrons. Cosmic rays may broadly be divided into two categories: primary and secondary. The cosmic rays that originate from astrophysical sources are primary cosmic rays; these primary cosmic rays interact with interstellar matter creating secondary cosmic rays. The Sun also emits low energy cosmic rays associated with solar flares. Almost 90% of cosmic rays are protons, about 9% are helium nuclei (alpha particles) and nearly 1% are electrons. The flux of incoming cosmic rays at the upper atmosphere depends on the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field, and the energy of the cosmic rays. Cosmic rays collide with the nuclei of atmospheric gases, producing a shower of, among others, pions and kaons, that decay into muons. H. Geesink proposes that the free electrons, including the free electrons coming from the top-layer of the Earth due to beta-decay, are the resonant carriers indirectly influencing the well being of test-persons

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during experiments with free electrons, phyllosilicates acting as Rydberg matter, PMMA platelets and aluminium film used as shielding materials, which are non transparent for electrons, while exposing test persons to non ionic man made radiation and protecting devices.

14.6.2 The role of electrons in aether theories

Einstein published about 15 papers in which he interpreted his models of space-time as models of a new ether in the periode of 1918-1955. Kostro wrote (1988, p. 239) that on the basis of the principle of equivalence of energy and mass Einstein arrived at the conclusion that there is no qualitative difference between the real physical space and ponderable matter composed of particles. Real physical space, as an active field possessing energy (and therefore also mass) constitutes an active matter [] an ether. Kostro then quoted Einstein who said in 1930 (Kostro, 1988, p.239): that now it appears that space will have to be regarded as a primary thing and that matter is derived from it, so to speak, as a secondary result. Poincar has suggested a conception quite similar to Einsteins. He suggested the following conception of matter, which was based on the electromagnetic world-picture views: inertia of matter (electrons) was the inertia of the ether. Between 1892 and 1904, Hendrik Lorentz created an electron/aether theory, in which he introduced a strict separation between matter (electrons) and aether. In his model the aether is completely motionless, and it won't be set in motion in the neighborhood of ponderable matter. Contrary to other electron models before, the electromagnetic field of the aether appears as a mediator between the electrons, and changes in this field can propagate not faster than the speed of light The Machian point of view concerning the problem of rotation in physics demanded a medium that would convey the Machian-Einsteinian inertial and gravitational effects. This medium was termed Machs ether by Einstein. Maxwell: Although Maxwell did not explicitly mention the sea of molecular vortices, his derivation of Ampre's circuital law was carried over from the 1861 paper and he used a dynamical approach involving rotational motion within the electromagnetic field which he likened to the action of flywheels.

14.7 Resonances of a prequantum mode

An important question is: could it be possible that the mineral assembly is just resonating at and in a certain background field or prequantum field, which probably also causes natural resonances of coherence in water clathrates? And could a or the prequantum mode also be involved during resonant energy transfer as has been discovered by Alexander Gurwitsch. He did the union experiments in two quartz cuvettes in 1920. Experiments with the silicate mineral in the same quartz cuvettes have been performed, and show good results as well, restoring well being in a surrounding of non ionizing radiation, but not in standard glass. Gurwitsch probably could probably not know at that time that quartz is fully transparent for FIR and normal glass is not; he probably only knew that quartz glass is transparent for UV, and normal glass is not. So he thought that it was the UV that might be responsible for the so called mitogenic radiation. If there is an analogy with our experiments, FIR (also called Terahertz) as carrier of resonances of unions/water-molecules might be responsible for this kind of energy transfer. Del Giudice has considered that resonances in the vacuum might be necessary to keep resonances of water

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clathrates stable. Resonances of a prequantum mode have been described by A. Khrennikov and others, and all need fixed limiting conditions.

15. Proposed further research

Further characterization of Rydberg states of the mineral and interaction with waves. Influence of radiation at resonances in water molecules at larger distances. Restoration of resonances in water molecules exposed to non thermal man made radiation in presence of the mineral. Further biological experiments with the mineral.

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16. Appendices
16.1 Studies about cognitive function & memory
Studies in the range of 300 kHz - 300 GHz (RF/mmW/THz) for humans, IEEE database.
Title Reference Author(s) EFFECT OF A 915-MHz SIMULATED MOBILE PHONE SIGNAL ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN MAN Int. J. Radiat. Biol., Vol. 75, Pg. 447 - 456, 1999 Preece A. W., Iwi G., Davies-Smith A., Butler S., Lim E., Varey A.

Title

EFFECTS OF 902 MHz ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EMITTED BY CELLULAR TELEPHONES ON RESPONSE TIMES IN HUMANS Neuroreport, Vol. 11, Pg. 413 - 415, 2000 Koivisto M., Revonsuo A., Krause C., Haarala C., Sillanmki L., et al. .

Reference Author(s)

Title Reference Author(s)

THE EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EMITTED BY GSM PHONES ON WORKING MEMORY NeuroReport, Vol. 11, Pg. 1641 - 1643, 2000 Koivisto M., Krause C. M., Revonsuo A., Laine M., Hamalainen H.

Title

EFFECT OF A 902 MHZ ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EMITTED BY MOBILE PHONES ON HUMAN COGNITIVE FUNCTION: A REPLICATION STUDY Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 24, Pg. 283 - 288, 2003 Haarala C., Bjornberg L., Ek M., Laine M., Koivisto M., Hamalainen H.

Reference Author(s)

Title

EFFECTS OF 7 HZ-MODULATED 450 MHZ ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ON HUMAN PERFORMANCE IN VISUAL MEMORY TASKS Int. J. Radiat. Biol., Vol. 78, Pg. 937 - 944, 2002 Lass J., Tuulik V., Ferenets R., Riisalo R., Hinrikus H.

Reference Author(s)

Title

EFFECTS OF GSM SYSTEM RF FIELDS ON WELL BEING AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS WITH AND WITHOUT SUBJECTIVE COMPLAINTS TNO Report (FEL-03-C148), , Pg. - , 2003 Zwamborn ., Vossen ., Leersum ., Ouwens ., Makel .

Reference Author(s)

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Title Reference Author(s)

EFFECTS OF GSM ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ON THE MEG DURING AN ENCODING-RETRIEVAL TASK NeuroReport, Vol. 15, Pg. 1191 - 1194, 2004 Hinrichs H., Heinze H. J.

Title Reference Author(s)

EFFECT OF 902 MHZ MOBILE PHONE TRANSMISSION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 26 Suppl 7, Pg. S138 - S143, 2005 Preece A. W., Goodfellow S., Wright M. G., Butler S. R., Dunn E. J., et al .

Title Reference Author(s)

DOES ACUTE EXPOSURE TO MOBILE PHONES AFFECT HUMAN ATTENTION? Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 27, Pg. 215 - 220, 2006 Russo R., Fox E., Cinel C., Boldini A., Defeyter M. A., et al .

Title

EFFECTS OF RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION EMITTED BY CELLULAR TELEPHONES ON THE COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS OF HUMANS Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 27, Pg. 119 - 126, 2006 Eliyahu i., Luria R., Hareuveny R., Margaliot M., Meiran N., Shani G.

Reference Author(s)

Title

THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EMITTED BY MOBILE PHONES ON HUMAN ATTENTIO NeuroReport, Vol. 13, Pg. 119 - 121, 2002 Edelstyn N., Oldershaw A.

Reference Author(s)

Title Reference Author(s)

ACUTE MOBILE PHONE EFFECTS ON PRE-ATTENTIVE OPERATION Neurosci Lett, Vol. 397, Pg. 99 - 103, 2006 Papageorgiou C. C., Nanou E. D., Tsiafakis V. G., Kapareliotis E., Soldatos C. R., et al .

Title Reference Author(s)

UMTS BASE STATION LIKE EXPOSURE ON WELL BEING AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE Environ Health Persp, Vol. 114, Pg. 1270 - 1275, 2006 Regel S. J., Negovetic S., Roosli M., Kuster N., Achermann P., et al .

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Title

EXPOSURE OF RAT BRAIN TO 915 MHZ GSM MICROWAVES INDUCES CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION BUT NOT DOUBLE STRANDED DNA BREAKS OR EFFECTS ON CHROMATIN CONFORMATION Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 27, Pg. 295 - 307, 2006 Belyaev I. Y., Koch C. B., Malmgren L. O., Salford L. G., Persson B. R., et al .

Reference Author(s)

Title

PULSED AND CONTINUOUS WAVE MOBILE PHONE EXPOSURE OVER LEFT VERSUS RIGHT HEMISPHERE: EFFECTS ON HUMAN COGNITIVE FUNCTION Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 28, Pg. 289 - 295, 2007 Haarala C., Takio F., Rintee T., Laine M., Koivisto M., Hamalainen H.

Reference Author(s)

Title Reference Author(s)

EFFECTS OF MOBILE PHONES ON AUDITORY ORDER THRESHOLD TASKS Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 28, Pg. 493 - 496, 2007 Cinel C., Boldini A., Russo R., Fox E.

Title

EFFECTS OF PULSED ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON COGNITIVE PROCESSES - A PILOT STUDY ON PULSED FIELD ENTERFERENCE WITH COGNITIVE REGENERATION Acta Neurol Scand, Vol. 110, Pg. 46 - 52, 2004 Maier R., Greter S. E., Maier N.

Reference Author(s)

Title Reference Author(s)

HUMAN SLEEP UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A GSM 1800 ELECTROMAGNETIC FAR FIELD Somnologie, Vol. 9, Pg. 185 - 192, 2005 Hinrichs H., Heinze H. J., Rotte M.

Title

METHODS OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC SIGNAL ANALYSIS FOR DETECTION OF SMALL HIDDEN CHANGES Nonlinear Biomedical Physics, Vol. 1, Pg. 1 - 9, 2007 Hinrikus H., Bachmann M., Kalda J., Sakki M., Lass J., Tomson R.

Reference Author(s)

Title

COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND SYMPTOMS IN ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS IN RELATION TO RF RADIATION FROM UMTS BASE STATIONS Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 29, Pg. 257 - 267, 2008 Riddervold I. S., Pedersen G. F., Andersen N. T., Sigsgaard T., Kjaergaard S. K., et al .

Reference Author(s)

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Title

EFFECTS OF WEAK MOBILE PHONE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (GSM, UMTS) ON EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 29, Pg. 488 - 497, 2008 Kleinlogel H., Dierks T., Koenig T., Lehmann H., Minder A., Berz R.

Reference Author(s)

Title

EFFECTS OF WEAK MOBILE PHONE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (GSM, UMTS) ON WELL BEING AND RESTING EEG Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 29, Pg. 479 - 487, 2008 Kleinlogel H., Dierks T., Koenig T., Lehman H., Minder A., Berz R.

Reference Author(s)

Title Reference Author(s)

MOBILE PHONE EXPOSURE AND SPATIAL MEMORY Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 30, Pg. 59 - 65, 2009 Wiholm C., Kuster N., Hillert L., Arnetz L=B. B., Akerstedt T., Moffat S. D.

Title Reference Author(s)

THE SPECTRAL POWER COHERENCE OF THE EEG UNDER DIFFERENT EMF CONDITIONS Neurosci Lett, Vol. 441, Pg. 188 - 192, 2008 Hountala C. D., Maganioti A. E., Papageorgiou C. C., Nanou E. D., Capsalis C. N., et al .

Title Reference Author(s) PubMed UID Project ID

Long-Term Digital Mobile Phone Use and Cognitive Decline in the Elderly. Bioelectromagnetics., Vol. 33, Pg. 176 - 185, 2012 Ng T. P., Lim M. L., Niti N., Collinson S.

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16.2 Alexander G. Gurwitschs mitogenic radiation: UV or FIR?

Alexander G. Gurwitsch did experiments with onion roots (Gurwitsch, 1923). He monitored the number of mitoses in a set of chemically isolated onion root cells that were in the vicinity of a group of actively dividing cells (Gurwitsch, 1923, 1924). He observed a significant rise in the number of mitoses if detector roots were separated from actively dividing roots by quartz glass but not by normal glass. The fact that UV light can pass through quartz but not regular glass suggested the existence of a form of cellular radiation of an electromagnetic nature which he named mitogenetic radiation. This study was the first to suggest that the emanation of light is not an incidental property of cells but one that might have relevance to signaling. At that time, Gurwitsch and his colleagues used prisms for spectrum analysis and biological detectors for measurement of mitogenetic radiation. They found finger-print spectra for several enzymatic reactions and noticed spectral changes in light emission from cells following physiological 99

changes (summarized in Gurwitsch and Gurwitsch, 1959). Inspired by Gurwitschs work, several independent laboratories in the Europe and USA gave rise to hundreds of articles, several books and dozen of reviews about mitogenetic radiation between 1920 and 1930 (see e.g. Rahn,1936). Field theories of morphogenesis had a heyday in the 1920s but the success of genetics confined such ideas to the background of biology. Gurwitsch had been ahead of his time in his interest in the emergent properties of the embryo but more modern self-organization theories (see, for example, Ilya Prigogine) and treatments of non-equilibrium thermodynamics in living systems would show the extent to which the vectors he described can be generated without the assumption of an overall field, so that the search for a physical field was abandoned in favour of more neutral concepts like the paradigm of Systems Biology. The early interest in physics which inspired Gurwitsch in the end tended to render his ideas untenable. H. Geesink: Quartz is very pure, not so much disturbed by quantum resonances of doped elements, both -quartz and -quartz have chiral crystal structures, which can probably easily conduct electron cyclotron resonances and nearly transparent at terahertz frequencies; while nearly closed at infrared. Looking to the experiments of Alexander Gurwitsch around 1920 with f.e. unions; he concluded that the mitogenic radiation is in the UV-band; a question: was Alexander capable in Moscow or Leningrad in the 1920s to measure in the FIR or even monochromatic resonances in the FIR-band, also called Terahertzband or only at light and UV ? Quartz is open for UV, traditional glass less/not; and very interesting: quartz is nearly fully closed for IR, but open for FIR also called Thz. Traditional glass is rather closed to THz, or distorted by the resonances of the dopents used in glass. So I would like once to start the discussion with the Russian reserarchers about the true frequencies. H. Geesink: to much UV gives rise to degradation of biopolymers; infrared (Popp) can be related to biophotons, but FIR is related to orderings frequencies/processes, and can be directly transferred by photons, electrons, conducting electrons and electromagnetic wave; it is just at the boearder of the frequency table emission of energy by particles as well as by waves. Even in this time area it was very difficult to measure resonances in the FIR band; American researchers were able to do this 2-3 years ago; but still the question: was Alexander aware of FIR ?

16.3 Study of J. Han, M. Yang and Y. Chen.

Quantum energy may be a messenger in biological systems, at which probably specific UV and/or infrared wavelengths play a role. Current studies on biological communications mainly focus on chemical signals. Since organisms are extremely complex, different kinds of signals may exist in the process of cell communication. The most probable candidate for alternative forms of organism communications is electromagnetic radiation, as many experiments have confirmed that electromagnetic radiation widely exists in cells, tissues, organisms and even between organisms and their surroundings. The well-known connection between electromagnetic radiation and quantization of the energy transfer makes us to suggest that quantums can serve as a biological messenger. This view also coincides with the medium of Qi in the human body according to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Relating Qi with quantum may further explain a number of phenomena that cannot be explained solely by conventional chemical signaling systems. Inspired by Gurwitsch's work, many researchers conducted experiments to confirm that electromagnetic radiation widely exists in cells of organisms. Kaznacheev et al. found that the cytopathic effects of a cytopathic stimulus (e.g. UV radiation) in a cell culture plate could be observed in a distinct cell culture plate that was separated by quartz glass and not exposed to the cytopathic stimulus. Kaznacheev et al. called this phenomenon a "mirror cytopathic effect". They also found that cytopathic effects in the detector cells were only observed in those cells that were separated from the stimulus by quartz glass and not by regular glass. Their findings suggested that the mirror cytopathic effect was most likely due to 100

ultraviolet or infra-red radiation emanating from the inducer. Grasso et al. and Musumeci et al. also observed a similar phenomenon in yeast cells. Furthermore, Albrecht-Buehler pioneered a series of experiments in which he used various cell culture models to investigate the effect of artificial and cellular infra-red electromagnetic radiation on cell functions and properties. He observed the interaction of baby hamster kidney cells separated from an inducer by a thin glass film. The cells (detector) on one side were able to determine the spatial orientation of the cells (inducer) on the other side through electromagnetic signals and the cells responded by adjusting their own orientation. He also found that 3T3 and CV1 cells were able to extend their pseudopodia towards microscopic infrared light sources nearby. Taken together, these findings suggest that the cells were able to sense specific infrared wavelengths and to determine the direction of light from individual sources. Several experiments have also shown that electromagnetic radiation could contribute to cell proliferation and carcinogenesis in human cells. Zhang et al. found that the quantum radiation emitted by rapidly proliferating osteoblasts promoted the proliferation of other osteoblasts. Farhadi et al. found that exposing inducer cells (colon cancer cellsCaCo-2) to H2O2 resulted in a significant reduction in total protein content, an increase in nuclear NFB activation, and structural damage in detector cells that were placed in separate containers near the inducer cells but were not exposed to H2O2. Influences of electromagnetic radiation in biological systems exist not only at the cell level but also at the level of tissues, organs, and organisms and even between organisms and their surroundings. In a study by Galantsev et al., two mammary explants of lactating mice were separated by quartz glass in a dish. One explant was treated with oxytocin, acetylcholine,epinephrine, or norepinephrine and the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) that it produced changed; although separated by quartz glass, the untreated explant was also affected. Kuzin et al. suggested that plant seeds also appeared to use ultra-weak photon emission to communicate. They stimulated Raphanus sativus seeds with low-dose gamma ray irradiation and found that the resulting germination and growth were also observed in detector seeds that were separated from the inducer seeds by quartz glass and not exposed to gamma rays. This effect was eliminated when the experiment was repeated using regular glass, which blocks the passage of ultraviolet photon emission. There is a connection between the electromagnetic radiation and the concept of quantum, together with the various effects of electromagnetic radiation in biological systems (which have been summarized in table 1) makes us to suggest a bold, but fresh view that quantum may be a new-found messenger in biological systems.

Fig. 36.: Typical model used in experiments to measure electromagnetic radiation communication in an organism. Inducer: a source of electromagnetic radiation; an organism emits electromagnetic radiation or is stimulated to emit electromagnetic radiation). Detector: detects how an organism reacts to electromagnetic radiation from the inducer. Quartz: a separator that ensures a chemical separation of the organism and detector to determine which part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum is mediating the organism's interaction with the inducer and detector.

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Table 1). Effects of electromagnetic radiation in biological systems

16.4 Study of Li and Hroux

Li and Hroux have found in 2011 that an alteration occurs of the amount of chromosomes in cancer cells, exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic fields. It has been proposed that the biological effects of magnetic fields are connected to an alteration in the structure of water that impedes the flux of protons in ATPS channels. The effects of ELF-MFs on cancer cells have been examined. Five cancer cell lines were exposed to ELF-MFs within the range of 0.025 to 5 microT, and the cells were examined for karyotype changes after 6 days. Results: All cancer cells lines lost chromosomes from MF exposure, with a mostly flat dose-response. Constant MF exposures for three weeks allow a rising return to the baseline, unperturbed karyotypes. From this point, small MF increases or decreases are again capable of inducing karyotype contractions. Our data suggests that the karyotype contractions are caused by MF interference with mitochondria's ATP synthase (ATPS), compensated by the action of AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). The effects of MFs are similar to those of the ATPS inhibitor oligomycin. They are amplified by metformin, an AMPK stimulator, and attenuated by resistin, an AMPK inhibitor. Over environmental MFs, karyotype contractions of various cancer cell lines show exceptionally wide and flat dose-responses, except for those of erythro-leukemia cells, which display a progressive rise from 0.025 to 0.4 microT. Conclusions: The biological effects of MFs are connected to an alteration in the structure of water that impedes the flux of protons in ATPS channels. These results may be environmentally important, in view of the central roles played in human physiology by ATPS and AMPK, particularly in their links to diabetes, cancer and longevity.

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16.5 Binhi about Magnetobiology and underlying physical problems

To date the physical nature of the biological sensitivity to weak electromagnetic fields remains unclear, although significant insight has recently developed, according to Binhi 2002. A unified foundation is proposed, which is claimed to account for the biological effects of electromagnetic fields. The interference of quantum states of ions and molecular groups explains many of the paradoxes surrounding the non-thermal action of electromagnetic fields. This theory is based on primary physical principles and agrees with experiments. In many cases biological effects display windows in biologically effect parameters of the fields. Most dramatic is the fact that relatively intense fields sometimes do not cause appreciable effect while smaller fields do. Linear resonant physical processes, as well as any kind of heating cannot explain the exsistence of frequency windows. It has been suggested by Binhi in 1997, that a non linear effect, involving the interference of quantum states of ions and molecules bound with some proteins is a general molecular target for the external electromagnetic fields. The ion interference mechanism predicts multipeak biological effects in many cases: magnitude modulated magnetic fields, pulsed magnetic fields, weak AC electric fields, shift and splitting of MBE spectral peaks, combined action of different magnetic fields and magnetic noise, bioeffects of modulated microwaves. The consistency between theory and experiments indicates that what underlies the MBE is most likely the interference of ions. In accordance to the ion-interference mechanism, the threshold field for the biological responses to the ELF electric fields falls into the range of hyper weak electric fields. Ion interference mechanisms applied to rotating biophysical structures, such as DNA-RNA fragments, provides a basis for understanding how electromagnetic fields effect biology. Of special interest is the existance of molecular gyroscopic degrees of freedom, because these degrees of freedom are not thermalised on biologically relevant time scale. Therefore, mechanisms that involve molecular gyroscopes can account for the biological effects of hyperweak electromagnetic fields. It is important to keep in mind that the interference mechanism depends on the value of the local static magnetic field.

The digits in the figure refer to: 1 ELF EMFs used in most magnetobiological experiments; 2 EMFs produced by magnetic storms that are known to correlate with peaking of cardiovascular diseases; 3 background EMFs produced by a variety of home appliances such as TV and computer monitors; 4 MFs that affect some amino-acid solutions; 5 MFs from a device which protects against harmful VDT irradiation; 6 EMFs below a QED limit that significantly affect cell culture; 7 susceptibility threshold of the human eye; 8 MFs used therapeutically to treat certain diseases; 9 EMFs from cell phones.

Fig. 37: Graph of Binhi.

Figure 35 shows the several theoretical limits defining different mechanisms and descriptions of EMF bioeffects. The kT and thermal limits are well known, being used in many scientific works on EMF standardization. The quantum electrodynamics limit, on the other hand, needs comment. 103

The nature of the interaction between EM fields and a substance depends on whether the EMF can be treated classically, or whether its quantisation in photons has to be taken into account. Quantum electrodynamics gives the conditions for the validity of a classical description namely, that the field must have certain minimum intensity (i.e. amplitude), the value of which depends on frequency (as indicated by the lower, upwardly directed diagonal in the figure). As can be seen, all low frequency effects except the hyperweak can be described within the classical EMF approach. However, this does not define a minimum EM field intensity that is detectable by a biological system. The natural constraint on the electromagnetic susceptibility of a biological reception, as well as any receiver of a physical nature, is given by the general laws of the quantum mechanics, which relates the minimal energy change x, and the time, t, required for its registration, according to ?t > h, where h is the Planck constant. F/h to be registered by any system, incuding a biological one, requires a time interval, t, of at least 1/f. At the same time, this relation does not set a lower limit for the intensity of EM fields capable of affecting a biological system. All physical constraints that have been suggested to date are based on specific primary mechanisms of the EM field signal transduction, and not on fundamental physical principles, which do not forbid biological hypersensitivity to EM fields. Only the microscopic design of a biological receptor and the time of its coherent interaction with EMF define the level of hypersensitivity in each specific case. The indicated E/H limit shows the level of EM fields, in a plane wave approximation, below which atomic magnetic effects dominate electric ones. As is seen, such EM fields should be referred to as hyperweak fields.

16.6 Considerations about the theory of H. Frhlich

In 1968, Frhlich showed that a driven set of oscillators can condense with nearly all of the supplied energy activating the vibrational mode of lowest frequency. This is a remarkable property usually compared with BoseEinstein condensation, superconductivity, lasing, and other unique phenomena involving macroscopic quantum coherence. And he is the source of the idea that quantum coherent waves could be generated in the biological neural network. His studies claimed to show that with an oscillating charge in a thermal bath, large numbers of quanta may condense into a single state known as a Bose condensate. However, despite intense research, no unambiguous examples has been documented. J.R. Reimers c.s. have discussed the weak, strong, and coherent regimes of Frhlich condensation and their applications to terahertz medicine and quantum consciousness in 2008. He mentions that weak condensates may have profound effects on chemical and enzyme kinetics, and may be produced from biochemical energy or from radio frequency, microwave, or terahertz radiation. Pokorn's observed 8.085-MHz microtubulin resonance is identified as a possible candidate, with microwave reactors (green chemistry) and terahertz medicine appearing as other feasible sources. The majority of claims of observation of Frhlich condensates in biological environments have involved observed minor enhancements to black-body radiation levels or unexpected dependences of some process to microwave or terahertz radiation; the following references have been used: 1) Belloni F, et al. (2005) A suitable plane transmission line at 900 MHz rf fields for E. coli DNA studies. Rev Sci Instrum, 76. 2) Pokorn J, Haek J, Jelnek F, Scaron;aroch J, Paln B (2001) Electromagnetic activity of yeast cells in the M phase. Electro Magnetobiol 20:371396. Web of Science. 104

3) Pokorn J (2004) Excitation of vibrations in microtubules in living cells. Bioelectrochemistry 63:321 326. CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science. 4) Kovarskii VA (1999) Quantum processes in biological molecules. Enzyme catalysis. Physics (Uspekhi) 42:797815. CrossRef. 5) Devyatkov ND (1974) Influence of millimeter band electromagnetic radiation on biological objects. Sov Phys Usp 16:568569. CrossRef 6) Gebbie HA, Miller PF (1997) Nonthermal microwave emission from frog muscles. Int J Infrared Millimeter Waves 18:951957. CrossRefWeb of Science 7) Grundler W, Keilmann F, Frhlich H (1977) Resonant growth rate response of yeast cells irradiated by weak microwaves. Phys Lett A 62:463466. CrossRefWeb of Science 8) Webb SJ, Stoneham ME (1977) Resonance between 1011 and 1012 Hz in active bacterial cells as seen by laser Raman spectroscopy. Phys Lett A 60:267268. CrossRefWeb of Science 9) Gervino G, Autino E, Kolomoets E, Leucci G, Balma M (2007) Diagnosis of bladder cancer at 465 MHz. Electromagn Biol Med 26:119134. CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science 10) Del Giudice E, et al. (2005) Coherent quantum electrodynamics in living matter. Electromagn Biol Med 24:199210. CrossRefWeb of Science 11) Siegel PH (2004) Terahertz technology in biology and medicine. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 52:24382447. CrossRefWeb of Science 12) Belyaev I (2005) Nonthermal biological effects of microwaves: Current knowledge, further perspective, and urgent needs. Electromagn Biol Med 24:375403. CrossRefWeb of Science 13) Abbott D, Zhang XC, eds (2007) Special issue: T-ray imaging, sensing, retection. Proc IEEE 95:15091513

A.R. Vasconcellos c.s. have discussed the Frhlich condensate as emergence of synergetic dissipative structures in information processing biological and condensed matter systems in 2012. Frhlichs synchronous large-scale collective oscillations may imply inter-cellular microwave emissions which would constitute a non-chemical and non-thermal interaction between cells. These oscillations could therefore be revealed by detection of emissions of GHz or THz radiation. J. Preto has explored a semi-classical statistical approach to Frhlich condensation theory in 2012. Frhlich considered a system consisting in z normal modes of frequency k, each characterized by a discrete energy spectrum (phonons). Due to interactions with a surrounding heat bath, it was supposed that the dynamics of phonons in each mode was governed by several kinds of stochastic events: (i) linear events resulting in the absorption or the emission of a single phonon from a particular normal mode, (ii) non-linear events resulting in the simultaneous absorption of one phonon from a normal mode, and emission of one phonon to another mode. Besides interactions with the heat bath, each normal mode is assumed to be fed energy by some external source. The study of open systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium showed, under suitable conditions, the emergence of self-organization. Striking similarities were observed among very different physical systems having in common the fact of being composed of many non-linearly interacting subsystems. When a control parameter, typically the energy input rate, exceeds a critical value then the subsystems act cooperatively to self-organize in what is commonly referred to as a non-equilibrium phase transition. This 105

is at variance with equilibrium phase transitions, for which the transition from disorder to order is driven by a lowering of temperature - the control parameter - below a critical value. In considering the presence of both heat bath and external source, the possibility of working with large number of phonons in each normal mode is possible and non-linear interactions will redistribute the energy into the mode of lowest frequency. Preto has reinvestigated these calcualtions of the Frhlich model equations describing phonon condensation in open systems of biological relevance in a semi-classical non-equilibrium statistical context (with "semi-classical" it is meant that the evolution of the system is described by means of classical equations with the addition of energy quantization). Also he consideres that self-organization of living organisms is of an astonishing complexity and efficency. More speciffically, biological systems are the site of a huge number of very specific reactions that require the right biomolecule to be at the right place, in the right order and in a reasonably short time to sustain cellular function and ultimately cellular life. From the dynamic point of view, this raises the fundamental question of how biomolecules effectively find their target(s); in other words, what kinds of forces bring all these specific cognate partners together in an environment as dense and ionized as cellular micro-environments. He explores the possibility that biomolecules interact through long-range electromagnetic interactions as they are predicted from the first principles of physics; long-range meaning that the mentioned interactions are effective over distances much larger than the typical dimensions of the molecules involved (i.e., larger than about 50 angstrom in biological systems).

Fig. 38: Frhlichs model equations, where = 1/kT, with T the temperature of the heat bath.

After laying the theoretical foundations about interactions that are potentially active over long distances in a biological context, he discusses the possibility of detecting their contribution from experimental devices which are nowadays available. On the latter point, encouraging preliminary results both at the theoretical and experimental levels are exposed. Literature is available about the experimental observation of low-frequency conformational oscillations modes in the Raman and far-infrared spectra of polar proteins. Thus also a resonance frequency = 1 THz has be typically considered in the calculations. Long-range interactions can only occur at resonance, when phase locking conditions exist. And resonant interactions between biomolecules need nonequilibrium to be effective at a long distance, i.e. the excitation of one normal mode of the interacting system should be statistically "favored" (far beyond Boltzmann fluctuations) compared with other(s) modes.

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16.7 Considerations about the quantum theory of D. Bohm

David Bohm: Electrons, quantum potentials and the implicate order, by Will Keepin. An electron is understood to be a set of enfolded ensembles, which are generally not localized in space. At any given moment, one of these ensembles may be unfolded and localized, and the next moment, this one enfolds and is replaced by another that unfolds. If this process continues in a rapid and regular fashion in which each unfoldment is localized adjacent to the previous one, it gives the appearance of continuous motion of a particle, to which we humans have given the name electron. Yet there is no isolated particle, and its apparent continuous motion is an illusion generated by the rapid and regular sequence of unfoldings. As Bohm puts it, ". . . fundamentally, the particle is only an abstraction that is manifest to our senses. What is, is always a totality of ensembles, all present together, in an orderly series of stages of enfoldment and unfoldment, which intermingle and inter-penetrate each other in principle throughout the whole of space" (Bohm 1980). Moreover, at any stage of this process, an ensemble may suddenly unfold that is very different from the previous one, which would give the appearance in the explicate order of the electron suddenly jumping discontinuously from one state to another. This offers a new way of understanding what lies behind the well-known quantum mechanical behavior of electrons as they jump discontinuously from one quantum state to another. Indeed, what we call matter is merely an apparent manifestation of the explicate order of the holomovement. This explicate order is the surface appearance of a much greater enfolded or implicate order, most of which is hidden. Contemporary physics and, indeed, most of science deals with explicate orders and structures only, which is why physics has encountered such great difficulty in explaining a variety of phenomena that Bohm would say arise from the implicate order. The radical implications of Bohm's implicate order take some time to fully grasp, especially for Western minds that have been steeped in the Newtonian-Cartesian paradigm of classical physics that still dominates contemporary science. For example, it might be tempting to assume that the implicate order refers to a subtle level of reality that is secondary and subordinate to the primary explicate order, which we see manifest all around us. However, for Bohm, precisely the opposite is the case: the implicate order is the fundamental and primary reality, albeit invisible. Meanwhile, the explicate order--the vast physical universe we experience--is but a set of "ripples" on the surface of the implicate order. The manifest objects that we regard as comprising ordinary reality are only the unfolded projections of the much deeper, higher dimensional implicate order, which is the fundamental reality. The implicate and explicate orders are interpenetrating in all regions of space-time, and each region enfolds all of existence, that is, everything is enfolded into everything. As Bohm (1980) explains, "In the implicate order the totality of existence is enfolded within each region of space (and time). So, whatever part, element, or aspect we may abstract in thought, this still enfolds the whole and is therefore intrinsically related to the totality from which it has been abstracted. Thus, wholeness permeates all that is being discussed, from the very outset." Bohm's understanding of physical reality turns the commonplace notion of "empty space" completely on its head. For Bohm, space is not some giant vacuum through which matter moves; space is every bit as real as the matter that moves through it. Space and matter are intimately interconnected. Indeed, calculations of the quantity known as the zero-point energy suggest that a single cubic centimetre of empty space contains more energy than all of the matter in the known universe! From this result, Bohm (1980) concludes that "space, which has so much energy, is full rather than empty." For Bohm, this enormous energy inherent in "empty" space can be viewed as theoretical evidence for the existence of a vast, yet hidden realm such as the implicate order. 107

The foregoing concepts of holomovement and the implicate order were originally developed by Bohm as a result of his theoretical investigations in quantum theory. Indeed, Bohm's entire life's work was largely shaped by his contributions to quantum theory, which are briefly reviewed here. When Bohm began work in quantum theory, he accepted the "Copenhagen interpretation" of it developed by Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, and others. The still-dominant Copenhagen interpretation says two basic things: (1) reality is identical with the totality of observed phenomena (which means reality does not exist in the absence of observation), and (2) quantum mechanics is a complete description of reality; no deeper understanding is possible. In effect, this says that observable phenomena are the whole of reality; and any speculation about a deeper underlying reality is meaningless. Bohr stated it unequivocally: "There is no quantum world. There is only an abstract quantum description" (in Herbert 1985). In this understanding, quantum mechanics provides nothing more or less than a set of statistical rules for connecting observable phenomena. In 1931, John von Neumann published The Foundations of Quantum Theory, which remains to this day the mathematical bible on that topic. In this book, von Neumann offered a mathematical proof that an ordinary classical reality could not underlie quantum theory. For over twenty years, "von Neumann's proof" stood as a mathematical corroboration of the Copenhagen interpretation. However, in 1952, David Bohm did the impossible and uprooted this "proof" by constructing a model of the electron with classical attributes whose behavior matched the predictions of the quantum theory. In this model, the electron is viewed as an ordinary particle, with one key difference: the electron has access to information about its environment. To derive this model, Bohm began with the Schroedinger equation, which is the central mathematical formula of quantum physics. Using elegant mathematics, Bohm effectively partitioned this equation into two parts, or terms: a classical term that essentially reproduces Newtonian physics, and a nonclassical term that he calls the quantum potential. The classical term treats the electron as an ordinary particle, as in classical physics. The nonclassical quantum potential is a wave-like term that provides information to the electron, linking it to the rest of the universe. The quantum potential is responsible for the well-known wave-particle duality and all the other bizarre phenomena for which quantum theory has become famous. Indeed, the nonlocal character of quantum reality -- as implied by Bell's theorem and empirically observed in the renowned experiments of Alain Aspect -- may be viewed as plausible evidence for the actual existence of an entity symbolized by the quantum potential. Bohm was convinced that there is much more going on in quantum mechanics than meets either the eye, the brain, or the laboratory instruments of the physicist. He challenged the prevailing Copenhagen interpretation with his causal interpretation, arguing that as-yet-unknown factors (or "hidden variables") were causing the seemingly inexplicable phenomena observed in quantum experiments. But how and where might these causal factors operate? Bohm pointed out that the smallest detectable distance in physical experiments is about 10-17 centimeters, (cm), whereas the smallest distance beyond which space no longer has any meaning is an extremely tiny 10-33 cm. This leaves an unknown realm that spans sixteen orders of magnitude in relative size, which is comparable to the size difference between our ordinary macroscopic world and the smallest detectable physical distance [10-17 cm]. Having no empirical knowledge of this realm, we cannot dismiss the possibility that causal factors could be operative in this realm. The key feature of the causal interpretation is the quantum potential, which is a wave-like information field that provides a kind of guidance to the electron. Bohm invokes the analogy of an airliner that changes its course in response to navigational radio signals. The radio waves do not and cannot provide the energy required to change course; rather they provide active information to which the airliner responds by changing course under its own power. The electron responds in an analogous manner to the quantum potential. This could explain the notorious mystery of the "collapse" of the wave function, which occurs as a seemingly random event in the laboratory and is taken by the Copenhagen interpretation to mean that 108

reality does not exist until observed. The Schroedinger wave function describes an infinity of possible outcomes, and the information provided by the quantum potential could cause the electron to "choose" one outcome over all the others. Hence, information alone could cause the "collapse" of an infinity of possibilities into a single manifestation. Bohm rigorously demonstrated that the causal interpretation predicts physical results identical to those predicted by the Copenhagen interpretation, but with a very different understanding of the underlying deep structure. For example, he shows mathematically that the well-known Heisenberg uncertainty principle may be a crude description of the average statistical behaviour of causal variables, and that Planck's "constant" may not be constant over very small intervals of time or space. Hence, the uncertainty principle may not be an absolute limit on the precision of measurement, as generally believed, but could rather be an expression of the incomplete degree of self-determination that characterizes all quantum mechanical entities. In other words, the uncertainty principle may be a limit that is imposed by our ignorance of causal variables. The notion of a "potential" is commonplace in physics; for example, the gravitational potential of the Earth tells about the potential energy available at each point in the gravitational field. However, the quantum potential differs in that it has no known physical source, which is one reason that physicists object to it. Even more unacceptable, the action of the quantum potential depends only on its form and not on its intensity, which means that its effect does not diminish with increasing separation in space or time. The form of the quantum potential gives information that is communicated instantaneously, which appears to violate Einstein's Limit of the speed of light for travel of signals. Thus, the quantum potential could be seen as providing information from a meta-physical realm, in the sense that it is beyond ordinary space and time altogether. Though Bohm did not emphasize this aspect in his early work during the 1950s, it became evident later in his concept of the implicate order. Indeed, the theoretical impetus for the implicate order was the quantum potential, which is a mathematical version of the implicate order in the Schroedinger equation. Bohm began with the troubling concern that the two pillars of modern physics--quantum mechanics and relativity theory--actually contradict each other. Moreover, this contradiction is not just in minor details but is very fundamental, because quantum mechanics requires reality to be discontinuous, noncausal, and nonlocal, whereas relativity theory requires reality to be continuous, causal, and local. This discrepancy can be patched up in a few cases using mathematical "renormalization" techniques, but this approach introduces an infinite number of arbitrary features into the theory that, Bohm points out, are reminiscent of the epicycles used to patch up the crumbling theory of Ptolmaic astronomy. Hence, contrary to widespread understanding even among scientists, the "new physics" is self-contradictory at its foundation and is far from being a finished new model of reality. Bohm was further troubled by the fact that many leading physicists did not pay sufficient attention to this discrepancy. Seeking a resolution of this dilemma, Bohm inquired into what the two contradictory theories of modern physics have in common. What he found was undivided wholeness. Bohm was therefore led to take wholeness very seriously, and, indeed, wholeness became the foundation of his major contributions to physics, as well as his distinctive epistemological style of scientific inquiry. In this respect, Bohm's developmental process was similar to Einstein's in creating relativity theory: Einstein took seriously the experimental observation that the speed of light is the same in all reference frames. This--when coupled with the premise that the laws of physics should be the same in all reference frames--required that space and time could no longer be absolute; hence came the theory of relativity. No one before Einstein had been willing to contemplate something so radical.

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Bohm's postulate of undivided wholeness is equally radical, but for a different reason: it questions the prevailing assumptions about order and fragmentation. Just as Einstein was the first physicist to seriously question our understanding of space and time, Bohm is the first physicist to seriously question our understanding of order. The implications are far reaching, because the very essence of science is a quest for natural laws of general applicability, and the sine qua non for such laws is the existence of natural order. Hence, to inquire into the nature of order is to inquire into the foundations of science itself. In his characteristic way, Bohm went well beyond the bounds of physics in this quest. Bohm's conclusion about order in science is unequivocal and sweeping: the prevailing mechanistic order in science must be dropped. Mainstream physics -- from Newton's laws to the most advanced contemporary quantum relativistic field theory -- all utilize the same mechanistic order, symbolized by the Cartesian coordinate system. This reflects a particular mechanistic order that has characterized physics for literally centuries, and it is this order that Bohm challenges directly. Science must open itself to far more sophisticated and subtle forms of order, including what Bohm calls generative orders, which are orders that generate structure. The implicate order is perhaps the most important example of a generative order.

16.8 Resonant energy transfer and water molecules

Grtler, 2003 studied Rydberg-atoms in low frequency fields. Rydberg states have a strong interaction with external electric and magnetic fields, so-called Stark and Zeeman states. A stationary Rydberg state is described by the quantum numbers n, l, m, which give the states energy, angular momentum and its projection on the quantization axis. Low cycle, few GHz to some THz radiowaves interact with Rydberg states. The effect of an electric field on a Rydberg atom is twofold: it lifts the degeneracy of the eigenstates with the same principle number n, but different angular momentum l and it introduces a saddle point to the Coulomb potential, which lowers the ionization barrier. Atoms in highly excited electronic states, have a weak bound outer electron with the binding energy given by the Rydberg formula Eb=13.6/n2 eV, where n is the principle quantum number. Typical binding energies are 1-100meV (0.2-24 THz). Resonant energy transfer in this specific study has been shown for Rubidium Rydberg atoms to an absorption line of water at 752 GHz. In this transfer of energy the coherent properties of the light frequencies play an important role. The Eigenfrequencies of Rubidium Rydberg Stark states around the 25d state as function of an external electric field will come in resonance with water molecules having a strong rotational transition in the far-infrared 752 GHz, in which strong absorption lines of water are present in the frequency region between 0.3 and 1.2 THz. For the measurements presented, a strong water absorption line at 752 Ghz (marked with an arrow) has been chosen. To find the best transition and field strength, Stark level maps were calculated for a number of n states of Rubidium and searched for matching transitions by a computer algoritm. The experimental results are in good agreement with published database values. To widen the range of detectable frequencies, the search can easily be extended to other atomic systems.

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Fig. 39: Line intensities for strong water absorption lines in the far-infrared (0.3-1.2 THz). The line choosen for the experiments is marked with an arrow.

W. L. Glab has investigated the double-resonance spectroscopy of quasi-linear Rydberg states of water in 2002. Quasi-linear autoionizing Rydberg states of the water molecule has been used to show the three quanta of bending vibration using double-resonance excitation through the quasi-linear (A)3pb2 state. The use of double resonance resulted in vibrational and rotational selectivity which led to easily understood spectra. He has identified and performed an analysis on one ns series and two nd series sigma and pi, yielding quantum defects for the series and an improved value of the energy of the ionic state which is the convergence limit for these Rydberg states. Future work will examine both quasi-linear and bent Rydberg states with higher vibrational excitation is planned, to build up a broader picture of the effects of bent linear interactions which will provide the experimental basis for a more comprehensive multichannel quantum defect theory of the Rydberg states of water. M. Rubio has studied the excited states of the water molecule in 2008 and analysed the valence and Rydberg character of water molecules. The excited states of the water molecule have been analyzed by using the extended quantum-chemical multistate CASPT2 method in conjunction with large one-electron basis sets of atomic natural orbital type. The study includes 13 singlet and triplet excited states, both valence and 3s-, 3p-, and 3d-members of the Rydberg series converging to the lowest ionization potential and the 3s- and 3p-Rydberg members converging to the second low-lying state of the cation. C.M. Herne has studied the shaping capabilities of terahertz fields for the orientation of asymmetric top water molecules and demonstrated the three-dimensional orientation of the asymmetric top water molecule with a series of half-cycle terahertz pulses. Molecular orientation or alignment controls initial conditions and reduces random spatial orientations of molecules, and is essential for efficient generation of high-order harmonics and many other processes. Their experimental evidence confirms what has until now only been theoretically considered: the orientation of asymmetric tops. The application of a sequence of broadband half-cycle pulses to an ensemble of water molecules in the gas phase initiates a sequence of orientation revivals. Two orthogonal pulses are shown to enhance the degree of orientation and restrict motion about two molecular axes, confining the molecules to a plane. Since the absorption of THz radiation is sensitive to water molecules, THz spectroscopy has been applied to biomolecules, DNA, proteins, and bacteria.

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M. Nagai c.s. have demonstrated in 2010 theTHz nonlinearity of liquid water revealed with intense monocycle THz pulse. Single THz pulse response and THz pump-probe spectroscopy show the breaking and recovering of hydrogen bonding network in water molecules. W.A. Goddard and W.J. Hunt have investigated in 1973 the Rydberg nature and assignments of excited states in the water molecule. Ab initio theoretical calculations show 32 excited states of H2O to lie below 11.7 eV. Of the eight states observed experimentally, the average discrepancy between theoretical and experimental excitation energies is 0.1 eV. O.V. Betskii, N.D. Devyatkov, V.V. Kislov have investigated in 2000 the low intensity millimeter waves in medicine and biology. Energy of low intensity millimeter waves are effecting biological molecules at less than the thermal energy of motion, and millimeter waves seems to effect life processes first of all in water molecules related to rotational motions by multi quantum processes, which is characteristic of coherent oscillations. The energy absorption is of a resonant nature. Resonant frequencies of molecular oscillations of water and the biological medium of living organism lie in the millimeter/sub-terahertz range. C. Desfrancois c.s. have investigated the electron transfer collisions between small water clusters and laser excited Rydberg atoms in 1991. The interaction of an electron with an assembly of water molecules has been the subject of several experimental and theoretical studies. While individual water molecules do not attach electrons to form stable water anions, excess electrons injected into bulk water thermalize and lead to the formation of hydrated electrons. In between these two extreme situations, negatively charged water clusters offer an opportunity for studying the association of excess electrons with water. Water cluster anions have been prepared by mixing electrons with neutral clusters in an adiabatic expansion and by low energy (< 1 eV) electron attachment to preexisting cold water clusters. The formation of cluster anions in charge transfer collisions between neutral clusters and Rydberg atoms can be thought of as a two-step process: first, at some rather large inter nuclear distance comparable to the Rydberg atom radius, a sudden attachment of the quasi free Rydberg electron takes place leading to the formation of a Coulombic positive ionic core-cluster anion complex. In a second step, the Coulombic complex dissociates if its kinetic energy Ek exceeds the electrostatic attraction interaction. Because of the presence of a Rydberg ionic core, Rydberg electron sources can lead to the formation of Coulombic complexes with cluster anions. C. Eckman stated in 2010 that water molecules are in small clusters called Rydberg clusters. K. Mohri and M. Fukushima have measured the magnetization of water molecules based up on the + assumption of the cyclotron resonance of the water cluster (H3O (H2O)n) which activates the proton transport in water under the geo-magnetic field. Water is magnetized by application of pulse magnetic field with frequencies of 1 till 60 Hz, at low magnetic fields: 1 till 100 T. S.F. Cleary in 1969, has made a survey of microwave and radiofrequency biological effects and mechanisms. Hypothetical mechanisms are proposed: induced alterations in macromolecular hydrogen due to filed hydrogen bonding, proton tunneling and disruption of water. Energy exchange for proteins in aqueous solutions are at 1 to 10 MHz; rotation of protein polar side groups and bound water are at 0.1-1 GHz. Relaxations based on in vitro dielectric studies for proteins appears at microwave and 2 radiofrequencies at intensities of 10 mW/cm , which are relatively low intensity effects. K.D. Staub studied the molecular absorption of non-ionizing radiation in biological systems. Millimeter and far infrared interactions may lie in the exsistence of long range collective molecular intereactions, with membranes, associated with electromagnetic oscillations. Collective interactions and conformations of biomolecules play a role. Qualitatively, while the prediction, on basis of the Debye model, of a constant (asymptotic) attenuation distance for H2O in the millimeter wave regin and the low frequency portion of the 112

far infrared region is correct, it is expected that there may exist a window (relatively large attenuation distance) between the broad rotational relaxation spectrum in the millimeter wave and far infrared region and the discrete, resonant (intermolecular-vibrational) transitions in the infrared region. K. H. Illinger studied the role of structural H2O and millimeter wave and far-Infrared absorption in biological systems in 1977. Coherent electromagnetic radiation in the millimeter wave and the far infrared region probably can effectively pump molecules in and out of the metastable state(s), linked to collective biochemical reactions (fig. 38). Role of structural H2O at millimeter waves and far-infrared absorption in biological systems is important. Even low-frequency (h << kT) transitions can be pumped by resonant interactions in a simple fluid, if relaxation to equilibrium with the thermal bath is sufficiently ineffective.

Figure 40: Illinger, Summary of the expected frequency domains of various types of RF or microwave-induced interactions in biopolymers.

E.H. Grant studied the determination of bound water in biological materials from dielectric measurements. For aqueous biological materials variations in permittivity occur between 100-1000 MHz and are principally due to the water of hydration and the hydration of the biopolymers can be determined by measurement of the dielectric permittivity, and so the absorption of the microwave energy. Using a spherical shell model for the macromolecules, he has calculated the variation of specific energy absorption as a function of frequency and found that in a certain region the absorption is much greater for bound water than for free water. The differences in electrical behavior are noticed experimentally that boundwater exhibits dielectric dispersion in the frequency rangion of hundred of Mz, whereas free water disperses at much higher frequencies (1-100 GHz). Since most of biological molecules relax at frequencies well below 100 MHz it follows that changes in permittivity occuring between 100-1000 MHz in an aqueous biological material are due to the water of hydration, and therefore that dielectric measurements made in this region may be interpreted in terms of the quantity and nature of the bound water present. D. Beratan has discovered that a scant handful of water molecules positioned in the nearly infinitesimal gap between two "docking" proteins creates unexpectedly favorable conditions for electrons to "tunnel" from one protein to another. A. van der Avoird proposes a special role for water in promoting electron transfers between proteins. In an intermediate distance before the proteins are too far apart, the water plays a very special role in mediating the electron tunneling more strongly than might have been expected. This cluster aids the electron 113

transfer process. Electrons can then tunnel between "donor" atoms at the tip of one protein to "acceptor" atoms on the other protein. Along the way, the electrons follow multiple pathways through these water molecules that facilitate the transport more strongly than expected. D.M. Leitner and M. Havenith made a detailed analysis using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations revealed a fundamental mechanistic difference between correlated molecular dipole oscillations at infrared -1 and THz frequencies. While at infrared frequencies beyond 1000 cm (30 THz) the molecular dipoles of neighboring water molecules are correlated purely due to electronic polarization effects, at THz frequencies the nuclear motion of neighbouring water molecules are responsible for the observed correlated oscillation of molecular dipoles. While the vibrational motion of atoms is strictly localized on -1 single molecules at infrared frequencies, at frequencies below 1000 cm , the onset of truly correlated, and thus collective nuclear motion of neighbouring water molecules is observed. In particular at THz -1 frequencies, below 200 cm (6 THz), the collective vibrational motion included water molecules significantly beyond next neighbors. The KITA experiment indicates a sudden barrier-free reformation in the surrounding solvation shell, almost a hundred times faster than the protein folding as measured by fluorescence and the secondary and tertiary structure formation as probed by CD spectroscopy. This clearly shows that the solvent-protein rearrangement and the secondary and tertiary structure formation are two consecutive processes, which are both involved in the overall dynamics of protein folding. The observation of collective water network motions during a biological function is providing complementary information compared to other techniques and will shed a new light on the interplay between water and proteins in living systems. E.E. Fesenko et al.studied the structure formation in water is influenced by the action of weak magnetic fields. They have shown that microwave radiation changes the properties of distilled water within the first 1-10 minutes. The new state is retained for at least ten minutes and manifests itself as changes in power density spectrum of periodic fading voltage fluctuations that are generated during discharge of a capacitor in which water is used as a dielectric. He states that water molecules are a mediator for biological effects caused by non ionizing electromagnetic field in a wide range of frequencies. E.E. Fesenko and A.Y. Gluvstein showed that changes occur in the state of water, induced by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Influences of radiofrequencies and effects of external electromagnetic fields on dielectric properties of water have been established. Microwave irradiation at 36 GHz changes the properties of distilled water within the first 1-10 minutes. K.T. Chang et al. showed the influences of relatively high static magnetic fields on the number of H-bonds. A net reduction in hydrogen bonding at high salt concentrations (for example 5 M NaCl) occurs, whereas at lower concentrations (1 M NaCl) the water hydrogen bonding in the presence of high magnetic fields is compensated. S.Y. Lo c.s. concluded that water clusters, using 10 mM NaCl are stable at room temperature and normal pressure and visible using AFM (atomic force microscopy) and EFM (electric force microscopy). They have reported the finding of isolated stable-water-clusters of tens of nanometers to micron size from the evaporation of very dilute sodium chloride solution at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. The stable-water-clusters are found to be electrically charged by examination via an Electric Force Microscope (EFM). Raman scattering and infrared spectrum of residues from the evaporation show similar but not identical characteristics of liquid water. They have reported the evidence of stable-water-clusters created from diluting minute amounts of NaCl in ultra-pure water, (fig. 39).
-4

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Fig. 41: Residues from evaporated 1.7 107 M NaCl solution taken with AFM and with EFM. For the AFM, the size of the picture is 5 m5 m. The different color code from bright to dark indicate the height of the clusters running from 0.037 m to 0.421 m.

H.T. Flakus and B.Hachula showed the effect of the resonance of the C-H and O-H bond stretching vibrations on the IR spectra of the hydrogen bonds. There is a coupling between the Fermi resonance in IR and Raman and the stretching and bending vibrations of the proton in hydrogen bonds. S. Ozeki and I. Otsuka showed the destabilization effects in a model system: oxygen clathrate-like hydrates and water networks activated by magnetic fields and showed that spectra are transient. The infrared spectrum and the contact angle disappear at a temperature rise to 50 C for 10 minutes. Transient oxygen clathrate-like hydrate and water networks are induced by magnetic fields. Changes in the state of water molecules have been shown by radiofrequencies and effects of external electromagnetic fields on the bimodal curve of water, propionic acid and dichloromethane. Spectroscopic data at FIR/THz frequencies prove that magnetic field-affected water is obtained when a magnetic flux changes relatively across water dissolving oxygen, in which a transient structure, such as oxygen clathrate-like hydrates and promoted hydrogen-bonded networks are formed and survives for a while. F. Sobott et al. have measured that the individual ionic clathrate hydrates are stable in between 10 C and +60 C, and used super cooled solutions of ionic clathrate hydrates. M. Mohsen-Nia et al. have shown the effects of external electromagnetic field on binodal curve of (water + propionic acid + dichloromethane) ternary system. The effects of variation of frequencies and amplitude of voltages of the applied external electromagnetic field on the binodal curve results have been evaluated. The results obtained indicate that the heterogeneous two-phase area increases with increasing frequency of the applied external electromagnetic field. D. Rai et al. have shown water clusters (H2O)n with n=6-8 occur in external fields. Water clusters (H2O)n with n=6-8 are opened or altered in three dimensional morphologies in high static magnetic fields of less than 0.008 a.u. Structural evolution of water clusters, (H2O)n, n=68, induced by a uniform static external electric field is studied within the density functional theory. The electric field is seen to stretch the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the water clusters, eventually breaking them at some characteristic threshold value, triggering a conformational transformation to a lower energy. Consequently, the number 115

of hydrogen bonds in a cluster decreases, in general, with an increase in the field strength. It has been observed that moderately low fields (field strength < 0.008 a.u.) markedly alter the ordering of the lowest energy configurations. K.T. Chang and C.I. Weng have studied the structure of aqueous NaCl electrolyte solutions under magnetic fields in 2011. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the effects of magnetic fields with intensities of 110 T on aqueous NaCl electrolyte solutions at 298 K. The simulations employ the F3C (flexible three centered) water model and investigate electrolyte solutions with both low (1 M) and high (5 M) NaCl concentrations. The results show that the self-diffusion coefficient of the water molecules decreases in a low-concentration solution as the magnetic field intensity is increased, but + increases in a high-concentration solution. The magnetic field enhances the mobility of the Na and Cl ions in both low- and high-concentration solutions. The average number of hydrogen bonds increases when the magnetic field is applied to pure water or to a solution with a low NaCl concentration, but decreases in a solution with a high-concentration. The results show that the enhanced mobility of the ions under a magnetic field causes serious damage to the hydrogen bond network in the high-concentration solution. Conversely, in the low-concentration solution, the structural behavior is dominated by the properties of the water molecules, and hence the hydrogen bonding ability is enhanced as the magnetic field is increased. K. Sekimoto, K. Kikuchi, M. Takayama: Atmospheric ion water clusters, e.g., H3O (H2O)n, O (H2O)n and x NO (H2O)n, have been of long-standing interest in the field of atmospheric sciences, because of their central role in the formation of tropospheric aerosols which affect photochemistry, radiation budget of the atmosphere and climate. On the basis of a mechanism of aerosol formation in the troposphere proposed by Yu and Turco, termed ion-mediated nucleation, atmospheric ion water clusters are most likely to be produced via three processes the relationship between orifice temperature and the size distribution in 2 2 2 water clusters Y (H2O)n withvarious negative atmospheric core ions Y such as O , HO , HO , NO , 3 3 NO , NO (HNO3)2, O3 and HCO4 has been investigated using atmospheric pressure negative corona discharge mass spectrometry. K.J. Tielrooij and H. Bakker have studied the cooperativity in ion hydration. Reorientation of water molecules around ions slows down, shifting the absorption peak to lower frequencies and thereby reducing the absorption of radiation at THz frequencies. K. Ohno et al. have shown that the OH stretching bands of water clusters are charaterized by eight indicators (free and M-OH= -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) and aggregation process also depends upon external UV irradiation. X. Xin et al. have measured the terahertz absorption of water molecules of para and ortho water vapors at different humidities at room temperature in the band of 0.2-2.4 THz, which show the typical absorption frequencies in this band in fig. 40, but also the typical response of the nuclear spin effects of hydrogen atoms in the water molecule. The terahertz beam has been directed on water molecules at different relative humidities. Terahertz absorption of water molecules, measured in the band of 0.2-2.4 THz, atmospheric conditions and different relative humidities show the typical absorption frequencies in this band, but also the typical response of the nuclear spin effects of hydrogen atoms in the water molecule. The terahertz beam has been directed on water molecules at different relative humidities.
+ 2

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Fig. 42: Water vapor absorption profiles at different humidities at room temperature.

T. Yokono, S. Shimokawa et al. have proven the resonance transfer in the IR/FIR of a mineral to water molecules at a distance already in 2004. They showed the clathrate-like ordering in liquid water induced by IR/FIR and studied the structural changes of liquid water induced by sunlight irradiation in 2009. Pure 2 liquid water exposed to infrared irradiation by a mineral at 0.2 mW/cm by using X-ray diffraction, is able to order the clathrates structure of water molecules. The mineral has been separated from the water molecules by a wall of a polymer or glass of about some mms. It takes more than 24 hours for the ordered structure to return to the original state, as long as the temperature is kept below 278 K. X-ray 2 diffraction shows also that liquid water irradiated by a mineral at far infrared at 0.2 mW/cm , is able to destruct the clathrates structure of water molecules. The formation and elimination of a clathrate-like structure of water molecules is able to occur reversibly at room temperature. Changes in the infra-red spectrum of liquid water in the O-H stretching region were observed on irradiation of sun-light at room temperature after more than 30 minutes. The spectrum changed to restore the original spectrum in 180 minutes, when sunlight irradiation was shut off. The orderd structure was found to be either the clathrate hydrates type 1 and 2 and their mixtures. Their present conclusion is that IR radiation induces the formation of the clathrate hysdrates. The decay rate was observed to be slower after the irradiation length. The IR light was generated using a mixture of calcium carbonate (coral) and vlack silica composed of microcells of carbonized materials. The mixture was packed into the outer space of concentric tubes. An ultra pure water sample was inserted into the inner tube for iirradiation at room temperature. The light intensity was measured to be approximately 90% of the ideal black body radiation and the output was about 0.2 mW/cm2. Since the water sample was filled in a Pyrex glass bottle, which does not permit the passage of light of wavelength longer than 3 m, infrared light of wavelength only up to 3 m is effective according to Shimokawa. The water sample was preserved at 293 K under ambient atmosphere in a dark room. According to Geesink Pyrex glass will also be partially open for FIR, and will also probably play a role in the emitted energy transfer of the mineral to the water molecules, of which the spectra are shown in figure 41. It is already known that quartz glass and the polymers polyethylene are nearly fully open for the FIR frequencies.

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Fig. 43: THz-spectra of different silicate glasses, information of Schott.

The diffraction experiment was carried out with a Rigaku Geigerflex diffractometer, in which a Cu electrode of 35kV and 20mA was used as the counter of the negative elctrode. The irradiated water sample was filled in a window space of 18x18x1.5 mm in an aluminium plate, both sides of which were covered with fluorocarbon films or with polyethylene films of 35-45 m thickness. The diffraction measurement was always performed at 278 K. The diffraction pattern was measured in the range of 2 = 5-50 degrees with a scan rate of 1 celsius/min. Fig. 42 shows the diffraction intensities of the 5 and 30 min irradiated samples plotted as functions of the diffraction angle 2, along with those of the unirradiated water and the film only.

Fig. 44: (a) Diagrams of scattered intensities of water irradiated by the mineral for 5 min. (black) and 30 min (red), corrected for the cover film. (b) Histograms of intensities of clathrates types 1, 2 and ice; ref.: Yokono T, Shimokawa S, Mizuno T, Yokono M and Yokokawa T.

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Further irradiation for a longer period such as 30 min lowered the intensity by around 2 = 30 degrees. In addition to this the prolonged irradiation gave rise to new peaks at around 0.5 nm and another two at 0.95 nm. Although these peaks were weak, they seemed significant because these long lattice lines appeared repeatedly. Recovery of the original state was not instantaneous and particularly took a long time when irradiation period was lengthened to as long as 30 min. The increase in the diffraction intensity at around 2 = 30 degrees during the first 5 min of irradiation was followed by a decrease in the peak intensity during the continued irradiation of 30 min. a number of the lattice lines fit well with those of clathrate hydrates types 1 and 2, and peaks at around 2 = 10 degrees correspond well to the miller indices of the clathrate hydrates type 1 and 2. Their present conclusion is that IR irradiation induced the ordering of water molecules in liquid water, + resulting in the formation of clathrate hydrates with H2O, H3O or OH as compatible guest solutes. The lattice parameters of clathrates are considered to change with the solute species as well as with the coexistence of the hydrate forms. The excitations of the bending and stretching modes of vibration of a water molecule are known to occur at 6.27 m and 2.6 m, respectively. Since the glass bottle is opaque to IR light of 6.27 m, the bending mode may be activated through energy relaxation mechanisms. Photon energy of this sort may excite the O-HO bonds of the tetrahedral arrangements to a new long range order, the pentagonal dodecahedrons and their clathrates. Increase in the order and its stiffness witth iiradiation imply a stepwise development of the order. H. Geesink proposes that next to IR, also partly FIR plays a role, while the Pyrex glass is partly open for FIR. Phyllosilicates as tested in protection technologies in man-made emitting devices show a spectrum of the central frequency at IR/FIR with comparable low power densities of 0.25 mW/cm2. The significance of the work of T. Yokono, S. Shimokawa lies in the observation that any disturbance with electromagnetic radiation at a non thermal level induces the ordering in liquid water and the order became firm as the irradiation interval was lengthened.

Fig. 45: Changes of X-ray diffraction intensities estimated the fixed angle of 2 = 30 degrees as function of time duration, water after 10 min irradiation (O), after 30 min irradiation (.); ref.: Yokono T, Shimokawa S, Mizuno T, Yokono M and Yokokawa T..

T.Globus et al.: the resonance transfer in the terahertz-region in liquid water closed in between different films, among others polyethylene film, using spacer thicknesses of 12 till 75 micron show the best resonance transfer and could be measured with the lower film thickness. It is known that polyethylene is nearly fully open for terahertz resonances.

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K. Mohri and M. Fukushima in 2010: The magnetization of water molecules has been studied based up + on the assumption of the cyclotron resonance of the water cluster (H3O (H2O)n) which activates the proton transport in water under the geo-magnetic field. Water is magnetized by application of pulse magnetic field with frequencies of 1 till 60 Hz, 1 till 100 muT during 10 min. to 20 hours. The magnetization of the ac magnetized water under the geo-magnetic field is estimated at around 2.3 pT till 1 nT. They have proposed a model for mechanism of the magnetization of water assuming cyclotron resonance of the + water cluster H3O (H2O)n, n = 0; 1; 2; . Under the geo-magnetic field with the cyclotron frequency fn = qB/2pi.m (q: proton charge, m: mass of the water cluster), they concluded: (1) magnetization of magnetized water is measured using a pT-MI sensor, (2) water is magnetized by application of a ultra low frequency magnetic field through few hours in the geo-magnetic field, (3) magnetization of water is accompanied with the long range proton transport (proton activation) which is generated through the cyclotron resonance of water clusters in the geo-magnetic field (Magneto-Protonics model). The proton activation reinforces the ATP production for mitochondria molecular motor operation in the bio cell (bio activation) and is useful for blood flow promotion in the human body, marine culture, plant culture, and industrial applications such as fuel cell activation. X. Pang and B. Deng: It is possible to magnetized water, which has been verified by a peak shift of X-ray diffraction of magnetized water + Fe3O4 hybrid relative to that of pure water + Fe3O4 hybrid. Irreversible effects of infrared absorptions, exponential increase of ultraviolet absorption, more increase of infrared absorption as well as decrease of hydrophobicity of water were obtained. F. Gutirrez-Meja and C. Ruiz-Surez: the AC magnetic susceptibility at medium frequencies, which suggests a paramagnetic behavior of pure water has been shown. The AC magnetic susceptibility of water is studied in the frequency range of 1 kHz1 MHz at a low magnetic field. The results show a paramagnetic behavior between 500 kHz and 1 MHz for samples at 37 C and 25C, which is surprising considering that water is believed to be diamagnetic. A. Bankura and A. Chandra: Hydration clusters have been calculated, and the effects have been measured. A theoretical study of protonated water clusters is carried for varying cluster size and + temperature. The structures of H (H2O)n are found out through quantum chemical calculations for n = 5, 9, 17 and 21. More specifically, they have looked at protonated clusters having 5, 9, 17 and 21 water molecules. First, many of the low energy structures of these clusters are studied by means of quantum chemical calculations and subsequently their finite temperature behavior is investigated by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Different structural isomers with not too different energies are found for these clusters. It is found that the symmetrical four-membered ring structure predominates over the open chain structure at room temperature for n = 5 case. The lowest energy structure of n = 9 is a three dimensional distorted cubic type while two-dimensional tree or net type structures are found to be predominant at room temperature. For n = 17, although the clatherate cage structure with one water molecule in cage cavity and hydronium ion at surface is found to be the lowest energy structure, such cage structures are found to melt at room temperature giving rise to three dimensional open structures. Raising the temperature to 300 K melts the distorted pentagonal dodecahedron by converting some of the three and four-coordinated water molecules to those with one and two hydrogen bonds. The calculated vibrational power spectra from the velocity autocorrelation functions are found to have features that are comparable with the corresponding experimental IR spectra. Due to finite temperature effects, the cages are melted leading to changes in the hydrogen bonding state of water molecules. M. Starzak and M. Mathlouthi in 2003: The cluster formation in water has been described. The proposed model of water clustering in the condensed phase is based on the assumption that the liquid is a thermodynamically ideal mixture of small water clusters in a state of chemical equilibrium. The model has been validated using experimental data, mostly using Raman spectra of the OH-stretching vibrations, 120

related to monomers, dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers and hexamers. The Raman effect occurs when light impinges upon a molecule and interacts with the electron cloud and the bonds of that molecule. For the spontaneous Raman effect, which is a form of light scattering, a photon excites the molecule from the ground state to a virtual energy state. When the molecule relaxes it emits a photon and it returns to a different rotational or vibrational state. A change in the molecular polarization potential or amount of deformation of the electron cloud with respect to the vibrational coordinate is required for a molecule to exhibit a Raman effect. The amount of the polarizability change will determine the Raman scattering intensity. Q. Sun: the different Raman OH stretching band of water have been studied and can be deconvoluted into five sub-bands, which are located at 3041, 3232, 3430, 3557, and 3635 cm-1, and can be assigned to OH-stretching vibrations engaged in the different hydrogen bonds. D. Schmidt et al: six vibrational modes v(OH) of pure water have been studied. Water has a threedimensional spatial network of hydrogen bonds, that gives water its unique properties, hydrogen bonds are formed and broken at subpicosecond scales. Hydrogen bond rearrangement occurs quickly and the interconnected network is well-defined a majority of time. Infrared absorption is well-suited for examining the structural correllations in liquid water as it is directly probed to the interactions of the oscillators and couples to the ground state of the molecules. The different structures (six components) of the stretching mode v(OH) is related to the structure of the water molecules, and although this mode is strictly probing vibrations along the O-H bond, the influence of neighboring hydrogen bonds alter the intramolecular O-H bond and thus the dipole moment and vibrational spectra. The different modes are related to the amount of water molecules present in the network; up to 7 till 8 water molecules, but according Raman and IR also formation and breaking of donor and acceptor type hydrogen bonds, the type of hydrogen bond, number of bonds, and bond angles play a role. The origin of the structure in the stretching band comes from the range of O-H distances in liquid water, which are directly influenced by the extended hydrogen bond network. M. Miyazaki et al.: infrared spectroscopy showed that there is also evidence for protonated water clusters forming nanoscale cages in which three dimensional cages are formed using more than 21 water molecules. N.T. Hunt c.s.: Quantum resonances probably play a role during folding and unfolding of proteins. They have studied the dynamics of water-protein interaction by ultrafast optical Kerr-effect-spectroscopy. G. Preparata and E. Del Giudice: Liquid water is effectively composed of two phases: a gas phase and a coherent domain phase. Coherent domains behave as reservoirs of quasi free electrons, which can be released just by modest excitation (2009). E. Del Giudice, R. M. Pulselli, E. Tiezzic in 2009: Thermodynamics of irreversible processes and quantum field theory, 2009: An interplay for the understanding of ecosystem dynamics. In this way, it is possible to meet a requirement that Prigogine has stressed as essential to the existence of a nature where life could have originated. In Tiezzi (2003), the problem has been summarized as follows: Prigogine reflects that Poincar asked him self whether the physical universe was isomorphic to a system of non interacting units. Energy (the Hamiltonian, H) is generally written as the sum of two terms: the kinetic energy of the units involved and the potential energy of their interactions. Poincar asked whether the interactions could be eliminated. This is a very important question. If the answer is yes, then there may be no coherence in the universe. It was therefore lucky that he proved that interactions cannot generally be eliminated, because of resonances between the various units. The Brussels school worked for years on these problems, identifying a class of dynamic systems known as Large Poincar Systems (LPS), for which it is 121

possible to eliminate Poincar divergence and integrate a class of non integrable Poincar systems. An LPS is a system with a continuous spectrum, characterized by interactions involving integrations over resonances. N. Marchettini, E. DelGiudice, V.L. Voeikov, E. Tiezzi: Water is a medium where dissipative structures are produced by coherent dynamics, 2010. The BelousovZhabotinsky phenomenon is analyzed in a framework where the dynamics of dissipative structures outlined by Prigogine is implemented through the collective dynamics produced in liquid water by Quantum Electrodynamics, which has received recently some experimental support. A mechanism allowing the appearance of self-produced oscillations is suggested. The thermodynamics of irreversible processes (TIP) pioneered by Prigogine and the quantum field theory (QFT). M.W. Ho and A. Szent-Gyorgyi: Free electrons and quantum resonances in water structures occur and water is quantum coherent under ordinary conditions, according to a quantum electrodynamics field theory, and revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. P.U. Jepsen in the future project: THz-BREW are now studying the Terahertz broadband relaxation dynamics of electrons in water. The project aims at measuring and understanding ultrafast relaxational dynamics in water. Liquid water is held together by a strong, yet flexible network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. If the water molecules are disturbed from their equilibrium position, for instance by an electric field, they will return to their equilibrium position in a characteristic manner. Since this relaxation influences the dielectric properties (the permittivity) of the liquid, the process is known as dielectric relaxation. Solvated electrons play a crucial role in aqueous chemistry, and a detailed understanding of the dynamics of the solvated electron is highly relevant for optimization of chemical reactions taking place in aqueous environments. P.U. Jepsen is Head of the THz Technologies & Biophotonics Group at DTU Fotonik.

16.9 Resonant transfer of phyllosilicates

Phyllosilicates show resonances at ELF, VLF, microwave, terahertz, IR, light, UV and X-ray. Weak THzoscillations occur in the mineral itself, next to IR and light frequencies and has been used to restore well being disturbed by non ionizing radiation, and used as a coating on a film applied in devices emitting manmade non ionizing radiation. The surrounding atmospheric supplies these resonances. The ions in the silicate resonate with OH-stretching and bending mode of residual water present in the mineral and have resonances in the IR and FIR-band and can be transferred to hydrogen-bonded neighboring water molecules,(Poinsignon, Cases, Fripiat, Yitagesu, Schmidt). The structure in the OH- band is directly related to the O-H bond length, and variations in this bond length are related to the influence of the surrounding hydrogen-bonded network of water molecules. The sum of these resonances are used to organize water molecules. But not only in silicates, also other elements/minerals present in the atmosphere and top-layer of the earth can be used to organize water molecules. Conformational states and ordering of water molecules with coherent behavior take place in and around Thz resonances/frequencies at temperatures of living beings, and are near an equilibrium. The organization of these water molecules by silicates has been studied by Sposito at a near distance of the mineral. Yokono and Shimokawa have studied the resonance effects of another type of mineral, but 122

acting at a longer distance from water molecules in the IR-band. The silicate assembly has been coated on a film, and applied in mob. phones to restore well-being complaints. It has been coated in a nanoassembly and acts as a metamaterial, which has multiple individual nano-platelets arranged in periodic patterns. Their precise shape, geometry, size, orientation and arrangement affect the waves of light, IR, and FIR. The metamaterial combines ion-scale oscillators (doped ions) with micron/sub-micron photonic/electron resonant platelet cavities with dimensions in between 0.05 microns and 1 mm. Platelet lengths around 1 mm are around far infrared, 100 micron are far infrared, 30 micron are mid infrared, 1 micron are near infrared, 0.3 micron are light frequencies. The following elements in the silicate platelets have been used to generate the different frequencies. C. Poinsignon, J.M. Cases and J.J. Fripiat (1978), have studied precisely the resonant coefficients of OHstretching and bending mode of residual water in silicates/smectites, which depend upon the types of the doped cations of the phyllosilicate.

Table 2: Absorption coefficient of the OH stretching bands of the residual water molecules in the cation hydration shell and the H2O bending band.

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Table 3: vibration frequencies (cm-1) observed in homoionic hectorites.

Fig. 46: Absorption coefficients obatained for the monohydrates, plotted with respect to Ze/R^2. Ze is the cationic charge and R the sum of cationic radius and of the oxygen radius.

D.L. Barker studied the metamaterials, and the modulations at Thz-frequencies. Biological agents have abundant and recognized resonances in the THz region. Thermally powered low dimensional nano-scale oscillators in coupled micro-scale photonic crystal resonant cavities for generation of terahertz or infrared radiation and combines ion-scale oscillators with micron/sub-micron photonic/electron resonant platelet cavities with dimensions of 0.3 till 1 micrometer. To improve coupling efficiency, the oscillators and cavities have been exhibited in a physical geometry, so that they are substantially mode-matched.

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P.A. Schroeder: Far infrared study of the interlayer torsional-vibrational mode of mixed-layer illite/smectites.

Fig. 47: linear dependence of torsional mode vibrational frequency (open circles) and d(001) of heated samples (solid circles) on the square root of the interlayer cation formal charge (z) and the atomic mass (m) in Llano vermiculite.

Fig. 48: Wavenumbers of the A-O vibration versus Z/m for Na , NH , K , Rb , Cs , Ca , Sr , and Ba ions (Laperche, 1991); A = the compensating cation, Z = charge, m = atomic mass.

4+

2+

2+

2+

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Figure 49: Transmittance curves of quartz.

Graph. 50: FIR transmittance of a phyllosilicate, Geesink.

N.R. J. Poolton in 2001: Interference with free electrons by electron cyclotron resonance and ECR measured in the precursor: NaAlSi3O8 feldspar. S. Aronowitz and L. Coyne c.s. in 1981:about quantum-chemical modeling of smectite clays.

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Ting-Kai Leung c.s. studied thee physical, chemical and biological effects by room temperature ceramic far-infrared ray emitting material irradiated water: a pilot study carried out in Taiwan. Far infrared ray (FIR) is non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths of 4-16 micron. Ceramic far infrared ray emitting materials (cFIR) are sources of FIR that exhibit only non-thermal effects at room temperature. He has demonstrated that cFIR irradiation reduced the size of water clusters, and significantly increased the freezing temperature of water.The effects of cFIR irradiated water on living cells were also investigated. It is reasonable that the water clusters were destroyed by cFIR irradiation by breaking the OH-O bonds in the clusters. Since the hydrogen bonding involves interactions between a proton and hetero-atoms, the structural parameters of the hydrogen bonding cannot always be determined directly by NMR methods. The reduction in the size of water clusters need to be observed by other techniques, such as X-ray diffraction method (fig.50).

Fig. 51. The cFIR-treated tap water and control tap water were 47.6 and 67.7 Hz, respectively, measured by 17O-NMR spectrum study, represent higher field shift of the resonance signal (a lower frequency) noted in the cFIR-irradiated tap water.

16.10 Comparison of models of Illinger, Betskii, Avakyan, Gebbensleben and Geesink

A comparison of models of Illinger, Betskii, Avakyan, Gebbensleben and Geesink, related to effects of non thermal natural and man made radiation on water molecules/biopolymers: 1) Illinger c.s. 1970: Resonances of structural water molecules are important. Multi quantum processes and coherence is more stable than energy of thermal motion of molecules art room temperature. Influences of EMFs on structural water and conformational states of biopolymers are possible.

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Illinger, Prohofsky, Grant, Staub and Adey propose models in the seventies about the influence of electromagnetic radiation on biopolymers and the role of structural H2O, which is a salient entity in the stabilization of conformational structures of biopolymers in general, and appears to be a crucial component in the formation of metastable states associated, in particular with coherent electromagnetic oscillations.

2) Model Betskii, 2000: Multi quantum processes and coherence play a role. Discrete resonances of water molecules are primarily important.

3) Model Avakyan 2006: Microwaves/terahertz and electrons in upper atmosphere play a role. Microwaves/terahertz resonances and water clathrates are coupled and crucial for our well being or non well-being. Rydberg states are the central parameter and resonances of gasses coming from upper atmosphere play a role.

4) Model Gebbensleben 2010: Waves and fields at terahertz frequencies play a role. Free electrons play a role. Living organisms have biosensors. Difference in natural and unnatural waves.

5) Proposed model Geesink 2013: Multi quantum resonances play a role in a natural Field. Resemblence with model about weak coherent condensates according to Frhlich. Resemblence with models of new aether physics of N. Haramein and D. Winter. Resemblence with waves and field described by Gebbensleben. Terahertz are central frequencies, and also related to coherent and non-coherent resonances of water molecules and clathrates and their Rydberg states. Man made non ionizing/non thermal EMFs are not resonant with natural resonances and Rydbergs states. Resonances can be made more stable or even stable by introducing resonant energy transfer of metamaterials: phyllosilicate minerals at a non thermal level.

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Fig. 52. Comparison of the different models (to be added model of Gebbensleben).

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16.11 Description of phyllosilicates

The structures of layered silicates can be described by: a chemical composition (Ca, Na, H)(Al, Mg, Fe, Zn)2(Si, Al)4O10(OH)2 - xH2O and as two dimensional tetrahedral sheets, in which individual tetrahedral are linked with neighboring tetrahedral by sharing three corners each (the basal oxygens) to form an hexagonal mesh pattern. The fourth tetrahedral corner (the apical oxygen) points in the direction normal to the sheet and at he same time forms part of an immediately adjacent octahedral sheet in which octahedral are linked laterally by sharing octahedral edges. The commom plane of junction between tetrahedral and octahedral sheets consists of the shared apical oxygens plus unshared OH groups that lie at the center of each tetrahedral six-fold ring at the same z-level as the apical oxygens. F may substitue for OH in some 2+ 3+ species. The octahedral cations normally are Mg, Al, Fe and Fe , but also medium-sized cations such as Li, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn also occur in some species. The assemblage formed by linking one tetrahydral sheet with one octahedral sheet is known as a 1:1 layer. In such layers the uppermost, unshared plane of anions in the octahedral sheet consists entirely of OH groups. A 2:1 layer links two tetrahedral sheets with one octahedral sheet. In order to accomplish this linkage, the upper tetrahedral sheets must be inverted so that its apical oxygens point down and can be shared with the octahedral sheet below. Both octahedral anion planes then are of the same O, OH compositions. If the 1:1 or 2:1 layers are not electrostatically neutral, the excess layer charge is neutralized by various interlayer materials, including individual cations, hydrated cations, and hydroxide octahedral groups and sheets. The total assemblage of a layer plus interlayer is referred as a structure unit. It contains more chemical formula units. The individual sheets making up a layer are arranged at different ways: a) position of hexagonal rings of tetraeders, b) distortion of hexagonal rings depending upon used cations, c) different interlaying stacking angles between the layers, d) shifts in x1, x2, x3, directions of hexagonal planes), a.o. Each composition has its own X-ray pattern. Phyllosilicates show electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR): By means of EPR spectroscopy some types 3+ of paramagnetic defects had been detected in unirradiated and irradiated natural samples. Fe 3+ substituting for Al at two octahedral positions causing the spectra at geff. ~ 4.3. These spectra could be found in all samples. The highest concentrations are in illite and montmorillonite and the lowest in dickite and nacrite samples. After -irradiation the intensity decreases due to the partial reduction of trivalent iron to the divalent. The other important group of paramagnetic centers are the radiation induced paramagnetic defect centers (RID) with spectra at geff. ~ 2.0. Various centers could be detected. The so called A centers are assigned to electron holes trapped on apical oxygens (Si-O-centers) with different orientations. The B center is assigned to an electron hole located at the Al-O-Al group (Al substituting Si in the tetrahedron) and shows an intense HFS with 27Al nuclei. The signal intensity of both centers varies for different clay minerals. In illite and montmorillonite RID could not be detected. The highest concentrations of RID were measured in well crystallized kaolinite. After irradiation the intensity of RID centers in kaolin group clay minerals strongly increases. The intensity of B center increases more strongly as those of the A centers (see ref. 87).

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Fig. 53: phyllosilicate mineral: stacking of 10-100 nano-platelets

Figure 54: Molecular structure of 2:1 phyllosilicate [Van Bekkum]

A possible cation composition of a phyllosilicate assembly: Alkali metal elements: Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Ba.

Transition metal elements: Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Zr, Hf. Lanthanides: La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Yb, Lu. Actinides: Th, U. Main group elements: Si, Al, Sb.

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16.12 Study of Smirnov

I.Smirvov has discussed the effect of a modified electromagnetic field on the molecular structure of liquid water, which has a lot of analogies with the former chapters. Modern research in biophysics proved that even slight change in molecular structure of water could dramatically change physical and physiological properties of water. Water has the capacity to receive, store and to pass on information in the form of electromagnetic signals. In general this process is similar to the process of receiving and storing information in the silicon chips of modern electronics. It is probable that the information retention within water results from dynamic modification of the molecular structure of water. This property of water is especially important for living organisms: on the one hand water acts as an information carrier within the organism itself, while on the other hand; essential information necessary for life is carried by water from the outside environment into the metabolism. It is generally known that all metabolic reactions in two living organisms take place within colloidal solutions. In colloidal solutions substances are dispersed in such a fine manner that they can no longer be differentiated from the liquid. Important examples are blood, plant juices, etc. Disturbances of these colloidal systems, or even worse, their total disruption, are synonymous with degenerative conditions of diseases. There is a relationship between the health of living organisms and the colloidal state in its tissues. The stability of colloidal solutions stands in a direct physical relationship to the molecular structure of water. It is important for the stability of colloidal systems that the structure of water exerts a great degree of organization upon the colloidal particles. The extent and propagation of such an ordered state throughout the water could be described as its information content. Another word the more organized the molecular structure of water the more stable is colloidal system. In this way we can recognize the relationship between the function of water as the carrier of information and its role as the fundamental carrier medium for colloidal systems. Good drinking water, which meets these requirements, can stabilize the colloidal condition within our body fluids and considerably influence and promote cellular health. Whether or not water can meet these requirements cannot be determined exclusively through quantitative analysis of dissolved substances or chemical purity tests. An equally important determining factor, perhaps having even greater significance, is the prior physical history of the water itself. There are lots of types of purified waters such as spring, distilled, colloidal, and nanoclustered waters. But no process has previously been known which can alter the molecular structure of water without any foreign substances being introduced into the water. This invention relies on the idea that electromagnetic radiation can affect the atomic and molecular structures of substances. This fact was proved by specific class of experiments involving Rydberg atoms - atoms with an electron in a highly extended orbital (Rydberg Atoms - Giants of the Atomic World by F. Barry Dunning in Science Spectra issue 3, pp. 34-38, 1995). The effect an electromagnetic force has on an atom depends on the atoms electronic structure during the interaction. One could imagine that the application of the appropriate time-dependent force to an atom could alter its electronic structure in a specific way, thereby controlling its response to subsequent radiative or collisional processes. Furthermore, the specificity of certain reactions of electronic structure might be exploited to reconstruct the motion of the atomic electron cloud. The key to the manipulation of electronic structure in atoms is the generation of electromagnetic fields or radiation that will push and pull the electronic wave function in a controlled and reproducible way. (Modifying Atomic Architecture by Robert R. Jones in Science Spectra Issue 22, pp. 52-59, 2000). The mechanism that explains the effect of electromagnetic fields on water is related to the existence of defects in molecular structure of water. The stable structural changes in water were detected in experiments by the UV luminescence spectrophotometer. They have been attributed to different water structural defects that include specific centers of luminescence. The nuclear proton spins were considered to be a primary targets of external magnetic fields, since proton lattice of water molecules is unstable and asymmetric. The structural metastability of water was associated with microscopic orbital currents of 132

protons in water-molecular hexagons, and deviation from the stochiometric composition of water. The effects of memory of water interacting with electromagnetic fields were supposed to originate from the oscillations of water molecular hexagons.

16.13 Organization scheme towards biomolecules

Figure 55: Organization scheme towards biomolecules (interaction with the backfield or zero point field might occur at the level of Frhlich condensates).

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16.14 References used

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