Alphabet Test

Under this we deal with different types of questions based on English Alphabets.

Important Facts About Letters

3. We know A, E , I, 0 and U are vowels of English alphabet and remaining letters are consonants of English alphabets. 4. A 4 M (A to M) letters are called first half of English alphabets. 5. N 4 Z (N to Z) letters are called second half of English alphabets. 6. To the left means Z A (Z to A) 7. To the right means A Z (A to Z) 8. From A Z (A to Z) letters are called left to right of English alphabets. 9. From Z A (Z to A) letters are called right to left of English alphabets. Types of Question Based on Alphabet Test There are four types of questions based on Alphabet test: Type I Arrangement According to Dictionary Arranging words in alphabetical order implies to arrange them in the order as they appear in a dictionary. For this arrangement, first we shall consider the first letter of each word. Arrange the words in the order in which these letters comes in the English alphabets.

Number, Ranking and Time Sequence Test

In this chapter, we deal with questions which are followed with a sequence consisting numbers, ranking and time. We have to find answers on the basis of given condition. The importance of such types of questions cannot be over-emphasised as their presence in a test of reasoning is almost certain. Though no explanations are required as how to attempt these questions in exams. In this chapter, generally we will deal three types of questions. They are based on

Type 1 Number Test

In these types of questions, a number, a set of numbers, series of digit is given and the candidate is asked to trace out digit following certain given conditions. Example 1 How many 5s are there in the following number sequence which are immediately preceded by 7 and immediately followed by 6? Terms : 7 5 5 9 4 5 7 6 4 5 9 8 7 5 6 7 6 4 3 2 5 6 7 8 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 Solution. (a) Here,7 5 5 9 4 5 7 6 4 5 9 8 7 5 6 7 6 4 3 2 5 6 7 8 Preceded by 7 and followed by 6 So, there is only one such 5. Example 2: How many even numbers are there in the following series of numbers, each of which is immediately preceded by an odd number, but not immediately followed by an even number? Terms : 5 3 4 8 9 7 1 6 5 3 2 9 8 7 3 5 (a) Nil (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 Solution. (d) There are three such even numbers 6, 2, 8 each of which is preceded by an odd number and not followed by an even number. 5 3 4 8 9 7 1 6 3 2 9 8 7 3 5 Example (Q. Nos. 3 to 4) Following questions are based on the five three-digit numbers given below

519364287158835 Example 3: If the positions of the first and the third digit within each number are interchanged, which of the following will be the third digit of the second lowest number? (a) 9 (b) 4 (c) 7 (d) 5 Solutions. (d) According to the question, after the position of the first and third digit interchanged new numbers are 519 915, 364 463, 287 782, 158 851, 835 538 So, second lowest number = 538 835 Hence, third digit of the second lowest number = 5 Example 4: Which of the following is the difference between the second digit of the lowest and the highest of these numbers? (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0 Solutions. (c) According to the question, difference between the second digit of the lowest and the highest number = 5 3 = 2 Example 5: The positions of how many digits in the number 3 5 1 4 6 2 9 8 7 will remain unchanged after the digits are rearranged in ascending order within the number? (a) None (b) One (c) Two (d) Three Solution. (c) Hence, 4 and 8 digit remains unchanged after the rearrangement. Example 6: The positions of the first and the sixth digit in the number 5 1 0 9 2 3 8 6 7 4 are interchanged. Similarly, the positions of the second and the seventh digit are interchanged and so on. Which of the following will be the third digit from the right end after the rearrangement? (a) 9 (b) 0

(c) 6 (d) 3 Solution. (b) Given number = 5109238674 According to the question, after interchanging digits, new number = 3867451092 Hence, third digit from the right end = 0

Type 2 Ranking Test

In these types of questions, generally the ranks of a person both from the top and from the bottom are mentioned and the total number of persons is asked. Example 7: A class of boys stands in a single line. One boy is nineteenth in order from both the ends. How many boys are there in the class? (a) 27 (b) 37 (c) 38 (d) 39 Solution. (b) Clearly, number of boys in the row = (18 + 18 + 1) = 37 The question can be solved by formula also, total number of boys in the row = 19 + 19 - 1 = 37 Formula Total number of persons in a row or class = (Rank of a person from upper end or left end) + (Rank of that person from lower or right end) - 1 Example 8 Anu and Vinay are ranked seventh and eleventh respectively from the top in a class of 31 students. What will be their respective ranks from the bottom in the class? (a) 20th and 24th (b) 24th and 20th (c) 25th and 21st (d) None of these Solution. (c) Number of students behind Anu in rank = (31 7) = 24 So, Anu is 25th from the bottom. So, Number of students behind Vinay in rank = (31 11) = 20 So, Vinay is 21st from the bottom. This question can be solved by formula also, Anus rank from the bottom = 31 7 + 1 = 25th Vinays rank from the bottom = 31 11 + 1 = 21st Formula Rank of a person from lower or right end = (Total number of persons in row) (Rank of that person from upper or left end) + 1

Example 9: In a class of 42 students, Maheshs rank is 16th from the bottom. What is his rank from the top? (a) 25th (b) 26th (c) 24th (d) 27th Solution. (d) Number of students ahead Mahesh in rank = 42 16 = 26 So, Maheshs rank is 27th from the top. This question can he solved by formula also. Maheshs rank from the top = 42 16 + 1 = 27th Formula Rank of a person from upper or left end = (Total number of persons in row) - (Rank of that person from lower or right end) + 1

Syllogism
TThe word Syllogism is also referred to Logic. Syllogism is an important section of logical reasoning and hence, a working knowledge of its rules is required on the part of the candidate. Hence, it can be expressed as the Science of thought as expressed in language. The questions based on syllogism can be solved by using Venn diagrams and some rules devised with the help of analytical ability. With this unique characteristic, this test becomes an instrument of teaching the candidates to follow the rules and work as per the instructions without an error. Here, only the basic concept and rules, which have a bearing on reasoning faculty could alone help. There are some terminology which are used in syllogism.

Proposition
It is also referred to as Premises. It is a sentence which asserts that either a part of, or the whole of, one sets of objects-the set identified by the subject term in the sentence expressing that sentence either is included in, or is excluded from, another set-the set identified by the predicate term in that sentence.

Types of Proposition

Categorical Proposition: There is relationship between the subject and the predicate without any condition. Example : I. All beams are logs. II. No rod is stick. Hypothetical Proposition: There is relationship between subject and predicate which is asserted conditionally. Example : I. If it rains he will not come. II. If he comes, I will accompany him. Disjunctive Proposition In a disjunctive proposition the assertion is of alteration. Example : I. Either he is brave or he is strong. II. Either he is happy or he cannot take revenge.

Parts of Proposition
It consists of four parts. 1. Quantifier: In quantifier the words, all, no and some are used as they express quantity. All and no are universal quantifiers because they refer to every object in a certain set. And quantifier some is a particular quantifier because it refers to at least one existing object in a certain set. 2. Subject: It is the word about which something is said. 3. Predicate: It is the part of proposition which denotes which is affirmed or denied about the subject. 4. Copula: It is the part of proposition which denotes the relation between the subject and predicate. Four-fold classification of categorical proposition: On the basis of quality and quantity of proposition we can classify them in four categories. To draw valid inferences it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the A, E, I, O relationship as given in the table. 1. Universal affirmative or A-type proposition. 2. Universal negative or E-type proposition. 3. Particular affirmative or I-type proposition. 4. Particular negative or O-type proposition.

Rules for Mediate Inference

First introduced by Aristotle, a syllogism is a deductive argument in which conclusion has to be drawn from two propositions referred to as premises. Now consider an example. Statement: I. Vinay is a boy. II. All boys are honest. Conclusion I. Vinay is honest. First two sentences I and II are called propositions and the sentence I is called conclusion. This conclusion is drawn from above given two propositions.

Types of Questions Asked in the Examination

There are mainly two types of questions which may be asked under this 1. When premises are in specified form Here premise is in specified form. Here mainly two propositions are given. Propositions may be particular to universal; universal to particular; particular to particular; universal to universal. 2. When premises are in jumbled/mixed form Here at least three or more than three proposition are given. Here pair of two propositions out of them follow as same as in specified form.

Type 1 Premises in Specified Forms

Case 1: The conclusion does not contain the middle term Middle term is the term common to both the premises and is denoted by M. Hence, for such case, conclusion does not contain any common term belong to both premises. Example 1 Statement: I. All men are girls. II. Some girls are students. Conclusions I. All girls are men. II. Some girls are not students. Solution. Since, both the conclusions I and II contain the middle term girls so neither of them can follow. Venn diagram Representation: All possible cases can be drawn by using Venn diagram