INDEX

1,1,1-trichloroethane: in airplane environments, 68.12 in residential and commercial buildings, 66.13 sources, 5.12 1,3 butadiene, 68.8 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 62.12 2-hydroxymethylpiperazine gas chromatography method, 32.18 30/30 filter (Farr) efficiency, 7.4 4-phenylcyclohexane (4-PC) CRI emissions criteria, 62.12 half-life, 33.10 95 percent DOP filter efficiency, 9.15 A effect (pulmonary air flow alterations), 23.7, 23.37, 23.38, 23.40 A-weighted decibel curve, 19.1, 19.319.4 Absolute humidity (see Dew point) Access rating, in asbestos hazard assessments, 37.15 Accident rates, and thermal comfort, 16.216.3, 16.7 Accuracy, in measurements, 51.551.6 (See also Precision; Uncertainty) Acetaldehyde, 32.2 adverse health effects, 32.1132.12 sampling techniques, 32.17 sources, exposure levels, 5.12, 32.7, 32.1032.11, 51.2 uses for, 32.10 Acetate esters: chemosensory detection threshold, 20.7, 20.9 potency estimates, 23.34 sources, exposure levels, 5.12 ACGIH (see American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) Acoustic environment: and building-related illness, 54.18 HVAC systems, 19.419.8 and indoor air quality, 60.860.9 infrasound, 19.819.11 loudness, 19.2 noise, 19.1119.13 power/intensity/pressure levels, 19.419.5 sound level measurement, 19.1, 19.1519.19 sound levels, acceptable, 19.1419.15 wave frequency and velocity, 19.2 Acrolein, 32.2, 32.1232.13 adverse health effects, 32.13 sampling techniques, 32.17 sources, exposure levels, 32.7, 32.1232.13 uses for, 32.12

Activated carbon: activating, 10.210.3 ASTM standards, 10.310.5 chemical-impregnated, 10.1410.16 effect of water vapor on, 10.810.9 handling of mixtures, 10.910.10 maintenance requirements, 10.1310.14 measuring adsorption capacity, 10.510.7 measuring adsorption efficiency, 10.710.8 (See also Adsorption beds) Activated charcoal VOC sampling, 33.233.3 Active noise, 19.719.8 Activity, and metabolic rates, 15.7 Actuators (HVAC system), 12.2 Acute toxicity tests, 70.10 Adaptive model of thermal comfort, 15.1115.14, 22.8 Addiction, and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.15 Adhesives, VOC emissions from, 33.8, 33.10, 60.10, 62.1262.13 Adsorption beds, 10.210.3 activated carbon requirements, 10.310.7 cleaning/maintenance requirements, 10.1310.14 designing, 10.1010.12 handling of mixtures, 10.910.10 installing, 10.11, 10.13 measuring capacity of, 10.510.7 measuring efficiency of, 10.710.8 Adverse reproductive effects (see Reproductive problems) Aerosol photometer filter scan test method (Cold DOP test), 9.16 Aerosols: aerosolized medicine exposure, 65.965.10 characteristics of, 9.19.3 infectious agents: in building-related illness (BRI), 3.3 collecting in air filters, 9.23 controlling, 11.311.7 in hospital environments, 65.565.6 particle bounce, 9.5 particle size, 9.29.3, 9.5 test dusts, 9.129.14 Aflatoxins, 46.6 (See also Fungus exposure) Agar plates, 64.10 Age, and sensory discomfort, 17.317.4 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), exposure limits, 51.4

I.3 I.1

I.4

INDEX

Agricultural environments, gram-negative bacteria in, 42.3 AHU (see Air-handling unit) Air change rate, 52.352.4 air changes per hour (ACH), 6.76.8 calculating, 52.4 occupancy -related, 52.1852.19 outdoor air, 52.19 whole building rates, 52.1752.18 in ice arenas, 67.3 Air circulation (see Airflow, ambient) Air cleaners, 9.249.25 Air cleaning devices: and asthma/allergic disease, 4.15 cleaning/maintenance requirements, 9.249.25 criteria for choosing: costs, 9.17 design considerations, 9.21 cyclones, 9.89.9 design considerations, 60.6 effectiveness of, 4.13, 9.129.19 electronic air cleaners, 9.79.8 filters, 9.49.7, 9.109.12 handling of biological particles, 9.23 inertial separators, 9.89.9 ion generators, 9.26 louvers, 9.89.9 portable, 9.25 scrubbers, 9.10 upgrading/improving, 9.239.24 Air conditioning: ASHRAE classifications, 5.16 need for, 2.7 numbers and types of units, 6.56.7, 6.9 and respiratory disease, 4.6 (See also Cooling system) Air diffusion: in HVAC systems, 8.58.6, 8.88.9 performance index (ADPI), 8.88.9 (See also Airflow) Air disinfection: filtration for, 11.711.8 history of, 11.111.2 ventilation systems, 11.411.10 Air exchange rate (see Ventilation rate) Air, expired, VOCs in, 33.4 Air filters/filtration, 9.6 activated carbon adsorption beds, 10.210.14 airflow rate variability, 9.259.26 ASHRAE standards for, 7.4 biological particles, 9.23 cleaning/maintenance requirements, 9.239.25 controlling airborne infection using, 4.44.5, 11.711.8 criteria for choosing, 9.17 design considerations, 60.6, 60.8, 63.463.5 effects on pressurization, 9.4 efficiency, 7.4 monitoring approaches, 9.129.17 particle size and, 9.49.6

Air filters/filtration (Cont.): filter types/methods, 9.49.7, 9.109.12 UL class 1 and class 2, 9.16 improving, cost-benefit analysis, 4.284.29 self-charging filters, 9.26 water treatment using, 8.30 (See also Air cleaning devices) Air Filtration and Ventilation Centre, 51.12 Air fresheners/deodorants, VOC emissions from, 33.10 Air grilles, in mechanical ventilation systems, 13.13 Air-handling unit (AHU), 7.17.2 good design practices, 63.4 negative pressurization problems, 7.3 reverse airflow measurement, 12.1012.11 Air, historical views of, 2.22.5 (See also Indoor air quality) Air infiltration (see Infiltration rates; Outdoor air) Air inlet (intake), 13.13 (See also HVAC systems) Air leakage: and indoor air monitoring, 51.2751.29 measuring, 52.4 Air pollution (see Aerosols) Air purifiers, ozone-generating by, 10.18 Air quality reservoir, 13.5 Air sampling (see Sampling and assessment methods) Air Sampling Instruments (ACGIH), 51.11 Air speed, 15.7 Air-tight construction (see Closed buildings) Air velocity, 59.2 infectious aerosol particle transport, 11.3 (See also Airflow, ambient) Air vents, 13.6 Airborne infection: causes of, 11.211.3 controlling, 11.411.8 and eye irritation, 17.11 Pontiac fever, 3.3, 48.248.3 Airflow, ambient: airflow rate calculations: in ducts, 52.7 flow hood measurements, 52.1552.16 hot-wire traverses, 52.1452.15 inlet, outlet rates, 52.752.8 outdoor flow rate measurement, 12.9 Pitot tube traverses, 52.1352.14 at supply outlets, exhaust inlets, 52.752.8 tracer gas measurements, 52.15 vane anemometer measurements, 52.1552.16 ventilation rates, 52.352.4 during atrium fires: exhaust calculations, 14.814.10 filling calculations, 14.1114.12 minimum smoke depth layer, 14.1214.13 natural ventilation, 14.12 computer modeling, 14.314.4 controlling, 12.9 in day care centers, 69.669.8

INDEX

I.5

Airflow, ambient (Cont.): in diffusion-based systems, 8.58.6, 8.88.12 dynamic nature of, 59.2 effect on gasoline emission levels, 68.968.10 effects of air filtration on, 9.239.26 effects of heat exchangers on, 8.248.28 effects of ventilation system on, 52.5 evaluating during IAQ investigations, 49.1149.12, 51.27 monitoring studies, 12.412.5, 51.2651.27 and natural ventilation, 13.5 and outdoor air sources, 52.452.5 pattern studies: pressure differences, 52.852.9 smoke tubes for, 52.8 tracer gas for, 52.8, 52.952.10 and pollutant movement, 52.5 reverse rate measurement, 12.10 stack effect, 52.5 supply air in plenums/ducts, 8.68.9 through cooling towers, 8.34 ultrafine particle distribution, 50.2 unducted, 5.8 Airflow, pulmonary: in animal bioassays (A effect), 23.7, 23.37, 23.38 in automated bioassays, 24.224.3 Airplane environments, 69.1269.13 Airs, Waters, Places (Hippocrates), 2.2 Alcohols, aliphatic, chemosensory detection threshold, 20.520.8 Aldehydes, 5.12, 32.132.2 acetaldehyde, 32.1032.12 acrolein, 32.1232.13 adverse health effects, 32.19 chemosensory detection threshold, 20.9, 20.12 glutaraldehyde, 32.1332.15 occupational exposure standards (table), 32.11 preventing infiltration of, 60.7 RD50 values, 32.3 reactions with nitric oxides, 32.18 reactions with ozone, 32.18 removal methods, 10.14 sampling methods, 51.25 sources, 65.7 Alkylbenzenes, 5.12 chemosensory detection threshold, 20.8, 20.11 Alkylphenols: adverse health effects, 34.21 sources and levels, 34.1534.18 Allergens, 43.143.3 aerodynamic particle diameter, 9.29.3 airborne rubber proteins, 41.141.6 in airplane environments, 68.13 from animals, 28.9 in bus, train and subway environments, 68.12 in cleaning service chemicals, 5.10 in day care center environments, 69.11 dust mites, 43.343.6 evaluating during IAQ investigations, 49.1649.17 German cockroach, 43.643.7

Allergens (Cont.): in library environments, 67.1167.12 protein purification methods, 43.243.3 and sick building syndrome, 53.6 skin reactions to, 28.728.9 skin testing, 43.1, 43.3 Allergic alveolitis (see Hypersensitivity pneumonitis) Allergic dermatitis, and pollen exposure, 44.14 Allergic fungal sinusitis, 45.1445.15 Allergic (hypersensitivity) disease, 3.3, 4.114.15, 54.13 allergic fungal sinusitis, 54.15 allergic rhinitis, 54.1454.15 controlling, 4.154.17 and fiber exposure, 37.1637.17 and fungus exposure, 45.1445.15 and microbial contaminants, 49.6 versus multiple chemical intolerance, 27.4 prevalence of, 5.3 productivity costs, 4.15, 4.16 skin disorders, 28.728.9 (See also Allergens; Asthma; Multiple chemical intolerance) Allergic rhinitis, and pollen exposure, 44.14 Alpha particles, 40.2 (See also Radon) Alternative building/furnishing materials (see Lowpolluting materials) Alumina, potassium permanganate-impregnated, 10.1410.16 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI), 45.8 American Chemical Society, 51.12 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): Air Sampling Instruments, 51.11 bioaerosol standards, 45.20 indoor air quality standards, 5.8 relative limit values (RLVs), endotoxin exposure limits, 42.11 STEL exposure limits, carbon dioxide, 51.2 threshold limit values (TLVs), 32.15, 51.351.4 aldehydes, 32.11 carbon dioxide, 51.251.3 cellulose, 37.637.7 hazard rating using, 62.462.6 pesticides, 35.14 American Institute of Architects (AIA): Building Materials Guide, 62.12 Environmental Resource Guide, 5.8 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM): Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 51.12 building material testing program, 62.12 guidelines, consensus standards: activated carbon standards, 1015 Building Constructions, 51.12 indoor air quality model verification, 58.858.11 Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres, 51.12

I.6

INDEX

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (Cont.): methods: air leakage (fan pressurization test), 52.4 airborne pesticides, 35.5 ASTM E 981 method automation, 24.124.23 carbon monoxide, 51.1851.20 chlordane/heptachlor, 35.5 complex mixture evaluations, 23.1323.16 formaldehyde, 51.25 gases and vapors, 51.1951.20 IAQ model evaluation, 51.27 odor concentration measurement, 20.520.6 odor intensity measurement, 21.421.6 ozone, 51.1951.20 tracer gas measurements, 52.8 VOCs, 51.22 mouse bioassay approval, 23.7 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (ASHVE), 15.10 American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) definitions/classification systems: mixed ventilation systems, 5.16 synthetic vitreous fibers, 37.437.6 ventilation, 5.145.19, 52.3 energy use modeling, 57.657.7 handbooks: ASHRAE Applications Handbook, 12.2 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, 16.10 Energy Conservation in New Building Design 90-75, 2.8 Fundamentals, 63.3 methods: filter testing, 9.149.17 test dust, 9.13, 9.15 research laboratory, 2.6 standards, guidelines: air cleaners, 10.13 air filters, 7.4, 9.14 for building documentation, 63.4 comfort, 15.1015.11, 15.12, 15.1315.14 for commissioning HVAC systems, 61.1, 63.4, 63.7 filter efficiency, 50.10 ice arenas and stadiums, 67.3 thermal environment, 2.2, 8.32, 15.815.9, 63.3 ventilation systems, 2.1, 2.82.9, 5.4, 5.65.7, 51.3 thermal sensation scale, 15.815.9 American Thoracic Society, sick building syndrome definition, 3.4 Amines, saturated aliphatic, potency estimates, 23.34 Amosite, 38.2 (See also Asbestos) Amphiboles, 38.2 (See also Asbestos) Analogies, in risk communication, 70.30, 70.34 Analysis of Smoke Control System (ASCOS), 14.3 Analytic methods (see Sampling and assessment methods)

Anaphylaxis, latex-sensitivity and, 41.5 Andersen Sampler, 51.15, 51.17 Anemometers, 52.7 Anemophilous pollen, 44.144.2 Anesthetic gas exposure, 65.865.9 Animal allergens: adverse health effects, 43.11 in day care centers, 69.5 dust levels and, 43.11 exposure reduction strategies, 43.1043.11 and skin disorders, 28.9 (See also Cat allergens; Dog allergens; German cockroach allergens) Annoyance, from noise, 19.1119.12 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 51.12 Annual risk, 70.14 Anosmic research subjects, 20.320.4 ANSI/AHAM AC-1, 9.16 Anthophyllite, 38.2 (See also Asbestos) Anthropotoxin, 22.2 Antibodies, rubber-specific, testing for, 41.6 Antimicrobial chemicals, 35.9 Antimicrobial coatings, 5.14 Antineoplastic agents, exposure to (see Hospital environments) Appliances, electrical: effect on indoor environment, 57.257.3 PCBs in, 36.6 selecting/locating, 60.1160.12 washers/dryers, 6.56.6, 6.9 Architects, 6.3, 6.4 design services, 60.13 role in healthy building design, 1.14, 60.4 Arizona test dust, 9.13 Aroclors (see Polychlorinated biphenyls) Arousal model of performance effects, 16.10 Arrestance percentage, 7.4, 9.14 Arsenic, 28.6, 60.10 Artificial infrasound, 19.9 As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) standard, 69.13 Asbestos, 5.2, 60.11 background levels, 37.4 exposure assessment, 38.2 degradation, 38.938.10 identifying asbestos-containing materials, 37.737.11 PCOM measurements, 38.838.9 sample analysis, 37.1537.16 sampling methodology, 37.11 exposure guidelines, 38.5 and fiber phobia, 5.3 fiber release factors, 38.738.7 legal issues, 71.1 physical characteristics, 37.3, 38.138.2 remediation/control: building inspection process, 38.1238.15 encapsulation, 38.10 management practices, 38.15 post-removal levels, 38.1138.13

INDEX

I.7

Asbestos, remediation/control (Cont.): standards governing, 62.2462.25, 71.5 risk/hazard assessment, 37.1337.16, 38.238.5 sources, 37.13, 38.538.7 Asbestos Hazard Emergency response Act (AHERA), 37.3 Asbestosis, 37.2, 38.3, 54.12 Ascomycetes (see Fungus exposure) Ash, in activated carbon, 10.4 ASHRAE (see American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers) Aspergillus (see Fungus exposure) Assault and battery, indoor air pollution as, 71.4 Assessment methods (see Sampling and assessment methods) Asthma, 4.114.15, 54.1354.14 American Thoracic Society definition, 23.3523.36 in day care center environments, 69.8 exposures implicated in: allergens, 3.3 bioassays for evaluating, 23.3523.37 cat, dog allergens, 43.743.8 chlorinated aerosol exposure, 67.667.7 cleaning service chemicals, 5.10 cockroach allergens, 43.7 dust mites, 43.3 endotoxin, 42.542.7 environmental tobacco smoke, 30.1530.16 formaldehyde, 32.832.9 fungus, 45.14, 67.1167.12 latex, 41.441.5 nitrogen oxides, 29.16 pollen, 44.14 sulfur dioxide, 29.18 in hospital workers, 65.4 productivity costs, 4.15, 4.16 strategies for reducing, 4.154.17 ASTM (see American Society for Testing and Materials) Atomizing humidifiers, 8.298.31 Atopy patch testing, 28.9 Atriums, fire and smoke management: exhaust calculations, 14.814.11 filling calculations, 14.1114.12 minimum smoke depth layer, 14.1214.13 natural ventilation, 14.12 smoke detector efficiency, 14.13 Attributable risk, 70.14 Audible sound, 19.8 Autobody repair shop emissions, 66.13 Automated design (see Computer programs) Automatic (variable-area) inlets, 13.6 Automobiles: benzene emissions, 33.1233.14 PAH emissions, 34.3 VOC emissions, 33.11 (See also Gasoline) Average concentration in the environment equation, 58.3 Average risk, 70.14

Background redness, 26.326.5 Bacterial contamination: endotoxin, 42.142.3 Legionella, 48.148.2 recommended indoor levels (RIL), 23.33 (See also Endotoxin; Microbial contaminants) Bag/pocket filter, 9.10, 9.12 Bahura v. SEW Investors, 71.571.6 Balanced mixing ventilation systems, 13.18 Ball pan hardness (activated carbon), 10.4 Ballasts, 18.6 Barnebey-Cheney Odor Index, 10.13 Bars, pub environments, 67.967.10 Behavior adaption, 15.12 BEIR risk assessment models, 40.1340.15 Benzaldehyde, 5.12, 32.2 Benzene: carcinogenicity, 33.22 exposure assessments: automobile/vehicles, 33.1233.14 building materials, 33.14 dietary sources, 33.14 gasoline, diesel fuel, 33.1233.13, 68.168.2 indoor air studies, 33.12 New York State Department of Health studies, 66.13 outdoor air, 33.1233.13, 33.14 parking garages, 68.16 personal exposure studies, 33.1133.12 residential levels, 66.366.7 wood smoke, 33.14 Benzene Exposure Assessment Model (BEAM), 58.4 Benzo[a]pyrene, 34.3, 34.10 Bioaerosols: collecting in air filters, 9.23 Olf measurement unit, 22.3, 25.4 sampling/monitoring methods, 51.15 Bioeffluents, 22.2 Biological assays (bioassays): automation of, 24.1 acquiring/processing data, 24.624.12 advantages of automation, 24.1924.20 airflow measurements, 24.224.3 chemical mixtures, assay results, 24.1724.19 concentration-response analysis, 24.20 data presentation, 24.13 detection limits, 24.1424.15 exposure system, 24.2 null/low results, 24.21 problems and solutions, 24.2124.23 quantifying P1 effect, 24.3 single chemicals, assay results, 24.1524.17 time-response analysis, 24.2024.21 variables included, 24.12 chronic carcinogenesis bioassay, 70.10 endotoxin analysis, 42.942.10 extrapolating to human populations, 70.13 immunoassays: cat allergens, 43.8 dust mite species, 43.343.4 German cockroach, 43.643.7

I.8

INDEX

Biological assays (bioassays) (Cont.): Guinea pigs in, 23.3623.37 mice in, 23.4 mycotoxin analysis, 46.5 potency estimates: microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), 23.33 nonreactive (NRVOCs), 23.17, 23.2623.33 reactive volatile metabolites (RVOCs), 23.3323.35 pulmonary effects, 23.3723.38 in risk assessment, 70.1170.13 asthma-inducing potential, 23.3523.38 sensory and pulmonary irritation assays, 23.123.2 assay procedure, 23.5 assay validation, 23.523.7 (See also Sampling and assessment methods) Biological contaminants, in surgical smoke, 65.765.8 (See also Bioaerosols; Microbial contaminants) Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) committees, 40.1340.15 Biological markers (see Biomarkers) Biomarkers, 26.226.3 exposure assessment: clinical applications, 1.16 environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2, 30.6 eye irritation studies, 26.326.14 for indoor air pollution field studies, 26.2026.27 upper respiratory tract irritation studies, 26.1926.20 (See also Biological assays) BLAST energy calculation program, 2.10 Blinking frequency studies, 26.526.6 Blood analysis for VOCs, 33.4, 33.21 Bloomquist v. Wapello County, 71.6 Blower ventilation system, 2.5 BM-Dustdetector, 64.10, 64.11 BNL tracer-gas technique, 51.29 Body burden measurement (see Total exposure) Body odor: in day care centers, 69.5 and indoor air quality, 22.2 (See also Odor and scent problems) BOES (see British Office Environment Survey) Boilers (HVAC system), 7.8 BOMA (see Building Owners and Managers Association) Braking breaking measurements (TB), 23.3 Breach of contract issues, 71.371.4 Breach of warranty issues, 71.4 Breakup time (BUT), 26.626.8 Breast cancer, 36.8 (See also Cancer) Breath analysis for VOCs, 33.2033.21 Breaths/minute (BPM) measurement, 23.3 BRI (see Building-related illness) British Columbia, Code of Practice for ice arena managers, 67.5 British Office Environment Survey, sick building syndrome studies, 3.63.7

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Isotherm, 10.510.6 Buckley v. Kruger-Benson-Zimmer, 71.6 Building Assessment Evaluation Survey (BASE), 3.213.27 Building construction, 6.3 approaches to, 1.14, 5.95.10, 6.4 green vs. healthy, 5.15.2 housekeeping, 6.96.10, 64.2 and indoor air quality, 5.95.10 composite surface materials, 5.8 factors that undermine, 5.95.10 handling chemical mixtures, 5.85.9 and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.1027.11 new units absorption of contaminants in, 5.7 degraded indoor air quality, 5.7 indoor air quality problems, 5.2 residential buildings, 6.4 ventilation system evaluations, 52.2 (See also Healthy building design; Renovations, remodeling) Building design (see Building construction; Healthy building design) Building energy modeling, 57.657.8 Building envelopes/shells, 6.15, 52.5, 69.5 Building managers, IAQ-training, 63.2 Building materials, 6.16 acrolein in, 32.12 asbestos in, 38.6, 38.738.10 benzene in, 33.14 emission testing, 62.12 impermeable, 2.7 low-polluting, 5.14, 31.1231.14, 60.560.6, 60.960.11, 62.12 safety testing, 39.2439.25 selection criteria, 62.262.3 compatibility issues, 62.10 emission rates, 62.10 hazard rating, 62.362.6 location effects, 62.6 odor issues, 62.11 sink properties, 62.10 and sick building syndrome, 5.11, 49.7, 53.6 synthetic vitreous fibers, 37.4, 37.16, 39.1 use of impermeable materials, 2.7 VOCs in, 33.833.10 Building owners: as commissioning authority, 61.361.4 role in healthy building design, 1.15 Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA), 5.2, 5.6 building maintenance/repair cost estimate, 63.2 Building pressurization (see Pressurization) Building-related disease (BRD) (see Buildingrelated illness) Building-related illness (BRI), 3.3 airborne infection, 3.23.3 allergic (hypersensitivity) disease, 3.3 building environment factors, 54.1754.18 categories of, 54.254.4 compared with sick building syndrome, 3.33.4, 54.1

INDEX

I.9

Building-related illness (BRI) (Cont.): dermatitis, 54.17 diagnosis, 54.454.5 exposures implicated in, 54.454.8 headache, 54.16 infections, 54.1654.17 management plans, 54.9 mucosal membrane irritation, 54.1554.16 pulmonary diseases, 54.1054.14 residential buildings, 54.1854.19 testing procedures, 54.10 toxic reactions, 3.3 VOC exposure and, 33.9 work stress and, 54.18 (See also Sick building syndrome) Building simulation (see Modeling indoor environments) Building stock, 6.3 (See also Commercial buildings; Residential buildings) Building Symptom Index (BSI), 53.1953.21 Burge and Macher bioaerosol sampling method, 51.15 Buses, exposures associated with, 68.1068.13 Business machines, ultrafine particle generation, 50.2 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) from carpet cushions, 33.10 from flooring materials, 62.12 Bypass dampers (HVAC system), 7.4 Cal-ERDA energy calculation program, 2.10 Calculations (see Equations and calculations) California: Healthy Buildings Study, 3.163.17 indoor air quality regulations, 5.6 Proposition 65, 33.1033.11 Ribavirin exposure limits, 65.9 California Population Indoor Exposure Model (CPIEM), 58.4, 58.5 Canada Occupational Safety and Health (COSH) commissioning regulations, 63.7 illuminance selection procedure, 18.9 lighting regulations, 18.1, 18.7 Canadian Housing and Mortgage Corporation (CHMC), 27.2 Cancer: and acetaldehyde exposure, 32.1132.12 and acrolein exposure, 32.13 and asbestos exposure, 37.3, 37.337.5 and cellulose exposure, 37.6 in children, 30.14 and formaldehyde exposure, 32.932.10 and ingested aflatoxin exposure, 46.6 and PAH exposure, 34.1834.20 and pesticide exposure, 35.1435.15 prevalence of, 5.3 and radon exposure, 40.240.4, 40.840.12 and synthetic vitreous fiber exposure, 37.5, 39.23 and VOC exposure, 33.2133.22 (See also Carcinogenicity assessment) Candelas (illuminance) measurement, 18.9

Canister sampling: New York State Department of Health studies, 66.6 VOC assessments, 51.22 Capacitive sensor, 12.5 Capacitors, PCB exposure from, 36.5 Capillary absorption tube samplers (CATs), 51.29 Car exhaust (see Gasoline) Carbon adsorption water treatment, 8.30 Carbon dioxide, 22.2 in airplane environments, 68.12 calculating air change rates using, 52.1852.19 in day care centers, 69.5, 69.6 exposure limits, 51.251.4 as indicator of occupancy, 12.1212.14, 49.6 monitoring IAQ using, 7.16, 7.18, 51.1551.19 in demand-controlled ventilation systems, 13.21 eye irritation studies, 26.11 IAQ investigations, 49.11 sources, 29.3 Carbon monoxide: adverse health effects, 3.3, 29.829.10 in airplane environments, 68.12 in bars and restaurants, 67.9 and building-related illness, 54.17 controlling, 60.7, 67.367.4 exposure limits, 51.251.4 in ice arenas, 5.8, 67.2 monitoring: in HVAC systems, 7.15 during remodeling and renovation, 62.30 in parking garages, 68.16 sampling/monitoring techniques, 51.1551.19 sources and exposure levels, 29.629.9, 49.6 boiler additives, 7.8 charcoal burning, 2.22.3 environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2 gasoline exhaust, 68.368.4, 68.968.10 indoor vehicular events, 67.567.6 toxicology, 29.8 Carbon tetrachloride: evaluating activated carbon systems, 10.4 residential exposure levels, 66.266.7 sources, 5.12 Carbonic acid, 2.3 Carbonyls, 32.1 (See also Aldehydes) Carboxyhemoglobin levels, 29.829.9 as marker of multiple chemical exposure, 29.10 (See also Carbon monoxide) Carboxylic acids, chemosensory detection threshold, 20.10, 20.13 Carcinogenicity assessment, 70.670.7 PAHs, 34.1834.20 PCBs, 36.22 threshold calculations, 70.10 VOCs, 33.2133.22 weight-of-evidence approach, 70.6 (See also Cancer; Risk assessment) Cardiovascular system, carbon monoxide effects, 29.10

I.10

INDEX

Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) emissions standards, 62.1162.12 Carpeting: dust sampling, 64.1164.13 emissions standards (CRI), 62.1162.12 VOC emissions, 33.10 Carpettester, 64.1164.13 Cat allergens, 43.143.2 adverse health effects, 43.743.8 airborne levels, 43.843.9 in day care center environments, 69.11 extraction/sampling methodologies, 43.3, 43.8 CAV systems (see Constant air volume systems) Cellulose: adverse health effects, 37.637.7 exposure assessment, 37.1637.18 indoor ambient levels, 37.7 Cement-based products, asbestos in, 37.9 Central air conditioning, 6.7 (See also Air conditioning; Cooling system) Central nervous system irritation: and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7 in sick building syndrome, 3.4 (See also Sensory irritation) Centralized ducted extract systems, 13.14 CFD (see Computational fluid dynamics) Chalkley point array, in asbestos sampling, 37.11 Change orders, effects on IAQ, 5.9 Charcoal, 2.22.3 (See also Activated carbon) Chemesthesis (see Mucosal membrane irritation) Chemical assays (see Sampling and assessment methods) Chemical contaminants (see Contaminants, indoor air; Multiple chemical intolerance) Chemical intolerance (see Allergic (hypersensitivity) disease; Individual susceptibility/variability; Multiple chemical intolerance) Chemical mixtures: with activated carbon adsorption beds, 10.910.10 chemosensory detection threshold, 20.1620.18 methods for investigating, 23.1323.15 and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.11 research needs, 1.91.10 sensory irritation field studies, 23.2823.29, 23.3123.33 (See also Environmental tobacco smoke; Gasoline; Smoke) Chemical storage facility, IAQ investigation, 50.17 Chemical water treatment, 8.30 Chemisorption, 10.1410.16 Chemosensory detection threshold, 20.11, 20.15 acetate esters, 20.7, 20.9 alcohols, 20.520.8 aldehydes, 20.9, 20.12, 32.18 alkylbenzenes, 20.8, 20.11 carboxylic acids, 20.10, 20.13 chemical mixtures, 20.1620.18 ketones, 20.720.8, 20.10 predicting, 20.11

Chemosensory detection threshold (Cont.): predictive models for, 20.1320.16 terpenes, 20.1020.11, 20.13, 20.14 VOCs, 22.3 Chicken pox, 3.3 Children: adverse health effects: environmental tobacco smoke exposure, 30.1030.17 formaldehyde exposure, 32.9 nitrogen oxide exposure, 29.1329.16 exposure levels: environmental tobacco smoke, 30.5, 30.630.9 pesticide exposure guidelines, 35.16 (See also Asthma; Day care center environments; Individual susceptibility/variability) Chillers (HVAC system), 7.8 Chimney design, 2.2, 2.7 Chloracne (see Skin irritation/disorders) Chloramines, sources for, 67.6 Chlordane/heptachlor, 35.5 Chlorinated contaminants, 5.10 Chlorine gas: sources and exposure levels, 69.5 in swimming pool environments, 67.6, 67.767.8 Chloroform: dermal absorption, 33.20 sources and exposure levels, 5.12 food and beverages, 33.19 swimming pool environments, 67.7, 67.8 volatilized drinking water, 33.19 Chlorpyrifos (Dursban), EPA regulations on, 35.2 Cholak-Schafer vitreous fiber sampling method, 39.9 Chronic carcinogenesis bioassay, 70.10 Chronic fatigue syndrome, 27.9 Chronic toxicity tests, 70.10 Chrysolite, 37.3 (See also Asbestos) clairage) CIE (see Commission Internationale de LE Cigarette smoke (see Environmental tobacco smoke) Circadian cycles, and pollen levels, 44.8 Citric-based solvents, reactions with ozone, 5.10 Cladosporidium (see Fungus exposure) Class 1/2 filters (UL-rated), 9.16 Classroom environments (see School buildings) Clean air (see Indoor air quality) Clean Air Act Amendments (1990), 68.1 Clean air delivery rate (CADR): monitoring air cleaners using, 9.16 portable room air cleaners, 9.25 Cleaning air (see Air cleaning devices; Air filters/filtration) Cleaning, maintenance practices, 64.464.6 adsorption beds, 10.1310.14 air cleaning devices, 9.249.25 and airborne fiber levels, 39.25 and asbestos exposure, 38.11 assessing quality of, 64.964.13 cleaning workers, health issues, 64.1564.16

INDEX

I.11

Cleaning, maintenance practices (Cont.): commissioning for, 63.7 controlling synthetic vitreous fibers, 39.2439.25 cooling systems, 48.948.11 and dust/particulate transport, 64.364.5 in laboratories, hospitals, 65.5 in occupied areas, 63.963.10 as pollutant source, 33.8, 37.1637.17, 64.164.2, 64.15 preventive maintenance, 63.263.3, 63.763.8 programs, 64.7 reducing emissions during, 60.11 during remodeling and renovation, 62.1962.21 research/field studies, 64.1364.15 Cleaning products, 64.764.9 in airplane environments, 68.12 contaminants associated with, 5.10, 5.11, 34.15 in day care centers, 69.5 household disinfectants, 35.9 low-toxicity products, 60.11 Clearance measurements, 38.5 Climate, and pressure differences, 52.5 Clinical ecology, 27.16 Clinical studies, building-related illness (BRI), 54.8 Cloning technologies, allergen assays based on, 43.243.3 Closed buildings, 2.72.8 air quality in, 5.7 controlled opening of, 2.14 and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.1027.11 and natural ventilation, 13.5 and respiratory disease, 4.54.6 and sound-related adverse health effects, 19.1019.11 Clothing insulation, 15.7 Co-responsibility, 71.8 Coal miners, radon exposure, 40.840.10 Coal smoke, sulfur dioxide in, 29.18 Coanda effect, 8.9 Coarse mode particles, 9.29.3 Coarse particulates, 7.4 Cockroach (see German cockroach) Cognitive heuristics, 70.23 Cold DOP test, 9.16 Cold temperatures: effect on mental acuity, 16.9 effect on manual dexterity, 16.716.8 effect on vision, 16.2 (See also Thermal environment) Color: and fluorescent lighting, 18.6 lighting systems and, 18.1018.11 Color-rendering index (CRI), 18.11, 18.12 Color televisions, 6.9 Color temperature measurement, 18.1018.11 Colorimetric tests, 49.11, 51.19 (See also Sampling and assessment methods) Combustion products, 29.1 acetaldehyde, 32.10 acrolein, 32.13 carbon monoxide, 29.629.10

Combustion products (Cont.): nitrogen oxides, 29.1029.16 in outdoor air, 60.7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 34.234.3 research/field studies, 29.429.5 sulfur dioxide, 29.1629.18 wood smoke, 29.1829.19 (See also Gasoline) Comfort, 61.561.7 adaptive model, 15.1215.14 air speed, 15.615.7 ASHRAE standards for, 2.6, 16.10 defining, 2.2, 22.1 evaluating during IAQ investigations, 49.1149.12 gender differences, 3.28 and humidification, 22.8 and HVAC system controls, 7.147.15 ion generators and, 9.26 measuring, 15.615.9 metabolic rate and, 15.7 modeling, 15.1115.12, 22.6 occupant complaints, investigating, 53.3 perceptions of, 16.1016.12 personal HVAC control and, 5.5 physiological basis for, 15.8 psychological basis for, 15.815.9 relationship to VAV systems, 2.11 relative humidity and, 7.6, 15.7, 49.11 sensory pollution load analysis, 22.522.7 thermal environment, 15.615.7 in VOC-induced sensory irritation field studies, 25.1825.20 (See also Thermal environment) COMIS mass balance model, verification, 58.9 Commercial buildings, 30.3 acetaldehyde levels, 32.11 asbestos levels, 37.4, 38.1038.12 existing stock, 6.96.14 individual environment controls, 12.1312.14 infiltration rates, 52.452.5 new construction, 6.156.17 occupant complaints, investigating, 49.349.15 outdoor air requirements (table), 7.97.11 pesticide use, 35.235.4 preventive maintenance practices, 63.863.10 synthetic vitreous fiber levels, 39.16 VOC levels, 33.233.3, 33.8, 66.166.2 (See also HVAC system/controls) clairage (CIE), Commission Internationale de LE 18.1 photometric measurement device calibration, 18.1418.15 Commission of European Communities, 3.4 Commissioning: ASHRAE guidelines, 63.4 benefits of, 61.161.3 commissioning authority, 61.361.5 commissioning process, 61.561.7, 63.663.7 cost-benefit analysis, 61.761.10 defined, 61.1

I.12

INDEX

Commissioning (Cont.): recommissioning existing buildings, 61.961.10 testing, adjusting, balancing (TAB) procedures, 52.252.3 Commissioning authority (CA) (see Commissioning) Common chemical sense (CCS), 26.2 Communications equipment, contaminants associated with, 5.11 Community noise, sources, 19.11 Compact fluorescent lamps, 18.6 Comparisons, in risk communication, 70.30 Compendium Method TO-10A (USEPA), pesticide sampling using, 35.535.6 Complaint logs, 56.356.4 Composite surface materials: asbestos in, sampling methodology, 37.12 chemical interactivity, 5.8 and indoor air quality, 5.8 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, 5.26 advantages/disadvantages, 59.1359.19 analyzing indoor air dynamics, 57.5, 57.957.10, 59.459.5 direct numerical simulation (DNS), 59.8 emissions modeling, 58.2258.23 experimental validation, 59.1059.13 fire and smoke management simulation, 14.1514.16 flexibility, 59.8 large eddy simulation (LES), 59.859.10 Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes method (RANS), 59.10 subvolumes, defining, 59.5 underlying physics, 59.559.7 ventilation simulations, 5.20, 5.205.25 Computational models (see Modeling) Computer-aided design (see Computer programs; Simulations) Computer programs: automated bioassays, 24.124.23 CAD/CAM design, 6.16 CONTAM96 VOC prediction model, 31.15 energy analysis, 57.757.8 energy need calculations, 2.10 Risk V1.0 VOC prediction model, 31.15 for sound measurements, 19.16 (See also Computational fluid dynamics) Concentration difficulties: noise-associated, 19.14 VOC-exposure related, 25.21 Condensate drain pans (HVAC system), 7.5 Condensation particle counter (CPC), 50.250.4 interpreting results from, 50.5 limitations, 50.350.4 testing air filter efficiency using, 50.950.10 tracking ultrafine particles using, 50.2 Congeners, PCB, 36.236.5 carcinogenicity assessments, 36.12 dioxin-like congeners, 36.836.10 importance of assessing, 36.8 (See also Polychlorinated biphenyls)

Congenital malformations, 30.11 Conjunctiva (see Eye irritation) Conjunctival injection, 26.426.5 Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC), 20.4 Conservation of energy, 59.6 Conservation of mass, 59.6 Conservation of momentum, 59.6 Constant air volume (CAV) systems, 2.92.10, 7.13 shift away from, 5.7 temperature control features, 12.7 Construction (see Building construction) Construction materials (see Building materials) Construction supervisors, IAQ-training, 62.2162.22 Consumer product emissions, 33.1033.11 CONTAM IAQ computer model, 14.3 CONTAM96 VOC prediction model, 31.15 Contaminants, indoor air (see specific contaminants and environments) Continuous flow condensation particle counter (see Condensation particle counter) Contractors, 6.3, 6.4 as commissioning authority, 61.4 role in healthy building design, 1.14 Control and prevention strategies (see Removal/control/prevention strategies) Control error, 12.6 Control samples/sites, 49.14, 51.32 Controllers (HVAC system): actuators, 12.2 air flow, 12.9 direct digital control (DDC), 2.11 energy management systems (EMS), 2.102.11 humidity, 12.8 integrating, 6.16 lighting, 12.14 pressure, 12.8 sensors, 12.312.6 temperature, 12.712.8 temperature controls, 7.14 terminology for, 12.612.7 ventilation, 12.912.13 Convection, 2.4 and indoor air dynamics, 57.4 Cooking, residential: energy requirements, 6.8 open fires for, 2.2 (See also Combustion products) Cooling coil (HVAC system), 7.47.5 biological contamination, 48.1 maintaining dryness using, 8.338.36 Cooling system: biological contamination, 48.448.5 commercial buildings, 6.13 energy requirements, 6.14 good design practices, 63.5 maintenance and cleaning, 48.948.11 residential buildings, 6.8 (See also Cooling coil; Cooling tower) Cooling tower (HVAC system), 7.8, 8.338.36 design and siting, 48.1148.12

INDEX

I.13

Cooling tower (HVAC system) (Cont.): disinfecting, CDC guidelines, 48.848.9 Legionella contamination, 5.2, 5.11, 48.5 Coping mechanisms (see Cognitive heuristics) Cornea, 17.2 Corneal lipid layer thickness studies, 26.11 Coronary heart disease, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure, 30.1930.20 COSH (see Canada Occupational Safety and Health) Cosmetics, toiletries, allergic reactions, 28.8 Cost-benefit analysis (CBA): air filtration/filters, 9.189.19 commissioning, 61.761.9 IAQ complaint investigations, 56.1756.18 IAQ improvements, 4.264.29, 16.1 during risk management, 70.20 Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), 70.20 Cotinine (ETS exposure marker), 30.6 Cough: and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7 and indoor air quality complaints, 23.40 in VOC-induced sensory irritation field studies, 25.1725.18 County of DuPage v. Hellmuth, 71.6 CPC (see Condensation particle counter) Crocidolite, 38.2 (See also Asbestos) Crocidolyte, 37.3 Cross-flow ventilation, 13.7, 13.8 Cross-sectional studies, limitations of, 3.28 Crotonaldehyde, 32.2 Crowd poison, 2.5 Cultural factors, and risk perception, 70.28 Cyclone air cleaner, 9.89.9 Dadenoviron infection, 3.3 Dampers (HVAC system): actuators, 12.2 and air flow control, 12.9 volume flow rate calculations, 12.2 Dampness (see Moisture, dampness) Dander allergies (see Cat allergens; Dog allergens) Danish Society of Indoor Climate, 39.2439.25 Danish Town Hall Study (1987), 3.73.10, 64.6, 64.7 Data analysis (see Statistical analysis) Data quality objectives (DQOs): accuracy, 51.551.6 detection limits (just detectable effect), 51.5 precision, 51.5, 51.951.10 representativeness and completeness, 51.1051.11 statistical confidence, precision, 51.551.10 Databases (see Modeling) Day care center environments: allergens, sources and levels, 69.11 carbon dioxide, sources and levels, 69.669.8 dust mites, sources and levels, 69.10 health problems: from allergens, 69.11 from carbon dioxide, 69.669.8

Day care center environments, health problems (Cont.): from dust mites, 69.1069.11 and low ventilation rates, 69.669.8 modeling causes, 69.369.4 from moisture and mold, 69.1069.11 respiratory infections, 69.169.3, 69.6, 69.8 from thermal environment, 69.669.8 from VOCs, 69.1269.13 improving air quality, 69.1569.16 infectious aerosols: control strategies, 69.1369.14 sources and levels, 69.13 moisture and mold, sources and levels, 69.969.10 pollutants from off-site businesses, 69.5 thermal environment, 69.869.9 VOCs, sources and levels, 69.12 workers in, health risks, 69.3, 69.10 Daytime ventilation, 5.15 DCC (see Direct digital control) DCV (see Demand-controlled ventilation) De manifestis acceptable risk level, 70.17 De minimis acceptable risk level, 70.17 Decay rate equation, 58.13 Decibels, 19.5 acceptable indoor noise levels, 19.1419.15 audible versus infrasound, 19.9 office noise, 19.11 scales for, 19.319.4 weighting, 19.1 Decipol measurement unit, 25.4, 36.7 Decision analysis (DA), 70.20 Degradation of asbestos products, 38.938.10 Dehumidification (HVAC system), 8.208.21 Dehumidifiers, personal, 6.7 Demand-control stress model, 55.255.4 Demand-controlled lighting systems, 12.14 Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV), 2.12, 12.1112.12 advantages/disadvantages, 13.23 components, 13.20 monitoring, 7.167.17 sensors, 13.2013.22 using, 13.22 Density (activated carbon), 10.4 Density of occupants (see Occupancy) Dental clinics, as contaminant source, 5.8 Department of Design and Construction (DDC, New York City), 61.8 Department of Ventilation and Illumination (Harvard School of Public Health), 2.6 Derivative control, 12.6 Dermatitis, 3.3 allergic, 28.728.9 and building-related illness, 54.17 chronic irritative, 28.728.8 and formaldehyde exposure, 32.8 in hospital environments, 65.5 and PCB exposure, 36.11 (See also Skin irritation/disorders) Dermatophagoides species (see Dust mites)

I.14

INDEX

Design team, healthy building design, 60.4 Detection limits, 51.5 Dew point: and comfort, 8.20 monitoring indoor air quality using, 7.16 Diagnosing multiple chemical intolerance, 27.1127.12 Diaphragm-type pressure measurement gauges, 52.652.7 Diesel fuel emissions, 68.15 PAH emissions, 34.234.3 standards and regulations governing, 68.1 (See also Gasoline) Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE), 7.8 Differential pressure measurements, 52.652.7 Diffusers (HVAC system), 8.6 characteristics, 8.168.18, 8.21 examples, 8.198.20 locating, 8.9, 8.138.14, 8.168.18 mechanical ventilation systems, 13.13 sound control, 8.12, 8.15 Diffusion: and indoor air dynamics, 57.4 modeling, 58.1758.20 Diffusion-based air filters, 9.4, 9.5 Digital electronic pressure manometer, 52.6 Digital electronic thermometer, 52.6 Digital psychrometer, 52.6 Digital thermostat control, 12.7 Dilution ventilation, 5.25, 62.14 Dilutions-to-threshold (D/T) measurements, 20.5 Dioctylphthalate, oil-like material (DOP) tests, 9.159.16 Dioxin-like PCB congeners, 36.836.10 Dioxins: adverse health effects, 28.6 sources, 28.6 Direct digital control (DDC), 2.11, 12.6 Direct-expansion (DX) refrigeration: cooling coils, 7.5 temperature control features, 12.7 Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test, 48.7 Direct numerical simulation (DNS), 5.22, 59.8 Direct-reading vitreous fiber sampling methods, 39.9 Direct (whole-air) VOC sampling, 33.3 Discomfort (see Comfort) Discrete-particle counter filter scan test method, 9.16 Disease susceptibility, IAQ and, 4.5, 5.25.3 (See also Individual susceptibility/variability) Disinfectants: contaminants in, 35.9 phenols in, 34.1534.18 (See also Cleaning products) Displacement ventilation systems, 2.14, 5.25, 7.147.15, 13.1913.20 controlling airborne infection using, 11.11 in healthy building design, 5.165.19 Distributed energy systems, 2.13 Distribution system (HVAC system), 7.6 Dizziness, following carbon monoxide exposure, 49.6

DNPH-HPLC aldehyde sampling method, 32.1732.18 Doctors (see Health care workers) DOE-1 energy analysis program, 2.10 DOE-2 energy analysis program, 57.7 Dog allergens, 43.143.2, 43.9 in day care center environments, 69.11 Domestic animal dander (see Cat allergens; Dog allergens) Dose-response relationships, carcinogen thresholds, 70.970.13 (See also Carcinogenicity assessment; Risk assessment) DRAWVDVT program (Alarie), 24.9 Drift eliminator efficiency rating, 48.12 Drinking water: chlorinated contaminants in, 69.5 standards, guidelines, 71.5 VOCs in, 33.19 Drop, 8.8 Droplet nuclei, 11.211.3 sampling approaches, 11.7 tuberculosis transmission, 47.9 Dry bulb temperature measurement, 15.6 Dry cleaning businesses: tetrachloroethylene exposure from, 33.15, 66.2 VOC levels, 33.8, 66.366.7 Dry-pipe sprinkler systems, 12.15 Drying air (see Dehumidification) Dryness, sensation of: in day care center environments, 69.9 dry eyes, 17.317.4 and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7 and humidification, 16.416.5, 49.7 and indoor air quality complaints, 23.40 and skin disorders, 28.528.6 in VOC-induced sensory irritation field studies, 25.15 Dubinin-Radushkevich Equation, 10.510.7 Ducts (HVAC system), 8.18.2, 13.16 airflow rate calculations, 52.7, 52.1452.15 cleaning agents, 64.9 mechanical ventilation systems, 13.12 noise from, 19.6 standards (SMACNA), 60.12 Duration of inspiration, expiration (TI, TE) measurements, 23.3 Dursban regulations (EPA), 35.2 Dust: aerodynamic particle diameter, 9.29.3 in airplane environments, 68.13 animal allergens in, 43.1143.12 fungi in, 45.10, 45.11 in library environments, 67.12 pollen in, 44.944.10, 44.13 sampling methods/strategies, 64.1064.12 agar plates, 64.10 carpet testers, 64.1164.13 High Volume Small Surface Sampler (HVS3), 64.9 VacuMark sampler, 64.964.10 wipe test, 64.10

INDEX

I.15

Dust (Cont.): and sick building syndrome, 64.2, 64.6 Dust-holding capacity, 9.14 Dust mites (Dermatophagoides sp.): adverse health effects: asthma, 4.11, 4.134.15, 43.3 skin disorders, 28.9 airborne protein levels, 43.443.5 allergens from, 43.143.2 in day care center environments, 69.10 skin testing, 43.3 species, 43.3, 43.4 Dust spot efficiency, 9.14 Dust spot percentage, 7.4 Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards, 42.11 Dynamic dilution olfactometry, 20.520.6 Dynamic insulation, 2.14, 12.6 Ecological illness (see Multiple chemical intolerance) Ecological studies, 40.1040.11 Economizer cycles (HVAC system), 7.167.17, 8.348.35, 12.712.8 Effective temperature measurement, 8.6 Efficiency measurements: air filters, 7.4, 50.950.11 air flow sensors, 12.412.5 condensation particle counter, 50.250.3 dampers, 12.2 fans, 12.2 heat exchangers, 12.3 HEPA filters, 65.11 Electret filters, 9.14 (See also Fibrous filters) Electric power supplies, and data quality, 51.11 Electrical systems: in commercial buildings, 6.14 contaminants associated with, 5.11 heat gains from, 2.7 integration with mechanical systems, 6.16 residential spatial heating, 6.66.7 Electrochemical detectors, 51.18 Electromagnetic radiation, 28.328.5 Electron capture (GC-ECD), VOC analysis, 33.4, 51.22 Electron microscopy, 39.1139.12 Electronic air cleaners, 9.79.8 Electronic equipment, space requirements, 5.7 Electrostatic air cleaner, 9.5, 9.79.8 Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) air cleaner, 9.79.8 air flow rates, 9.24 ozone-generation, 9.26 testing efficiency of, 9.17 Elevator shafts: effects on pressurization, 7.7 smoke and fire containment, 14.7 EM (Air & Waste Management Association), 51.12 Emergency conservation, versus air filter efficiency, 7.4 Emission chambers, 23.1423.15 EMS (see Energy efficiency/conservation practices) Encapsulation, 38.10

Endocrine disrupting chemicals, 5.10 PAHs, 34.1834.20 PCBs, 36.6, 36.11 phthalates, 34.21 Endotoxin: adverse health effects: asthma, 42.542.7 pulmonary function, 42.342.7 respiratory disease, 42.442.5 exposure limits, 42.11 physical characteristics, 42.1 removal and control, 42.11 sampling and assessment methods: bioassay approach, 42.942.10 chemical assays, 42.1042.11 sample collection, 42.742.9 and sick building syndrome, 42.7 sources, 42.3 Endotoxin Units (EU), 42.242.3 Energy Conservation in New Building Design 90-75 (AHRAE), 2.8 Energy analysis codes, ventilation in, 2.11 Energy efficiency/conservation practices, 6.3 commercial buildings, 6.15 effect on ventilation standards, 2.72.8 efforts to improve, 6.8 energy management systems (EMS), 2.10 following adoption of VAV systems, 2.11 and lighting systems, 6.15, 18.7 and open-combustion appliances, 13.6 and poor IAQ, 2.1, 5.7 rating systems, 6.17 ventilation needs, 5.145.16, 5.19 (See also Healthy building design) Energy Policy Act, 18.7 Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), computerized energy need calculations, 2.10 Energy Research Unit, Strathclyde University, 57.7 Energy sources: in commercial buildings, 6.14 renewable, 6.8 for space heating, 6.66.7 Energy use/needs, 6.3, 6.4 air filtration systems, 9.4 analyzing and modeling, 2.10, 57.757.8 commercial needs, 6.146.15 relationship to building design, 6.3 residential needs, 6.8 with task/ambient conditioning systems, 12.14 Engineer of record, as commissioning authority, 61.4 Engineering analysis, when to use, 49.16 Engineering controls, during remodeling and renovation: dilution ventilation, 62.14 pollution containment systems, 62.1462.16 work area isolation, 62.1362.14 Enthalpy, 22.8 Entomophilous pollen, 44.144.2 Environment Technology Verification Program (USEPA), 51.26

I.16

INDEX

Environmental antigens (see Allergens; Allergic (hypersensitivity) disease) Environmental control systems, 60.860.9 Environmental disease model, 69.369.4 Environmental histories, during IAQ investigations, 27.1727.18 Environmental illness (EI) (see Multiple chemical intolerance) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (see United States Environmental Protection Agency) Environmental Resource Guide (AIA), 5.8 Environmental Science & Technology, 51.12 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), 30.2 with activated carbon adsorption beds, 10.10 adverse health effects, 1.8, 30.1 childhood asthma, 30.1530.16 childhood cancers, 30.14 coronary heart disease, 30.1930.20 ETS levels, 30.230.5 exposure studies, 30.630.9 fetal health effects, 30.1030.11 lung cancer, 30.1730.19 middle ear disease (otitis media), 30.17 mortality studies, 30.22 odor and sensory irritation, 30.2130.22 reduced lung development, 30.16 respiratory diseases, 30.1430.15, 30.2030.21 skin disorders, 28.628.7 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 30.1130.14 aerodynamic particle diameter, 9.29.3 in bars and restaurants, 67.967.10 biomarkers for, 30.2 components, 30.2 acetaldehyde, 32.1032.11 acrolein, 32.12 benzene, 33.13 formaldehyde, 32.6 VOCs, 33.12 control measures, 30.2230.23 exposure pathways, 30.2 in hospital environments, 65.5 legal issues, 71.1 OSHA regulations, 5.6 recognition as a contaminant, 2.1 sensory load caused by, 22.5 tracking ultrafine particles from, 50.14 ventilation standards for, 2.8 Environments, ideal, efforts to define, 2.6 EPA (see United States Environmental Protection Agency) Epidemiological studies, in risk assessment, 70.6 (See also specific contaminants and environments) Epithelial damage studies, 26.9 Equations and calculations: air filter efficiency, 50.10 airflow rate, 52.1352.17 atriums: exhaust rate, 14.814.11 filling calculations, 14.1114.12

Equations and calculations, atriums (Cont.): minimum smoke depth layer, 14.1214.13 average concentration in the environment, 58.3 average fractional residual, 58.858.9 carcinogenic risk, 70.13 comfort measures, 22.622.10 decay rate, 58.1358.15 dynamic concentration change, 58.12 effective temperature, 8.6 emission half life, 58.11 energy needs, 2.10 first order decay, 58.11 fractional bias, 58.9 gas-phase-limited mass transfer, 58.1758.20 hazard index, 70.13 hazard quotient (HQ), 70.13 heat transfer mechanisms, 15.6 indoor air dynamics, 57.357.4 lifetime average daily dose (LADD), 70.7 margin of error (MOE), 70.13 mass balance equation, 57.9 mass balance model verification equations, 58.858.9 mass transfer rate, 58.1558.16 Navier-Stokes equations, 59.659.7 normalized mean square error, 58.8 observed concentration/predicted concentration ratio, 58.8 outdoor air: flow rate, 52.1652.17 percent in air stream, 52.1052.12 PCB toxic equivalency value (TEQ), 36.836.9 potential inhaled dose, 58.3 reactive volatile metabolites (RVOC), 23.3323.35 reference dose (RfD), 70.10 regression equations, 58.858.9 for scale modeling, 14.1414.15 sensory irritation level: multiple chemicals, mixtures, 23.2823.31 single chemicals, 23.2723.29 sink model equation, 58.20 sound velocity, 19.2 source-phase limited mass transfer, 58.1958.20 steady-state equation, 62.11 threshold limit value (TLV), 62.4, 62.6 total emittable mass, 58.12 total exposure, 58.258.3 trigeminal receptor response, 23.17, 23.2623.27 value of statistical life, 70.17 ventilation rate, 52.352.4 whole building air change rate, 52.1752.18 Equipment, for monitoring: characteristics, 51.11 evaluating, 51.1151.14 Equipment, office machines: and building-related illness, 54.18 selecting/locating, 60.1160.12 Equivalent standard persons, 22.3 Ergotism (see Fungus exposure) Escheria coli endotoxin, 42.2 ESP-r energy analysis program, 57.757.8

INDEX

I.17

Estrogen mimics, 34.2134.22 (See also Endocrine disrupting chemicals) Ethnicity, and risk perception, 70.26, 70.28 Ethylbenzene, sources and levels, 5.12, 66.7, 66.9 Ethylene oxide exposure, 65.6 ETS (see Environmental tobacco smoke) European Audit Study, 3.123.14 European Collaborative Action (ECA), 1.131.14 European Commission (EC): indoor air quality reports, 33.10 indoor air quality studies, 1.131.14 European standards: for air filter/filtration efficiency, 9.17 European ventilation guidelines, 22.2 As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) standard, 69.13 VOC sampling methods, 33.3 Exfiltration, 52.4 Exhaust, from atrium fires, flow rates, 14.814.11 (See also Gasoline) Exhaust systems (HVAC system), 7.7 design considerations, 60.8 re-entraining, 50.1550.17 Experience Exchange Report (BOMA), 63.2 Experts: as commissioning authority, 61.4 and risk communication, 70.25 EXPOLIS study, 1.13 Exposure assessment (see Sampling and assessment methods) EXPOSURE mass balance model, verification, 58.9 Exposure modeling, prior to remodeling and renovation, 62.17 Exposure standards (see Standards, IAQ guidelines) Eye irritation, 17.117.4, 17.11, 20.3 from acrolein exposure, 32.13 from airborne microbials, 17.11 and aldehyde exposure, 32.132.3, 49.7 bioassays based on, 23.123.2 and contaminant exposure: experimental studies, 17.8, 17.10 research/field studies, 17.817.9 in day care center environments, 69.9, 69.10 and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7 and indoor environments, research/field studies, 17.517.8, 54.1554.16 methods for assessing, 17.4 blinking frequency studies, 26.526.6 carbon dioxide eye-provocation test, 26.11 corneal lipid layer thickness studies, 26.11 epithelial damage studies, 26.9 eye redness studies, 26.326.5 foam formation studies, 26.8 impression cytology studies, 26.10 Schirmer I tear test, 26.12 symptom validation, 26.1226.14, 26.20 tear film stability studies, 26.626.8 tear fluid cytology studies, 26.926.10 from synthetic vitreous fibers, 39.2239.23

Eye irritation (Cont.): thermal environment and, 16.216.4 threshold measurements, 20.4 in vehicular environments, 16.6 Eyes: immune system for, 17.4 physiology, 17.117.5 Eyesight, diurnal variability in, 18.718.8 Fabric surfaces (see Furnishing) Face dampers, HVAC systems, 7.4 Fan pressurization test, 52.4 Fans (HVAC system): effect on pressurization, 7.9 good design practices, 63.563.6 mechanical ventilation systems, 13.12 noise from, 19.519.6 performance, 12.3 Fans, portable, 6.7, 6.9 Farr filters, 7.4 Fatigue/sleepiness: and carbon monoxide exposure, 49.7 in day care center workers, 69.10 and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7 in multiple chemical intolerance, 27.9 in VOC field studies, 25.21, 25.22 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 35.2 Feedback data, HVAC controls, 12.7 Fetal impacts, environmental tobacco smoke, 30.1030.11 Fiber contamination: public fear of, 5.3 (See also Asbestos) Fiber release, 38.738.8 Fiberglass insulation, 8.48.5 Fibromyalgia, 27.9 Fibrous filters, 9.49.7, 10.3 Fibrous materials, 37.137.2 adverse health effects, 37.237.3 and endotoxin exposure, 42.342.4 fiber release, factors that accelerate, 37.1637.17 in HVAC systems, 8.48.5 (See also Asbestos; Cellulose; Synthetic vitreous fiber) Field modeling (see modeling) Filters/filtration (see Air filters/filtration) Filtration-based pollen samplers, 44.11 Fine mode particles, 9.29.3 Fire and smoke management (see Smoke control systems) Fire Protection Handbook (NFPA), 14.2 Fire-related emissions components, 23.15 Fireplace design, 2.3 First order decay equation, 58.11 Flame ionization (FID), for VOC analysis, 33.4, 51.2251.25, 62.30 Flammability, of air filters, 9.16, 9.22 Flat-panel filter, 9.10 Flooded type cooling coils, 7.5

I.18

INDEX

Flooring products: asbestos in, 37.9, 38.6, 38.7 CRI emissions criteria, 62.1162.12 VOC emissions from, 33.10, 60.11, 62.1262.13 Flow hoods, 52.8, 52.16 Fluid mechanics, 2.112.12 Fluorescent lighting, 18.518.6 PCB exposure from, 36.6 and skin disorders, 28.5 Foam formation studies, 26.8 Food allergies/intolerances: and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.5, 27.9, 27.13, 27.17 and skin disorders, 28.9 (See also Sensitization) Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), 35.2, 35.16 Food service buildings, 6.11 Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1), 54.10 Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), 54.10 Formaldehyde, 5.3, 5.115.12, 32.232.3, 60.11 adverse health effects, 32.632.10 in day care centers, 69.5 in environmental tobacco smoke, 32.6, 32.7 exposure modeling, 32.6 from flooring materials, 62.12 from gasoline exhaust, 68.8 half-life, 33.10 in hospital environments, 65.5 indoor air levels, 32.432.6, 66.7, 67.12 and odor problems, 49.7 potency as irritant, 32.2 removal methods, 10.14 sampling and assessment methods, 32.1632.17, 51.25 standards and guidelines, 32.15, 32.16 uses, sources, 5.12, 32.4 (See also Volatile organic compound) Formic acid, 10.14 FQPA (see Food Quality Protection Act) Fractional bias (FB) equation, 58.9 Fraud, misrepresentation, and indoor air problems, 71.4 Fuel oil: and indoor air quality, 2.2 use of, 6.66.7 (See also Diesel fuel exhaust; Gasoline) Full-spectrum lighting, and morale, 4.23 Fume hoods, contaminants associated with, 5.11 Fundamentals handbook (AHSRAE), 63.3 Fungus exposure, 45.1145.13, 46.146.12 adverse health effects: allergic (hypersensitivity) disease, 3.3 experimental evidence, 46.7 hypersensitivity diseases, 45.1445.15 infections, 45.13 ingestion versus inhalation, 46.646.7 risk assessment, 46.11 toxicoses, 45.1545.16 in airplane environments, 68.13 chemistry, 45.245.3 classification, nomenclature for, 45.545.6

Fungus exposure (Cont.): in day care center environments, 69.969.11 ecology, 45.3, 45.5 fungal aerosols, 45.5, 45.7, 45.1145.12 in hospital environments, 65.6 indoor air levels: data analysis and interpretation, 45.2645.27 normal ranges, 46.546.6 relationship to outdoor levels, 45.845.9 during remodeling and renovation, 62.2662.29 removal and control strategies, 45.2745.29 in library environments, 67.11 morphology, 45.2 sampling and assessment methods, 45.12, 45.1645.26 biological assays, 46.5 chemical analysis, 46.4, 46.5 immunological assays, 46.446.5 sources, 45.745.13, 46.246.6 Stachybotrys chartarum, 46.746.11 standards and guidelines, 23.33 and VOC emissions, 45.16 Furnaces/boilers: types of units, 6.66.7 ultrafine particle generation, 50.2 Furnishings, interior, contaminants associated with, 5.8, 5.11, 57.3, 69.5 Furniture refinishing operation emissions, 66.7 Gas and vapor removal methods, 10.1410.17 Gas chromatography: with electron capture (GC-ED), 33.4, 51.22 emissions monitoring using, 62.10 with flame ionization (GC-FID), 33.4, 51.2251.25 with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 33.4, 42.1042.11 with photoionization (GC-PID), 51.2451.25 Gas discharge lamps, 18.518.6 Gas-fueled cooking stoves (see Nitrogen oxides) Gas-phase-limited mass transfer equations, 58.1758.20 Gasoline: exhaust emissions, 33.13, 68.768.8 1,3 butadiene levels, 68.8 airflow and meteorological effects, 68.968.10 carbon monoxide levels, 68.368.4 formaldehyde levels, 68.8 methyl-tert-butyl ether levels, 68.8 methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonl (MMT), 68.9 oxygenated compounds, 68.9 PAH levels, 34.234.3, 68.868.9 standards and regulations governing, 68.1 tetraethyl lead, 68.9 pumping-related VOC emissions, 33.8, 33.11, 68.13 volatility measurements, 68.1368.15 Gear failure, 12.2 Gelatin foil fiber analysis, 39.13

INDEX

I.19

Gender: and IAQ complaints, 3.28 and risk perception, 70.26, 70.28 Genotoxicity, 32.932.10 German cockroach (Blattella germanica) allergens, 43.1, 43.2, 43.643.7 (See also Allergens) German National Standards, 10.13 German ProKlimA study, 3.143.16 Glare, in lighting environments, 18.1218.13 Glass fiber (GF) (see Synthetic vitreous fiber) Globe thermometer, 15.615.7 Glucans (fungal toxins), 45.15 Glutaraldehyde, 32.2 adverse health effects, 32.1432.15 exposure sources and levels, 32.14 in hospital environments, 65.5 sampling and assessment methods, 32.1732.18 standards and guidelines, 32.16 uses for, 32.1332.14 Gram-negative bacteria (GNB): endotoxin from, 42.1 sources, 42.3 Graphic sound level recorder, 19.16 Gravimetric particulate samplers, 51.2051.21 Green building, recommendations for, 5.10 (See also Health building design) Gross domestic product (GDP), building construction industry and, 6.3 Ground source pollutants, limiting access of, 60.760.8 Guidelines (see Standards, IAQ guidelines) Guidelines for Commissioning of HVAC Systems (ASHRAE 1-1989), 63.4 Guidelines for low-polluting building (CEN Report), 22.6 Guinea pigs, in asthma bioassays, 23.3623.37 Halogenated compounds, potency estimates, 23.34 Harvard School of Public Health, 2.6 Harvard Six-Cities Study, 1.8 Hayfever: and fungus exposure, 45.14 and pollen exposure, 44.14 Hazard identification, data sources, 70.6 (See also Risk assessment) Hazard index calculation, 70.3 Hazard Material Identification System (National Paint and Coatings Association), 5.8, 62.462.5 Hazard quotient (HQ) calculation, 70.13 Hazard ratings (building materials): identification material use, 62.462.5 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), 62.3 by National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 62.462.5 by National Paint and Coatings Association, 62.462.5 product approval form, 62.7 threshold limit value (TLV) approach, 62.462.6 Hazardous material, in construction waste stream, 6.10

Headache: and building-related illness, 54.16 and carbon monoxide exposure, 49.7 and fiber exposure, 37.16 and glutaraldehyde exposure, 32.14 and VOC exposure, 25.20 Health care workers (HCW): asthma prevalence, 65.4 personal protection strategies, 65.1265.14 response to multiple chemical intolerance, 27.1627.17 role in maintaining indoor air quality, 1.15 (See also Hospital environments) Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST), 51.4 Health Effects Institute, asbestos risk analyses, 37.337.4 Health hazard evaluations (NIOSH), 3.203.21 Healthy building design, 5.1 air cleaning devices, 9.219.23 appliances and equipment, 60.1160.12 construction documents (CD), 60.1160.12 construction process, 60.12 contaminant dilution, 5.145.19 contaminant source elimination, 5.135.14 cost effectiveness, 63.2 design checklist, 60.13 design process, outline of, 60.1460.18 environmental control systems, 60.860.9 identifying potential contaminants, 5.105.12 local source control, 5.14 low-polluting building materials, 60.960.11 modeling VOC emissions, 5.125.13 noise control, 19.719.8 occupancy management, 60.6, 60.8 pollutant source control, 60.560.6 professionals, role of, 60.4 providing building manuals, 60.1260.13 sensory pollution load analysis, 22.522.6 site characteristics, 60.760.8 standards, IAQ guidelines, 63.363.4 ventilation and filtering systems, 5.155.25, 60.6 (See also Commissioning) Healthy Homes Initiative (HUD), 5.6 Hearing: loudness and, 19.4 normal ranges, 19.219.3, 19.11 octave bands, 19.1 Heat, ambient: effect on light industrial work, 16.716.8 effect on mental acuity, 16.9 effect on vision, 16.2 from lighting systems, 18.518.6 from personal computers, 5.8 (See also Heating system; Thermal environment) Heat balance models, 15.1115.12 Heat recovery, with local extract ventilation systems, 13.14 Heat transfer: effect on indoor environment, 57.3

I.20

INDEX

Heat transfer (Cont.): studies of, 2.112.12 types of, 15.715.8 Heated resistors, 12.5 Heating coils (HVAC system), 7.5 Heating system, 2.7 good design practices, 63.5 heat exchangers, 8.218.28, 12.3 heat gain, 6.13 heat pumps, 7.14 steam heat, introduction of, 2.4 (See also Combustion products; HVAC system/controls; Space heating) Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems (see HVAC system/controls) Hedonic tone (odors), 21.6 HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filters: controlling airborne infection using, 11.711.8 in hospital environments, 65.11 monitoring efficiency of, 9.149.16 Herbicides, 35.9 Hevea brasiliensis, 41.141.2 Hexane: in indoor environments, 66.9 residential exposure, 66.366.7 High-efficiency filters, design considerations, 9.22 High Performance Building Guidelines (1999) (NYDDC), 61.8 High Volume Small Surface Sampler (HVS3), 64.9 Hirst-type pollen samplers, 44.1044.11, 44.12 Histoplasmosis, 3.3 (see Fungus exposure) Historical documents, reviewing in IAQ investigations, 49.9 HISTVAR program (Alarie), 24.6 Hives, 3.3 HMIS (see Hazard Material Identification System) Homes (see Residential buildings) Hospital environments, 65.365.4 contaminant control strategies: containment, isolation, 65.1065.12 personal protection, 65.1265.14 product substitution, 65.10 during remodeling and renovation, 62.22 tuberculosis control guidelines, 47.947.12 ventilation systems, 65.1165.12 glutaraldehyde exposure, 32.14 IAQ investigations, ultrafine particle tracking, 50.13 indoor air contaminants: airborne rubber allergens, 41.1 allergens, 65.465.5, 65.765.8 allergic skin reactions, 28.828.9 anesthetic gases, 65.865.9 anti-neoplastic agents, 65.5 infectious aerosols, 65.6 irritants, 65.5 surgical smoke, 65.765.8 teratogens, mutagens, 65.565.6 latex sensitivity, 41.841.9, 41.10 Hospital-grade filters, monitoring efficiency of, 9.15

Hot smoldering phase (fire), detecting, 12.15 Hot-wire anemometers, 12.5, 52.7 airflow rate calculations, 52.1452.15 Household products, VOC emissions from, 33.10 Housekeeping practices (see Cleaning, maintenance practices) Housing stock: existing units, 6.5 new construction, 6.96.10 (See also Residential buildings) HUD (see United States Department of Housing and Urban Development) Human comfort (see Comfort) Human contagion: breath as source of, 5.4 fears about, 22.2 Humidification, 7.6 and comfort, 22.8 in day care center environments, 69.969.11 effects on health, 69.569.6 good design practices, 63.5 humidity control, 6.7, 12.8 humidity sensors, 12.3 and rates of worker illness, 4.7 and sensation of dryness, 16.416.5 sensory irritation from, 49.7 and skin disorders, 28.528.6 water vaporization methods, 8.24 Humidifiers, biological contamination, 42.11 Humidity (see Moisture, dampness; Relative humidity) Humidity-sensitive vents, 13.6 HVAC Applications Handbook (AHSRAE), 63.3 HVAC system/controls, 2.22.7, 7.2, 7.147.15, 12.2 air diffusion principals, 8.58.6, 8.88.9 air-handling units (AHU), 7.1 airflow, 12.412.5, 12.9 antiquated approach to, 2.132.14 biological contamination, 48.1, 48.448.5 boilers, 7.8 clean-air delivery rate (CADR), 9.25 in commercial buildings, 6.15 condensate drain pans, 7.5 constant-air volume (CAV) systems, 7.8, 7.13 cooling components, 7.47.5, 7.8, 8.338.36 customizing, 5.95.10 dampers, 7.3, 7.4, 12.2 dehumidification components, 8.208.21 diffusers, 8.98.10, 8.168.21 displacement ventilation, 7.147.15 disregard for during commercial building process, 6.4 distribution system, 7.6 dryers, desiccants, 8.318.33 ducts, 8.18.2 evaluating during IAQ investigations, 49.1149.12, 49.1649.17 exhausts, 7.7 fans, 12.3 fibrous insulation, 8.48.5 fire and smoke sensors, 12.512.6

INDEX

I.21

HVAC system/controls (Cont.): good design practices, 63.463.6 heating components, 7.5, 7.14, 8.218.28, 12.3 humidification components, 7.6, 8.298.31, 12.3, 12.8 hybrid systems, 7.14 and indoor air quality, 57.257.3, 63.263.3 lighting control, 12.14 low-frequency sound, 19.1, 19.4 mechanical rooms, locating, 7.3 mixing plenum, 7.3 monitoring, 7.16, 7.18 in museums, 67.1267.14 noise from, 19.1, 19.719.15 occupancy sensors, 12.5 outdoor air intake, locating, 7.27.3 personal control systems, 5.5, 12.8, 12.1312.14, 16.1016.12 pressure sensors, 12.5 pressurization functions, 7.9 preventive maintenance, 6.15, 63.2, 63.763.8 radon control using, 40.16 return-air fans, 7.7 return air grilles/exhausts, 8.12 return air plenums, 7.7, 8.28.3 rooftop units (RTU), 7.2 room configuration, 7.6 smoke and fire controls, 12.15 sound control, 8.12, 8.15, 8.17, 8.18 stairwells and elevator shafts, 7.7 supply air fans, 7.6 supply air momentum, 8.68.9 supply air plenums, 8.4, 8.68.9 temperature sensors, 12.3, 12.712.8 terminal equipment, 7.6 terminology for, 12.612.7 univents, 7.1 variable air volume (VAV) systems, 7.13, 8.188.21 ventilation, 5.145.19, 5.145.19, 7.9, 12.912.13 water traps, 7.5 (See also Commissioning; Healthy building design; Thermal environment; Ventilation system) HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook (ASHRAE), 63.3 Hybrid HVAC systems, 7.14 temperature control features, 12.7 Hydrogen sulfide, 10.14 Hyper-responsiveness, 27.327.4 (see Multiple chemical intolerance) Hyperemia, 17.4 Hypersensitivity diseases (see Allergic (hypersensitivity) disease) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 3.3, 45.15, 54.1054.12 Hypersusceptible individuals (see Individual susceptibility) IAQ complaints: acute nonspecific symptoms, 53.3 addressing, cost-benefit analysis, 56.1756.18

IAQ complaints (Cont.): building-related illness (BRI), 3.3 comfort-related, 53.3, 56.756.11 complaint behavior analysis, 56.256.15 complaint logs, 56.3 frequency, 56.356.4 handling approaches, 56.1156.15 investigation process, 49.449.10 productivity-related, 53.4 sick building syndrome (SBS), 3.33.4 statistical analyses, 56.256.3 symptoms, 4.44.7, 23.40 temporal factors, 56.556.7 (See also IAQ investigations; Occupant surveys; Sick Building Syndrome) IAQ investigations: airflow considerations, 51.2751.30, 59.359.5 assessment process, 49.8 contaminant source inventory, 49.1249.13 formulating/verifying conclusions, 49.15 HVAC systems, 49.1149.12 identifying levels of concern, 51.2751.30 identifying problems, \#208>53.3 initial screening, 49.449.6 interviews, 49.949.10 problem identification, 49.949.10 reviewing historical documents, 49.9 available technologies, reviewing, 51.1151.14 building exhaust tracking, 50.1550.17 communicating findings, 49.1749.18 and complaint behavior, 56.1156.16 computational fluid dynamics modeling, 59.1359.19 data quality objectives, 51.551.11 environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), 50.14 hospital environments, 50.13 measurement systems, 51.1451.30 monitoring studies, 51.251.5 preliminary assessment, 49.449.6 quality assurance (QA): quality assurance plans, 51.30 quality control samples, 51.32 standard operating procedures (SOP), 51.3151.32 quantitative studies, 49.1649.17 reporting requirements, 51.14 revising measurement objectives, 51.12, 51.14 statistical confidence, 51.551.10 types of, 49.4 ventilation systems: air speed measurements, 52.7 air temperature measurements, 52.6 airflow measurements, 52.752.8 airflow rate calculations, 52.1352.17 differential pressure measurements, 52.652.7 outdoor airflow rates, 52.1652.17 percent outdoor air in airstream, 52.1052.12 relative humidity measurements, 52.6 smoke tube studies, 52.8 tracer gas studies, 52.8, 52.952.10 velocity pressure measurements, 52.7

I.22

INDEX

IAQ investigations, ventilation systems (Cont.): whole building air change rates, 52.1752.18 (See also Occupant surveys; Risk assessment; Sampling and assessment methods) Ice arena environments, 67.3 air quality regulations, 5.6, 67.467.5 emission control strategies, 67.367.4 exposure sources and levels, 5.8, 67.267.3 health problems, 67.167.2 Idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) (see Multiple chemical intolerance) IEQ Strategies, 51.12 IESNA (see Illuminating Engineering Society of North America) IEST Recommended Practice (RP-CC-007), 9.16 Illuminance, 18.818.9, 18.1418.15 Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), 18.118.2, 18.9 Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) exposure limits: carbon dioxide, 51.2, 51.4 carbon monoxide, 51.2, 51.4 Immune system disturbances, 36.11 (See also Allergens) Immunoaffinity chromatography, 46.446.5 Immunoassays: cat allergens, 43.8 dust mite species, 43.343.4 German cockroach allergens, 43.643.7 rubber protein measurements, 41.641.7 (See also Biological assays; Biomarkers) Impermeable building materials, 2.7 (See also Closed buildings) Impression cytology studies, 26.10 In vivo/in vitro assays, 70.6 Incandescent lighting, 18.5 Incipient phase (fire), detecting, 12.15 Index concentration calculation, 51.551.9 Individual control: HVAC systems, 12.1312.14 importance of, 16.1016.12 Individual susceptibility/variability, 48.6 in complaint behavior, 53.253.3, 56.756.11 and dust mite protein sensitivity, 43.543.6 in fungal infection sensitivity, 45.13 incorporating in risk assessments, 70.770.9 individual risk calculations, 70.9 and job stress, 55.1155.13 in multiple chemical intolerance, 27.127.2 in occupant responses, 53.3 in perceptions of comfortableness, 16.10 and pollen sensitivity, 44.14 in respiratory illness rates, 69.169.3 and sick building syndrome, 53.6 in sound sensitivity, 19.10 (See also Sensitization) Indoor air quality (IAQ): cost-effectiveness of improving, 4.264.30, 56.1756.18, 63.2 defining, 3.13.2, 5.2, 5.25, 63.1 determinants of, 69.469.6

Indoor air quality (IAQ) (Cont.): early research, 5.7 European perspective, 1.121.13 and hypersusceptible individuals, 27.127.2 perceptions of, measuring, 5.35.4, 22.1, 22.3 measuring, 22.822.10 proactive approaches, 5.5 research/field studies: history of, 1.71.9 research needs, 1.91.12 (See also Healthy building design; Sick Building Syndrome) Indoor environment: dynamic nature of, 57.3 modeling, 57.457.10 occupancy, 57.2 outdoor climate effects, 57.1 time spent in, 6.3, 62.2 (See also specific environments and building systems) Indoor Environment Review, 51.12 Induction lamps, 18.6 Induction units (HVAC system), 7.6 Industrial buildings, outdoor air requirements (table), 7.97.11 Industrial Hygiene News, 51.12 Industrial hygiene paradigm, 62.262.3 Inertial impaction air filters, 9.4 Inertial separator air cleaner, 9.89.9 Infection rates: and indoor air quality, 4.34.7, 54.1654.17 strategies for reducing, 4.104.11 (See also Day care center environments; Hospital environments) Infectious aerosols (see Aerosols, infectious) Infectious disease model, 69.369.4 Infectious dose, 11.3 Infiltration rates, 52.4 and indoor air monitoring, 51.2751.30 in older housing stock, 6.8 versus outdoor intake rates, 52.4 Influenza, 2.6, 3.3, 5.45.5 Infrared meter, 49.11 Infrared presence sensor, 13.22 Infrasound, 19.819.11 Inherent characteristic, 12.2 Inhibition radioimmunoassays (RIA), 43.3 Inner city populations, cockroach allergen exposure, 43.6 Insecticides, 33.8, 35.935.10 Inspection process (see Monitoring indoor environments) Installation effect, 19.6 Insulation: asbestos in, 37.9, 38.6, 38.7 clothing insulation values, 15.7 in commercial buildings, 6.15 formaldehyde exposure from, 32.5 and indoor air quality, 5.8 in residential buildings, 6.8

INDEX

I.23

Insulation (Cont.): synthetic vitreous fibers, 8.48.5, 37.4, 37.16, 39.1, 39.23 Insurance, IAQ-issues, 71.8 Integral control, 12.7 Integrated Risk Assessment System (IRIS) database, 35.16, 51.4 Integrated wiring/electronics, 6.10 Integrating sound level meter, 19.5 Interception air filters, 9.4 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): carcinogenicity assessments aflatoxins, 46.6 aldehydes, 32.15 cellulose, 37.637.7 formaldehyde, 32.10 PAHs, 34.1834.20 phthalates, 34.1934.20, 34.2134.22 synthetic vitreous fibers, 39.23 risk assessment, 70.7 International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP), 40.4 International Facility Managers Association, 5.2 International Organization for Standards (ISO), 9.13, 15.11, 19.2 International Standards Organization (see International Organization for Standards) Interstitial lung disease (ILD): asbestosis, 54.12 hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 54.1054.12 organic dust toxic syndrome, 54.13 sarcoidosis, 54.1254.13 usual interstitial pneumonitis, 54.13 Intervention studies, 53.22 (See also IAQ investigations) Interviews, during IAQ investigations, 49.7, 49.949.10 Interzonal airflows, and indoor air monitoring, 51.27 Involuntary smoking (see Environmental tobacco smoke) Ion exchange water treatment, 8.30 Ion generators, 9.26 Ionizing radiation, and skin disorders, 28.5, 28.828.9 IRIS (see Integrated Risk Assessment System) Isoniazid (INH) treatment, 47.8 Isothiazolinones, 28.8 J function, 10.8 Jail environments, 4.6 Job stress: and building-related illness, 54.18 defining, 55.2 evaluating during IAQ investigations: communicating findings, 55.20 implementation process, 55.1755.20 limitations of current methods, 55.1355.14 questionnaires, 55.14 and indoor air quality: models for, 55.455.6

Job stress, and indoor air quality (Cont.): physical stressors, 55.11 psychosocial stressors, 55.11 research/field studies, 55.655.13 modeling: demand-control model, 55.255.4 NIOSH Job Stress Model, 55.7 person-environment fit, 55.255.4 perceptions of, measuring, 55.1255.13 JOULE project, 1.12 Journals and trade magazines, 51.1151.12 Just detectable effect (JDE), 24.1424.15 K factor: in airflow rate calculations, 52.1552.16 in radon dosimetry calculations, 40.8 Kathon CG, 28.8 Kerosene heaters: use of, 6.7, 6.9 VOC exposure from, 33.12 Ketones, 5.12 chemosensory detection threshold, 20.720.8, 20.10 Kings law, 12.5 Kitchen exhaust, contaminants associated with, 5.11 L-tryptophan, 28.6 Laboratory environments: improving IAQ in, 62.24 PCB levels, 36.1436.18 Laminar air flow (LAF) areas, 65.11 Langmuir isotherm, 58.2058.21 Large eddy simulation (LES), 5.225.23, 59.859.10 Laser-based particle counters, 50.250.3 Laser plumes, 65.765.8 Latent heat, 15.7 Latex allergen exposure: adverse health effects, 28.8, 41.441.6 controlling, 65.7 measuring allergen concentrations, 41.1, 41.641.8 sources, 41.1, 65.465.5, 65.7 (See also Paints) Latex paint emissions (see Paints) Latex sensitivity, 41.441.6 affected populations, 41.841.9 controlling exposure, 41.11 diagnosis, 41.6 research/field studies, 41.541.6 Lawsuits, IAQ, preventing, 71.671.9 LD50 measurement, 70.6 Lead, airborne, 62.25 Legal issues, IAQ-related: assault and battery, 71.4 breach of contract, 71.371.4 breach of warranty, 71.4 fraud, misrepresentation, 71.4 lawsuits, 5.5, 71.271.3 examples of, 71.571.6 liability concerns, 71.3 negligence, 71.3 trespass, nuisance, 71.5

I.24

INDEX

Legionella bacteria, 5.2, 48.148.2 detection methods, 48.748.8 exposure levels, 48.5, 48.9 exposure sources, 8.29, 8.34, 48.448.6 microbiology, 48.348.4 remediation guidelines, 48.848.9 Legionellosis (Legionnaires disease), 3.3, 48.148.3 reducing risks of, 48.948.11 Levels of concern, 71.3 establishing, 51.251.5 index concentration calculations, 51.551.12 Library environments, 67.1167.12 Library of Congress SBS study, 3.183.19 Lifetime average daily dose (LADD) equation, 70.9 Lifetime risk, 70.14 Light intensity sensor, 12.14 Light microscopy, pollen sample analysis, 44.1344.14 Lighting systems: color-related features, 18.1018.11 color-rendering index (CRI), 18.11, 18.12 color temperature, 18.1018.11 spectral power distribution, 18.10 commercial buildings effect on productivity, 4.224.24 energy requirements, 6.14 lighting controls, 12.14 glare, 18.1218.13 good lighting, features of, 18.5 and indoor air quality, 60.860.9 light distribution, 18.918.10 light measurements, 18.718.10 luminance ratios, 18.1318.14 measurement tools, 18.1418.15 measuring amount of light, 18.718.9 psychological impacts, 18.1618.19 recommended standards, 18.118.5 residential buildings, 6.8 and skin disorders, 28.5 task-to-surround luminance ratios (TSLR), 18.1318.14 technology of, 18.518.7 and the thermal environment, 16.816.10 visibility models, 18.1118.12 Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, 42.2, 42.742.10 Lint, 9.29.3 Lipid A, 42.1 Lipophilicity: and eye irritation, 17.3 and olfactory sensory potency, 20.12 Lipopolysaccharides (LPS): and endotoxin toxicity, 42.1 purified LPS (EC6) standard, 42.142.3, 42.742.9 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 6.66.7 Local extract ventilation systems, 13.1313.14 Local source control strategies, 5.25 Localized ventilation systems, 5.19, 5.25 Lost work (see Productivity) Loudness, measuring, 19.319.4 Louver air cleaner, 9.89.9 Low-efficiency filters, 7.4

Low frequency sound (see Infrasound) Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program, 2.172.18, 6.6 Low-income households, 6.6 Low-polluting materials, 31.1231.14, 60.560.6 legal advantages, 71.8 selecting during remodeling and renovation, 62.362.4, 62.1262.13 Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Levels (LOAEL), 25.4, 25.5, 35.16, 51.5, 70.10 Lowry method for measuring rubber allergen, 41.641.7 Lumens, measuring, 18.818.9 Luminaires, 18.7, 18.918.10 Luminance meters, 18.1418.15 Luminance ratios, task-to-surround, 18.1318.14 Luminous flux (see Lumens) Lung cancer: and airborne asbestos exposure, 38.3 and environmental tobacco smoke exposure, 30.1730.19 and radon exposure, 40.240.4, 40.840.15 (See also Cancer) Lung diffusing capacity (DLCO), 54.10 Lux, 18.8 M22 VOC mixture, 25.4 Macroscopic modeling, 57.457.6 mass-balance equation, 57.9 pros and cons, 57.6 Maintenance activities (see Cleaning, maintenance practices) MAKEDVT program (Alarie), 24.6 Mall environments, 5.8 Malodors (see Odor and scent problems) Man-made mineral fiber (MMMF) (see Synthetic vitreous fiber) Man-made vitreous fiber (MMVF) (see Synthetic vitreous fiber) Managing, buildings: asbestos-handling, 38.15 providing manuals, 60.1260.13 (See also Cleaning, maintenance practices) Mancini cat allergen assay, 43.3, 43.8 Manometers, digital electronic, 52.652.7 Manual dexterity, effect of cold on, 16.716.8 Margin of error (MOE) calculation, 70.13 Martin County v. Frank J. Rooney, Inc., 71.6 Mass balance models: examples, 58.658.7 indoor-outdoor air exchange, 58.558.6 limitations, 58.2158.22 multiple-room model, 58.458.6 penetration factor, 58.6 single-room model, 58.4 verifying, 58.758.11 (See also Odor and scent problems) Mass flow rate, 12.4 Mass spectometry (GC-MS): endotoxin analysis, 42.1042.11 VOC analysis, 33.4

INDEX

I.25

Mass-transfer based models, 58.1558.21 gas-phase limited, 58.1758.19 limitations of, 2.11 source-phase limited, 58.1958.20 Mass transfer rate equations, 58.1558.16 gas-phase limited, 58.1758.20 source-phase limited, 58.1958.20 Massachusetts: commissioning requirements, 61.2 indoor air quality regulations, 5.6 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), 5.8, 60.10, 62.362.4 Maximally exposed risk, 70.14 Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) measurement, 70.10 MBTH method for aldehyde sampling, 32.18 Mean radiant temperature, 15.6 Measles, 3.3 Measurement techniques (see Sampling and assessment methods) Measurement units (see Sampling and assessment methods) Mechanical displacement ventilation systems, 13.1913.20 Mechanical extract ventilation systems, 13.1313.15 Mechanical filters, 9.69.7 Mechanical rooms (HVAC system): locating, 7.3 preventive maintenance practices, 63.863.9 Mechanical ventilation systems, 5.25, 7.9, 13.1113.12, 13.1613.17, 52.4 adoption of as standard, 2.7, 6.10 air filters, 50.950.11 air speed, 15.7 in apartment buildings, limitations of, 6.8 balanced mixing ventilation systems, 13.18 components, 13.1213.13 demand-controlled ventilation (DCV), 13.2013.23 displacement ventilation, 13.1913.20 and heat gains, 2.7 integration with electrical systems, 6.16 limitations of, 2.62.7 link to temperature control during twentieth century, 2.7 natural ventilation comparison, 5.155.16 need for, in new housing, 6.8 supply ventilation systems, 13.1613.17 ventilation strategies, 13.1313.14 MEMS (see microelectromechanical systems) Mental acuity: loss of with multiple chemical intolerance, 27.9 thermal environment and, 16.216.3, 16.816.10 Mesomachines, 2.13 Mesothelioma, 37.3, 38.3, 39.23 (See also Cancer) Metabolic rate, and comfort, 15.7 Metals, in humidification system water, 8.29 Metalworking fluid (MWF) aerosols, 23.1623.17 Method Detection Limit (MDL), 51.5

Method of Testing General Ventilation Air Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size (ASHRAE 52.2), 9.149.15 Methods (see Sampling and assessment methods) Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane), residential exposure, 66.366.7 Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), sources and levels, 33.11, 68.8 Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonl (MMT), 68.9 Methylene chloride, sources and exposure levels, 5.12, 66.366.9 Methylmethacrylate, 65.4 Mice, in sensory and pulmonary bioassays, 23.323.4 Microbial contaminants: in airplane environments, 68.1268.13 from buses, trains and subways, 68.12 on cellulose fibers, 37.7 from cooling towers, 7.8 in day care centers, 69.5 evaluating during IAQ investigations, 49.16 49.17 in humidification system water, 8.29 in HVAC cooling towers, 8.34 Legionella, 48.148.2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 47.2 and odor problems, 49.7 public fear of, 5.3 recommend indoor level (RIL) calculations, 23.3123.33 removal methods, 7.4, 62.2662.29 research needs, 1.10 sampling methodologies, 64.10 and skin disorders, 28.9 (See also Bioaerosols) Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), 2.122.13 Microfibers, cleaning practices, 64.9 Micropore membrane sampling, for tuberculosis, 11.7 Microscopic modeling, 57.457.6 Microtechnology: and personal comfort control, 5.5 silicon-based micromachines, 2.122.13 ventilation simulations using, 2.12 Microwave ovens, 6.9 Middle ear disease (otitis media), 30.17 Midwestern United States: characteristics of housing stock, 6.5 commercial building stock, characteristics, 6.12 humidifier/dehumidifier use, 6.7 Military barracks, respiratory disease prevalence, 4.5 Mines, ventilation of, 2.4 Minimum-efficiency reporting value (MERV), 9.15 Minimum smoke depth layer, calculating, 14.1214.13 Minnesota, indoor air quality regulations, 5.6 Mixed-gas sensors, 13.22 Mixed-is-burned model, 14.1514.16 Mixed ventilation systems, 5.16, 5.25 Mixtures (see Chemical mixtures) MLEGCV program, 24.9 MM-questionnaires, 3.12

I.26

INDEX

Mobile homes, 6.56.6, 6.9 formaldehyde levels, 32.8 Modeling indoor environments, 57.457.6, 59.2 carbon monoxide exposure, 68.4 carcinogen threshold levels, 70.10 chemosensory threshold predictions, 20.1320.16 comfort analysis, 22.722.10, 57.8 computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 57.957.10, 58.2258.23, 59.1059.13 day care center health problems, 69.369.4 emission modeling, 58.858.20, 62.17 energy analysis, 57.657.8 fire and smoke management systems, 14.1514.16 job stress, 55.255.6 mass balance models, 57.9, 58.458.22 microscopic versus macroscopic modeling, 57.457.6 model types, 58.158.2 off-site exposure sources, residential effects, 68.1568.16 predictive modeling, 57.4 sink models, 58.2058.21 smoke control systems, 14.314.5 statistical models, 58.258.5 VOC concentrations, 31.15 (See also Simulations) Moderate Thermal Environments (ISO 7730), 15.11 Modernism, 2.7 Modules, prefabricated, in new construction, 6.10 Moisture, dampness: and activated carbon filter efficiency, 10.4 and asthma prevalence, 4.11 in day care center environments, 69.969.11 and fungi growth, 45.345.5 and indoor air quality, 69.5 and particulate transport, 64.564.6 and pollen levels, 44.344.6 (See also Humidification) Moisture sensors, 13.21 Mold problems, 5.3 and asthma, 4.11 and composite surface/insulation materials insulation, 5.8 in day care center environments, 69.969.11 evaluating during IAQ investigations, 49.16 49.17 monitoring approaches, 49.11 and respiratory disease, 4.7 (See also Fungus exposure) Monitoring indoor environments, 7.167.17 air change rates, 52.352.4 air cleaner efficiency, 9.16 air filter efficiency, 9.4, 9.129.16 airflow, 49.1149.12, 51.2751.30 aldehydes, 51.25 asbestos, 38.1238.15 available technologies for, reviewing, 51.1151.14 bioaerosol levels, 15.15, 15.17 carbon dioxide levels, 7.18, 12.1212.13, 49.11, 51.15, 51.18 carbon monoxide levels, 51.15, 51.1851.19

Monitoring indoor environments (Cont.): continuous monitoring, when to use, 49.16 cooling systems, 8.338.34 data quality characteristics, 51.551.11 electrostatic precipitator efficiency, 9.17 environmental tobacco smoke levels, 30.5 equipment and field characteristics, 51.11 infrasound levels, 19.4 instrument selection, 51.2 measurement systems, 51.1451.15 noise levels, 19.5 odor measurements, 20.420.9, 21.321.8 ozone levels, 51.1951.20 particulate matter, 51.2051.21 pesticide levels, 35.435.8 quality assurance (QA), 51.3051.32 radon levels, 40.1540.16 reasons for, 52.252.3 relative humidity measurements, 49.11, 52.6 during remodeling and renovation, 62.29, 62.30 reporting requirements, 51.14 revising measurement objectives, 51.12, 51.14 synthetic vitreous fibers levels, 39.339.8 ventilation rates, 52.352.4 ventilation systems, 52.652.17 VOC levels, 51.2151.27 whole building air change rates, 52.1752.18 (See also Sampling and assessment methods) Monoclonal antibodies: allergen assays, 43.243.3 cat allergens, 43.8 dust mites, 43.343.4 German cockroach, 43.6 (See also Biological assays; Biomarkers) Mood changes, with multiple chemical intolerance, 27.9 Morpholine, 7.8 Mortality, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure, 30.22 Motion detectors: lighting control, 12.14 occupancy measurements, 12.5 Motorcycles, exposures associated with, 68.1068.12 Mouse bioassay, automation of, 24.124.2 acquiring/processing data, 24.624.12 advantages, 24.1924.20 airflow measurements, 24.224.3 concentration-response analysis, 24.20 data presentation, 24.13 detection limits (just detectable effect), 24.1424.15 exposure system, 24.2 mixture assay results, 24.1724.19 negative/low results, 24.21 problems and solutions, 24.2124.23 quantifying P1 effect, 24.3 single chemical assay results, 24.1524.17 time-response analysis, 24.2024.21 variables measured, 24.13 (See also Biological assays) Moving-curtain/renewable filter, 9.12, 9.13

INDEX

I.27

MSDS (see Material Safety Data Sheets) Mucosal membrane irritation, 26.1 and acetaldehyde exposure, 32.11 airborne vitreous fibers and, 37.537.6 and aldehyde exposure, 32.132.3 bioassays based on, 23.123.2 and building-related illness, 54.1554.16 chemesthetic sensory receptors, 20.120.3 eye irritation assessments, 26.326.5 and fiber exposure, 37.16 and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7 and indoor air quality, 17.517.8 methods for assessing: blinking frequency studies, 26.526.6 carbon dioxide eye-provocation test, 26.11 corneal lipid layer thickness studies, 26.11 epithelial damage studies, 26.9 foam formation studies, 26.8 impression cytology studies, 26.10 nasal lavage studies, 26.1726.19 nasal patency measures, 26.1526.17 nasal scrapings/biopsies, 26.1926.20 respiratory frequency, 26.1426.15 Schirmer I tear test, 26.12 symptom validation, 26.1226.14, 26.20 tear film stability studies, 26.626.8 tear fluid cytology studies, 26.926.10 versus odor, 20.3 physiological basis for, 20.120.3, 26.2 in sick building syndrome, 3.33.4 and surgical smoke exposure, 65.765.8 upper respiratory tract irritation, 26.1426.15 VOC research/field studies, 25.1325.15 chemosensory threshold predictions, 20.1120.16 olfactory versus chemesthetic responses, 20.320.5 Multifamily housing, 6.56.6, 6.9 Multiple chemical intolerance, 27.127.2 versus allergic disease, 27.4 animal models, 27.6 case studies, 27.427.5, 27.20, 27.23 defining, 27.327.4, 27.1127.12 demographics and prevalence, 27.727.8 diagnosis and treatment, 27.1627.23 as disability, debate over, 27.19 disease model for, 27.527.6, 27.13 historical views of, 1.16, 27.227.3 identifying in workplace environments, 27.2027.23 initiating events, 27.427.6 predisposition to, 27.1527.16 proposed mechanisms, 27.1227.16 research/field studies, 27.927.10 research needs, 1.101.11 responses to, 27.227.3 symptoms, 27.2, 27.9 individuality of, 27.9, 27.1027.12 signature responses, 27.527.6 underlying mechanisms, 27.4 and VOC exposure, 33.24

Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) (see Multiple chemical intolerance) Multisorbent sampling systems, 33.3 Museum environments, 67.1267.14 Mutagens: in hospital environments, 65.565.6 PAHs, 34.18 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 47.247.4 Mycotoxins, 46.9 (see Fungus exposure) Naphthalene, 34.3 Nasal airway resistance (NAR), 26.1526.16 Nasal irritation, 20.3 and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7 and glutaraldehyde exposure, 32.14 VOC-induced, 25.15 (See also Eye irritation; Pulmonary irritation) Nasal lavage (NAL) studies, 26.1726.19 Nasal localization threshold measurement, 20.420.5 Nasal mucosal swelling, 26.31 Nasal patency measures, 26.1526.17 Nasal peak inspiratory flow (PIF), 26.16 Nasal scrapings/biopsies, 26.1926.20 Nasal volume, 26.1626.17 National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 70.4 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR 50), 51.2, 51.4, 60.7 National Association of Home Builders, 5.6 National Cancer Institute (NCI), 40.1340.14 National Council for Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), 40.4 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 4.224.23 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): diamond hazard rating system, 62.462.5 Fire Protection Handbook, 14.2 Life Safety Code, 14.3 standards, 14.1 National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), 68.2 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Job Stress Model, 55.4 recommended exposure limits (REL): aldehydes, 32.11, 32.15 pesticides, 35.14 rubber allergen exposure control recommendations, 41.11 sampling methodologies: formaldehyde, 32.16 glutaraldehyde (MBTH method), 32.18 organochlorine/organophosphate pesticides, 35.5 SBS studies, 3.203.21 National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA), 3.3 National Paint and Coatings Association: Hazard Material Identification System (HMIS), 62.462.5 indoor air quality recommendations, 5.8

I.28

INDEX

National Research Council (NRC): Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) committees, 40.4 exposure-dose relationships, 40.740.8 risk assessment models, 40.1340.15 indoor air exposure to termiticides, 35.1435.15 National Toxicology Program (NTP), 70.7 carcinogenicity assessments, 37.5 Natural gas use, 6.6, 6.14 Natural infrasound, 19.9 Natural rubber, 41.1, 41.3 Natural ventilation systems, 5.15, 5.25, 52.4 advantages/disadvantages, 13.1013.11 air speed, 15.7 airflow dynamics, 13.213.5 atriums, 14.12 building design factors, 13.5 and comfort, 15.915.10 in healthy building design, 5.155.17 humidity in, 15.11 in older housing stock, 6.8 ventilation openings: air vents, trickle ventilators, 13.6 automatic (variable-area) inlets, 13.6 passive stacks, 13.6 windows and louvers, 13.5 ventilation techniques: atria ventilation, 13.913.10 cross-flow ventilation, 13.713.8 passive-stack ventilation, 13.8, 13.1013.11 single-sided ventilation, 13.7, 13.9 wind towers, 13.8 where used/useful, 5.17, 13.113.2 (See also Ventilation systems) Nausea, following carbon monoxide exposure, 49.7 Navier-Stokes equation, 57.457.6, 59.659.7 Negative pressure isolation rooms, 65.11, 65.12 Negligence, IAQ-related, 71.3 Nervous system, in the eye, 17.5 Network calculations, 13.5 Neurodevelopmental problems, 36.10 Neurosensory problems: thermal environment and, 16.2 VOC exposure and, 33.22 Neutral buoyancy plane, 7.9 New York City: High Performance Building Guidelines (1999), 61.8 indoor air quality guidelines, 5.6 New York State Commission on Ventilation, 2.6 New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), indoor air studies: air sampling, 66.566.6 facility selection, 66.366.4 field questionnaires, 66.6 product inventories, 66.5 recruitment of participants, 66.466.5 results, 66.166.2, 66.366.13 sample analysis, 66.6 NFPA (see National Fire Protection Association)

Nicotine, as marker of environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2, 30.6 Night air, fears about, 2.2 Night time cooling, and natural ventilation, 5.15 Nitric acid, in museum environments, 67.13 Nitric oxide, 10.14 Nitro-PAHs, 34.10 Nitrogen oxides, 29.1029.11 adverse health effects: acute, 29.13 in adults versus children, 29.1329.16 in airplane environments, 68.12 aldehyde reactions with, 32.18 from environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2 environmental/toxic concentrations, 29.1129.12 asthma-related, 29.16 exposure sources and levels, 51.4 from gasoline exhaust, exposure levels, 68.468.5 in ice arenas, 5.8, 67.267.4 from indoor vehicular events, 67.6 in museum environments, 67.13 in outdoor air, 60.7 toxicology, 29.1229.13 No Observed Adverse Effect Levels (NOAEL), 2.172.18, 25.4, 25.7, 51.5, 70.10 Noise, indoor, 19.11 abatement efforts, effectiveness, 19.2019.21 acceptable levels, 19.1419.15 effects, 19.1119.14 from HVAC systems, 8.12, 19.1, 19.519.7 controlling, 8.15, 8.178.18, 19.719.8 installation effect, 19.6 measuring, 19.5 productivity and, 16.10 Nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectrometry, 51.15, 51.18 Non-Occupational Pesticides Exposure Study (NOPES), 35.1235.14 Nonreactive volatile organic compounds (NRVOC), potency estimates: mixtures, 23.2723.33 receptor phase calculations, 23.17, 23.2623.27 single chemicals, 23.2723.28 Nonsmoking environments, ventilation standards, 2.8 Nonvolatile organic compounds (NVOCs), 51.22 Norbecks SBS studies, 3.113.12 Normal distribution, 51.551.6, 51.7 Normalized mean square error (NMSE) equation, 58.8 North American Insulation Manufacturers, 5.6 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management, 68.16 Northeast United States: commercial building stock, 6.12 housing stock, 6.5 Null findings, interpreting and communicating, 55.20 Number of transfer units (NTU), 12.2 Nursing home environments, 4.6

INDEX

I.29

OA (see Outdoor air dampers) Occupancy: density of: and disease rates, 3.3, 4.10 odor complaints and, 49.6, 49.7 duration of, and disease rates, 4.12 effect on indoor environment, 57.1 management practices, 60.6, 60.8 relationship to ventilation requirements, 2.12, 7.15, 12.1112.12 during remodeling and renovation, 62.2162.22 and sick building syndrome, 53.6 Occupancy sensors, 12.5 Occupant surveys: analysis of problem, 53.1953.21 ethical issues, 53.2153.22 intervention studies, 53.22 motivating respondents, 53.1853.19 outcome measures, 53.1953.20 planning process, 53.1653.17 problems with, 53.253.3 questionnaires: closed questions, 53.11 confounding factors, addressing, 53.15 construction process, 53.11 criteria for choosing, 53.953.11 environmental/cleanliness ratings, 53.14 example questionnaire, 53.1253.15 frequency of occurrence scales, 53.14 layout of questions, 53.14 linguistic clarity, 53.1053.11, 53.14 recall of past events, 53.10 reliability and validity issues, 53.953.10 reasons for undertaking, 53.2 proactive monitoring, 53.753.8 research, mitigation followup, 53.853.9 suspected problems, 53.653.7 sample selection, 53.1653.18 Occupational environments (see Commercial buildings) Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) (see United States Occupational Health and Safety Administration) Occupational Safety and Health Act, workplace exposure limits, 51.4 Occupational stress (see Job stress) Octave bands, 19.219.3 Ocular irritation (see Eye irritation) Odor and scent problems: body odor, 22.2, 69.5 and building material selection, 62.11 cleaning service chemicals, 5.10 controlling, 5.5 effects on productivity, 4.244.25 and environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2130.22 hedonic tone, 21.6 and IAQ risk perception, 20.420.5 versus irritation, 20.3 muscosal membrane irritation (chemesthesis), 20.1 odor control research, 2.7 odor measurements, 20.420.6, 21.421.8

Odor and scent problems (Cont.): odor threshold values, 51.4 physiological basis, 20.1, 21.121.3 in sick building syndrome, 3.3 sources, 21.8, 49.7 VOC research/field studies, 20.320.16, 33.4 Odor character measurement, 21.521.6 Odor concentration measurement, 20.5 Odor Index, 10.13 Odor intensity measurement, 21.521.6, 25.10, 25.13 Odor thresholds, 62.11 (see Chemosensory detection threshold) Odor Thresholds for Chemicals with Established Occupational Health Standards (AIHA), 51.4 ODVC (see On-demand ventilation control) Off-site emissions, as source of pollutants, 69.5 Office environments: available floor space, building size, 6.116.12 PCB levels, 36.1436.17 respiratory disease prevalence, 4.54.6 sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms, 4.174.18 sound levels, 19.5 Office equipment, energy requirements, 6.15 Office workers, IAQ complaints by, 3.23.3 Offset printing operation emissions, 66.9, 66.12 Oil fuel, 29.18 Olf, 22.3, 25.4 Olfaction: factors that affect, 20.320.4 nasal irritation, 20.3 olfactory receptor neurons (ORN), 20.2 physiological basis for, 20.120.3 sensory receptors, 21.121.3 (See also Odor and scent problems) Omni-directional anemometer for, 15.7 On-demand ventilation control (ODVC), 12.1212.13 On the Art of Building (Alberti), 2.2 Onion Theory of Comfort, 15.415.5 Open-air schools, 2.6 Open-combustion appliances, 13.6 Open fires, 2.2 Operating room environments: anesthetic gas exposure, 65.865.9 pressurization, 65.11 surgical smoke exposure, 65.765.8 Operative temperature, 15.6 Opportunistic infection, and fungus exposure, 45.13 Organic Compounds in Indoor Air (OCIA), 25.1 Organic dust toxic syndrome, 54.13 Organic solvents (see Volatile organic compounds) Organochlorine/organophosphate pesticides, 54.17 sampling methodologies, 35.5 Otitis media (see Middle ear disease) Outdoor air, 52.452.5, 60.5 airflow rate calculations, 12.9, 52.1652.17 benzene levels in, 33.14 in day care centers, 69.14 in demand controlled ventilation systems, 7.167.17

I.30

INDEX

Outdoor air (Cont.): distribution calculations, 52.19 in economizer cycles (figure), 7.17 exfiltration to, 52.4 improving supplies of, cost-benefit analysis, 4.274.28 infiltration by, 52.4 controlling, 7.15 intake percentage: measuring, 52.1052.12 reducing, 2.72.8 intake rate: versus infiltration rate, 52.452.5 limiting, 60.760.8 measuring flow rate, ?? particulate matter from, 64.364.4 requirements for commercial and industrial buildings, 7.97.11 tetrachloroethylene levels in, 33.1533.16 ultrafine particles in, 50.750.9, 50.12, 50.14, 50.15 VOC levels in, 33.11 Outdoor air dampers (OA), 7.3 Outdoor air intake (HVAC system), locating, 7.27.3 Oxygenated compounds, from gasoline exhaust, 68.9 Owners (see Building owners) Ozone: and aldehyde-generation, 32.18 electrostatic-generated, 9.26 exposure limits, 51.4 gas and vapor removal using, 10.1710.18 in museum environments, 67.13 in outdoor air, 60.7 removing, 10.16 sampling/monitoring techniques, 51.1951.20 sources, 60.9 p-Dichlorobenzene, 5.12 P1 effect (see Pulmonary irritation) Paints: allergic skin reactions, 28.8 latex paint emission modeling, 58.1358.14, 58.20 low-odor, 62.12 standards, guidelines, 71.5 VOC emissions from, 33.10, 60.11 Para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB), exposure assessments, 33.1633.18 Parking garage environments, 68.16 Particle collection efficiency, 9.4, 50.950.10 Particle counters, 62.30 Particle sensors, 13.21 Particulate matter (PM), 9.2 aerodynamic particle size, 9.2 in airplane environments, 68.12 in bars and restaurants, 67.10 from buses, 68.12 exposure limits, 51.4 exposure-related symptoms, 49.7 as marker of environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2 in museum environments, 67.13

Particulate matter (PM) (Cont.): in outdoor air, 64.3 particle size, 9.5, 9.149.15, 64.364.4 resuspension factors, 64.464.6 sampling/monitoring techniques, 51.2051.21 transport in indoor environments, 64.364.6 ultrafine particles, 50.150.2, 50.9 health effects, 50.250.6 as indicator of indoor air quality, 50.5 size, 50.150.2 sources, 50.2, 50.450.5 tracking methodology, 50.2, 50.650.9 trend analysis, 50.1150.12 (See also Aerosols) Partnership for Advanced Technology in Housing (PATH), 5.6 Passive smoking (see Environmental tobacco smoke) Passive-stack ventilation, 13.8, 13.1013.11 Pause duration (TP) measurement, 23.323.4 Payback periods, healthy building design, 63.2 PCBs (see Polychlorinated biphenyls) PCOM (see Phase-contrast optical microscopy) Penetration factor, particulate matter, 64.3 Penicillium (see Fungus exposure) Pentachlorophenol (PCP), 35.9 Perceived air quality, 22.1 measuring, 22.822.10, 25.4, 25.10 Perceived stress, 55.17 Percent outdoor air intake calculations, 52.1052.12 Perfluorocarbon tracers (PFTs), 51.29 Performance, of workers: arousal model, 16.10 effects of noise on, 19.1319.14 relationship to productivity, 16.1216.13 and sensation of dryness, 16.416.5 and thermal comfort, 16.216.3, 16.616.7, 16.13 (See also Productivity) Performance testing, ventilation systems: air speed in ducts, 52.7 air temperature, 52.6 airflow measurements, 52.752.8 airflow rate calculations, 52.1352.17 differential pressure, 52.652.7 outdoor airflow rates, 52.1652.17 percent outdoor air in airstream, 52.1052.12 reasons for, 52.252.3 relative humidity, 52.6 smoke tube studies, 52.8 testing during commissioning process, 61.6 tracer gas studies, 52.8, 52.952.10 velocity pressures, 52.7 whole building air change rates, 52.1752.18 (See also Efficiency measurement) Permissible exposure limit (PEL), 32.11, 32.15 Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), 67.13 Person-environment fit stress model, 55.2, 55.355.4 Personal computers, 6.9 Personal control, microengineering and, 5.5 Personal exposure models, 58.2258.23

INDEX

I.31

Personal monitoring: carbon monoxide exposure, 68.3 Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM), 33.433.5 VOC sampling methods, 33.333.5 Personal Symptom Index (PSI), in occupant studies, 53.1953.20 Pesticides, 5.10, 35.1 in day care centers, 69.5 exposure routes, 35.14 monitoring/sampling methods, 35.435.9 and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.927.10 occurrence, 35.9 and odor problems, 49.7 in outdoor air, 60.7 phenols in, 34.15 regulations for, 35.135.2 residential and commercial use, 35.235.4 in residential buildings, 35.1135.14 sampling/monitoring techniques, 51.26 standards, guidelines, 71.5 toxic reactions to, 3.3 transport and volatilization, 35.1035.11 Phase-contrast optical microscopy: asbestos monitoring, 37.1537.16, 38.9 fiber analysis, 39.1039.11 Phenolic compounds: adverse health effects, 34.20, 34.22 in household disinfectants, 35.9 sources and levels, 34.1534.18 Phlogiston, 2.2 Photo-allergic reactions, 28.828.9 Photography-based eye irritation test, 17.4, 26.326.4 Photoionization (PID), VOC emissions monitoring, 51.25, 62.30 Photometric measuring tools, 18.1418.15 Photometric units, 18.718.8 Photopic correction curve, 18.7 Photoprocessing facilities, volatile organic compound emissions from, 66.13, 66.15 Photovoltaic roof tiles, 6.10 Phthalates, 5.10 adverse health effects, 34.1934.20, 34.21 levels, 34.1134.15 sampling and analytical methods, 34.1134.15 sources, 34.11 Physicians (see Health care workers) Physiological adaption, 15.12 PID control, 12.7 Piloerection, 15.8 Pine oil disinfectants, 35.9 Pitot tube, 12.412.5 airflow measurements, 52.1352.14 velocity pressure measurements, 52.7 Plant allergens, 28.8 Plasma/photocatalytic destruction, 10.17 Plasticizers (see Phthalates) Plastics: stability of, 60.11 thermal decomposition mixtures, 23.1523.16 Pleated-panel filter, 9.10, 9.11

Plethysmograph, 23.5 Plumbing system contaminants, 5.11 Pneumatic activators, 12.2 Pneumatic controls, 12.7 Pneumotachograph, 23.3 Point estimates, 70.14 Pointperson, 71.8 Poisonous vapors, 5.4 Pol unit, 22.5 Polk County v. Reliance Insurance Co., 71.6 Pollen: adverse health effects, 28.9, 44.14 aerodynamic particle diameter, 9.29.3 ecology, 44.344.8 indoor levels predictive models, 44.8 relationship to outdoor levels, 44.9 sources, 44.844.9 morphology, 44.3 sampling methods: dust sampling, 44.13 filtration samplers, 44.11 Hirst-type suction slit impactors, 44.11 locating samplers, 44.1144.13 rotating arm impactors, 44.1044.11 settle samplers, 44.10 Pollution containment systems, 62.1462.16 Pollution Equipment News, 51.12 Poly ((-olefin) (PAO) synthetic oil, 9.159.16 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 5.10 adverse health effects, 34.1834.22, 36.6, 36.736.8 risk assessment, 34.2034.21 bioaccumulation, 36.136.2 congeners, 36.136.5, 36.836.10 controlling exposure to, 36.2236.23 exposure assessments: difficulties in conducting, 36.636.7 outdoor environment, 36.2, 36.22 residential buildings, 36.1836.22 schools, offices, laboratories, 36.1436.18 exposure routes, 36.1 sampling/monitoring techniques, 51.26 sources, 36.536.6 volatility, 36.2 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): benzo[a]pyrene, 34.3, 34.4, 34.10 sampling and analytical methods, 34.3, 34.1034.11 sources, 34.234.3, 65.7 environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2 gasoline exhaust, 68.868.9 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Legionella bacteria detection, 48.7 tuberculosis detection, 11.7 Polyurethane foam tube (PUF) collection, 51.26 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): adverse health effects, 28.6 in day care center environments, 69.8 Pontiac fever (see Legionellosis) Population risk, 70.14

I.32

INDEX

Pore ventilation, 2.14 Portable space heaters, 6.7 Portland Energy Conservation, Inc., commissioning study, 61.9 Potential inhaled dose, equation for, 58.3 Precision, 51.5, 51.651.10 of control sensors, 12.6 (See also Accuracy) Predicted mean vote (PMV), 15.9, 15.11 Predicted percentage dissatisfied (Fanger), 15.11 Predictive modeling, indoor air dynamics, 57.657.7 Prefabricated components/modules, 6.10 Preparation of Operating and Maintenance Documentation for Building Systems (ASHRAE 4-1993), 63.4 Pressure-sensitive vents, 13.613.7 Pressure sensors, 12.5, 12.8 smoke and fire containment, 12.15 using during remodeling and renovation, 62.30 Pressure-swing adsorption, 10.17 Pressurization, 7.9 and adsorption bed efficiency, 10.11 and air filters, 7.4 and airflow from outdoors, 60.7 differential pressure measurements, 52.652.7 in hospital environments, 65.1165.12 HVAC systems and, 7.9 and indoor air monitoring, 51.2751.29 in mechanical ventilation systems, 13.13 in natural ventilation systems, 13.213.5 pollution containment systems, 62.1462.16 pressure differentials, 52.452.5 measuring, 52.9 relief fans and, 7.9 smoke control systems, 14.1, 14.214.3 atriums, 14.814.12 computer modeling, 14.314.4 elevator shafts, 14.7 stairwells, 14.414.7 zones, 14.714.8 stack effect (figure), 7.13 velocity pressure, 52.7 Prevention strategies (see Removal/control/ prevention strategies) Preventive maintenance, 63.763.8 Primula obconica, 28.8 Problem identification process, 49.8, 49.949.10 Productivity, of workers: factors that affect, 3.23.3 asthma and allergic disease, 4.15, 4.16 humidity levels, 4.7 infectious disease, 4.104.11 lighting, 4.224.24 noise, 19.1319.14 odors and scents, 4.244.26 thermal environment, 4.214.22, 16.716.8 measuring, 53.4 relationship to performance, 16.1216.13 and sick building syndrome, 4.184.20 and vehicular environments, 16.6

Productivity, of workers (Cont.): and ventilation rates, studies of, 4.7 and VOC exposure, 33.24 Project Klima und Arbeit study, 3.143.16 Property managers, IAQ training needs, 63.2 Proportional demand-controlled ventilation, 12.7, 12.12 Proportional integral derivative (PID) control, 12.7 Psychological adaption, 15.12 Psychometric processes, 15.715.8 measuring, 15.615.7 relative humidity measurements, 52.6 Psychosocial factors: in job stress perception, 55.11 lighting systems, 18.1618.19 in multiple chemical intolerance, 27.1527.16 in sick building syndrome, 3.28 in skin disorders, 28.928.10 Public buildings, IAQ in: environmental tobacco smoke levels, 30.5 ice arenas, 67.167.5 libraries, 67.1167.12, 67.15 museums, 67.1267.15 restaurants/bars, 67.967.10 swimming pools, 67.667.9 Pulmonary function measurements, 23.223.3, 23.3823.40 Pulmonary irritation/disease: from acrolein exposure, 32.13 from airborne vitreous fibers, 37.5, 39.2239.23 from allergen exposure, 43.3, 43.543.6, 43.7 from asbestos exposure, 37.2 bioassays based on, 23.2, 23.7, 23.3723.38 and building-related illness, 54.1054.15 and chlorine-related exposures, 67.667.7 in day care center environments, 69.9, 69.10 from endotoxin exposure, 42.342.5 exposure guidelines based on, 23.13 from formaldehyde exposure, 32.8 interstitial lung disease (ILD): asbestosis, 54.12 hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 54.1054.12 organic dust toxic syndrome, 54.13 Sarcoidosis, 54.1254.13 usual interstitial pneumonitis, 54.13 from mycotoxin exposure, 46.7 sources, 49.7 testing procedures, 54.10 upper airways disease, 54.13 allergic fungal sinusitis, 54.15 allergic rhinitis, 54.1454.15 asthma, 54.1354.14 (See also Respiratory disease) Putrefaction, fears of, 2.3 Pyroelectric sensors, 12.5, 12.14 Quality assurance (QA), during IAQ monitoring quality assurance plans, 51.30 quality control samples, 51.32 standard operating procedures (SOP), 51.3151.32

INDEX

I.33

Quanta (q), 11.3 Questionnaires, IAQ investigations, 3.28 confounding factors, addressing, 53.15 environmental/cleanliness ratings, 53.14 estimating nitrogen oxide exposure using, 29.12 frequency of occurrence scales, 53.14 in-depth interviews, 49.949.10 job stress evaluations, 55.14 layout of questions, 53.14 linguistic clarity, 53.14 for New York State Department of Health studies, 66.6 occupant surveys, 53.953.11 Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (QEESI), 27.17, 27.2427.27 Radioallergosorbent test (RAST), 43.2, 43.3 Radiometry, 18.7 Radon, 5.3 adverse health effects, 40.840.12 control strategies, 40.1540.16 exposure-dose relationships, 40.740.8 exposure measurements, 40.440.5 monitoring studies, 40.640.7 in outdoor air, 60.7 physical properties, 40.140.2 research/field studies, 1.8 risk assessments for, 40.1240.15 sources, 40.540.6, 69.5 standards, guidelines, 71.5 RAST inhibition (see Radioallergosorbent test) Rating systems (see Energy efficiency/conservation practices) RD50 values, 23.723.13 RD50P values, 23.723.15 Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS), 27.11 Reactive volatile organic compounds (RVOCs), potency estimates, 23.3323.35 Real-time monitors, 51.26 Recall periods, occupant surveys, 53.10, 53.1353.14 Receptor phase, trigeminal receptor response, 23.17, 23.2623.27 Recommendations, IAQ-related (see Standards, IAQ guidelines) Recommended exposure limit (REL), 32.11, 32.15 Recommended indoor level (RIL) calculations, 23.13, 23.2923.33 Recommended Practice for Referencing Suprathreshold Odor Intensities (ASTM Method E544), 21.421.6 Recommissioning, benefits of, 61.961.12 Record-keeping, importance of, 71.8 Recreational facility environments, 67.167.9 Reference dose (RfD) (EPA), 35.16, 36.1236.14 calculating, 70.10 Refrigeration (see Cooling system) Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), 51.4 Regression equations, mass balance model verification, 58.858.9

Regulations (see Standards, IAQ guidelines) Reheat coils, 7.5 Reid Vapor Pressure measure, 68.13 Relative humidity, 15.7 measuring, 49.11, 52.6 and thermal comfort, 15.1015.11 (See also Humidification) Relative limit value (RLV) (ACGIH), 42.11 Relative risk, 70.14 Reliability, in questionnaire, 10 Relief fans, 7.9 Removal/control/prevention strategies: adsorption beds, 10.210.17 anesthetic gas exposure, 65.865.9 animal allergen exposure, 43.1043.11 asbestos exposure guidelines, 62.2462.25 in day care center environments, 69.1569.16 endotoxin exposure, 42.11 fungus exposure, 45.2745.29, 62.2662.29 gas and vapor removal methods, 10.1410.17 in hospital environments, 65.765.14 in ice arena environments, 67.367.4 latex allergen exposure, 65.7 lead removal, 62.25 Legionella bacteria exposure, 48.848.9 in museum environments, 67.14 radon exposure, 40.1540.16 reduction strategies, 5.135.14 during remodeling and renovation, 62.262.12 for skin irritants, 28.628.9 in swimming pool environments, 67.867.9 Renovations, remodeling: engineering controls during: dilution ventilation, 62.14 pollution containment systems, 62.1462.16 work area isolation, 62.1362.14 of hospital environments, 62.22 IAQ complaints following, 53.5 of laboratories, 62.24 maintaining good IAQ during, 62.262.3 monitoring tools, 62.29, 62.30 selecting building materials: compatibility issues, 62.362.13 hazard rating, 62.362.6 odor issues, 62.11 performance criteria, 62.662.10 source control during, 62.1162.12 special problems: asbestos removal, 62.24 biological contaminants, 62.2662.29 lead removal, 62.25 and VOC emissions, 33.1033.11 work practices: housekeeping, 62.1962.20, 64.2 IAQ-related training, 62.2162.22 waste removal, 62.2062.21 Replicability, and reliability, 53.10 Reproductive problems: and anesthetic gas exposure, 65.8 and ethylene oxide exposure, 65.6 and glutaraldehyde exposure, 32.15

I.34

INDEX

Reproductive problems (Cont.): and PAH exposure, 34.20 and PCB exposure, 36.10, 36.11 Residential buildings: air changes per hour (ACH), 6.76.8 air conditioning and respiratory disease, 4.6 airborne pesticide sampling methodologies, 35.535.7 allergen exposure reduction strategies, 43.10 43.11 allergen sources, 43.143.2, 43.7, 44.843.9 asbestos levels, background, 37.4 and building-related illness, 54.1854.19 for chemically intolerant individuals, 27.2 endotoxin in, 42.542.7 environmental tobacco smoke levels, 30.4, 30.5 existing stock, 61.961.12 exposures from off-site sources, 66.166.2, 66.13, 66.17, 68.1568.16 formaldehyde exposures, 32.532.6 household disinfectants, 35.9 minimum acceptable ventilation rates, 6.7 pesticide use, 35.235.4 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in, 36.1836.22 radon concentrations, 40.2, 40.540.7 synthetic vitreous fiber levels, 39.1639.19 ventilation standards, 2.9 VOC levels in, 33.5, 33.8, 66.266.17 Residential Energy Conservation Survey (RECS), 6.7 Resistance temperature device (RTD), 12.3 Respirable particles, 30.2 (See also Particulate matter) Respiration, human, fears about, 2.3 Respiratory disease, 4.34.9 and building-related illness, 54.1354.14 in day care center environments, 69.169.3, 69.669.8, 69.9, 69.1369.14 direct/indirect productivity costs, 4.8, 4.104.11 from endotoxin exposure, 42.442.5 from environmental tobacco smoke exposure, 30.1430.15, 30.1930.20 from formaldehyde exposure, 32.8 ice arenas and, 67.2 latex-sensitivity and, 41.4 from nitrogen oxide exposure, 29.1329.16 from PAH exposure, 34.20 research/field studies, 1.8 strategies for reducing, 4.104.11 from sulfur dioxide exposure, 29.17 transmission of, 4.5, 11.111.3 upper airways disease, 54.1354.15 (See also Pulmonary irritation/disease) Respiratory frequency measurements, 26.1426.15 Restaurant environments, 67.967.10 Resuspension factors, 64.464.6 Retail and service buildings, 6.11 Retrocommissioning (see Recommissioning) Return-air fan (HVAC system), 7.7 Return-air plenum (HVAC system), 7.7, 8.28.3, 8.12 airflow rate calculations, 52.1552.16

Reverse airflow, measuring, 12.1012.11 Reverse osmosis water treatment, 8.178.18, 8.308.31 Revised Office Environment Study (ROES), 3.7, 53.2353.28 Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes method (RANS), 59.10 Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, 5.22, 5.235.24, 57.5 Rhinitis, allergic, 3.3 cat allergens and, 43.743.8 fungus exposure and, 67.1167.12 latex-sensitivity and, 41.4 and skin disorders, 28.9 Rhinoconjunctivitis, 44.14 Rhinovirus infection, 4.5 (See also Respiratory disease) Rhode Island, indoor air quality regulations, 5.6 Ribavirin exposure, 65.5, 65.965.10 RIGA-FLO filters (Farr), 7.4 RIL (see Recommended indoor level) Risk analysis: framework for, 70.5 mass balance models, 58.458.8 process of, 58.1 statistical models, 58.258.4 Risk assessment: asbestos-associated, 37.3 carcinogenicity assessments: aflatoxins, 46.6 aldehydes, 32.15 BEIR models, 40.1340.15 cellulose, 37.637.7 formaldehyde, 32.10 NCI model, 40.1340.14 PAHs, 34.1834.20 PCBs, 36.1136.14 pesticides, 35.15 phthalates, 34.2134.22 radon, 40.1240.13 synthetic vitreous fibers, 39.23 VOCs, 33.2133.22 exposure assessment: exposure pathways, 70.7 threshold effects, 70.10 toxicity testing, 70.10 hazard identification: classification schemes, 70.670.7 data sources, 70.6 indoor risk, 5.135.14 mycotoxin exposure, 46.11 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 36.22 risk characterization: carcinogenic exposures, 70.1170.13 communicating risk, 70.14 noncarcinogenic exposures, 70.1070.11, 70.13 tuberculosis, 47.10 Risk calculation, 70.14 Risk characterization, 70.1370.14

INDEX

I.35

Risk communication, 70.2270.34 addressing cognitive heuristic responses: anchoring, 70.23 availability, 70.23 overconfidence, 70.23 representativeness, 70.24 handling null findings, 55.20 putting risk in context, 70.30 risk perception, 70.2570.28 strategies, 70.2870.30, 70.34 Risk distributions, 70.14 Risk ladders, 70.30 Risk management: analyzing risks, 70.19 decision-making, 70.2070.21 defining problem and context, 70.1870.19 determining acceptable risks: de manifestis risk, 70.17 de minimus risk, 70.17 value of statistical life, 70.17 zero-risk, 70.1670.17 evaluation process, 70.2170.22 identifying and analyzing options, 70.20 implementation process, 70.21 RISK mass balance model, 58.9 Risk perception, 33.24 Risk rankings, 70.24 Risk V1.0 VOC prediction model, 31.15 Rodent allergens, 43.9 ROES (see Revised Office Environment Study) Rollover phase (fire), detecting, 12.15 Roofing materials, 37.9, 38.6, 38.7 Rooftop units (RTU), temperature control features, 12.7 Room air cleaners, testing methods, 9.16 Room configuration, effect on indoor air quality, 7.7 Rotating-arm pollen samplers, 44.10 Rotating vane anemometers, 52.752.8 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 29.17 Royal Society of Health, occupant survey questionnaire, 53.1253.15 RTU (see Rooftop units) Rubber allergens: adverse health effects, 41.4 controlling, 41.11 measuring in air, 41.741.8, 41.10 measuring in gloves, 41.641.7 protein characteristics, 41.141.2 sensitivity to, 41.1 Rubber particle measurement, 41.141.2 Rubella, 3.3 Runny nose/eyes (see Eye irritation; Nasal irritation) Safety testing: of air filters, standards for, 9.16 for construction materials, 39.2439.25 Safety, uncertainty factor (UF), in risk assessment, 70.10 Salts, in humidification system water, 8.29

Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres (ASTM committee), 51.12 Sampling and assessment methods: air speed, 15.7 airborne chemical potency, 23.123.2 airborne rubber proteins, 41.741.8, 41.10 aldehydes, 32.1632.18 allergens, 43.243.3 asbestos, 37.4, 37.737.16, 38.838.12, 38.14 benzene, 33.1133.15 bioaerosols, 43.343.5 blood analysis, 33.21 BNL tracer-gas technique, 51.29 body fluid analyses, 33.2033.21 breath analysis, 33.2033.21 breathing processes, 23.223.3 carbon dioxide, 51.15, 51.18 carbon monoxide, 51.15, 51.1851.19, 68.4 cat allergens, 43.3, 43.8 cellulose, 37.1637.18 chloroform/trihalomethanes, 33.19 comfort perception measures, 15.815.10 complaint behavior analyses, 56.256.11 complex mixtures, 23.1323.15 dust, 64.964.13 endotoxins, 42.742.11 eye irritation, 17.2 formaldehyde, 32.432.6 fungus assessments, 45.12, 45.1645.27, 46.446.5 German cockroach allergens, 43.643.7 history of, 11.1 Legionella bacteria, 48.748.8 lighting measurements, 18.1418.15 metabolic rates, 15.7 multiple chemical intolerance diagnosis, 27.1827.19 in New York State Department of Health studies, 66.566.6 noise, 19.1 occupant surveys, 53.253.3, 53.953.15, 53.1753.19 odor concentration, 20.5 ozone, 51.1951.20 PAHs, 34.3 para-dichlorobenzene, 33.1633.18 particulate matter, 51.2051.21 PCBs, 36.236.5, 36.1436.20 perceived air quality, 22.3, 22.822.10 pesticides, 35.435.8 pollen, 44.1044.14 pulmonary function: breaths per minute (BPM), 23.3 duration of inspiration, expiration (TI, TE), 23.3 lung diffusing capacity (DLCO), 54.10 pause duration (TP), 23.323.4 spirometry measurements, 54.10 tidal volume (VT), 23.3 radon, 40.440.5, 40.740.8 relative humidity, 15.7 during remodeling and renovation, 62.29, 62.30

I.36

INDEX

Sampling and assessment methods (Cont.): rubber proteins, 41.641.7 sensory and pulmonary irritation assays, 23.523.7 sensory pollution loads, 22.522.6 sound levels, 19.2, 19.419.5, 19.1519.19 speech interference levels (SIL), 19.13 standard practices, 49.1349.15, 51.3151.32, 66.566.6 synthetic vitreous fibers, 37.1337.21, 39.3, 39.5, 39.839.13 temperature, 15.6 tetrachloroethylene, 33.1533.16 thermal environments, 16.13 toxicity testing, 70.10 tracer gas measurements, 52.8 trigeminal receptor response, 23.17, 23.2623.27 tuberculosis bacillus, 11.7 ultrafine particles, 50.2, 50.550.9 VOCs, 31.2, 33.233.4, 51.2151.27, 66.366.7 Sarcoidosis, 54.1254.13 Scandinavia, displacement ventilation systems, 5.16, 5.19 Scandinavian HVAC Association (SCANVAC), 16.1016.11 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 39.1139.12, 50.250.3 Scents (see Odor and scent problems) Schirmer I tear test, 26.12 School buildings, classrooms: asbestos levels, 37.4, 38.1038.12 available floor space, building size, 6.11 design considerations, 60.9 German cockroach allergen levels, 43.7 health problems: asthma, 4.134.14 respiratory disease, 4.6 IAQ investigation, 50.17 open-air, 2.6 PCB levels, 36.16, 36.17 synthetic vitreous fiber levels, 39.1339.16 univent HVAC systems, 7.1 ventilation standards, 2.9 VOC emission sources, 33.9 (See also Day care center environments) Scleroderma-like disorders (see Skin irritation/disorders) Scotopic correction curve, 18.8 Scrubber air cleaner, 9.10 Sealants and adhesives, 5.14, 37.10 Sealed buildings (see Closed buildings) Seasonality, and pollen levels, 44.544.6 Seebeck effect, 12.3 Self-charging air filters, 9.26 Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), 51.22, 51.26 Sensible heat transfer, 15.715.8 Sensitivity: defining, 27.327.4 of HVAC control sensors, 12.6 Sensitization: to cat allergens, 43.8, 43.9

Sensitization (Cont.): in day care centers, 69.11 to dust mite protein, 43.543.6 in hospital environments, 65.465.5 (See also Individual susceptibility/variability; Multiple chemical intolerance) Sensors, HVAC control: accuracy and precision, 12.6 air flow, 12.412.5 in demand-controlled ventilation systems, 13.2013.22 dynamic response, 12.6 fire and smoke, 12.512.6 humidity sensors, 12.3 locating, 12.6 MEMS sensors, 2.13 occupancy sensors, 12.5 pressure sensors, 12.5 temperature sensors, 12.3 Sensory awareness, 5.35.4 Sensory irritation, 26.126.2 and aldehyde exposure, 32.132.3 bioassays based on, 23.123.2, 23.523.7 from boiler additives, 7.8 and cellulose exposure, 37.637.7 and chlorinated aerosol exposure, 67.667.7 complaints about, investigating, 49.449.10 and environmental tobacco smoke exposure, 30.2130.22 exposure guidelines based on, 23.823.13 and formaldehyde exposure, 32.7 and glutaraldehyde exposure, 32.14 in hospital environments, 65.465.5 and humidification systems, 49.7 methods for assessing, 26.326.20 and perceived IAQ, 25.225.3 physiological basis, 20.3, 26.2 research/field studies, 17.517.8, 25.125.26 upper respiratory tract irritation, 26.14 and VOC exposure, 22.3, 23.17 (See also Eye irritation) Sensory pollution load measurement point, 22.522.6 Setpoint, 12.7 with demand-controlled ventilation, 12.12 with variable air volume systems, 12.8 Settle-type pollen samplers, 44.10 Sewage gas, exposure-related symptoms, 49.7 Shadduck v. Douglas, Emmett and Co., 71.6 Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors Association, 5.6 ductwork standards, 60.12 indoor air quality guidelines, 63.4 Ship environments, 68.13 Shivering, 15.8 Shoe repair shop emissions, 66.9, 66.11 Short-term exposure limit (STEL), 32.15, 51.2 Sick building syndrome (SBS): acute nonspecific symptoms, 53.3 versus building-related disease, 32.19, 54.1 control and prevention strategies, 4.20 defining, 1.4, 2.1, 3.2, 3.33.4, 5.7, 53.453.5

INDEX

I.37

Sick building syndrome (SBS) (Cont.): diagnosing, 53.5 effects models, 25.125.2 and endotoxin exposure, 42.7 and fiber exposure, 37.5, 37.16 importance of addressing, 53.5 and job stress, 55.655.13 legal issues, 71.171.2 and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.4, 27.927.10 noise-related problems, 19.1019.11 preventing, 63.263.3 productivity costs, 4.184.20, 64.6 research/field studies, 1.81.9 British Office Environment Survey (BOES), 3.63.7 California Healthy Buildings Study, 3.163.17 Danish Town Hall Study (1987), 3.73.11 discussion of findings, 3.273.28 EPA studies, 3.213.27 European Audit Study, 3.123.14 German ProKlimA study, 3.143.16 Library of Congress study, 3.183.19 NIOSH studies, 3.203.21 Swedish studies, 3.103.12 risk factors, 3.43.5, 53.6 symptoms associated with, 3.33.4, 4.17 4.18, 64.6 nose, eye and throat irritation, 17.5, 20.3 sensory irritation, 26.2 skin disorders, 28.528.6, 28.928.10 and thermal environment, 16.416.5 and ultrafine particle exposure, 50.2 and VOC exposure, 25.2425.25, 33.9, 33.2233.23 (See also Building-related illness) Sidestream smoke (see Environmental tobacco smoke) Signature responses, 27.527.6 Silencers (noise attenuators), 13.13 Silica, health effects, 28.6 Silicon-based micromachines, 2.122.13 Simulation of Human Activity and Pollutant Exposure (SHAPE), 58.3 carbon monoxide exposure modeling, 68.4 Simulations: airflow pattern studies, 57.457.6 carbon monoxide exposure, 68.4 computational fluid dynamics (CFD) advantages/disadvantages, 59.1359.19 direct numerical simulation (DNS), 59.8 large eddy simulation (LES), 59.859.10 Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes method (RANS), 59.10 energy use models, 57.657.8 fire and smoke management systems, 14.1514.16 modeling emissions sources, 5.125.13 ventilation system design, 5.215.25 (See also Modeling indoor environments)

Single-family houses: construction waste associated with, 6.10 features, 6.5, 6.86.9 Single-sided ventilation, 13.7, 13.9, 13.913.10 Sink models, 58.2058.21 Sink properties, 62.10 Siting issues, 5.11 Skin irritation/diseases: exposures associated with airborne rubber allergen, 41.441.6 airborne vitreous fibers, 37.5, 39.2239.23 biological agents, 28.828.10 electromagnetic radiation, 28.328.5 environmental chemicals, 28.628.9 formaldehyde, 32.732.8 glutaraldehyde, 32.14 PBCs, 36.6, 36.11 VOCs, 25.1525.16 and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.5 skin physiology, 28.228.3, 28.728.8 Skin testing: fungal allergen sensitivity, 45.14 German cockroach allergen, 43.7 for latex sensitivity, 41.6 for pollen sensitivity, 44.14 (See also Allergens) Sleepiness (see Fatigue/sleepiness) Sling psychrometer, 49.11, 52.6 Slit lamps, 17.117.4 SMAIR dust sampler, 64.10 Smart buildings, 2.142.15 Smell (see Odor and scent problems; Olfaction) Smoke, 29.3 evaluating components of, 23.15 from indoor fires/stoves, 2.2, 14.114.2 modeling spread of, 2.12 from open fires, 2.2 Smoke control systems: in atriums, 14.814.13 elevator shafts, 14.7 modeling, 14.1114.12, 14.1414.16 pressurized systems, 14.214.7 prevention approaches, 14.2 protection systems, 14.114.2 stairwells, 14.414.7 tenability, 14.2 zones, 14.714.8 sensors for, 12.512.6, 12.15 Smoke tubes: emissions monitoring using, 62.30 evaluating airflow using, 49.11, 52.8 Smoking (ETS) environments: controlling/limiting, 5.14 ventilation standards, 2.8 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 9.13 Soiling, 9.14 Solanesol, 30.2 Solar energy use, 6.8 Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME), 51.26 Solid waste streams, municipal, 6.10 Solvation model, 20.13

I.38

INDEX

Sorbent collection techniques, 51.2251.25 Sorption models, 5.13 Sound control, HVAC systems, 8.12, 8.158.18 (See also Acoustic environment; Infrasound; Noise, indoor) Sound intensity level (SiL) measurement, 19.419.5 Sound level meters, 19.1519.19 Sound power level measurement, 19.419.5 Sound pressure level (SpL) measurement, 19.419.5 Source and sink models: empirical decay models, 58.858.15 mass-transfer based models, 58.1558.20 Source control: localized, 5.14 during remodeling and renovation, 62.1162.12 Source elimination strategies, 5.25 Source-phase limited mass transfer, 58.1958.20 Southern United States: air conditioner use in, 6.9 characteristics of housing stock, 6.5 commercial building stock, characteristics, 6.12 Space heating: commercial buildings, 6.14 residential buildings, 6.66.8 (See also Combustion products; Heating system) Spatial representativeness, 51.11 Spectral power distribution (SPD), 18.1018.11 Spectroradiometer, 18.15 Speech/communications, noise and, 19.1219.13 Speech interference levels (SIL), 19.13 Spina bifida, 41.5 Spirometry, 54.10 Spore traps, 45.24 Spores, fungal, size of, 9.29.3 Spread, 8.8 Sprinkler systems, 12.15 Stachybotrys chartarum (S. atra), 5.3 adverse health effects, 46.946.11 ecology, 46.8 levels in indoor environments, 46.8, 46.9, 46.11 trichothecene mycotoxin in, 46.8 (See also Fungus exposure) Stack effect, 7.9, 7.13 and indoor airflow, 52.5 in natural ventilation systems, 13.213.11 Stairwells: pressurization effects, 7.7 smoke and fire containment, 12.15, 14.414.7 Standard Guide for Statistical Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality Models (ASTM), 51.27 standard operating procedures (SOP), sources for, listing, 51.3151.32 Standard Practice for Determination of Odor and Taste Thresholds (ASTM Method E679-91), 20.520.6 Standard Practice for Measuring the Concentration of Toxic Gases or Vapors (ASTM 1999), 51.19 Standard Practice for the Sampling and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air (ASTM), 51.22

Standard Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (ASTM), 51.25 Standard Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Chemicals in Atmospheres (ASTM), 51.22 Standards, IAQ guidelines: adsorption bed effectiveness, 10.1310.14 air filtration/filters AHSRAE guidelines, 9.14 European standards, 9.17 UL class 1 and class 2 air filters, 9.16 airborne mycotoxin levels, 46.546.6, 46.12 aldehydes, PELs (OSHA), 32.11, 32.1532.16 ambient air quality (EPA), 60.7 Arizona test dust (ISO), 9.13 As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) standard, 69.13 asbestos, 38.5, 62.2462.25, 71.5 building material hazard ratings, 62.262.6 carbon dioxide standards (OSHA), 51.2 carboxyhemoglobin levels (WHO), 29.7 comfort, 22.122.2 commissioning regulations (Canada OSH), 63.7 comparison of, 54.654.7 diesel fuel emissions, 68.1 drinking water, 71.5 endotoxin exposure limits, 42.11 flooring material emissions (CRI criteria), 62.1162.12 gasoline, diesel fuel, 68.1 high performance buildings (New York City DDC), 61.8 ice arenas, 67.3, 67.467.5 Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health exposure limits: carbon dioxide, 51.2, 51.4 carbon monoxide, 51.2, 51.4 for IAQ: difficulty establishing, 5.135.14 EPA, 5.6, 63.4 HUD, 5.6 industrial versus nonindustrial settings, 51.251.3 occupational exposure (OSHA), 5.2, 5.6 indoor noise levels, 19.1419.15 latex exposure, 41.9 lead-related, 62.25, 71.5 Legionella remediation (CDC), 48.848.9 lighting systems, 18.218.4, 18.7 low-polluting building (CEN Report 1752), 22.6 museum environments, 67.14, 67.15 National Fire Protection Association material hazard ratings, 62.462.5 noise levels for indoor speech (EPA), 19.13 outdoor air intake, 7.97.11 PCBs (EPA), 36.1136.14 pesticides: EPA, 35.135.2 OSHA, 35.14 poisons, 71.5

INDEX

I.39

Standards, IAQ guidelines (Cont.): purified LPS (EC6), 42.242.3 radon (EPA), 40.15, 71.5 RD50/133, RD50/1333 values, 23.1223.13 RD50P/60 values, 23.13 recommended indoor levels (RIL), 23.13 microbial volatile metabolites (MVOCs), 23.33 nonreactive volatile organic compounds (NRVOCs), 23.2923.33 Ribavirin exposure limits (California DOH), 65.9 swimming pool emissions, 67.867.9 synthetic vitreous fibers, 39.2339.24 thermal comfort, 63.3, 15.1015.11 threshold limit value (TLV) (ACGIH): aldehydes, 32.11, 32.15 asthma-inducing chemicals, 23.37 building material hazards, 62.462.6 comparison with RD50 values, 23.7 hazard rating using, 62.6 time-weighted averages (EPA TWAs), 32.15 tuberculosis control (CDC), 47.947.12 ventilation rates (ASHRAE), 6.7, 60.9 ventilation systems, 22.122.3 ASHRAE Standard 62-1973, 2.8 ASHRAE Standard 62-1989, 2.8 ASHRAE Standard 62-1999, 2.82.9 changes in, 2.5, 11.5 for controlling airborne infections, 11.4 early state and local ordinances, 2.5, 5.6 European guidelines for, 22.2 natural ventilation systems (UK), 13.6 questioning of, 2.7 for residential usage, 2.9 smoking versus nonsmoking environments, 2.8 U.S. government agencies, 5.6 U.S. state governments, 5.6 VOCs, 25.2525.26, 31.2 carpet and rug emissions (CRI), 62.1162.12 in day care centers, 69.1269.13 NOAEL/LOAEL recommendations, 25.2425.25 workplace regulations (OSHA), 30.22 Standards Measurement and Testing Program (SMT), 1.12 Staphylococcus exposure, 65.6 Statistical analysis: complaint behavior, 56.256.3 fungus assessments, 45.2645.27 occupant studies, 53.1953.20 in risk assessment, 70.770.13 statistical confidence, 51.551.10 Statistical models, 5.13, 58.258.4 (See also Modeling indoor environments) Steady-state equation, 62.11 Steam-based ventilation system, 2.42.5 Steam heat, 2.4 Steel framing, 6.10 STEPP-tester, 64.12 Sterilization equipment emissions, 32.14 Stratification (in atriums), 14.13

Stress: job-related: defining, 55.2 measuring, 55.255.6 and sick building syndrome, 4.18 and skin disorders, 28.928.10 (See also Job stress) Strict liability, 71.3 Structure-activity relationships: for chemosensory threshold predictions, 20.1220.13 in risk assessment, 70.6 Styrene-butadiene carpet backings, 33.10 Styrene, sources for, 5.12, 62.12 Subvolumes, in computational fluid dynamics modeling, 59.6 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 30.11 Sulfur dioxide, 29.16 adverse health effects, 29.1729.18 environmental/toxic concentrations, 29.17 exposure limits, 51.4 in museum environments, 67.1367.14 in outdoor air, 60.7 removal methods, 10.14 sources, 29.1629.17 toxicology, 29.17 Sulfur hexafluoride, 52.8 Sun exposure, and skin disorders, 28.4 Supply-air fans (HVAC system), 7.6 Supply air plenums, 8.4 airflow rate calculations, 52.1552.16 supply air momentum, 8.68.9 Supply ventilation systems, 13.1613.17 Surface area, and building material selection, 62.10 Surface sampling, 39.939.10 Surgical smoke exposure, 65.765.8 SVF (see Synthetic vitreous fiber) Sweating, 15.8 Swedish Office Illness Project (1994), 3.103.12 Swimming pool environments, 67.667.9 Symptom validation: eye irritation studies, 26.1226.14 upper respiratory tract irritation studies, 26.20 Symptoms (see IAQ complaints; Sick building syndrome) Synthetic vitreous fiber (SVF), 37.4, 39.139.2, 39.4 adverse health effects, 37.437.6, 39.2239.23 exposure assessment, 37.1637.21 school buildings, 39.1339.16 in skin and eyes, 39.20 surface levels, 39.1939.20 fiber size calculations, 39.239.3, 39.5 guidelines/standards, 39.2339.24 physical structure, 37.6 removal methods, 39.25 sampling and assessment methods, 39.339.13 sources, 39.1 TABLEVT program (Alarie), 24.6 Task/ambient conditioning systems, 12.1312.14 Task-conditioning systems, 5.19

I.40

INDEX

Task supply ventilation systems, 13.16 Task-to-surround luminance ratios (TSLR), 18.1318.14 TB skin test, 47.6, 47.11 Tear film stability studies, 26.626.8 Tear fluid, 17.217.3 Tear fluid cytology studies, 26.926.10 Tear glands, 17.3 Technical Data Sheets (cut-sheets), 62.6, 62.10 Temperature: calculating percent outdoor air using, 52.1052.11 and complaint behavior, 56.556.11 effective, formula for, 8.6 evaluating during IAQ investigations, 49.1149.12 and fungal growth, 45.3 mean radiant temperature, 15.6 measuring, 52.6 operative temperature, 15.6 relationship to comfort, 15.415.5, 15.1015.11 relationship to humidity, 22.8 and skin disorders, 28.528.6 temperature swings: effect on mental acuity, 16.916.10 and VAV systems, 2.10 (See also Thermal environment) Temperature control (HVAC system), 12.7 individual control, 12.1312.14 sensors, 12.3 Temperature-sensitive vents, 13.6 Temporal representativeness, 51.10 Temporal variability, 49.849.9 Tenability, in smoke control systems, 14.2 Tenax-based VOC sampling, 33.3 Teratogens, 65.5 Terminal boxes (HVAC system), 7.6 Terpenes, chemosensory detection threshold, 20.1020.11, 20.13, 20.14 Test dusts, 9.129.14 Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (ASTM D 3162), 51.18 Testing, adjusting, balancing (TAB) procedures, 52.252.3 Tetrachloroethylene: in airplane environments, 68.12 exposure assessments, 66.9 dry-cleaned clothing, 33.1533.16 outdoor air, 33.1533.16 in residential buildings, 63.463.4 sources, 5.12 Tetraethyl lead, 68.868.9 Textile screen printing shop emissions, 66.7, 66.9, 66.10 TFM (see Transfer function modeling method) Theoretical models, 5.13 THERdbASE (EPA), 35.16 Thermal Comfort Envelope (ASHRAE Standard 55-1992), 8.32 Thermal Conditions for Human Occupancy (ASHRAE 55-1966), 15.10

Thermal environment: accident rates, 16.7 air speed, 15.7 air temperature, 15.6 comfort, 8.6, 8.7, 57.8 defining, 15.415.5 models for, 15.1115.14 perceptions of, measuring, 15.815.10 standards, 15.1015.11 temperature-humidity relationships, 22.8 and complaint behavior, 56.756.11 in day care center environments, 69.869.9 effect on mental acuity, 16.816.10 effect on productivity, 4.214.22, 16.1 effects of lighting system on, 18.5 engineering perspective, 16.1 heat transfer mechanisms, 15.6 importance of, 5.15, 15.3 and indoor air quality, 60.860.9 and performance/productivity, 16.616.7 physiological basis, 15.8 relative humidity, 15.7 and sensation of dryness, 16.416.5 and sick building syndrome, 53.6 sources of discomfort, 16.216.3 standards, 15.1015.11, 63.3 temperature, 15.615.7 thermal controls, 7.15 thermal gradients, 16.516.6 thermal neutrality zone, 2.2 in vehicles, 16.6 (See also Comfort) Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy (ASHRAE Standard 55), 2.2 Thermal gradients, 16.516.6 Thermal loads, 2.11 Thermal sensation scale (Fanger), 15.815.10 Thermistors, 12.3 Thermocouples, 12.3 Thermodynamics, 2.4 Thermohygrometers: digital, 52.6 monitoring thermal comfort/mold growth, 49.11 Thermometers, digital, 52.6 Thermostats, 7.15, 12.7 Thin-coated material emissions, 60.10 Thin-layer chromatography, 46.5 Threshold effects, in risk assessment, 70.10 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Values (ACGIH), 51.4 Threshold limit values (TLVs): aldehydes, 32.11, 32.15 asthma-inducing chemicals, 23.37 comparison with RD50 values, 23.723.13 hazard rating using, 62.4, 62.6 Throat irritation, 20.3 and glutaraldehyde exposure, 32.14 Throw, 8.8 Tidal volume (VT) measurements, 23.3 Tight buildings (see Closed buildings)

INDEX

I.41

TILT (see Toxicant-induced Loss of Tolerance) Time-weighted average (TWA) exposure limits, 32.15 carbon dioxide, 51.2, 51.4 Tobacco smoke (see Environmental tobacco smoke) Toluene: in airplane environments, 68.12 in indoor environments, 5.12, 66.7, 66.9, 66.13 Total emittable mass equation, 58.11 Total exposure: body burden measurements, 33.20 equation for, 58.258.3 vehicle-related emissions, including, 68.1668.17 Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM), 30.5, 33.433.5 Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), 31.1, 51.2651.27 in day care centers, standards, guidelines, 69.1269.13 exposure measurements, 33.1833.19 from flooring materials, 62.1162.12 recommended exposure limits, 25.25 in sensory irritation field studies, 25.4 in sick building syndrome, 32.19 (See also Volatile organic compounds) Toxic equivalency factors (TEF), 36.9 Toxic equivalency values (TEQs), 36.836.9 Toxicant-induced Loss of Tolerance (TILT), 27.2, 27.1327.15 diagnosis and treatment, 27.1727.18 physiological mechanisms, 27.1527.16 (See also Multiple chemical intolerance) Toxicity testing, in risk assessment, 70.6 building-related illness (BRI), 54.5, 54.8 Toxicoses, from fungus exposure, 45.1545.16 Tracer gas studies, 52.8, 52.1152.12 airflow pattern studies using, 52.952.10 airflow rate calculations using, 52.15 identifying airflow patterns, 51.2951.30 outdoor airflow rate calculations using, 52.19 Train environments, 68.1068.12 Trane Company, indoor air quality guidelines, 63.4 Transfer function modeling method (TFM), 57.6 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): in asbestos hazard assessment, 37.16 fiber analysis using, 39.1139.12 Tremolite, 38.2 Trespass and nuisance, IAQ-related,71.5 Trichloramine: exposure sources and levels, 67.6, 67.767.8 exposure standards, 67.9 Trichloroethylene, 5.12 Trichlorophenols, 28.6 Trichothecene mycotoxin, 46.846.9 Trickle ventilators, 13.6 Trigeminal response, bioassays based on, 23.123.3 (See also Mucosal membrane irritation) Trihalomethanes: exposure assessments, 33.19 exposure sources and levels, 67.6

Tuberculosis, 3.3, 5.45.5 air sampling for, 11.7 diagnosis and treatment, 47.547.6 droplet transmission, 47.9 etiology and occurrence, 47.2 as impetus for air disinfection, 11.1 latent infection, 47.7 propagation cycle, 47.347.4 risk assessment, 47.10 symptoms, 47.447.5 treatment approaches, 47.3, 47.747.9 upper-room UVGI disinfection for, 11.911.10 and ventilation standards, 2.52.6 Turbulence: and air flow control, 12.9 in indoor environments, 57.4 modeling, 59.7, 59.22 Turbulent coefficient, 57.4 ULPA filters, monitoring efficiency of, 9.159.16 Ultrafine particles: abundance of, 50.150.2 adverse health effects, 50.2, 50.6 definition, 50.1 in IAQ investigations, 50.1250.17 as indicator of indoor air quality, 50.5 size, 50.150.2 sources, 50.2, 50.450.5 tracking method, 50.2, 50.650.9 trend analysis, 50.1150.12 Ultraviolet absorption photometry, 51.19 Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), 11.811.11 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation: gas and vapor removal using, 10.17 as marker of environmental tobacco smoke, 30.2 and skin disorders, 28.328.5 water treatment using, 8.30 Uncertainty: and exposure estimates, 51.5 in risk assessment, 34.2034.21, 70.3, 70.10 (See also Individual susceptibility/variability; Statistical analysis) Underwriters Laboratory (UL), air filter standards, 9.169.17 United Kingdom Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health, 30.19 United States Center for Disease Control (CDC): Legionella remediation guidelines, 48.848.9 tuberculosis control guidelines (1994), 47.947.12 United States Congress, ventilation, 2.4 United States Department of Energy, energy analysis programs, 57.7 United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), indoor air quality regulations, 5.6 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA): asbestos sampling scheme, 37.12 Bahura v. SEW Investors, 71.571.6

I.42
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (Cont.): Building Assessment Evaluation Survey, 3.213.27 carcinogenicity assessments, 33.2133.22 environmental tobacco smoke, 30.18 PCBs, 36.5, 36.8, 36.1136.14 phthalates, 34.1934.22 weight-of-evidence approach, 70.670.7 Environmental Technology Verification Program, 51.26 exposure recommendations/limits, pesticides, 35.1435.15 hazard identification, 70.670.7 Industrial Source Complex Long-Term Dispersion Model, 68.16 information on test data availability, 51.4 Integrated Risk Assessment System (IRIS) database, 35.16 list of asbestos-containing products, 37.7, 37.8 Non-Occupational Pesticides Exposure Study, 35.1235.14 residential pesticide use survey, 35.3 risk assessments, pesticides, 35.1535.16 sick building syndrome investigations, 33.23 standards, guidelines: ambient air quality, 5.13, 60.7 indoor air quality, 5.6, 63.4 noise levels for indoor speech, 19.13 pesticide regulation, 35.135.2 radon control, 40.15 reference doses (RfDs), 35.16, 36.1236.14 statistical models, 58.358.4 Temporal Indoor Monitoring Exposure (TIME) study, 3.253.27 Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM): findings, 3.253.27 residential ETS levels, 30.5 study results, 66.3. VOC definition, 31.1 United States Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA): asbestos-related rules, 37.10, 37.1237.13 carbon dioxide standards, 51.2 glutaraldehyde sampling method, 32.18 indoor air quality regulations, 5.6 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), 60.10 nonindustrial workplace air quality rules, 5.2 permissible exposure limit (PEL): aldehydes, 32.11, 32.15 pesticides, 35.14 tuberculosis control guidelines, 47.947.12 workplace regulations, 30.22 United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB), value of statistical life (VSL), 70.17 Univent HVAC systems, 7.1 Upper respiratory tract irritation: assessment methods, 26.1426.20 physiological basis, 26.1426.15 Upper-room UVGI, 11.911.11

INDEX

Urea-formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI), 32.5 Urine, analyzing contaminants in, 33.4 Urticaria, latex-sensitivity and, 41.4 User-controlled ventilation systems, 12.1312.14, 16.1016.12 Usual interstitial pneumonitis, 54.13 UVGI (see Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation) VacuMark dust sampler, 64.964.10 Vacuum cleaner efficiency, 64.364.4 Vagal response bioassays, 23.2 Validation: computational fluid dynamics model results, 59.1059.13 eye irritation studies, 26.1226.14 mass balance equations, 58.858.9 questionnaire responses, 53.10 sensory and pulmonary irritation assays, 23.523.7 upper respiratory tract irritation studies, 26.20 (See also Modeling; Statistical analysis) Value of statistical life (VSL) estimates, 70.17 Vane anemometer, 52.1552.16 Variability (see Individual susceptibility/variability) Variable air volume (VAV) systems, 2.102.11, 7.13 air diffusers, 8.188.21 air filters in, 9.259.26 computer controls, 2.11 flow control, 12.9 pressure control, 12.8 shift towards, 5.7 temperature control features, 12.7 Vasodilation, 15.8 VAV systems (see Variable air volume (VAV) systems) VDI vitreous fiber sampling method, 39.9 Vehicle-related exposures, 68.168.2 airflow and meteorological effects, 68.968.10 buses, trains, motorcycles, 68.1068.12 diesel fuel exhaust, 68.15 PAHs, 34.234.3 standards and regulations governing, 68.1 gasoline exhaust: 1,3 butadiene, 68.8 carbon monoxide, 68.268.4 formaldehyde, 68.8 from indoor recreational events, 67.267.6 methyl-tert-butyl ether, 68.8 methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonl (MMT), 68.9 nitrogen dioxide, 68.468.5 oxygenated compounds, 68.9 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 68.8 tetraethyl lead, 68.868.9 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 68.568.8, 68.14 thermal environment effects, 16.6 time spent in/near vehicles, 68.2 Velocity pressure measurement, 52.7 Ventilation engineers, role in healthy building design, 1.14

INDEX

I.43

Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Quality (AHSRAE 62-1989), 2.1, 51.3 Ventilation for Control of Indoor Air Quality, 2.8 Ventilation needs, in energy analysis codes, limitations of, 2.11 Ventilation rate: airborne synthetic vitreous fiber levels, 39.25 in bars and restaurants, 67.10 calculating, 52.352.4 in day care centers, 69.669.8 energy use and, 5.19 monitoring tools, 7.16 occupancy and, 2.12 and rates of worker illness, 4.7 recommended standards, 60.9 relationship to area occupied, 2.9 and respiratory disease prevalence, 4.6 and sick building syndrome, 4.19 Ventilation research, 2.6 Ventilation system evaluations (see IAQ investigations) Ventilation systems: advantages/disadvantages, 13.1013.11 air filtration, 6.10 airflow, 52.352.5 balanced mixing ventilation systems, 13.18 and building-related illness, 54.1754.18 within building, tools for simulating, 2.12 cleaning practices, 64.9 and comfort, 22.122.2 complaints about, investigating, 49.449.10 constant air volume (CAV) systems, 2.92.10 and contaminant dispersion, 69.569.6 controlling airborne infection using, 11.411.7 convection-driven ventilation, 2.4 in day care centers, 69.669.9 demand controlled (DCV), 2.12 designing, 5.45.5, 5.195.20, 60.6, 60.8 comfort standards, 22.122.2 computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 5.20 diluting contaminants using, 5.145.19 dilution ventilation, 62.14 displacement ventilation, 2.14, 11.11 dynamic insulation/pore ventilation, 2.14 efficiency of, 30.22 energy efficiency issues, 5.145.16, 5.19 energy used for, 6.15 historical views of, 2.22.7, 5.45.5, 22.2 in ice arenas, 67.367.4 improving, cost-benefit analysis, 4.264.30 and increased emissions, 60.11 indoor airflow, 52.5 and infections, 11.6 localized ventilation, 5.19 measurement systems, pressure differences, 52.9 mechanical ventilation: components, 13.1113.13 demand-controlled ventilation (DCV), 13.2013.23 displacement ventilation, 13.1913.20 fans, 13.12

Ventilation systems, mechanical ventilation (Cont.): mechanical extract ventilation, 13.1313.14 mechanical supply ventilation, 13.1513.17 versus natural, 2.6 mixed systems, 5.165.19 monitoring/evaluation tools: air speed measurements, 52.7 air temperature, 52.6 airflow measurements, 52.752.8 airflow rate calculations, 52.1352.17 differential pressure, 52.652.7 outdoor airflow rates, 52.1652.17 percent outdoor air in airstream, 52.1052.12 reasons for, 52.252.3 relative humidity, 52.6 smoke tube studies, 52.8 tracer gas studies, 52.8, 52.952.10 velocity pressure, 52.7 and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.10 natural ventilation: air vents, trickle ventilators, 13.6 automatic (variable-area) inlets, 13.6 building design factors, 13.5 comparison with mechanical, 5.155.17 cross-flow ventilation, 13.7, 13.8 passive-stack ventilation, 13.6, 13.8, 13.10, 13.11 single-sided ventilation, 13.7, 13.913.10 stack pressure, 13.213.5 where used/useful, 13.113.2 wind pressure, 13.213.5 windows and louvers, 13.5 and nitrogen oxide exposure, 29.12 outdoor airflow control, 12.9 relationship to air quality, 2.1, 5.25, 60.860.9 role of HVAC systems in, 7.9 sensory pollution loads and, 22.622.7 variable air volume (VAV) systems, 2.102.11 Ventilators, trickle, 13.6 Vertical temperature differences (see Thermal environment) Very volatile organic compounds (VVOC), 51.22 Vinyl flooring emissions, 33.10 Viral respiratory infections: and asthma prevalence, 4.15 transmission of, 11.111.2 (See also Pulmonary irritation/disease; Respiratory disease) Visibility models, 18.1118.12 Visual display terminals (VDTs), 18.13 Vitreous fiber (see Synthetic vitreous fiber) VOCs (see Volatile organic compounds) Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions Measurements (VOCEM), 1.13 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 5.115.12 adverse health effects: acute effects, 33.2233.24 cancer, 33.2133.22 in day care center environments, 69.1269.13 in airplane environments, 68.12 benzene, 33.1133.15

I.44

INDEX

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (Cont.): bioeffluents, 22.2 body burden measurements, 33.2033.21 in day care center environments, 69.3, 69.1269.13 definitions/classification, 8.21, 31.131.2 emissions modeling, 5.125.13, 58.1358.15, 58.1758.18 exposure assessment, 33.1, 33.1033.11 commercial building emissions, 66.1366.17 EPA Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) findings, 33.433.5 indoor air, 31.1431.15, 33.533.8 outdoor air, 33.1, 33.833.11, 60.7 personal air, 33.433.5 residential buildings, 66.666.13 typical levels, 31.2 exposure routes, 33.133.2, 33.1933.20 half-lives, 33.933.10 in hospital environments, 65.5 in library environments, 67.12 microbial volatile metabolites (MVOCs), 23.33 and multiple chemical intolerance, 27.927.11 NOAEL/LOAEL recommendations, 25.2425.25 nonreactive (NRVOCs), 23.1723.33 and odor problems, 49.7 para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB), 33.1633.18 reactive volatile metabolites (RVOCs), potency estimates, 23.3323.35 recommended indoor levels (RIL) for, 23.13 risk assessment, 33.24 sampling and assessment methods, 31.2, 33.233.4 activated carbon, 33.233.3 body fluid analyses, 33.4 canister sampling, 51.22 direct (whole-air) sampling, 33.3 multisorbent systems, 33.3 passive dosimeters, 51.26 real-time monitors, 51.26 Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME), 51.26 sorbent collection, 51.22 Tenax, 33.3 semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), 51.22 sensory irritation field studies, 25.125.26 chemosensory detection threshold, 20.520.11 limitations, 2.162.17 sensory irritation potency database, 23.17 and sick building syndrome, 64.6 sources, 22.3, 31.231.4, 33.833.11 building materials, 60.10 commercial sources, 66.166.2 drinking water, 33.19 emissions, 31.431.14 flooring materials, 62.12 fungus emissions, 45.16 gasoline/diesel fuel exhaust, 68.1, 68.568.8, 68.11 gasoline pumping, 68.1368.15 in-home sources, 66.266.3

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sources (Cont.): soil and dust, 33.1933.20 surgical smoke, 65.765.8 standards, IAQ guidelines, 31.2 tetrachloroethylene, 33.1533.16 total volatile organic compounds, 33.1833.19, 51.2651.27 trihalomethanes, 33.19 very volatile organic compounds (VVOC), 51.22 Volumetric flow rate, 12.4 Warmup cycles, outdoor air dampers, 7.3 Washington state, indoor air quality regulations, 5.6 Waste anesthetic gas (WAG), 65.865.9 Waste handling: during construction process, 6.10 during remodeling and renovation, 62.2062.21 Waste services, 5.11 Water: and fungal growth, 45.3, 45.5, 45.1045.11, 45.12 HVAC humidification systems, 8.178.20, 8.29 Water traps, in HVAC systems, designing properly, 7.5 Water vapor: as combustion product, 29.3 effect on activated carbon efficiency, 10.810.9 in HVAC humidification systems, 8.29 Wave frequency, 19.2 Wave length: of light, 18.718.8 of sound, 19.2 Wave velocity, 19.2 Weather, and pollen levels, 44.8 Weatherization (see Insulation) Weight-of- evidence carcinogen classifications (USEPA), 70.670.7 Western Untied States: commercial building stock, 6.12 housing stock, 6.5 Wet-bulb temperature, 8.33 Wet-pipe sprinkler systems, 12.15 Wet-product emission, 60.10 Wet surfaces: fungal growth on, 45.1045.11, 45.12 and odor problems, 49.7 VOC emission rates and, 33.933.10 Whetlerite, 10.14 Whole-air VOC sampling, 51.2251.25 Window air conditioning units, 6.7 Window glass, insulated, 6.8 Windows, louvers, 13.5 Wipe test dust sampling, 64.10 Within-space ventilation need analyses, 2.11 Wood smoke: acetaldehyde in, 32.10 adverse health effects, 29.19 aerodynamic particle diameter, 9.29.3 benzene in, 33.14 from residential heating, 6.66.7

INDEX

I.45

Wood smoke (Cont.): toxicology, 29.18 volatile organic compounds in, 33.8 Work stress (see Job stress) Workers: absenteeism, IAQ-related, 4.104.11 cleaning workers, health risks, 64.1564.16 construction workers, role in healthy building design, 1.14 day care center workers, health risks, 69.3, 69.10 health care workers: asthma prevalence, 65.4 personal protection strategies, 65.1265.14 office workers, IAQ complaints, 3.23.3 Workplace environments: formaldehyde exposures, 32.4 multiple chemical intolerance, handling, 27.2027.23 worker expectations about, 5.2 (See also Commercial buildings)

World Health Organization (WHO): carcinogenic risk assessment, 38.5 exposure guidelines: Air Quality Guidelines, 5.13n carboxyhemoglobin levels, 29.7 nitrogen oxides, 29.1129.12 position paper on environmental tobacco smoke, 30.18 sick building syndrome definition, 2.1, 3.33.4, 5.7, 53.4 VOC classification system, 31.131.2 XL filter (Farr), 7.4 Xylenes: levels, 66.7, 66.9 sources, 5.12 Zero acceptable risk level, 70.1670.17 Zones, building: pressured smoke control systems, 14.714.8 VAV systems for, 2.102.11 Zoophilous pollen (see Fungus exposure)