Construction of Road Pavement.

Definitions
Pavement

Is the hard crust placed on the soil formation after the completion of the earthwork? Carriage Way

The portion of the road way designed and constructed for vehicular traffic.

Shoulder (Haunch or berm)

The portion immediately beyond the edges of a carriage way. Rubble

Pieces of stone or broken brick or concrete of irregular size and shape. 150mm x225mm rubble- Maximum length 225mm minimum width 150mm MacadamBroken stone or metal crushed regular size 50mm Metal- size is 50m 40mm Metal size is 40mm AsphaltA mixture of bitumen and mineral matter which may occur in natural deposits. BitumenIs a product of the distillation or evaporation of crude petroleum (UN refined petroleum) either by natural process or in refinery and is the basic constituent of asphalt. It is characteristically solid or semi solid, black or brown in color, is sticky and melts or softness on the application of heat. Coal tar Is a by product in the manufacture of gas from coal. It is viscous or liquid, resulting initially from the destructive distillation of coal which has been as refined as too suitable to road works.

Road Pavement

Sub grade

The road pavement is laid over sub grade. The ground just bellow the road pavement is called sub grade. It is Consist mostly soil compaction of sub grade and its drainage are more important. Compaction increases its load bearing capacity. Excessive water or less water in the sub grade is not suitable. The excessive load enters in to sub grade is to be drain out to road side. But certain degree of moisture present in the material keeps them in a stabilized condition. If the moisture condition is very low the sub grade is becoming dry that it bre3aks up from want of cohesion cohesion-Causing molecules of the same substance to stick together. If the moisture content is very high the sub grade is so wet that form mud. Natural soil is the ideal material for the sub grade. Such a sub grade usually contains proper proportion of sand, silt and clay. It keeps the optimum moisture content in sub grade. The optimum proportions are Sand 70% - 85% Silt 10% - 20% Clay 5% - 10% Excessive clay may be liable to plastic deformation. If the soil is unsuitable, the texture of the soil is to be change using another suitable material (quarry dust, sand etc.)

The load bearing capacity of sub grade. The weights of the road crust and traffic load are act on sub grade. Hence bearing capacity of the of sub grade is to be good enough . where the sub grade is with low bearing capacity some method should be adopted for increase it. The soils with 5/12 tones/square meter are not suitable for sub grade. Some times about 15cm or more of unreliable sub grade material is removed from the side of the road and good soil put instead. Compaction of sub grade

Low or excessive compaction is harm full. The optimum compaction is indicated by moisture content and dry density. Compaction methods type of roller to be used, no of passes, are recommended by the engineer. If undulation in the surface that develop due to rolling should be made good with earth or quarry dust and rerolled. (8-12 roller passes minimum of 5 times) Soil sub base

Actually top most part of the sub grade is the sub base. It provides a sheet for the above road payment. This part is to be stabilized. Hence the top most soil is mechanically stabilize by rolling or mixing soil with lime or cement. Base course The base course is the bottom part of the road crust. Hence it situated over sub base. The bottom of the base course is known as soling coat (Soling- laying of metals, stones) The top of the base course is the inter coat.

soling or bottoming. The primary function of soling is to distribute the load over the sub grade in such a way that there will be no sinking of the road crust in to the sub grade under the above loads. Soling stones. The size of stones should not be more than 225mm and not less than 100 mm. in any direction. (The tolerance for height is + or - 25mm. Laying soling stones. Soling stones should be hand packed as close as possible with there broadest side down. Consolidation of soling stones

The soling should be thoroughly consolidated with power rollers of 8 to 10 toned weight. Roller should be run over the same surface for at least 8 times. Till the soling course well consolidated. Soling should not be lay two layers. Inter coat

Inter coat is laid on top of the soling coat using 50mm gauge stone ballast (or a size stated by engineer). Usually 12 cm thick loose inter coat is compacted to 8cm. When compacting the sand or stone chips is laid as a filler to the inter surface with bituminous material. (This filling material applying with bitumen is called blinding

Top coat or wearing coat (seal coat) After laying inter coat the sealing coat is laid over it with 40mm. Stones and sand use as binding material. Painting or black top surfacing. Painting done in 2 stages. (i) Painting 1st coat using bituminous material (ii) Painting 2nd coat using bituminous material as binder with 20mm stone grit. as binder with 12mm stone grit.

Edging Brick embedded along the edges of a payment to protect the pavement from damage caused by traffic. Land acquisition. For a new road construction new land is acquired for the road it self, and temporary land may be required for digging borrow pits for taking earth for embankment. The depth of borrow pit is usually made 30 cm. Area of temporary land is depend on the quantity of earthwork. Where land is not available or land is costly borrow pits may be deeper.

Lead Normal rate for earth work is the earth taken from 30m distance and 1.5m height. But in greater lead or lift the rate will be different.

Culverts and bridges When a road is passing over water ways such as rivers, canals etc culvert or bridge construct for carriage way.

Preliminary calculations. Ex.1 calculate the quantity of metal required for3.7 m wide macadam road for 1km length for 1 layer of 8 cm compacted thickness (volume of loose metal gets 2/3 on compaction)

Quantity of metal (loose) =1000m x 3.7m x 8/2x3 =1000x3.7x12 m3 =444 m3 Ex.2 Calculate the quantity of 20 mm stone grit and binder paint (Tar no3) required for first coat of painting for 1 km length of a 3.7 m wide bituminous road.(1.35 cum of grit used for 100sq.m area) Quantity of stone grit, 20mm gauge = 1000 x 3.7 x1.35/1000 m3 = 49.95 m 3 (say) =50 m 3

binder (tar no 3 or asphalt) requirement Ex.3. Calculate the quantity of 12 mm stone grit and binder paint required for second coat of painting for 1 km length of a 3.7 m wide bituminous road.(0.75 cum of grit used for 100sq.m area, 120kg of tar no3 or asphalt use 100 sqr meters.) )

quantity of stone grit,12mm gauge = 1000 x 3.7 x0.75/100 m3 = 27.75 m 3 (say) =28 m 3 binder (tar no 3 or asphault) requirement =1000 x 3.7 x 120/100 kg =4440kg

Ex.4. Calculate 150mm x 225mm rubble requirement for soling coat for 1 km length of 4 m wide road thickness of soling coat is 15cm. rubble requirement = 1000 x 4.00x 15/100 =600 m3

Ex.5. find the area of permanent land required for a state highway for 1 km length (the width of permanent land being 30 m) permanent land requirement = 1000 x 30 =30000 m2 =30,000/10,000 = 3Hec

Ex.6. find the area of temporary land required for a state highway for 1 km length of a road having following data. (the width of permanent land being 30 m). The formation width Average height of bank =10 m =1.5m

Side slopes 2 horizontal : 1 Vertical Depth of borrow pit =30cm

The road is not a hilly road.(The average ground level is flat) Quantity of earth work in embankment = (Bd+Sd2) x Length = (10x1.5 +2x1.52) x 1000 = 19.5 x 1000 = 19500m3 temporary land requirement = Volume /Depth = 19500m3/0.3m = 65,000 m2 = 65,000/10,000 Hec = 6.5 Hec Width of temporary land both side = Area /Length =65,000/10,000 m =65m Width of temporary land in one side = 65/2 = 37.5m

The above calculation is applicable in the area with lot of crown lands in both side without population. If there are not enough suitable borrow pits within the work site, the depth of currently used borrow pit may be increased or find suitable borrow pit far away from the worksite. In this case the nominal rate for earth borrowing is increase due to increasing lead (Haul) and lift.