OBJECTIVE OF THIS LECTURE

To examine the changes in flow properties across a normal shock wave To understand how velocity can be measured in a compressible flow

HIGH-SPEED AERODYNAMICS
MACE 31321

Lecture 5 Normal Shock II

NORMAL SHOCK WAVES

Flow conditions before & after the shock wave
p1 T1 M1 u1 p0,1 h0,1 T0,1 s1 p2 T2 M2 u2 p0,2 h0,2 T0,2 s2
2 2

NORMAL SHOCK RELATIONS

1 ( 1) M 12 2 M = 1 M 12 ( 1) 2 1+
M1 M2

Given conditions ahead of the wave

Unknown conditions behind the wave

( + 1) M 12 2 u = 1 = 1 u2 2 + ( 1) M 12
p2 2 = 1+ M 12 1 +1 p1

Assumptions:
The flow is steady and 1D. The flow is adiabatic. There are no viscous effects on the sides of the CV

The basic relations

Continuity: Momentum: Energy:

1u1 = 2u2
2 p1 + 1u12 = p2 + 2u2

2 + ( 1) M 12 T2 2 M 12 1 = 1 + 2 T1 +1 ( + 1) M 1

Equation of state: p2 = 2 RT2

1 1 2 CpT1 + u12 = CpT2 + u2 2 2

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See Normal Shock Property Table

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NORMAL SHOCK WAVES

Flow conditions before & after the shock wave
Given conditions ahead of the wave

NORMAL SHOCK WAVES

Flow conditions before & after the shock wave
M1>1 M2<1

p1 T1 M1 u1 p0,1 h0,1 T0,1 s1

p2 T2 M2 u2 p0,2 h0,2 T0,2 s2

Unknown conditions behind the wave

x Fluid element with actual p1, T1, M1 , s1 Imaginary state 1a where the fluid element has been brought to rest isentropically. P0,1, T0,1, s1 Fluid element with actual p2, T2, M2 , s2 Imaginary state 2a where the fluid element has been brought to rest isentropically. P0,2, T0,2, s2

M1 M2<1 p1 p2

1
T1

2
T2

What about p0, T0 and s?

CHANGES IN ENTROPY ACROSS A NORMAL SHOCK Entropy change across the shock
T2 p2 s2 s1 = C p ln R ln T p 1 1
p2 2 = 1+ M 12 1 p1 +1
M1 M2

CHANGES IN P0 &T0 ACROSS A NORMAL SHOCK From the energy equation

1 1 2 CpT1 + u12 = CpT2 + u2 2 2
CpT0,1 = CpT0,2 T0,1 = T0,2

Substituting

)
(

&

2 + ( 1) M 2 T2 M 12 1 = 1 + 2 T1 +1 ( + 1) M 1

2 1

The total temperature is constant across a normal shock wave.

Entropy change across the shock

T0.2 p R ln 0, 2 s2 a s1a = s2 s1 = C p ln T p 0,1 0,1 T0,1 = T0,2 p0 , 2 p0 , 2 s2 s1 = R ln = e ( s2 s1 )/ R < 1 p p0,1 0,1
The total pressure decreases across a normal shock wave. The lower the total pressure loss, the more efficient is the flow process.
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Gives
2 + ( 1) M 12 2 2 s2 s1 = C p ln 1 + M 12 1 M 12 1 R ln 1 + 2 ( + 1) M 1 +1 + 1

= 0, M 1 = 1 s2 s1 = > 0, M 1 > 1

The entropy is caused by strong viscous dissipation within the shock.

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NORMAL SHOCK WAVES

Variations of flow properties across a normal shock
p1 T1 M1 u1 p0,1 T0,1 s1 M1 M2<1 p1 p2 p0,1 p0,2 T0,1 T0,2 p2 T2 M2 u2 p0,2 T0,2 s2

VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
Low-speed incompressible flow
From Bernoulli Equation:
x

p1

u12 p0 = 2

u1 =

2( p0 p1 )

u1

1
T1

2
T2

Pitot-Static probe s1 s2
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VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
Subsonic compressible flow
No shock waves and the flow is regarded as isentropic
p0,1 1 2 1 M1 = 1 + 2 p1

VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
Supersonic flow
A shock wave forms in front of the probe The total pressure read by the probe is not equal to that of incoming flow, i.e. p0,1 p0,2 .

1 p 2 0 ,1 2 M1 = 1 1 p 1

p01

1 2a12 p0,1 u = 1 1 p 1
2 1

p0,1 will be measured by a Pitot probe.

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VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
Rayleigh Pitot-tube formula
p2 2 = 1+ M 12 1 p1 +1

QUESTION
A Pitot tube is inserted into an airflow where the static pressure is 1atm. Calculate the flow Mach number when the Pitot measures
a) 1.276atm b) 2.714atm

(Normal shock relation)

p0 , 2

p p = 0, 2 2 p1 p2 p1

p0 , 2

1 2 1 M2 = 1 + 2 p2

(Isentropic relation)

1 ( 1) M 12 2 2 M2 = 1 M 12 ( 1) 2 1+

(Normal shock relation)

Hints: What is p0/p when M1=1?

p0 , 2

( 1)2 M 12 1 1 + 2 M 12 = +1 p1 4 M 12 2( 1)

Tabulated versus M1 in Shock Wave Properties Table

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SOLUTION
Determine firstly if the incoming flow is likely to be subsonic or supersonic.
If M1=1, we have For Reading 1

REFERENCES
In Fundamentals of Aerodynamics by Andersons, 2nd edition.
Chapter 8, p.443-450.

p0, 2 = 1.893 p1

p0, 2 = 1.276 < 1.893 , hence M1<1. From p1

Table A, M1 = 0.6. For Reading 2

p0, 2 = 2.714 > 1.893 , hence M1>1. From p1

Table B, M1 = 1.3.
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