1.

Which of the following rates describes the proportion of people in a group possessing particular condition of outcome at any specific study duration Rr Arisk Point prevalance Period prevalanne

2. Which of following does not help reduce body temp Cutaneous vasodilation Sweating Piloerection Decrease metabolism
The hypothalamus contains temperature-sensitive neurons that have receptors for proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are continuously balanced to maintain a homeothermic set point. When body temperature becomes elevated, cutaneous vasodilation and
sweating occur, and people may reduce activity and seek a cooler environment. Inversely, low body temperature is increased by shivering, piloerection, cutaneous vasoconstriction, adding clothes, and seeking a warmer environment.

3. Actions of health care providers tat help ppl in need refers to ethical principles of Autonomy Benefieciance Justice Nonmaleficience 4. Which of following determines of health is largest contributor to premature death in US population

Access to medical care Genetic makeup Environmental factors Lifestyle individual behaviors (answer in determinants of health pdf pg. no 49)

5. Poly a sequence are most commonly found on R rna M rna Cdna Rdna 6. During development process lead compounds may be derive from Marines sources Bacterial secondary metabolites Chemical libraries 1 onle 1n2 2,3 1,2,3 7. A pharmacy provides diabetes education services what would be efficient method of reachiing target market fr this service Tv adverstising Sponsoting a booth for health fair Advertising in senior center newsletter

Giving brochures to patients receiving insulin 8. The largest % of pharmaceuticals practice setting? Community Industry Hospital Long-term care 9. Patent protection granted to pharmaceutical company for newly discovered chemical entity can be characterized as Oligopoly Pure monopoly Perfect competition Competitive monopoly
Types of Industries There are many types of industries. The industries are categorized into 4 main divisions: Monopoly, Monopolistic competition, Perfect competition, and Oligopoly. 1. Monopoly = is a board game played by two to eight players. (ha ha... just seeing if you were paying attention) In economics, a monopoly is when a product or service can only be bought from one supplier. In many places, utilities such as telephone service or cable television are monopolies. A product market characterized by one seller and perfect barrier to entry. 2. Monopolistic competition = is a common market form. Many markets can be considered as monopolistically competitive, often including the markets for restaurants, books, clothing, films and service industries in large cities. A product market characterized by numerous sellers, moderate product differentiation, no barriers to entry, and some imperfections in consumer information. 3. Perfect competition = is an economic model that describes a hypothetical market form in which no producer or consumer has the market power to influence prices. According to the standard economical definition of efficiency (Pareto efficiency), perfect competition would lead to a completely efficient outcome. The analysis of perfectly competitive markets provides the foundation of the theory of supply and demand. A product market characterized by numerous buyers and sellers, a homogeneous product, no barriers to entry, and perfect consumer

information. 4. Oligopoly = is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). Some industries which are oligopolies are referred to as the "Big 3" or the "Big 4." Because there are few participants in this type of market, each oligopolist is aware of the actions of the others. Oligopolistic markets are characterized by interactivity. The decisions of one firm influence, and are influenced by the decisions of other firms. Strategic planning by oligopolists always involves taking into account the likely responses of the other market participants. This causes oligopolistic markets and industries to be at the highest risk for collusion. A product market that is characterized by a few dominant sellers and substantial barriers to entry.

10.A potential advantage of computerized physician order entry Increase liability Increased transcription error Ability to use abbreviations Reduce pharmacist review time line 11.Which of following otc can cause tongue discoloration Bismuth subsalicylate Ca carbonate Ibuprofen Docusate

12.Which amino acid residues not basic? Lysine Arginine Histidine Glutamine 13.Which following drugs require dose adjust in cr clearance 20ml/min

Naficillin Ceftazidime Tobramycin Dofetilide 14.An example of high energy bond In intermediary metabolism is An ether Alkyl ester Acylamide Phosphoric anhydride 15.Activation of following receptors would mostly directly cause rapid depolarization due to na entering cell Gaba a Nmda Nicotinic Beta2 16.Overuse of topical nasal sympathomimetics results in Sinus infections Nasal septal defects Rebound nasal vasodilatation Reduced smell sensitivity 17.What is recommend treatment for 9yr child who missed second dose of measles, mumps rubella vaccine which should be administered during suggested 4 to 6 yrs old Restart series

Continue complete schedule prior to 11 to 12yr Discontinue Administer booster doses of globlin immediately

18.Most common reason patients state for being noncompliant to their prescription Forgot Wanted to save $ Did not believe medication was effective Had no symptoms or symptom went away 19.2 compartment model can best represented by Cp= a+b{20.Which cannot be use to assess bioavailability: Plasma drug concentration Urinary drug excretion Clinical observation Partition coefficient determination 21.Which complications of mi is not associated with poor prognosis Pericarditis Heart fail Arrythmias Reinfarction

22.Which fowng organization provide quality assurance ratings of healt h relate internet services HON code NABP APHa Medical libraries asso MLA 23.Absorption of drugs via inhalation route is rapid bcos 24.Aerosolide yersinia pestis is most likey to lead to which form of diseas Bubonic Pneumonic Cardiac Cutaneous 25.According to iSMP medications tat have increased risk of causing signifiacnt pt harm when used: Warfarin Sc insulin Iv amiodarone 1only 1,2 26.Assesment of quality includes evaluation of which domains of medical care Outcomes Process Structure 1 only

1,2 2,3 1,2,3 27.Morphine would be vulnerabe to all following phase 2 metabolic reaction except Structure diagram Sulfate conjugation of phenolic oh Glucorni Sulfate of enolic oh 28.Gluco-----29.Therapeutic substituition occurs when drug is exchanged for another drug: Within expired patent Identical chemica entiy Same drug categry Has been in market fr 10 yrs 30.Phosphofructokines is an enzyme regulating Urea cycle Glycolysis Beta oxidatn Mevalonate pathway 31.? net calories are supplied by 1 gr of amio acid 2 4

7 9 32.Asthma is charactrized by Revissible airway obstructn Hyperinfaltion of lungs Bullous lungs Infection of upper resp tract 33.Increase in lung residual volume and functional capacity are characteristic of is: Pneumonia Asthma Tb Atelectasis (Atelectasis (from Greek: , "incomplete" + , "extension") is defined as the collapse or closure of the
lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange . It may affect part or all of one lung. deflated, as distinct from pulmonary consolidation.)
[1]

It is a condition where the alveoli are

34.Recommended duration of warfarin fot tt for recurrent pulmonar embo 3mths 6 12 Indefinite 35.Which of the follng drug represent used to treat addisons diseas

36.Once dietary supplement is in market which regulatory body is responsible for taking action when product is unsafe

CDC DEA FTC FDA 37.Intracelluar stuructures formed during many viral infections are called: Procaryotes Chromosomal disruptions Inclusion bodies Cytocidal bodies 38.Which symptoms of astma exacerbation require emergency tt Early mrng awaknin due to cough Nyt time due to chest tight Wheezing tat interferes wid activity Shortness o breath interfering with speaking 39.Which ACE inhibitor induced adr is more likely to occur in african amercian pts compared to caucasians Hyperkalemia Arf Hypotension Angiedema (drug-allergy-updated-practice-important pg. no 11) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have 2 major adverse effects cough and angioedema. Cough occurs in up to 20% of patients, is typically dry and nonproductive, and occurs more commonly in women, blacks, and Asians. The cough generally begins within the first few weeks of treatment, but occasionally

the onset may occur much later. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are not associated with development of cough. The incidence of angioedema with ACE inhibitors is approximately 0.1% to 0.7% and appears to be more common in blacks.The angioedema frequently involves the face or upper airway and can be life-threatening or fatal. Reports of angioedema of the intestinal tract secondary to ACE inhibitors have also been described. Patients with C1esterase inhibitor deficiency are at increased risk of more frequent and severe episodes of angioedema with the administration of ACE inhibitors and should not receive these drugs. Patients typically take ACE inhibitors for months or even years before angioedema occurs. It is also puzzling that recurrent episodes of angioedema occur sporadically despite continued daily use of ACE inhibitors. Most patients with angioedema related to ACE inhibitor usually tolerate ARBs 40.Best refence to identify an alternative drug trade name with same active ingradient formulation Remington Merck manual American drug dex Drug facts compaision 41.When mixing insulin galrgine with regular in syringe the pharmacist should reply tat products are Stable if admistered immediatly May be premixed stored at refrigeration till 7days Should not be mixed in same syringe Have not been studied

Mixing of short-acting and lente insulins is not recommended, except for patients already adequately controlled on such a mixture. Upon mixing, Zn2+ present in lente insulins) (e.g., lente and ultralente) will bind with the short-acting insulin and delay its onset of action. The degree and rate of binding varies with the ratio and species of the two insulins; binding equilibrium may not be reached for 24 h. Phosphate-buffered insulins (e.g., NPH insulin) should not be mixed with lente insulins. Zinc phosphate may precipitate, and the longer-acting insulin will convert to a short-acting insulin to an unpredictable extent. Mixing of insulins should follow these guidelines:

Patients who are well controlled on a particular mixed-insulin regimen should maintain their standard procedure for preparing their insulin doses. No other medication or diluent should be mixed with any insulin product unless approved by the prescribing physician. Insulin glargine should not be mixed with other forms of insulin due to the low pH of its diluent. Use of commercially available premixed insulins may be used if the insulin ratio is appropriate to the patients insulin requirements. Currently available NPH and short-acting insulin formulations when mixed may be used immediately or stored for future use. Rapid-acting insulin can be mixed with NPH, lente, and ultralente. When rapid-acting insulin is mixed with either an intermediate- or long-acting insulin, the mixture should be injected within 15 min before a meal. Mixing of short-acting and lente insulins is not recommended except for patients already adequately controlled on such a mixture. If short-acting and lente mixtures are to be used, the patient should standardize the interval between mixing and injection. Phosphate-buffered insulins (e.g., NPH) should not be mixed with lente insulins. Insulin formulations may change; therefore, the manufacturer should be consulted in cases where its recommendations appear to conflict with the American Diabetes Association guidelines.

42.Act by irrversivlr inhibtn of plt function Aspiring Ibuprofen Naproxen

43.Standar deviation is meseaure of Quality Variablity Sample siza Central tendency 44.Individuals risk of cvd bmi >35: Minimal Low Modeater High 45.Elderly pts confused bout his medication regimen. Pharmacist counselling should talk to him: In congested area Using long complicated sentence Using loud tone voice While maintaing eye contact (talking to ur older pt pg. no 55) 46.Pharmcoeconomics dpts withn pharm manufactures: Develop manu process Asses values of products relative to cmpetetors Detremine promotional material for using when marketing 47.Which lifstyle modi increase hdl-c the most Smoking cess Limit dietary cholestr

Incre dietry fiber Inc physical activ 48.Which likely to cause seriuous lrti in premature infant: Rhino virus Corono Parainfluenza Rsv 49.+Pain assoctd with infamtn is closly asso with Leukotrienes Pgs Histamine NO 50.Which follwing radiation is most penetrating Alpha Beta Gamma Delta 51. Episome is: Segment od dna Membrane by which anibiotics enter Organell tat collects waste Plus end of alpha polymer

Goose bumps, also called goose flesh, goose pimples, the medical term cutis anserina, are the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which may involuntarily develop when a person is cold or experiences strong emotions such asfear, nostalgia, pleasure, euphoria, awe, admiration and sexual arousal.[1] The reflex of producing goose bumps is known as arasing, piloerection, or the pilomotor reflex

Bismatrol Bismuth - Temporary tongue discoloration De-Nol Chewable Tablets - Temporary tongue discoloration Devrom Devron Linezolid Pepto-Bismol Pink Bismuth Zyvox

What Types of Radiation Are There?

The radiation one typically encounters is one of four types: alpha radiation, beta radiation, gamma radiation, and x radiation. Neutron radiation is also encountered in nuclear power plants and highaltitude flight and emitted from some industrial radioactive sources. 1. Alpha Radiation Alpha radiation is a heavy, very short-range particle and is actually an ejected helium nucleus. Some characteristics of alpha radiation are:

Most alpha radiation is not able to penetrate human skin. Alpha-emitting materials can be harmful to humans if the materials are inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through open wounds. A variety of instruments has been designed to measure alpha radiation. Special training in the use of these instruments is essential for making accurate measurements. A thin-window Geiger-Mueller (GM) probe can detect the presence of alpha radiation. Instruments cannot detect alpha radiation through even a thin layer of water, dust, paper, or other material, because alpha radiation is not penetrating. Alpha radiation travels only a short distance (a few inches) in air, but is not an external hazard. Alpha radiation is not able to penetrate clothing.

Examples of some alpha emitters: radium, radon, uranium, thorium.

2. Beta Radiation

Beta radiation is a light, short-range particle and is actually an ejected electron. Some characteristics of beta radiation are:

Beta radiation may travel several feet in air and is moderately penetrating. Beta radiation can penetrate human skin to the "germinal layer," where new skin cells are produced. If high levels of beta-emitting contaminants are allowed to remain on the skin for a prolonged period of time, they may cause skin injury. Beta-emitting contaminants may be harmful if deposited internally. Most beta emitters can be detected with a survey instrument and a thin-window GM probe (e.g., "pancake" type). Some beta emitters, however, produce very low-energy, poorly penetrating radiation that may be difficult or impossible to detect. Examples of these difficult-to-detect beta emitters are hydrogen-3 (tritium), carbon-14, and sulfur35. Clothing provides some protection against beta radiation.

Examples of some pure beta emitters: strontium-90, carbon-14, tritium, and sulfur-35.

3. Gamma and X Radiation Gamma radiation and x rays are highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation. Some characteristics of these radiations are:

Gamma radiation or x rays are able to travel many feet in air and many inches in human tissue. They readily penetrate most materials and are sometimes called "penetrating" radiation. X rays are like gamma rays. X rays, too, are penetrating radiation. Sealed radioactive sources and machines that emit gamma radiation and x rays respectively constitute mainly an external hazard to humans. Gamma radiation and x rays are electromagnetic radiation like visible light, radiowaves, and ultraviolet light. These electromagnetic radiations differ only in the amount of energy they have. Gamma rays and x rays are the most energetic of these. Dense materials are needed for shielding from gamma radiation. Clothing provides little shielding from penetrating radiation, but will prevent contamination of the skin by gamma-emitting radioactive materials. Gamma radiation is easily detected by survey meters with a sodium iodide detector probe. Gamma radiation and/or characteristic x rays frequently accompany the emission of alpha and beta radiation during radioactive decay.

Examples of some gamma emitters: iodine-131, cesium-137, cobalt-60, radium-226, and technetium-99m.

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes respiratory tract infections. It is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood. A prophylactic medication (not avaccine) exists for preterm (under 35 weeks gestation) infants, infants with certain congenital heart defects (CHD) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and infants with congenital malformations of the airway. Treatment is limited to supportive care (for example C-PAP), including oxygen therapy. In temperate climates there is an annual epidemic during the winter months. In tropical climates, infection is most common during the rainy season.

In the United States, 60% of infants are infected during their first RSV season,[1] and nearly all children will have been infected with the virus by 23 years of age.[1] Of those infected with RSV, 23% will develop bronchiolitis, necessitating hospitalization.[2] Natural infection with RSV induces protective immunity which wanes over timepossibly more so than other respiratory viral infections and thus people can be infected multiple times. Sometimes an infant can become symptomatically infected more than once, even within a single RSV season. Severe RSV infections have increasingly been found among elderly patients. Young adults can be reinfected every five to seven years, with symptoms looking like a sinus infection or a cold (infections can also be asymptomatic). RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, which includes common respiratory viruses such as those causing measles and mumps. RSV is a member of the paramyxovirus subfamily Pneumovirinae. Its name comes from the fact that F proteins on the surface of the virus cause the cell membranes on nearby cells to merge, forming syncytia. The Centers for Disease Control consider RSV to be the "most common cause of bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lung) and pneumonia in children under 1 year of age in the United States".[3] For some children, RSV can cause bronchiolitis, leading to severe respiratory illness requiring hospitalization and, rarely, causing death. This is more likely to occur in patients that are immunocompromised or infants born prematurely. Other RSV symptoms common among infants include listlessness, poor or diminished appetite, and a possible fever.[4] Recurrent wheezing and asthma are more common among individuals who suffered severe RSV infection during the first few months of life than among controls;[5] whether RSV infection sets up a process that leads to recurrent wheezing or whether those already predisposed to asthma are more likely to become severely ill with RSV has yet to be determined. However, palivizumab (brand name Synagis manufactured by MedImmune), a moderately effective prophylactic drug is available for infants at high risk. Palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against RSV surface fusion protein. It is given by monthly injections, which are begun just prior to the RSV season and are usually continued for five months. RSV prophylaxis is indicated for infants that are premature or have either cardiac or lung disease, but the cost of prevention limits use in many parts of the world. An antiviral drugRibavirinis licensed for use, but its efficacy is limited.