Name . Set ..

AS Scheme A CHEMISTRY

Homework Booklet 2009-10

Dr C R Lawrence

Homework
Chemical formulae Moles and Reacting Mass Calculations % Yield, atom economy and ppm Concentration ! Concentration # %asic Structure and %onding &heory More Structure and %onding )attice *nthalpies %onding - Shapes of Molecules .ntermolecular /orces More .ntermolecular /orces 01idation num2ers and Redo1 3roup # .norganic 4nalysis 5alogens ! 5alogens # Rates ! - Concentration and Surface area Rates # - &he Nuts and %olt6manns )a7 and 8isorder More and More 8isorder

Page
3 4 " $ ' ( !+,!! !# !3 !4 ! !" !$,!' !( #+ #! ## #3 #4

4s 7ell as completing your set home7or9 tas9 you should also 7or9 on the .ndependent Study tas9s on the ne1t page.

Alevel Chemi !r" I#$e%e#$e#! S!&$" '(ir ! "ear)

4s an 4,le:el student you are responsi2le for your o7n learning. ;art of this responsi2ility includes reading around the su2<ect material taught in class and going 2eyond the restraints of the sylla2us. .t is important that you 9no7 ho7 Chemistry is rele:ant to contemporary issues and ho7 Chemistry influences the 7orld around us. =.ndeed this is e:en 7ritten into the 4S and 4# sylla2us>. &he topics 7e 7ould li9e you to focus on are?

The A!mo %here - Car*o# +oo!%ri#! a#$ ,lo*al Clima!e Cha#geThe A!mo %here - ./o#e (orma!io# a#$ 0e%le!io#,ree# Chemi !r" - (&el Cell a#$ H"$roge# %owere$ car ,ree# chemi !r" - 1io$egra$a*le Pol"mer The Pharmace&!ical i#$& !r"Chemical A#al" i & i#g Ma %ec!rome!r"Chemical A#al" i & i#g I#+ra Re$ %ec!ro co%"@e 7ould li9e you to 9eep a note2oo9 to record your independent study. .n it you should record? *1planatory notes regarding each of the a2o:e topics. 4ny articles in the ne7s or in <ournals such as? Ne7 Scientist, Scientific 4merican and Chemistry Re:ie7, that relate to the a2o:e topics. 4 list of useful 7e2sites you ha:e found and use.

&he 4S Chemistry pages on the R3S infonet contain conte1t studies 7ritten 2y the e1am 2oard for each topic. &hey are an ideal place to start your independent study. You 7ill 2e graded on .ndependent study throughout the year and your note2oo9 7ill 2e assessed 2y your teacher.

@e 7ill 2e loo9ing for e:idence of interest, 9no7ledge and reading around these areas of Chemistry.

Chemical (orm&lae
Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg 5-7 and 17-19 1 ) Total / 51 !escri"e ho# the concept of $alency allo#s chemists to #rite the form%lae of compo%nds &'( *rite the form%lae for the follo#ing+ a, -otassi%m chloride e, .ron/..., "romide ", Sodi%m oxide f, 0ali%m oxide c, Sil$er chloride g, Copper/.., nitrate d, 1ari%m oxide h, Ammoni%m chloride &2( Some atoms can ha$e a n%m"er of $alencies4 depending on the compo%nd they form *e can #or5 o%t the $alency if #e 5no# the $alency of the other part of the compo%nd e g 6anadi%m is a transition metal and so has a $aria"le $alency .n the compo%nd 6Cl3 #e 5no# Cl has a $alency of 1 7e$erse the cross o$er - 6anadi%m has a $alency of 3 *or5 o%t the $alency of $anadi%m in the follo#ing compo%nds+ a, 61r ", 6/89,3 c, 6)85 &3( ')g of iron reacted #ith 1:g of oxygen to prod%ce an oxide of iron Calc%late; /a, the n%m"er of moles of iron atoms ta5en &1( /", the n%m"er of moles of oxygen atoms ta5en &1( /c, the ratio of n%m"er of moles of iron atoms ; n%m"er of moles of oxygen atoms &1( /d, the simplest #hole n%m"er /empirical, form%la of the iron oxide &)( .n the analysis of a compo%nd it #as fo%nd that )9 1g of sodi%m had com"ined #ith '< 5g of s%lph%r and 3< 'g of oxygen Calc%late; /a, the n%m"er of moles of atoms of each element /", the ratio of no of moles of sodi%m ; no of moles of s%lph%r ; no of moles of oxygen /c, the empirical form%la of the compo%nd &5( A compo%nd had the percentage composition = ): )>4 9 7 5> and Cl :: 3> Calc%late; /a, the mass of each element in 1<<g of the compo%nd /", the n%m"er of moles of atoms of each element /c, the ratio of the no of moles of = ; no of moles of 9 ; no of moles of Cl /d, hence get the empirical form%la of the compo%nd &5( 11 95g of an oxide of lead #as red%ced to the metal+ 1< 35g of lead #as o"tained Calc%late; /a, the mass of each element in the compo%nd /", the no of moles of each element /c, the ratio of the n%m"er of moles of lead to the n%m"er of moles of oxygen /d, the empirical form%la &'( .n an experiment on the compo%nd =a)S8' x9)84 the follo#ing data #as o"tained; mass of cr%ci"le; 15 1'g mass of cr%ci"le ? hydrated compo%nd; 12 3:g mass of cr%ci"le after heating; 1: 5:g Calc%late the mass and hence moles of anhydro%s =a)S8' left at the end4 then the mass and moles of #ater gi$en off and hence find x &'( 7ead the acti$ity @Ainding the form%la of red copper oxideB on pg 12-19 of Chemistry for AS and ans#er C% 1-7 &13(

'

Mole a#$ Reac!i#g ma

Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg 1'-)< 1 0i$e the n%m"er of moles in; /a, )3g =a

calc&la!io#
Total / 3< &)( &)(

/", 3 <g C /c, < 5:5g =) /d, 3)g S2

) 0i$e the mass of; /a, 1: mol 9e /", < 1) mmol 9e /c, 1 mol S2 /d, < )5 mmol =) 3 Calc%late the n%m"er of particles in the follo#ing+ /a, 1<g of Ca /", )13g of Cl) /c, 5g of =aCl /d, 1< g of CaC83 /1 mole of any s%"stance contains : x 1<)3 particles, ' 5 &)( : &)(

&'(

< )2g of an element contains : x 1<)1 atoms Aind the 7AD of the element and identify it &)( 175g of an element contains 1 5 x 1<)5 atoms Aind the 7AD of the element and identify it Calc%late the n%m"er of moles of the follo#ing gases+ /a, )'<< dm3 C9' /", )5 cm3 =)

7 ' <<g of ammoni%m nitrate #as gently heated %ntil there #as no solid left .t decomposed as follo#s; =9'=83 =)8 ? )9)8 Calc%late the mass of #ater prod%ced &3( 2 Ammoni%m nitrate is man%fact%red "y reacting ammonia and nitric acid; =93 ? 9=83 =9'=83 Calc%late the mass of 9=83 reE%ired to ma5e '<<g of =9'=83 &3(

9 An aE%eo%s sol%tion of iron/..., chloride #as treated #ith sodi%m hydroxide; AeCl3 ? 3=a89 Ae/89,3 ? 3=aCl The iron /..., hydroxide #as filtered off and heated; )Ae/89,3 Ae)83 ? 39)8 .f < 2<g of iron /..., oxide #ere prod%ced4 #hat mass of iron /..., chloride #as present in the original sol%tionF &'( 1< The solid f%el "ooster roc5ets for the space sh%ttle react ammoni%m perchlorate and Al 8ne possi"le reaction is this; =9'Cl8' ? 1<Al Al)83 ? =) ? 9Cl ? 9)8 1alance the eE%ation and calc%late the mass of =9'Cl8' needed to react #ith 5'<g of Al

&5(

11 0lyceryl trinitrate /5no#n as nitroglycerine to pyromaniacsG, is made "y the action of nitric acid on glycerol; C395/89,3 ? 39=83 C395/=83,3 ? 39)8 9o# m%ch explosi$e can "e prod%ced from ':g of glycerolF &3( 1) Tin /.., fl%oride is %sed in toothpastes and made "y reaction of tin and hydrogen fl%oride; Sn ? )9A SnA) ? 9) *hat mass of 9A is reE%ired for the prod%ction of )7 :g of SnA)F &3( 13 The dodgy @5noc5o%t dropsB %sed to dr%g pri$ate detecti$es in those classic old 1 mo$ies consisted of chloral hydrate4 made "y adding #ater to trichloroethanal; CCl3C98 ? 9)8 CCl3C9/89,) *hat mass of trichloroethanal #o%ld "e needed to ma5e :: )g of 5noc5o%t dropsF &3( Challe#ge o+ !he week Ho%B$e gotta "e good to ans#er this oneG 1: : <<g of a mixt%re of Iinc oxide and Iinc car"onate #ere heated %ntil there #as no change in

7 mass There #as a decrease in mass of 1 15g /d%e to thermal decomposition of the car"onate, Calc%late; /a, the total mass of Iinc oxide left /", the > composition of the original mixt%re &5(

2 Yiel$3 A!om eco#om" a#$ %%m

Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg )'-)7 Total / '< 1 Calc%late the atom economy of the follo#ing reactions+ a, The prod%ction of chloral hydrate CCl3C98 ? 9)8 CCl3C9/89,) ", The synthesis of copper s%lphate C%8 ? 9)S8' C%S8' ? 9)8 c, The prod%ction of nitrogen monoxide in the 8st#ald process '=93 ? 58) '=8 ? :9)8 ) !escri"e ho# yo% calc%late the > yield of a reaction

&:( &)(

3 .n an experiment to prod%ce a sample of hex-1-ene4 1< )g of hexan-1-ol #as heated #ith an excess of phosphoric/6, acid C93C9)C9)C9)C9)C9)89 C93C9)C9)C9)C9JC9) ? 9)8 9exan-1-ol 9ex-1-ene After p%rification of the hex-1-ene4 5 <'g #as prod%ced Calc%late the > yield &'( ' !%ring the preparation of the dr%g @antife"rinB ' <2g of phenylamine #as treated #ith : '2g of ethanoic anhydride /C93C8,)8 ? C:95=9) C93C8=9C:95 ? C93C8)9 Ethanoic anhydride -henylamine @Antife"rinB After p%rification ' 15g of @antife"rinB #as prod%ced Calc%late the > yield /Hint Ho% #ill ha$e to #or5 o%t #hich reactant is the limiting factor /isnBt in excess, "efore finding the theoretical yield, &5( !%ring the preparation of the aspirin4 1<g of )-hydroxy"enIoic acid #as treated #ith 7 5g of ethanoyl chloride C93C8Cl ? 98C:9'C889 C93C88C:9'C889 ? 9Cl Ethanoyl chloride )-hydroxy"enIoic acid Aspirin After p%rification 11g of aspirin #as prod%ced Calc%late the > yield &5(

: A sample of mineral #ater contains the follo#ing+ ) 5ppm sodi%m ions 5 7ppm calci%m ions i, Explain the meaning of ppm ii, *hy is ppm %sed to sho# the amo%nts of these ions in the mineral #ater sampleF iii, Calc%late the concentration of sodi%m ions in the sample in mol dm-3 i$, Calc%late the concentration of sodi%m ions in the sample in nmol dm-3 $, Calc%late the concentration of calci%m ions in the sample in mol dm-3 $i, Calc%late the concentration of calci%m ions in the sample in nmol dm-3 $ii, Calc%late the n%m"er of sodi%m ions in 1 dm3 of mineral #ater $iii, Calc%late the n%m"er of calci%m ions in 1 dm3 of mineral #ater 7 The maxim%m legal expos%re limit for #or5ing #ith chlorine gas is 1 ppm in air A #or5er #as exposed to '<cm3 of chlorine in a la" containing 1<<dm3 of air i, Calc%late the moles of chlorine the #or5er #as exposed to ii, *hat mass of chlorine gas /Cl), #as the #or5er exposed toF iii, *as the #or5er #or5ing a"o$e of "elo# the legal expos%re limitF

&)( &1( &)( &1( &)( &1( &1( &1(

&1( &1( &)(

2 1reathing o$er 7<4<<<ppm of car"on dioxide leads to %nconscio%sness in only a fe# min%tes *hat $ol%me of C8) does this represent in a room containing 5<dm3 of airF &3(

Co#ce#!ra!io# Calc&la!io# 1
Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg ))-)' and 1:2-171 1 Total / )< Ammonia reacts #ith hydrochloric acid as follo#s; =93 ? 9Cl =9'Cl )5 << cm3 of ammonia sol%tion containing < 1 mol per litre #as reacted #ith hydrochloric acid+ )< << cm3 of acid #as needed /a, 9o# many moles of ammonia are there in 1 litreF /", 9ence calc%late the n%m"er of moles of ammonia ta5en in )5 << cm3 /c, Kse the eE%ation a"o$e to determine the n%m"er of moles of 9Cl reacting #ith that n%m"er of moles of ammonia /d, This n%m"er of moles #as in #hat $ol%meF 9ence determine the n%m"er of moles of 9Cl in 1 litre /ie the concentration, &'( Sodi%m car"onate reacts #ith s%lph%ric acid; =a)C83 ? 9)S8' =a)S8' ? C8) ? 9)8 )< << cm3 of this sol%tion #as reacted #ith s%lph%ric acid4 and )) 5< cm3 of acid #as needed for ne%tralisation The sol%tion of sodi%m car"onate contained 5 3<g per litre /a, Calc%late ho# many moles of sodi%m car"onate there are in 5 3<g and hence find the concentration in mol per litre /", 9o# many moles of =a)C83 #ere ta5en for the reactionF /c, Kse the eE%ation to find ho# many moles of acid reacted #ith this n%m"er of moles of sodi%m car"onate /d, *hat #as the concentration of the acid in mol per litreF /e, *hat #as the concentration of the acid in g per litreF &5( -otassi%m hydroxide reacts #ith ethanoic acid as follo#s; L89 ? C93C889 C93C88L ? 9)8 3 )5 << cm of potassi%m hydroxide sol%tion #as ne%tralised "y ethanoic acid+ 15 << cm3 of acid #as needed /a, The acid contained : <g per dm3 *hat #as its concentration in mol per dm3F /", 9o# many moles of ethanoic acid #ere ta5en for the reactionF /c, Kse the eE%ation to find ho# many moles of L89 reacted #ith this /d, *hat #as the concentration of the L89 in mol per dm3F &'( Sodi%m hydrogencar"onate is %sed as an indigestion remedy "eca%se it reacts #ith the hydrochloric acid in the stomach; =a9C83 ? 9Cl =aCl ? C8) ? 9)8 /a, A sol%tion #as made %p containing ' ) g/l Calc%late its concentration in mol/l /", A person #ith indigestion s#allo#ed )5 cm3 of this sol%tion Ass%ming the stomach contained 9Cl of concentration < 1 mol per litre4 #hat $ol%me of acid #as ne%tralised "y the =a9C83F &3( A sol%tion of ethanedioic acid /9)C)8', #as %sed to determine the concentration of a sol%tion of potassi%m hydroxide4 according to the reaction; 9)C)8' ? )L89 L)C)8' ? )9)8 )5 << cm3 of ethanedioic acid sol%tion of concentration < 1<<D reE%ired )1 5< cm3 of al5ali sol%tion for ne%tralisation Calc%late; /a, the n%m"er of moles of acid ta5en for titration /", from the eE%ation4 the n%m"er of moles of L89 reacting #ith it /c, the n%m"er of moles in 1 dm3 of the L89 /d, the concentration of the L89 in grams per dm3 &'(

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10

Co#ce#!ra!io# Calc&la!io# 2
Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg ))-)' and 1:2-171 1
Total / 37

Mime#ater reacts #ith s%lph%ric acid; Ca/89,) ? 9)S8' CaS8' ? )9)8 /a, A sol%tion of s%lph%ric acid contained 9 2 g dm3 *hat #as its concentration in moles per dm3F /", This #as then ne%tralised #ith a gi$en sol%tion of lime#ater+ 5< cm3 of lime#ater needed 1<5 cm3 of the acid Calc%late the concentration of the lime#ater in mol dm3

&5(

Sodi%m hydroxide and s%lph%ric acid react as follo#s; )=a89 ? 9)S8' =a)S8' ? )9)8 /a, The concentration of the al5ali #as 2 < g dm3+ calc%late the concentration in mol/l /", .f )< << cm3 of the acid reE%ired 15 55cm3 of the al5ali for ne%tralisation4 find the concentration of the s%lph%ric acid in mol dm3 &5( )5 << cm3 of a < )D sol%tion of 93-8' reacted #ith a sol%tion of L89 containing < '' mol dm3; 93-8' ? 3L89 L3-8' ? 39)8 Calc%late the $ol%me of L89 sol%tion needed for ne%tralisation &3( A sol%tion of ammonia contained 2 5g of ammonia gas per litre of sol%tion )5 << cm3 of this sol%tion ne%tralised 15 )5 cm3 of a sol%tion of hydrochloric acid; =93 ? 9Cl =9'Cl Calc%late the concentration of; 3 /a, the ammonia in mol dm /", the 9Cl in mol dm3 /c, the 9Cl in g dm3 &5( )5 << cm3 of aE%eo%s sodi%m car"onate reE%ired 17 << cm3 of < <5<<D dil%te s%lph%ric acid to ne%tralise it =a)C83 ? 9)S8' =a)S8' ? C8) ? 9)8 Calc%late the concentration of the sodi%m car"onate sol%tion in mol dm3 &3( )7 << cm3 of 9Cl sol%tion containing 3 :5gdm3 ne%tralised )5 <5 cm3 of a Ca/89,) sol%tion Calc%late the concentration of the al5ali in /a, mol dm3 and /", g dm3 &3( *hen "%tter goes off4 "%tanoic acid4 C397C8894 is prod%ced This can "e titrated against sodi%m hydroxide as follo#s; =a89 ? C397C889 C397C88=a ? 9)8 )5 << cm3 of a sol%tion extracted from rancid "%tter reacted #ith 17 : cm3 of < 112D sodi%m hydroxide Calc%late the molarity of the "%tanoic acid in the sol%tion &3( S%lphamic acid reacts #ith sodi%m car"onate in accordance #ith the eE%ation; )=9)S839 ? =a)C83 )=9)S83=a ? 9)8 ? C8) A sol%tion of the acid #as made %p containing )' )5 g dm3 and 3< << cm3 of it #ere reE%ired to titrate )5 << cm3 of a sol%tion of sodi%m car"onate Calc%late; /a, the relati$e molec%lar mass of s%lphamic acid /", the n%m"er of moles of s%lphamic acid dissol$ed in 1 dm3 /c, the n%m"er of moles of s%lphamic acid ta5en for titration /d, the n%m"er of moles of sodi%m car"onate reacting #ith it /e, the concentration of sodi%m car"onate in moldm3 /f, the mass of solid anhydro%s car"onate that #o%ld ha$e to "e dissol$ed per dm3 in order to ma5e the sol%tion /g, the mass of hydrated sodi%m car"onate4 =a)C83 1<9)84 that #o%ld ha$e to "e dissol$ed per dm3 to ma5e the sol%tion &7(

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: 7

11

1a ic S!r&c!&re a#$ 1o#$i#g Theor"

Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg :3-:9 and 77-2< 1, Explain each of the follo#ing clearly; a, Simple molec%lar s%"stances; i, %s%ally ha$e lo# melting and "oiling points ii, do not cond%ct electricity ", 0iant co$alent s%"stances; i, ha$e $ery high melting and "oiling points ii, do not cond%ct electricity /except graphite, Detallic s%"stances; i, %s%ally ha$e high melting and "oiling points ii, can cond%ct electricity iii, are mallea"le and d%ctile .onic s%"stances i, ha$e high melting and "oiling points ii, can cond%ct electricity #hen molten or dissol$ed4 "%t not #hen solid iii, are "rittle Total / ''

&)( &)( &)( &3( &)( &)( &)( &)( &)( &)( Density g cm-3 at r.t.p < <<) 3 5<< ) :5< ) 17< < <<3 &1( &)( &)(

c,

d,

),

The ta"le gi$es some information a"o%t some s%"stances Substance Boiling point oC Electrical conductivity (when molten) Car"on dioxide -72 poor !iamond '2<< poor Silicon dioxide ))3< poor Sodi%m chloride 1'13 good S%lph%r dioxide -1< poor a, *hich two s%"stances in the ta"le are gases at room temperat%reF ", *hich two s%"stances in the ta"le are made %p of simple molec%lesF

c, Kse yo%r 5no#ledge of the forces "et#een atoms and "et#een molec%les to explain the difference in density of car"on dioxide and diamond

d, Explain #hy solid sodi%m chloride #ill not cond%ct electricity4 "%t molten sodi%m chloride #ill &1( e, Explain #hy molten silicon dioxide #ill not cond%ct electricity "%t aE%eo%s sodi%m chloride #ill &)( 3, !ra# dot-and-cross diagrams to ill%strate the "onding in; a, hydrogen fl%oride ", tetrafl%oromethane c, #ater d, nitrogen &2(

', Explain #hy the "ond energy for =) /g, )= /g, is ?9'' 5N/mol /a $ery high $al%e, yet nitrogen is a gas at room temperat%re &3( 5, !isc%ss the limitations of the Ooctet r%leO #ith reference to the follo#ing compo%nds; 1A34 -A54 Al)Cl: &'(

12

13

More S!r&c!&re a#$ 1o#$i#g

Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg :3-:94 77-2< and '1-'3 1, ), 3, a, ", a, ", a, ", c, !escri"e #hat is meant "y a co$alent "ond !escri"e ho# electron density maps pro$ide proof for co$alent "onding !escri"e #hat is meant "y an ionic "ond !escri"e ho# electron density maps pro$ide proof for ionic "onding !escri"e #hat is meant "y a metallic "ond Explain #hy the melting point of potassi%m is lo#er than that of sodi%m Explain #hy the melting point of magnesi%m is higher than that of sodi%m &)( &)( &)( &:( Total / 37 &)( &)( &)( &)(

', 5,

!ra# dot-and-cross diagrams to sho# the "onding #ithin the follo#ing s%"stances; /a, Mithi%m oxide /", Dagnesi%m nitride St%dy the ta"le of data "elo# for fi$e s%"stances4 A to E4 and then ans#er a,-e, "elo# substance mpt /oC boiling point /oC electrical conductivity as a solid poor poor poor good poor as a liquid good poor poor good poor solubility in water

2<1 1':5 sol%"le A B 12) 1:1 insol%"le 1:1< ))3< insol%"le C D 1<23 )52) insol%"le 95 :9 immisci"le E a, *hich s%"stance is liE%id at 15<< oC F &1( b) Which substances have giant structures ? [1] c, *hich s%"stances ha$e simple molec%lar str%ct%res F &1( d, *hich s%"stance has a simple molec%lar str%ct%re #ith the strongest intermolec%lar /"et#een molec%le, "onds F &1( e, *hich s%"stance co%ld "e %sed in electrical #iring F &1( :, a, Calci%m oxide and sodi%m chloride "oth ha$e c%"ic giant ionic lattices str%ct%re #ith similar inter-ionic distances Explain #hy calci%m oxide melts at )973 L #hereas sodi%m chloride melts at )<7' L &3( ", Explain #hy 1erylli%m chloride is a poor electrical cond%ctor #hen molten4 #hile the next 0ro%p ) chloride4 magnesi%m chloride4 is a good electrical cond%ctor #hen molten &3(

Challenge of the week Ho% ha$e to "e good to get this one rightG
7, =itrogen and phosphor%s are the first t#o elements in 0ro%p 5 Selected data is gi$en "elo# == -= = - 1ond length / nm < 1'5 < ))1 < 11< < 129 1ond energy / 5N 152 192 9'5 '25 -1 a i, *hy is itmol a little s%rprising4 at first sight4 that the == "ond is #ea5er than the -- "ondF ii, Explain this apparent anomaly &)( ", 0i$en yo%r ans#er to a,4 explain #hy the == "ond is stronger than the -- "ond &)( c, Explain4 %sing rele$ant data4 #hy nitrogen exists as = ) molec%les4 "%t #hite phosphor%s as -' molec%les /the str%ct%re of a -' molec%le is sho#n,
; ; ; ;

&)(

14

4a!!ice E#!hal%ie
Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg 71-77 1 a, ", !efine the term lattice energy A 1orn9a"er cycle for the formation of lithi%m chloride is sho#n "elo#
M i ? /g , ? e ? C l/g , M i ?/g , ? C l /g , M i ?/g , ? e ?
1 ) 1 )

Total / 37 /3,

C l )/g ,

M i/g , ? M i/s , ?
1 )

C l ) /g , C l )/g , H
a

la tt

M iC l/s ,

Enthalpy of formation of lithi%m chloride/s, Enthalpy of atomisation of lithi%m Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine 1st ionisation energy of lithi%m Electron affinity of chlorine

Enthalpy change / 5N mol1 '<9 ?1:1 ?1)) ?519 3'9

i, Calc%late the lattice energy4 9latt4 of lithi%m chloride /), ii, The enthalpy change 9a is the enthalpy of atomisation of lithi%m metal S%ggest4 and explain4 #hether yo% #o%ld expect the $al%e of Ha for potassi%m to "e more or less endothermic than that for lithi%m /), c, i, State T*8 properties of ions that affect the $al%e for the lattice energy of ionic compo%nds /), ii, The calc%lated $al%e for the lattice energy of potassi%m chloride is almost exactly the same $al%e as that fo%nd experimentally *hy is the theoretical $al%e for the lattice energy of sil$er chloride4 233 5N mol14 so different from the experimentally determined $al%e of 9<5 5N mollF ) Explain for the trend sho#n in the lattice enthalpy $al%es of the sodi%m halides Sodium halide Lattice enthalpy/k mol!" =aA 9<) =aCl 771 =a1r P733 =a. :2' /), /3,

15 3 A 1orn-9a"er cycle for the formation of calci%m oxide is sho#n "elo#

C a )? /g , ? 8 H Ca
)? )

/g ,

/g , ? 8 /g , ? ) e

H Ca
)?

'

/g , ? Q 8 ) /g , ? ) e

H C a ? /g , ? Q 8 ) /g , ? e

H C a /g , ? Q 8 ) /g , H C a /s, ? Q 8 ) /g , H

C a8 /s,

Data H/5N mol1; H1 J ?193+ H) J 59<+ H3 J ?115<+ H' J ?)'2+ H: J 3513+ H7 J :35 a, i, .dentify the change #hich represents the lattice enthalpy of Ca8 /1, ii, Kse the data a"o$e to calc%late H5 /3, iii, Kse this $al%e of H5 to calc%late the first electron affinity of oxygen4 gi$en that the second electron affinity of oxygen is ?2'' 5N mol1 /), ", i, *hat enthalpy change does the $al%e of H) representF /1, ii, *o%ld the $al%e of H) "e larger or smaller for magnesi%m than it is for calci%mF /1, iii, Explain yo%r ans#er in /",/ii, /), ' a, Ksing the data pro$ided4 constr%ct a 1orn-9a"er cycle for magnesi%m chloride4 DgCl)4 and from it determine the electron affinity of chlorine /5, 1 /5N mol Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine ?1)) Enthalpy of atomisation of magnesi%m ?1'2 Airst ionisation energy of magnesi%m ?732 Second ionisation energy of magnesi%m ?1'51 Mattice enthalpy of magnesi%m chloride )5): Enthalpy of formation of magnesi%m chloride :'1 ", The theoretically calc%lated $al%e for the lattice enthalpy of DgCl) is )3): 5N mol1 Explain the difference "et#een the theoretically calc%lated $al%e and the experimental $al%e gi$en in the data in /a,4 in terms of the "onding of DgCl) /3,

16

1o#$i#g Sha%e o+ Molec&le

Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg 112-1)3 1 !ra# Rdot-crossS diagrams for the follo#ing s%"stances; /a, -Cl5 /", C8) /c, =9'? Explain the "onding in the =9'? ion4 #ith reference to yo%r diagram in /1,4 to the threedimensional shape4 and to the /%niform, "ond lengths *here does the ? charge resideF 3 ' &3( Total / 3:

&:(

*hy can s%lph%r form six "onds s%ch as in SA: #hile oxygen can only form t#o4 eg 8A)F &3( State the "ond angles in C9'4 =93 and 9)8 Explain #hy they differ &:(

5 Aor each of the follo#ing i, dra# the three dimensional shape /incl%ding any lone pairs, ii, state the name of the shape /7emem"er that #hen naming the shapes of molec%les4 yo% cannot @seeB lone pairs , /a, TeA' : 7 /", SA: /c, &TeA5(? /d, -Cl3 /e, SA' &1<( &)( &)(

S%ggest4 gi$ing yo%r reasoning4 a shape for the methyl radical+ C93# Ammonia reacts #ith "oron trifl%oride4 1A3 to form =93 1A3 S5etch the shape of the molec%le formed *hat shape #o%ld yo% predict for =9)-F

&)(

9 !ra# dot and cross diagrams to sho# the "onding in the simplest hydrides formed of phosphor%s and s%lph%r and dra# the shapes of the t#o molec%les &)(

17

I#!ermolec&lar (orce
Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg 1)7-137 1 $otal / %& Explain the follo#ing terms4 ill%strating yo%r ans#ers #ith diagrams of s%ita"le molec%les a, bond polarity ", polar molecules &'( Explain ho# electron density maps pro$ide e$idence for intermediate "onding 3 &'(

!ecide #hether the follo#ing "onds are polar or non-polar .f the "ond is polar4 state #hich is the ? atom4 and explain #hether or not the molec%le is polar a, .-Cl in .Cl3 ", A-8 in A)8 c, CJ8 in C8) d, C-. in C93. e, C-Cl in CCl' &1<( &'(

' 5 :

Explain #hy Mondon forces are often referred to as instantaneo%s dipole ind%ced dipole interactions

Explain #hy molec%les of hydrogen fl%oride form intermolec%lar hydrogen "onds #hereas molec%les of hydrogen chloride do not &3( Explain the "oiling points /all in oC, in the follo#ing series of compo%nds; 9e -):9 9)Te -' =e -)': 9)Se -53 Ar -12: 9)S -9) Lr -15) 9)8 1<< &3( C93C9)C9)C93 < C9' -1:' =93 -33 C93C9)8C93 11 9)8 1<< 9A 19 &'( C93C9)C98 '9 C93C9)C9)89 97 &'( Te -1<2 &3(

18

More I#!ermolec&lar (orce

Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg 131-137 1 Dethane and poly/ethene, are "oth hydrocar"ons a, State the type of intermolecular force present in both compo%nds ", Explain #hy poly/ethene, melts at a higher temperat%re than methane Explain #hy is solid #ater less dense than liE%id #aterF Explain4 in terms of the intermolec%lar forces in$ol$ed4 the $ariation of the "oiling temperat%res of the 0ro%p 5 hydrides listed "elo# 9ydride 1oiling Temperat%re/ L Ammonia4 =93 )'< -hosphine4 -93 123 Arsine4 As93 )12 Sti"ine4 S"93 )5: (%) ' The sol%"ilities of ammonia and phosphine are gi$en "elo#; 9ydride Sol%"ility in #ater / mol dm-3 Ammonia4 =93 31 1 -hosphine4 -93 2 22 x 1<-' Explain the data
Explain the follo#ing+

$otal / &' &1( &'( &)(

) 3

&'(

i, C93C9)89 is more sol%"le in #ater than its isomer C938C93 ii, Chloromethane4 C93Cl4 is more polar than ammonia4 =93 iii, Chloromethane4 C93Cl4 is insol%"le in #ater4 #hereas ammonia4 =93 is sol%"le : 7

&3( &)( &3(

Explain #hy magnesi%m chloride is sol%"le in #ater e$en tho%gh it has a lattice enthalpy of 5): 5N mol-1 &'( !isc%ss the sol%"ility of aspirin and i"%profen in #ater and in fat I*&%ro+e# A %iri#
0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0

&2(

19

.5i$a!io# #&m*er a#$ Re$o5

Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg 132-1'5 1, Calc%late the oxidation state of each %nderlined element in the follo#ing; S8) S83 S8')Cr)83 Cr83 Dn8')- Dn8'AeCl')C%)8 C%8 *rite a half eE%ation for each of the follo#ing con$ersions a, 9) d, S8')3, 9? 9)S ", 1re, Cr)87)1r) Cr3? c, S8')S8) &1<( &otal A 4(

&1<(

),

Moo5 at the follo#ing half eE%ations "elo# Dn8'- ? 2 9? ? 5 eAe3? ? eAe)? 9)8) )9)8

Kse them to create the redox eE%ations stated

Dn)? ? ' 9)8

) 9? ? 8) ? ) e9)8) ? )9? ? )ea, ", c, d, ', 5,

oxidation of Ae)? "y 9?/Dn8'oxidation of Ae)? "y 8) oxidation of 9)8) "y 9?/Dn8'the disproportionation of 9)8) 0i$e the definition of a disproportionation reaction

&2( &)(

State #hether the follo#ing are redox reactions or not4 "y sho#ing the oxidation n%m"ers of each of the elements in$ol$ed .f the reaction is a redox reaction state #hich species has "een oxidiIed d%ring the reaction a> Bn C #5Cl BnCl# C 5# 2> Cu0 C #5Cl CuCl# C 5#0 c> Mn0# C 45Cl MnCl# C Cl# C 5#0 d> Cl# C 5#0 5Cl C 5Cl0 D'E *hich of the reactions in C% 5, is classed as a disproportionation reactionF D!E

:,

Challe#ge o+ !he week YouF:e gotta 2e good for this oneG 7, A sol%tion of the =8)- ion can "e red%ced to the ion4 =)8))- This ion is a strong red%cing agent #hich reacts #ith Dn8'- in acidic conditions to form Dn)? ions and a second prod%ct that co%ld "e =84 =83-4 =8)-4 =)8 or =8) a, ", State the oxidation n%m"er of nitrogen in =84 =83-4 =8)-4 =)84 =8) and =)8))- &:( 2 moles of Dn8'- react #ith 5 moles of =)8))i> Kse this information to identify the second prod%ct of the reaction ii> *rite a "alanced eE%ation for the reaction of 2 moles of Dn8'- react #ith

20 5 moles of =)8))&'(

21

,ro&% 2
Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg 1'7-155 $otal / '* "# Dagnesi%m is an element in 0ro%p .. of the -eriodic Ta"le /a, Complete4 and "alance if necessary4 the follo#ing eE%ations sho#ing state sym"ols; /i, Dg/s, ? 9)8/g, /ii, Dg/s, ? 8)/g, /iii, Dg8/s, ? 9)8/l, /i$, Dg/89,)/s, ? 9Cl/aE,

&3(

/", Dagnesi%m reacts $ery slo#ly #ith cold #ater #hereas "ari%m reacts more rapidly This sho#s the increasing reacti$ity of the 0ro%p ) elements on descending the gro%p /i, S%ggest #hy the reacti$ity increases in this #ay &)( /ii, =ame one other reaction of 0ro%p ) elements #hich ill%strates this trend of increasing reacti$ity &1( /c, /i, Dagnesi%m oxide is %sed as a refractory material in some f%rnace linings *hat property ma5es it s%ita"le for this %seF &1(

/ii, 0i$e a commercial %se for each of three 0ro%p ) compo%nds and explain #hy the compo%nd is %sed for that p%rpose &:( +# /a, *rite "alanced eE%ations for the thermal decomposition of+ i, stronti%m nitrate ii, stronti%m car"onate /", Explain ho# these reactions differ from the thermal decomposition of gro%p 1 car"onates and nitrates

&:( &'(

/c, The principal component of limestone is calci%m car"onate4 CaC83 Calc%late the percentage of p%re calci%m car"onate in a sample of limestone4 1 <g #hich ne%tralised 32 cm3 of < 5< mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid &5( 3. (a) Calculate the mass of one mole of magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2. (b) The equation for the thermal decomposition of magnesium nitrate may be written as: 2Mg(NO3)2(s) > 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) (i) What would be the total volume of gas, measured at room temperature and pressure, produced by the thermal decomposition of a 2.96 g sample of the salt? [4] (ii) Give a precaution, other than the wearing of goggles, that you would take in carrying out the heating of this sample. [1] ' 7ead the acti$ity on pg 1)-13 of Chemistry for AS and ans#er E%estions 1-7 &))( [1]

22

I#orga#ic A#al" i
*de1cel Chemistry for 4S - pg !!,!3 and !"4,!"$ "#

Total / ':

This is a planning exercise in #hich yo% are to descri"e a series of la"oratory tests4 the res%lts of #hich #ill allo# yo% to identify the fi$e colo%rless aE%eo%s sol%tions listed "elo#; ammonium sulphate4 -.H%,+S/% barium chloride4 0aCl+ dilute hydrochloric acid4 HCl sodium sulphate4 .a+S/% sodium sulphite4 .a+S/& The fi$e sol%tions are in %nla"elled "ottles Ho% are pro$ided #ith aE%eo%s sodi%m hydroxide4 a "oo5 of red litm%s paper4 a s%pply of test t%"es in rac5s4 dropping pipettes and a 1%nsen "%rner "%t #ith no other reagents or apparatus .n yo%r plan yo% sho%ld ma5e %se of the tests descri"ed in the ta"le "elo# 1on Ammoni%m ion4 =9 + '
S%lphate4 S8 ) '

$est *arm #ith aE%eo%s sodi%m hydroxide Add aE%eo%s "ari%m chloride4 1aCl)4 follo#ed "y dil%te hydrochloric acid4 9Cl Add aE%eo%s "ari%m chloride4 1aCl)4 follo#ed "y dil%te hydrochloric acid4 9Cl

2esult Al5aline gas e$ol$ed

*hite precipitate4 insol%"le in dil%te hydrochloric acid4 9Cl

) S%lphite4 S8 3

*hite precipitate4 sol%"le in dil%te hydrochloric acid4 9Cl 0as e$ol$ed as precipitate dissol$es

.n yo%r plan descri"e the seE%ence of tests4 their expected res%lts and yo%r concl%sions =ame any gases e$ol$ed in the tests Da5e clear at #hich point yo% can identify a sol%tion There is no need to incl%de E%antities of sol%tions in yo%r plan
-$otal "3 marks,

+# The o"ser$ations made in a series of tests on a compo%nd C are gi$en in the ta"le "elo# C contains one cation and one anion Complete the ta"le "y #riting inferences4 #hich correspond #ith each o"ser$ation .n the @.nferences Bcol%mn yo% sho%ld identify any precipitates and gases e$ol$ed $ests on C /bservations 1nferences Alame test on solid C Might green colo%red flame 9eat on C 1ro#n gas e$ol$ed 7elights glo#ing splint !issol$e C in #ater Colo%rless sol%tion Add dil%te s%lph%ric acid to the *hite precipitate sol%tion of C Add excess sodi%m hydroxide Aaint #hite precipitate sol%tion to the sol%tion of C insol%"le in excess 0i$e the form%la of C UUUUUU UUUUUU
-$otal 4 marks,

23
&# $wo compounds 5 and 2 react together to give a solid and three gases#

/a,

/i,

5 is a #hite solid Complete the ta"le "elo# to sho# the ions present in 5 /), Test 8"ser$ation .nference Alame test Milac flame !issol$ed in #ater and acidified -ale cream precipitate and then tested #ith aE%eo%s sil$er nitrate sol%tion /ii, *hat f%rther test #o%ld yo% perform on the pale cream precipitate to confirm its identityF State #hat yo% #o%ld do and #hat yo% #o%ld see /),

/", 2 is a colo%rless4 corrosi$e4 $isco%s liE%id that mixes #ith #ater in all proportions in a $ery exothermic process Complete the inference statements in the ta"le "elo# Test 8"ser$ation .nference Sol%tion of 2 is added to 1%""les of gas e$ol$ed The gas is Iinc metal A sE%ea5y pop is heard #hen the gas is tested #ith a lighted splint 2 contains UUUU ions AE%eo%s "ari%m chloride *hite precipitate formed #hich The precipitate is added to a sol%tion of 2 does not dissol$e in dil%te aE%eo%s UUUUUUUUUUU !il%te 9Cl then added hydrochloric acid 2 is UUUUUUUU
-%,

/c, Addition of 2 to 5 at room temperat%re gi$es three gases an orange/"ro#n gas 6 that can "e condensed to a "ro#n $olatile liE%id+ a steamy4 acidic4 $ery #ater-sol%"le gas $ that reacts #ith sil$er nitrate in the same #ay that 5 itself does+ s%lph%r dioxide /i, .dentify 6 and $ /1, /ii, 9o# #o%ld yo% sho# the presence of s%lph%r dioxideF /), /i$, State t#o safety preca%tions yo% #o%ld ta5e #hen mixing 2 and 5 0i$e a reason in each case /), %# A st%dent in$estigated the ease #ith #hich 0ro%p ) metal car"onates thermally decompose #hen heated #ith a 1%nsen "%rner TC83/s, V T8/s, ? C8)/g, The st%dent heated each car"onate separately in a test t%"e The $ol%me of gas collected in a gas syringe #as meas%red after t#o min%tes /a, Each test t%"e m%st "e heated directly "y a 1%nsen flame in an identical manner S%ggest ho# this can "est "e achie$ed /), /", .n each experiment4 the st%dent %sed the same n%m"er of moles of metal car"onate The mass of magnesi%m car"onate4 DgC834 heated #as < )1 g Calc%late the mass of "ari%m car"onate4 1aC8 34 that sho%ld "e %sed for a $alid comparison /3, /c, /i, Calc%late the maxim%m $ol%me of car"on dioxide that #o%ld "e prod%ced "y the complete decomposition of < )1 g of magnesi%m car"onate /), 3 &1 mol of gas occ%pies )' <<< cm %nder the conditions of the experiment ( /ii, The "alance %sed to #eigh the magnesi%m car"onate is acc%rate to W < <1 g Calc%late the percentage error in the mass of the magnesi%m car"onate #eighed /1, /d, The follo#ing res%lts #ere o"tained after heating each sample for t#o min%tes 6ol%me of gas prod%ced Detal car"onate in the 3 test t%"e /cm =one 9 DgC83 )< CaC83 13 SrC83 11 1aC83 9 /i, *hy #as a test t%"e containing no metal car"onate heatedF /1, /ii, !escri"e a chemical test that #o%ld "e %sed to confirm the identity of the gas prod%ced /), /iii, Kse the res%lts in the ta"le to descri"e the trend in thermal sta"ility of the 0ro%p ) metal car"onates

24
/i$, Explain the trend in thermal sta"ility of the 0ro%p ) metal car"onates /',

25

Haloge# 1
Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg 15:-1:) 1 $otal / %' a i, S%ggest #hy lithi%m iodide is sol%"le in propanone &)( ii, Explain #hy sodi%m chloride is a high melting solid yet sol%"le in #ater at room temp iii, Explain #hy co$alent "romides generally ha$e higher melting points than co$alent chlorides yet for ionic compo%nds the re$erse is tr%e &5( " i, Chlorine is a gas4 "romine a liE%id and iodine a solid at room temperat%re Explain this trend in $olatility &3( ii, Chlorine is more reacti$e than "romine and "romine is more reacti$e than iodine Explain this trend in reacti$ity &3( c, *rite an ionic eE%ation for the reaction "et#een chlorine and aE%eo%s potassi%m "romide Explain in terms of oxidation n%m"ers #hy chorine is acting as an oxidiIing agent in this reaction &3( d, Tetrachloromethane4 CCl'4 #as formerly %sed as an important ind%strial sol$ent i, *hat shape is the CCl' molec%leF &1( ii, Explain #hy CCl' does not dissol$e in #ater #hereas sodi%m chloride does &3(

) a Astatine is a mem"er of the halogen family i, -redict three chemical properties of astatine and explain yo%r reasoning "y reference to the properties of the other halogens ii, S%ggest #hy astatine is not normally st%died in school or college la"oratories &7( " /i, /ii, /iii, 1alance the follo#ing redox reactions of the halogens; . .) A) ? ? ? .83 89 89 ? 9? .) ? 9)8 . A ? ? 9)8 9)8 &:(

.83 ? 8) ?

3 a *hat name is gi$en to the enthalpy change of the follo#ing reactionF L?/g, ? 1r/g, L1r/s, &1( " Kse the follo#ing data to constr%ct a f%lly-la"elled energy diagram and %se it to calc%late the enthalpy change in a, / 5N mol1 1r)/l, )1r/g, ?))' 1r/g, ? e 1r 3'2 L/s, ? Q1r)/1, L1r/s, 39) L/s, L/g, ?9< L/g, L?/g, ? e ?')' &:( c *hat #o%ld yo% o"ser$e if solid potassi%m "romide #as treated #ith concentrated 9)S8'F .dentify the species responsi"le for yo%r o"ser$ations &3( d !escri"e a test for the detection of "romide ions in aE%eo%s sol%tion &)(

26

Haloge# 2
Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg 15:-1:) To!al 6 78 1 a 9o# does concentrated s%lph%ric acid react #ith sodi%m chlorideF *rite an eE%ation for the reaction &)( " Explain #hy Sodi%m iodide does not react #ith concentrated s%lph%ric acid in this #ay

&)(

) A st%dent #as gi$en three "ottles from #hich the la"els had "een remo$ed The "ottles all contained #hite4 crystalline solids 9e #as told that the "ottles contained sodi%m chloride4 sodi%m "romide and potassi%m iodide !escri"e s%ita"le tests #hich he co%ld carry o%t to #or5 o%t #hich "ottle contained #hich salt &:( 3 a i, *rite a "alanced eE%ation for the reaction "et#een gaseo%s Cl) and cold4 aE%eo%s =a89 &)( ii, *hat %sef%l ho%sehold chemical is prod%ced "y this reactionF &1( iii, .n this reaction4 chlorine is said to disproportionate S%ggest4 in terms of oxidation n%m"ers #hat this term means &)( " Trichloroisocyan%ric acid sets %p an eEm #ith #ater to prod%ce chloric /., acid4 98Cl;
0 Cl N N Cl 5 N N 0 5

? 3 9)8
0 N Cl 0 0 N 5

? 3 98Cl
0

i, *hat is the oxidation state of chlorine in chloric /., acidF ii, 98Cl oxidises s#eat- and %rine- "ased compo%nds Kse Me ChatelierBs -rinciple to explain #hy trichloroisocyan%ric acid can "e %sed as a reser$oir of 98Cl in s#imming pools &)( c The concentration of the chlorate /., ion4 Cl8 4 in "leach can "e fo%nd "y acidifying it in the presence of iodide ions+ Cl8- ? )9? ? ).- Cl- ? .) ? 9)8 The iodine prod%ced can then "e titrated against a standard sol%tion of sodi%m thios%lphate; .) ? )S)83)- ).- ? S'8:)3 A )5 <<cm sample of domestic "leach #as dil%ted to )5<cm3 #ith distilled #ater )5 <<cm3 of the dil%ted "leach #as then acidified and treated #ith L. sol%tion to ens%re that all the chlorate /., ions reacted The .) li"erated #as titrated against standard sodi%m thios%lphate sol%tion of concentration < )< moldm-3+ 19 2<cm3 of thios%lphate #as reE%ired Calc%late the concentration of chlorate/., in domestic "leach &5( ' a i,
&)(

State the oxidation n%m"er of iodine in L.83 and L.8'

ii, .n the reaction .8&- /aE, ? 5.- /aE,? :9? /aE, 3.+/s, ? 39+8 /1, iodine is sim%ltaneo%sly oxidised and red%ced Explain #hy this is not a disproportionation reaction (+) iii, !escri"e a chemical test yo% co%ld carry o%t to sho# that iodine #as prod%ced
&)(

S%ggest4 "y reference to the ionic eE%ation in part /ii,4 the ionic eE%ation for the red%ction of L.8' to iodine in the presence of excess acid and excess L. &)( " Cyanogen4 /C=,)4 is a gas that is dissol$es in #ater to gi$e the #ea5 acid hydrocyanic acid4 9C= /C=,)/g, ? 9)8/1, 9C=/aE, ? 9C=8/aE, .n aE%eo%s al5alis it gi$es /C=,)/g, ? )897 /aE, C=7 /aE, ? C=87 /aE, ? 9)8/1, .t reacts #ith hot metals to form cyanides /C=,)/g, ? )L/s, )LC=/s, i, .t is said that cyanogen "eha$es as if it #ere a 0ro%p 7 element 0i$e T*8 pieces of e$idence in s%pport of this statement
&)(

i$,

ii, *rite an eE%ation for the reaction "et#een LC= and concentrated 9)S8' #hen heated

&)(

27 5 S%ggest #hy the molar mass of al%mini%m/..., chloride appears to $ary "et#een 133 5 and ):7 depending %pon the temperat%re &3(

28

Ra!e 1 Co#ce#!ra!io# a#$ S&r+ace Area

Edexcel Chemistry for AS pg 172-12: ? C! end of topic notes# 1 Total / 35 .ncreasing the s%rface area of a solid reactant neither lo#ers the acti$ation energy nor gi$es particles more energy Explain #hy the reaction rate increases as s%rface area increasesF &3( Dar"le chips react #ith hydrochloric acid according to the eE%ation "elo# CaC.7' ) 9 2HCl'a:) CaC.7' ) 9 H2.'l) 9 C.2'g) a, !escri"e t#o methods of follo#ing the rate of reaction .n each case dra# a diagram of the apparat%s yo% #o%ld %se &:( ", Explain ho# and #hy the rate changes if the concentration of the 9Cl is do%"led &3( The graph "elo# sho#s the $ol%me of hydrogen prod%ced as ) << g of magnesi%m ri""on reacts #ith 1<< cm3 of s%lph%ric acid4 concentration 1 << mol dm-3
6 o l% m e o f h y d ro g e n )<< 1:< 1)< 2< '< < < 1< )< 3< '< 5< :< 7< 2< 9< 1<<

T im e /se c o n d s

a i, Explain #hy the hydrogen is prod%ced at a faster rate at the "eginning of the experiment than it is at the end of the experiment &3( " i, Sho# "y calc%lation #hether the magnesi%m or the s%lph%ric acid is in excess &3( ii, 9ence calc%late the mass of hydrogen prod%ced &)( c, !%ring the co%rse of the experiment the temperat%re of the sol%tion rises from )< XC to ') 5 XC Ta5ing the specific heat capacity of the sol%tions as ' ) N g1L14 calc%late the apparent enthalpy change for this reaction &3( ' The graph "elo# sho#s ho# the $ol%me of car"on dioxide prod%ced $aries against time d%ring reaction 14 #hich is a reaction "et#een calci%m car"onate and hydrochloric acid The calci%m car"onate #as in excess S5etch and la"el similar c%r$es for reactions )-7
#

:olume of C0

time

Expt 1 ) 3 ' 5 : 7

CaC83 small large small small small Small ? catalyst small

9Cl concentration /mol dm-3, ) ) ) ' ) ) 1

6ol%me 9Cl /cm3, 1<< 1<< )<< 1<< 1<< 1<< )<<

Temperat%re /C, )< )< )< )< 3< )< )< &1)(

29

Ra!e 2 The ;&! a#$ 1ol!/ma##

C! end of topic notes# "# $otal / &' This E%estion is a"o%t the reaction "et#een "romomethane and aE%eo%s hydroxide ions C931r ? 89- C9389 ? 1ra, An increase in temperat%re increases the rate of this reaction Explain the increase "y referring to the collision freE%ency and the collision energy of the molec%les &3( ", !escri"e a method of follo#ing the rate of reaction &3(

+ a, The graph "elo# represents the Dax#ell1oltIman distri"%tion of molec%lar energies at a temperat%re T1 L
= %m "er of m o le c % le s # ith a g i$ e n e n e rg y

A c ti$ a tio n E n e rg y

E n e rg y

i, S5etch on the same axes4 the c%r$e #hich sho#s the distri"%tion of molec%lar energies at a higher temperat%re T) L T) is approximately )< L greater than T1 &)( ii, Kse these graphs to explain ho# the rate of a reaction changes #ith increasing temperat%re &3( &3( ", Aor a gaseo%s reaction4 state and explain #hat effect the addition of a catalyst #o%ld ha$e on; i, the energy distri"%tion of the gas molec%les+ &)( ii, the acti$ation energy for the reaction+ &)( iii, the rate of reaction &)( &# a, ", c, d, Danganese/.6, oxide catalyses the thermal decomposition of potassi%m chlorate/6, as #ell as the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide4 9)8) into oxygen and #ater *rite a "alanced eE%ation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide4 9)8) &)( 0i$e the form%la of manganese/.6, oxide and s%ggest ho# it #or5s as a catalyst #ith the aid of a Dax#ell-1oltIman distri"%tion diagram &5( *rite a "alanced eE%ation for the decomposition of potassi%m chlorate/6, into potassi%m chloride and oxygen &3( T#o experiments are carried o%t on the thermal decomposition of potassi%m chlorate/6, %nder the same conditions except that in one experiment the manganese/.6, oxide is a fine po#der and in the other the same mass of coarse gran%les is %sed *hich experiment #o%ld sho# the faster rate of decompositionF Explain yo%r ans#er in terms

30 of collision theory &)( ' The follo#ing data #as o"tained for reaction of =) gas #ith 9) gas4 to form ammonia gas; E8periment no# " + & .+ pressure/atm 5< 1<< 5< $emperature/9 :<< :<< :)< 2elative rate 1 ) ) a, Comment on these fig%res4 s%ggesting reasons for the rates o"tained in the second and third expts &'( ", S%ggest #hat the approximate temperat%re might "e #hen the relati$e rate is+ /i, 3+ and /ii, '4 at a press%re of 5< atm =) &)(

31

4aw a#$ 0i or$er

Total / 3< 1 a, Explain #hat is meant "y the term entropy ", 9o# is entropy %sed to determine if reactions are spontaneo%sF c, State the t#o maYor factors that determine the standard molar entropy of a s%"stance &'( Kse yo%r ans#ers to C% 1 to ans#er the follo#ing+ a, *hich has the highest standard molar entropy in each of the follo#ing pairsF Explain yo%r ans#er in each case i, =e/g, and Te/g, ii, Cl)/g, and 1r)/l, iii, 9)8/l, and 9)8/s, i$, C392/g, and C'91</g, &'( ", i, Kse yo%r data "oo5 to find the standard molar entropy of the follo#ing s%"stances
Su2stance C =diamond> =s> C =graphite> =s> Si=s> 0#=g> 03=g> Standard *ntropy =S> A H mol,! I,!

ii) Explain the trends and differences seen in the data in " i, c,

&5(

Aor each of the follo#ing processes state #hether yo% #o%ld expect the total entropy of the prod%cts to "e greater or less than that of the reactants Explain yo%r ans#er in each case i, ii, iii, i$, $, =aCl/s, S/s, Ca)?/aE, 'Al/s, ? /aE, ? 8)/g, ? C83)-/aE, ? 38)/g, CaC83/s, =aCl/aE, S8)/g, CaC83/s, )Al)83/s, Ca8/s, ?

C8)/g,

&5(

The entropy change for a reaction /:Ssystem, can "e fo%nd %sing the expression+ :Ssystem ; Sum of S8products ! Sum of S8reactants

a, -redict the sign of :Ssystem for the follo#ing reactions4 gi$ing yo%r reasoning for each one i, 9)8/g, 9)8/l, ii, 9)/g, ? Cl)/g, ) 9Cl/g, iii,C392/g, ? 5 8)/g, 3 C8)/g, ? ' 9)8/l, i$,39)/g, ? =)/g, ) =93/g, ", Calc%late :Ssystem for each the a"o$e reactions %sing the data in yo%r data "oo5 &2( &'(

32

More a#$ More 0i or$er

Total / 5: 1 *itho%t referring to any data so%rce4 predict #hether the entropy of the system #ill increase or decrease in the follo#ing reactions i, )9)/g, ? 8)/g, )9)8/l, ii, CaC83/s, ? )9Cl/g, CaCl)/aE, ? 9)8/l, ? C8)/g, iii, =a/s, ? Cl)/g, )=aCl/s, i$, Ca8/s, ? )=9'Cl/s, CaCl)/s, ? =93/g, ? 9)8/l, &'( ) This E%estion is a"o%t the thermal decomposition of calci%m car"onate CaC83/s, Ca8/s, ? C8)/g, Z )92 L 9reaction J ?12< 5N mol-1 a " c d e f g 3 Kse yo%r data "oo5 to calc%late Ssystem for the reaction Comment on the $al%e of Ssystem Calc%late Ss%rro%ndings at )92 L Calc%late Stotal at )92L .s the reaction is spontaneo%s at )92 LF Explain yo%r ans#er Calc%late Ss%rro%ndings at 1)<< L .s the reaction is spontaneo%s at 1)<< LF Explain yo%r ans#er &)( &1( &)( &)( &)( &1( &)(

Aor the reaction; Ca8/s, ? )=9'Cl/s, CaCl)/s, ? )=93/g, ? 9)8/l, a, Calc%late the enthalpy change for the reaction4 %sing 9f $al%es from yo%r data "oo5 7emem"er 9reaction J S%m of 9f /prod%cts, - S%m of 9f /reactants, ", Kse yo%r ans#er to part 3a, to calc%late Ss%rro%ndings at )93L c, Calc%late Ssystem %sing standard entropy $al%es from yo%r data "oo5 d, Calc%late Stotal and comment on the spontaneity of the reaction at )93L Ksing the method in C% 34 calc%late Stotal at )92L for the follo#ing reactions+ a, Ca8/s, ? 9)8/l, Ca/89,)/s, ", C%/s, ? )9)8/l, C%/89,)/s, c, C)9'/g, ? 9)/g, C)9:/g, d, =a/s, ? Cl)/g, )=aCl/s,

&)( &)( &)( &3(

'

&1:( &'(

5 Comment on the spontaneity of each of the reactions in C% ' at )92L : *hen 1 mole of r%"idi%m chloride is dissol$ed in #ater at )92L to form a sol%tion of concentration 1 mol dm-34 the enthalpy change is ? 19 5N mol-1+ 7"Cl/s, ? /aE, 7"?/aE, ? Cl-/aE, 9 J ?19 5N mol-1 a, Calc%late Ss%rro%ndings at )92L ", Calc%late Ssystem %sing the data "elo#
Su2stance Standard *ntropy =S> A H mol,! I,!

7"Cl /s, 7"?/aE, Cl-/aE,

95 9 1)1 5 5: 5

c, Kse yo%r ans#ers to explain #hy 7"Cl /s, dissol$es readily in #ater in spite of this "eing an endothermic process &5(

33