PROBLEM 6.14.FAM GIVEN: A bottle containing a cold beverage is awaiting consumption.

During this period, the bottle can be placed vertically or horizontally, as shown in Figure Pr.6.14. Assume that the bottle can be treated as a cylinder of diameter D and length L. We wish to compare the surface-convection heat transfer to the bottle when it is (i) standing vertically or (ii) placed horizontally. For the vertical position, the surface-convection heat transfer is approximated using the results of the vertical plate, provided that the boundary-layer thickness is much less than the bottle diameter D. D = 10 cm, L = 25 cm, Ts = 4C, Tf, = 25C. Neglect the end areas. Use the average temperature between the air and the surface to evaluate the thermophysical properties of the air. SKETCH: Figure Pr.6.14 shows two positions of a beverage bottle.

L = 25 cm

Surrounding Air Tf, = 25 oC

(i) Vertically Arranged

Cola

Co la

Bottle Ts = 4 oC < Tf,

(ii) Horizontally Arranged

D = 10 cm

Figure Pr.6.14 Thermobuoyant ow and heat transfer from beverage bottles. (i) Standing vertically. (ii) Placed horizontally

OBJECTIVE: (a) Determine the average Nusselt numbers NuL and NuD . (b) Determine the average surface-convection thermal resistances Aku Rku L [C/(W/m2 )] and Aku Rku D [C/(W/m2 )]. (c) Determine the rates of surface-convection heat transfer Qku L (W) and Qku D (W). SOLUTION: (i) Vertical Position: (a) The Rayleigh number is given by (6.88) as

RaL =

g (Ts Tf, )L3 . f f

The properties for air at T = (Ts + Tf, )/2 = 288 K are obtained from Table C.22: kf = 0.026 W/m-K, f = 14.60 106 m2 /s, Pr = 0.69, and from (6.77) we have f = 1/Tave = 3.472 103 1/K. 2 With f f = f /Pr, the Rayleigh number becomes

RaL =

9.81(m/s ) 3.472 103 (1/K) (25 4)(K) (0.25)3 (m)3 = 3.618 107 . (14.60 106 )2 (m2 /s)2 /(0.69)
2

577

Since RaL < 109 , from (6.91) the ow is laminar. For thermobuoyant ow over a vertical at plate, the average Nusselt number is obtained from (6.92) as a1 = 4 0.503 = 0.5131 [ 3 1 + ( 0.492 )9/16 ]4/9
Pr

NuL,l =

[ ln 1 +

2.8
2.8 1/4 a1 RaL

] = 41.18

NuL,t = NuL =

0.13Pr0.22 1/3 Ra = 33.88 (1 + 0.61Pr0.81 )0.42 L [NuL,l 6 + NuL,t 6 ]1/6 = 43.08.

(b) The average surface-convection thermal resistance is found from (6.49) as Aku Rku L = L 0.25(m) 2 = = 2.232 101 C/(W/m ). kf NuL 0.026(W/m-K) 43.08

(c) The surface-averaged surface-convection heat transfer is found from (6.49) as Qku L = Aku Ts Tf, 4(C) 25(C) = 0.1(m) 0.25(m) = 7.390 W. 2 Aku Rku L 2.232 101 [C/(W/m )]

(ii) Horizontal Position: (a) For the horizontal cylinder, the Rayleigh number is found from Table 6.5, i.e., RaL = g (Ts Tf, )D3 9.81(m/s ) 3.472 103 (1/K) [25(C) 4(C)](0.1)3 (m)3 = = 2.315 106 . f f (14.60 106 )2 (m2 /s)2 /(0.69)
2

A correlation for the average Nusselt number for a horizontal cylinder is given in Table 6.4. Using the values given a1 NuD,l = = 4 0.503 = 0.5131 3 [1 + ( 0.492 )9/16 ]4/9
Pr

1.6

] = 16.24

1.6 ln 1 + 1/4 0.772a1 RaD NuD,t NuD = 0.13Pr0.22 1/3 Ra = 13.55 (1 + 0.61Pr0.81 )0.42 D

= [NuD,l 3.3 + NuD,t 3.3 ]1/3.3 = 18.55.

(b) The average surface-convection thermal resistance is Aku Rku D = D 0.10(m) 2 = = 2.073 101 C/(W/m ). kf NuD 0.026(W/m-K) 18.55

(c) The averaged surface-convection heat transfer is Qku D = Aku 4(C) 25(C) Ts Tf, = 0.1(m) 0.25(m) = 7.956 W. 2 Aku Rku D 2.073 101 [C/(W/m )]

COMMENT: For the vertical plate, since RaL < 109 , the ow regime is laminar. For the laminar thermobuoyant ow over a vertical at plate, the average Nusselt number could also be determined from using the similar relation (6.89), i.e., NuL = 0.503 4 1/4 Ra = 39.79 3 [1 + ( 0.492 )9/16 ]4/9 L
Pr

578

and the average surface-convection thermal resistance and heat transfer rate are Aku Rku L = L 0.25(m) 2 = = 2.416 101 C/(W/m ) kf NuL 0.026(W/m-K) 39.79

Qku L = Aku

4(C) 25(C) Ts Tf, = 0.1(m) 0.25(m) = 6.826 W. 2 Aku Rku L 2.42 101 [C/(W/m )]

These are considered close (about 7%)to the values obtained using the combined laminar-turbulent correlation. For lower values of RaL , the agreement is not as close (as high as 30%) Note also that the horizontal position results in a slightly larger heat ow. Also, note that determining (L) from (6.90) we have ( )1/4 20 1/2 (L) = 3.93L Pr + (GrL Pr)1/2 21 = 0.01574m, where GrL =RaL /Pr. Then (L) 0.01574(m) = = 0.1574, D 0.10(m) which satises the needed constraint that (L) D.

579

PROBLEM 6.21.FAM GIVEN: A glass sheet is vertically suspended above a pan of boiling water and the water condensing over the sheet and raises its temperature. This is shown in Figure Pr.6.21(a). Filmwise condensation and uniform sheet temperature Ts are assumed. Note that the condensate is formed on both sides of the sheet. Also assume a steady-state heat transfer. l = 1 mm, L = 15 cm, w = 15 cm, Tlg = 100C, Ts = 40C. Use the saturated water properties at Tlg . SKETCH: Figure Pr.6.21(a) shows the glass sheet and the surrounding water vapor.
l w L Uniform Surface Temperature Ts Qku L . Ml

Suspended Glass Sheet Saturated Water Vapor at Tlg Filmwise Condensation (Water)

Water

Figure Pr.6.21(a) A glass sheet is vertically suspended in a water-vapor ambient and the heat released by condensation raises the sheet temperature.

OBJECTIVE: (a) Draw the thermal circuit diagram. (b) Determine the heat transfer rate Qku L , for the conditions given above, for each side. l = M lg , for each side. (c) Determine the condensate ow rate M (d) Is this a laminar lm condensate ow? SOLUTION: (a) Figure Pr.6.21(b) shows the thermal circuit diagram.
Qku Ts Tlg Rku Slg = Mlg hlg
L

Figure Pr.6.21(b) Thermal circuit diagram.

(b) From (6.49) and Table 6.6, for lmwise condensation on vertical surfaces, we have kl = Aku NuL (Ts Tlg ) L [ ]1/4 g lg hlg L3 = 0.9428 . kl l (Tlg Ts ) 596

Qku L NuL

From Table C.27, we have for saturated water, l g hlg kl l = 958 kg/m3

= 0.596 kg/m3 = 2.257 106 J/kg = 0.680 W/m-K = l 279 106 (Pa-s) = = 2.91 107 m2 /s l 958(kg/m3 )

Then using the numerical values, we have NuL 9.81(m/s2 ) (958 0.596)(kg/m3 ) 2.257 106 (J/kg) (0.15)3 (m3 ) = 0.9428 0.680(W/m-K) 2.91 107 (m2 -s) (100 40)(K) = 1,480. [ ]1/4

Then Qku L = 0.15(m) 0.15(m) 1,480 = -9,058 W. (c) Using the energy equation for the control volume shown in Figure Pr.6.21(b), we have lg = M lg hlg Qku L = S or lg M = = Qku L hlg 9,058(W) 2.257 106 (J/kg) 0.680(W/m-K) (40 100)(K) 0.15(m)

= 4.005 103 kg/s = 4.013 g/s l = M gl = M lg = 4.013 g/s. thus, M (d) Using (6.114), we have 4|qku L |L l hlg = = 4 9,058(W) 0.15(m) (0.15) (m ) 271 106 (Pa-s) 2.257 106 (J/kg) 394.9 < 1,800.
2 2

The lm condensate ow is in the laminar regime, and the choice of NuL was correct. COMMENT: Note that we have assumed a steady state heat transfer, where in practice Ts increases and eventually reaches Tlg .

597

PROBLEM 6.48.FUN GIVEN: The body of the desert tortoise (like those of other cold-blooded animals) tends to have the same temperature as its ambient air. During daily variations of the ambient temperature, this body temperature also varies, but due to the sensible heat storage, thermal equilibrium (i.e., the condition of being at the same temperature) does not exist at all times. Consider the approximate model temperature variation given in Figure Pr.6.48(a)(i), which is based on the ambient temperature measured in early August, 1992, near Las Vegas, Nevada. Assume that a desert tortoise with a uniform temperature is initially at T1 (t = 0) = 55C. It is suddenly exposed to an ambient temperature Tf, = 35C for 6 hours, after which the ambient temperature suddenly changes to Tf, = 55C for another 12 hours before suddenly dropping back to the initial temperature. The heat transfer is by surface convection only (for accurate analysis, surface radiation, including solar radiation, should be included). The geometric model is given in Figure Pr.6.48(a)(ii), with surface convection through the upper (hemisphere) surface and no heat transfer from the bottom surface. For the Nusselt number, use that for forced ow over a sphere. 1 = 1, 000 kg/m3 , cp,1 = 900 J/kg-K, uf, = 2 m/s. Evaluate the air properties at T = 320 K. SKETCH: Figure Pr.6.48(a) shows the measured and model temperature variations and the geometric model for surface convection.

(i) Ambient Air Temperature

65 End 55

Tf, , oC

Model 45 Measured 35 25 0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Start T1(t = 0) = 55oC

t, hr

(ii) Geometric Model

Surface Convection Aku uf, Tf, No Heat Transfer

T1(t)

R1

Figure Pr.6.48(a)(i) A measured daily ambient air temperature variation over 24 hr and an approximation (model) to the temperature variation. (ii) A geometric model for a tortoise in forced cross ow.

OBJECTIVE: (a) Draw the thermal circuit diagram. (b) Determine the body temperature after an elapsed time of 12 hours, i.e., T1 (t = 12 hr) for R1 = 20 cm. (c) Repeat for R1 = 80 cm.

662

SOLUTION: (a) The thermal circuit diagram is shown in Figure Pr.6.48(b). 1 = 0, we have (b) From (6.156), for Q1 = S T1 (t) = Tf, + [T1 (t = 0) Tf, ]et/1 ,
Qku Tf,(t)

1 = (cp V )1 Rku D .

T1(t) Rku
D

(cpV)1

dT1 dt

Figure Pr.6.48(b) Thermal circuit diagram.

From (6.124), we have Rku D = D , Aku NuD kf ReD = uf, D . f

From Table C.22, we have for air at T = 320 K, kf f ReD = = 0.0281 W/m-K 17.44 106 m2 /s

Pr =

0.69 2(m/s) 2 R1 = = 2.294 105 (m1 )R1 17.44 106 (m2 /s) (i) ReD = 4.588 104 (ii) ReD = 1.835 105 .

From Table 6.4, we have NuD = 2 + (0.4ReD + 0.06ReD )Pr0.4 (i) NuD = 2 + [0.4(4.588 104 )1/2 + 0.06(4.588 104 )2/3 ] (0.69)0.4 = 142.15 (ii) NuD = 2 + [0.4(1.835 105 )1/2 + 0.06(1.835 105 )2/3 ] (0.69)0.4 = 316.74.
1/2 2/3

Then 1
2 1 4 3 2R1 2(cp )1 R1 R1 = 1 2 3 3NuD kf 2 4R1 NuD kf 2 2 1,000(kg/m3 ) 900(J/kg-K) (0.2)2 (m2 ) = 3 142.15 0.028(W/m-K) = 6,030 s = 1.675 hr 2 1,000(kg/m3 ) 900(J/kg-K) (0.8)2 (m2 ) = 3 316.74 0.028(W/m-K)

= (cp )1

(i)

(ii) 1

= 4.330 104 s = 12.03 hr. 663

Qku Tc Qc = 0 (HcpV)c

dTc + Slg dt MDu

Rku

Tf,
L

(Hf,w)s dM dt w RDu
L

(Hf,w)

Figure Pr.6.53(b) Thermal and mass circuit diagrams.

(b) The Nusselt number is found from Table 6.5, i.e., = [(NuL,l )10 + (NuL,t )10 ]1/10 1.4 ( ) = 1.4 ln 1 + 0.835a1 Ra1/4 = 0.14RaL 4 0.503 = ( )9/16 ]4/9 3[ 0.492 1+ Pr = = gf (Tc Tf, )L3 f f Aku R2 R = = . Pku 2R 2
1/3

NuL NuL,l

NuL,t a1

RaL L

The properties of air at T = 325 K are found from Table C.22, i.e.,

kf = 0.0284 W/m-K f = 1.090 kg/m3 cp,f = 1,006 J/kg-K f = 1.790 10

5 5

Table C.22 Table C.22 Table C.22

2

m /s m /s
2

Table C.22 Table C.22 Table C.22

f = 2.592 10

Pr = 0.69 1 1 f = = = 3.077 103 1/K Tf 325(K) Then

(6.77).

L = 0.0175 m 9.81(m/s2 ) 3.077 103 (1/K) (80 20)(K) (0.0175)3 (m3 ) RaL = 1.790 105 (m2 /s) 2.592 105 (m2 /s) = 2.092 104

680

a1

4 0.503 ( )9/16 ]4/9 3[ 0.492 1+ 0.69 0.5131 [ ln 1 + 1.4 1.4 0.835 0.5131 (2.092 104 )1/4 ] = 5.8246

= NuL,l =

NuL,t NuL Qku L

= =

0.14(2.092 104 )1/3 = 3.8576

[(5.8246)10 + (3.8576)10 ]1/10 = 5.834 0.0284(W/m-K)(80 20)(K) = (0.035)2 (m2 ) 5.834 0.0175(m) = 2.186 W.

(c) From (6.180), we have RDu L From Table C.20(a), we have Dm,w Le = = 2.20 105 m2 /s Table C.20(a) 2.20 105 (m2 /s) = 0.8488. 2.592 105 (m2 /s) = Rku L cp,f Le2/3 , Le = Dm,w . f

Also from Table C.27, at Ts = Tc = Tlg = (80 + 273.15)(K) = 353.15 K we have (f,w )s hlg Then from (6.180), we have lg M kf 1 [(f,w )s (f,w ) ] L cp,f Le2/3 0.0284(W/m-K) 1 0.03057 0.001 = (0.035)2 (m2 ) 5.834 0.0175(m) 1.090 1,006(J/kg-K) (0.8488)2/3 = Aku NuL = 8.808 107 kg/s. lg hlg = 8.808 107 (kg/s) 2.309 106 (J/kg) = M = 2.034 W. (d) From the energy equation, we have dTc dt lg Qku L S (cp )c Vc 2.186(W) (2.034)(W) = 2 106 (J/m3 -K) 3.5 104 (m3 ) = = 6.029 103 C/s. COMMENT: Note that the surface evaporation causes a similar cooling as that due to surface convection heat transfer. Therefore, preventing evaporation is as important as preventing heat transfer through the side walls and the top surface. = 0.03057 kg/m3 = 2.309 106 J/kg.

lg S

681

PROBLEM 6.59.FAM GIVEN: Consider a single, rectangular n of volume V = l L w placed on a surface area a w of temperature Ts,0 , as shown in Figure Pr.6.59(a). The n is made of aluminum. Air is blown along w at a far-eld temperature Tf, and velocity uf, . The design question here is while keeping the same n volume V and width w, nd the optimal thickness l and length L. To observe the trend, use two designs, (i) l = 1 mm, L = 70 mm, and (ii) l = 2 mm, L = 35 mm. Use w = 7 cm, a = 5 mm, Ts,0 = 60o C, Tf, = 25o C, Nuw = 27.74. For properties, use ks = 237 W/m-K, and kf = 0.0267 W/m-K. SKETCH: Figure Pr.6.59(a) shows the single n attached to a base.

Tf,1 uf,1

l w Aluminum Fin

ks

L w Ts,0
Figure Pr.6.59(a) Surface-convection heat transfer with one n.

OBJECTIVE: (a) Draw the thermal circuit diagram. (b) Determine the total (from the bare and n portion) surface-convection heat transfer rate Qku w for designs (i) and (ii). SOLUTION: a) The thermal circuit diagram is shown in Figure Pr.6.59(b).

hQkuiw Tf,1 Ts,0 hRkuiw uf,1

Figure Pr.6.59(b) Thermal circuit diagram.

(b) (i) For the rst design, l = 1 mm, L = 70 mm, we have from (6.149) Qku w = (Ab + Nf Aku,f f )Nuw where Ab = A Nf Ak = = = and Aku,f = = = Pku,f Lc = 2(w + l)(L + l/2) {2 [0.07(m) + 0.001(m)]} [0.07(m) + 0.001(m)/2] 0.142(m) 0.0705(m) = 0.01001 m2 . aw Nf (wl) 0.005(m) 0.07(m) 0.07(m) 0.001(m) 2.800 104 m2 kf (Ts,0 Tf, ), w

696

The n eciency f is given by (6.147) and the n parameter m is. ( m = = Pku,f Nuw ks Ak
kf w

)1/2

0.142(m) 27.74 237(W/m-K)

0.0267(W/m-K) 0.07(m) 0.07 0.001(m2 )

1/2 = 9.517 m1 .

Then, from (6.147) and (6.149) and Table 6.7, we have f = tanh(mLc ) tanh[9.517(m1 ) 0.0705(m)] tanh(0.6709) 0.5848 = = = = 0.8716. mLc 9.517(m1 ) 0.0705(m) 0.6709 0.6709 = = Ab + Nf Aku,f f [2.800 104 (m2 ) + 0.01001(m2 ) 0.8720] = 9.005 103 m2 .

Aku = Ab + Af f

Thus the total convection heat transfer rate Qku w is given by (6.149) Qku w = 9.005 103 (m2 ) 27.74 0.0267(W/m-K) (60 25)(K) = 3.335 W 0.07(m)

(ii) For the second design, l = 2 mm, L = 35 mm, we redo the calculations as above and have, Ab = = = Aku,f = = = m = A Nf Ak = aw Nf (wl) 0.005 0.07(m2 ) 0.07(m) 0.002(m) 2.100 104 m2 Pku,f Lc = 2(w + l)(L + l/2) {2 [0.07(m) + 0.002(m)]} [0.035(m) + 0.002(m)/2] 0.144(m) 0.036(m) = 5.184 103 m2 ( )1/2 kf Pku,f Nuw w ks Ak 1/2 0.0267(W/m-K) 0.144(m) 27.74 0.07(m) = 6.776 m1 237(W/m-K) 0.07 0.002(m2 ) tanh(mLc ) tanh[6.776(m1 ) 0.036(m)] tanh(0.2439) 0.2386 = = = = 0.9783. mLc 6.776(m1 ) 0.036(m) 0.2439 0.2439 = = Ab + Af f = Ab + Nf Aku,f f [2.100 104 (m2 ) + 5.184 103 (m2 ) 0.9783] = 5.282 103 m2 .

Aku

Thus the surface-convection heat transfer rate Qku w is Qku w = 5.280 103 (m2 ) 27.74 0.0267(W/m-K) (60 25)(K) = 1.956 W. 0.07(m)

COMMENT: The long, thin n has a smaller n eciency, but a larger n area than the short, thick n. Performing a sweep, the optimal n thickness is found to be 0.6 mm. This is shown in Figure Pr.6.59(c).

697

4 Vf = constant 3.5

<Qku>w, W

2.5

1.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

l, mm
Figure Pr.6.59(c) Variation of the surface-convection heat transfer rate with respect to the ne thickness, for constant n volume.

698

PROBLEM 6.60.FAM GIVEN: In thermoelectric coolers, heat (Qh ) has to be removed from the hot junction. This heat rst conducts through the hot-junction electrical conductor (Cu) layer and then through a substrate (electrically insulating, but heat conducting, alumina Al2 O3 ). Then it ows to a high thermal conductivity material aluminum (Al) with extended surface (ns) and is removed by surface convection to a semi-bounded air stream. These are shown in Figure Pr.6.60(a). The p and n semiconductors both have a square cross section (dte dte ). Use Tc = 10o C, Je = 1 A, S = 4 104 V/K, e,p = e,n = 105 ohm-m, kp = kn = 2 W/m-K, dp = dn = dte = 2 mm, Lp = Ln = Lte = 2 cm, LCu = 0.5 mm, ACu = 50 mm2 , Lalumina = 0.5 mm, Aalumina = 50 mm2 , w = 7 mm, uf, = 0.5 m/s, AAl = Ab + f Nf Aku,f = 400 mm2 , Tf, = 20o C. Neglect contact resistances. Evaluate all thermopysical properties at T = 300 K. SKETCH: Figure Pr.6.60(a) shows the heat removal from the hot junction of a thermoelectric element.
Ambient Far-Field Air with Temperature Tf, and Velocity uf, (Parallel Flow along w)
8

Finned Surface (Al) Thin Electrical Insulator (Al2O3) Thin Electrical Conductor (Cu) Th Tc Lalumina LCu

n
dte

Lte

Figure Pr.6.60(a) Heat removal from the hot junction of a thermoelectric element.

OBJECTIVE: (a) Draw the thermal circuit diagram, starting from the hot junction node, and ending with the uid stream node and the cold junction node. (b) Write the energy equation for the hot junction node Th . (c) Determine the hot junction temperature Th , for the conditions given below. These are for one hot-cold junction. SOLUTION: (a) The thermal circuit diagram is shown in Figure Pr.6.60(b).
Tf,1 <Rku> w T2 Qh Rk,alumina T1 Rk, Cu (Se,J+Se,P)h Qk,h-c Th Rk,h-c Tc

Figure Pr.6.60(b) Thermal circuit diagram.

699

(b) The energy equation (3.125) for the hot junction Th is given by e,J )h + (S e,P )h , Qh + Qk,h-c = (S where from the thermal circuit diagram, Qh Qk,h-c e,J )h (S e,P )h (S Thus the energy equation can be written as Th Tc Th Tf, 1 2 + S Je Th . + = Re,h-c Je Rk,Cu + Rk,Al2 O3 + Rku w Rk,h-c 2 (c) The resistances in the energy equation are from (3.116) and Table 3.2, i.e., Rk,Cu = Rk,Al2 O3 = 0.5 103 (m) LCu = 0.02493 K/W = ACu kCu 50 106 (m3 ) 401(W/m-K) = = = = Th Tf, Rk,Cu + Rk,Al2 O3 + Rku w Th Tc Rk,h-c 1 2 Re,h-c Je 2 S Je Th .

0.5 103 (m) Lalumina = = 0.2778 K/W Aalumina kalumina 50 10 6 (m3 ) 36(W/m-K) [( ) ( ) ]1 [( ) ]1 Ak k Ak k 2 2 106 2 Rk,h-c = + = 2 = 1250 K/W L p L n 2 102 ) ( ) ( e L 105 ohm-m 0.02(m) e L + = 2 = 0.1 ohm. Re,h-c = Ak p Ak n (2 103 )2 (m2 ) Next, to nd Rku w , we stand with Rew = 0.5(m/s) 0.007(m) uf, w = = 223.5 < 5 105 , laminar ow regime. f 15.66 106 (m2 /s)

From Table 6.3, for parallel laminar ow over a at plate, we have Nuw Nuw Rku w = = =
/2 1/3 0.664Re1 w Pr

0.664 (223.5)1/2 (0.69)1/3 = 8.772 0.007(m) w = = 74.72 K/W Aku Nuw kf 400 106 (m2 ) 8.772 0.0267(W/m-K)

Thus the energy equation becomes [Th (20 + 273)](K) [Th (10 + 273)](K) + = 4 104 (V/K) 1(A) Th (K) + 0.5 0.1(ohm) (1)2 (A)2 (0.02493 + 0.2778 + 74.72)(K/W) 1250(K/W) Solving this equation gives Th = 304.51 K = 31.51o C. COMMENT Note that the surface-convection resistance is the largest in the Qh path. Also, note that Rk,h-c is large too, this is due to the large Lte (compared to dte ). The hot junction is 11.51o C above the ambient and the cold junction is 10o C below the ambient temperature.