Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
etc. Sent scolding message to London Ended international economic cooperation for crisis
Philippines:
tutelage then withdrawal by 1946 Kept Navy bases but not army
Soviet Union
Endorsed non-intervention
Haititroops withdrew in 1934 Cubabetter terms than Platt Amendment Mexicoseized oil interest, but no armed intervention by U.S. FDR most popular U.S. president in Latin America Need goodwill for potential allies with growing European threat
Cordell Hull
Japanmilitaristic country
Terminated Washington Naval Treaty (1934) Withdrew from League of Nations (1935) Withdrew from naval disarmament conference in London & built more ships Joined Italy and Germany in Tripartite Act (1940)
Led by Senator Gerald Nye Sensationalized information Made illogical conclusion: If made money they caused the war
No difference between aggressor nations or victim nation Abandoned policy of freedom of the seas
U.S. refuses to sell needed arms to either side Spanish republican government fell w/o U.S. help
1938FDR finally gets congress to pass a billion-dollar naval construction act but it was too late
Japan
Invaded China 1937 FDR does not declare it a war so Neutrality Acts dont apply (Japanese buy war materials from US) Quarantine Speech Chicago, 1937
FDR suggest
Gunboatkilling 2, wounding 30 Japanese quickly apologize & pay indemnity Sharp contrast to Maine incident
Germany
1935compulsory military service Jewish persecution March 1938bloodless occupation of Austria Munich Conference, September 1938
(in Czechoslovakia) England & France cave to demandshope to appease Hitlers appetite March 1939Hitler takes rest of Czechoslovakia
Soviet Union key to keeping peace Non aggression pact with Germanyshocked world Hitler now free to take Poland
World War II starts France & Britain declare war on Germany; U.S. neutral
European democracies can purchase war materials on a cash & carry basis Hurts Chinablockaded by Japan Demands helps recession of 1937-1939
Soviets attack FinlandU.S. grants $30 million in nonmilitary supplies AprilJune 1940
Dunkirk: French port where British were able to rescue the bulk of the French forces
Only England is left to fight (& only constitutional government left in Europe)
Constant air raids Winston Churchill: PM, inspires British over BBC
FDR asks for building of huge air fleet & navy Congress grants $37 billion for preparation
More than cost of WWI & 5
Conscription LawSeptember 19401st peace-time draft Havana Conferenceall American countries promote Monroe Doctrine
Royal Air Forceheroic efforts to protect England Reports broadcast on radio to U.S. public sentiment starting to change
Isolationists v. Interventionists:
Charles A. Lindbergh; The Yanks are Not Coming. Committee to Defend America
Britain is
FDR (w/o Congress) agrees to transfer to British 51 U.S. destroyers left over from WWI Used simple presidential agreement Violation of neutrality Criticized by isolationists & some Republicans
Democrats:
FDR3rd term Better a 3rd term than a 3rd rater FDR did not do much campaigning World crisis aided his victory
449 EV to 82 (Difference
Britishalmost no more $ for cash & carry FDR suggest Lend-Lease Act
Passed Congress March 1941 Worried about problems caused by WWI debts U.S. loan military supplies to Allies, who would return them after the war was over (Like a neighbor borrowing a hose to put out a fire.)
U.S. to become Arsenal of Democracy--$50 billion of supplies by wars end. Act risked war no longer neutral
Germany no
August 1941--Roosevelt & Churchill meet on warship off coast of Newfoundland Atlantic Charter8 points on goals after war
Opposed imperialistic annexations Self determination Right to choose government Disarmament Permanent system of general securityNew League of Nations
Lend-lease shipments are targeted by German wolfpack submarines U.S. worried about being convoyed into war
Sept. 1941--USS Greer attacked by undersea craft Oct. 1941USS Kearny lost 11 men in attack Oct. 1941USS Reuben James sunk off coast of Iceland with 100 officers & enlisted men
November 1941--Congress allows merchant ships to be armed & enter combat zones
September 1940: Japan formal military ally with Germany China incident: Japan could not withdraw from China with honor or victory Japan dependent on US oil, steel, scrap iron & aviation gasoline FDR delayed embargo worried about Dutch East Indies Late 1940: US embargo of Japan-bound supplies Mid-1941: Freeze all of Japanese assets
Japan desperate for oil November & December 1941tense negotiations between Washington & Japan US breaks Japanese codeknew Japan chose war NO ONE IN HIGH AUTHORITY THOUGHT ATTACK ON HAWAII WAS A POSSIBLITY (Beware of urban legends!)
December 7, 1941: Japanese attack Pearl Harbor Approximately 3000 casualties Numerous aircraft, 8 battleships, and other smaller vessels 3 Aircraft Carriershad left harbor U.S. declares war December 8, 1941 Germany & Italy declare war on U.S. December 11, 1941 Pacific fleet nearly destroyed but unified and angered the U.S.
Admiral Yamamoto
USS Arizona