Int. Conf.

on Advanced Materials, Manufacturing, Management & Thermal Sciences-2013, May 03-04 ISBN-13 978-81-926304-0-3

Simulation of the Reverse Logistics Flow of a Personal Computer in Bruhath Bangalore Mahanagara Palike Region
C K Nagendra Guptha1, G Bharathi2, Sunil R Yalamalle3, Dr. G L Shekar4
1. Associate Professor, cknguptha@gamil.com, 2. Corresponding Author, 4th Semester, M. Tech, bharathi555@hotmail.com,3.Assistant Professor, sunilyalamalle@yahoo.com Industrial Engineering and Management Department, R V College of Engineering, Bangalore 4. Principal, National Institute of Engineering, Mysore, gl_shekar@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT Bruhath Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) Region being the hub of IT and electronics industry in India generates more electronic waste than any other city. With the increase in affordability of electronic goods and the fast rate of technological obsolescence, the amount of PC waste generated is increasing every year. Due to the harmful effects of PC waste, the need arises for its proper disposal and recycling. Presently, the informal sector is handling and recycling over 90% of the PC-waste in Bangalore. This paper illustrates the System Dynamic model developed to simulate the reverse logistics flow of a PC. The experimental results demonstrate above 90% accuracy rate and reveal some interesting finding such as the recycling delay time and recycling rate, formal recycling rate, and informal recycling rate. The proposed model enables electronic equipment producers to experience the entire PC recycling cycle through a system perspective. The model enables the stakeholders to appreciate material gain and hazards caused from formal and informal recyclers through simulation of recycling policy initiatives; extended producers responsibility and other determinants such as customer awareness etc. before actual implementation.
KeywordsBBMP, PC waste, System Dynamic Model, formal recycling rate, informal recycling rate, extended producers responsibility and customer
awareness.

INTRODUCTION

To approach real world supply chain scenario, the traditional supply chain has to extend the reverse logistic part, such as return, repair and recycle activities [12]. Recently, owing to rising environmental consciousness and various environmental regulations, reverse logistical operations, particularly recycling management, are becoming increasingly important. Some businesses even regard recycling policy and waste management as a key business strategy. Among various waste management issues, electronic waste (e-waste) is an increasingly important issue that deserves increased attention. Currently, most e-waste is processed by either landfill or incineration. However, landfill has negative effects such as groundwater pollution, while incineration causes air pollution. Hence, e-waste is a critical issue that requires close attention. In Bangalore, the majority of e-waste recycling involves waste from personal computer (PC) as demonstrated in Figure 1. Forecasted Sales report from 19972016 the recycling amount exhibits increasing trend. Zero e-waste disposed via landfill is a commendable ideal, but is impossible to achieve for PC in reality due to the complex components of ewaste. Because of a PC comprise 23% plastic, 32% ferrous material and 18% non-ferrous material.

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Int. Conf. on Advanced Materials, Manufacturing, Management & Thermal Sciences-2013, May 03-04 ISBN-13 978-81-926304-0-3

Figure1: Forecasted Growth of PC Sales Additionally, 12% precious metals such as gold and silver are scattered throughout its electronic boards. This heteromerous combination of materials makes PC waste management processing difficult [7]. Additionally, Swartz claimed that users have trouble retiring their old PCs [22]. Hence, end-users hold their retired PCs rather than disposing them. The recycling willingness and behavior of end-users is the core issue in PC waste management. Most of previous researches focus on comparing of recycling policies and recycling situations among enterprises, nations, or regions [18, 19, 20, and 25]. For illustration, Smith found that business that adopted e-waste recycling earlier exhibited better stock performance [10]. ORourke compared different recycling policies among enterprises including Dell, IBM, and HP [14]. Recently, comparisons have focused on the progression towards companies taking responsibility for ewaste. For example, in Europe responsibility for e-waste is assigned to manufacturers. Similarly, in Japan electronics producers are responsible for taking back their own electronic products, but are permitted to transfer e-waste processing fees to product purchasers. In contrast, in Taiwan, government (EPA) is responsible for all e-waste recycling, including recycling collection and processing, but product manufacturers must pay a fixed fee to government while the product sold to customer. Of course, some manufactures add this fee to their product prices [8]. No matter which aspect of the relative literature is discussed, all discussions have focused on a single aspect and lack a fully systematic perspective. Therefore, discussion of the recycling problems associated with electronic waste cannot simply use mathematical models or provide statistic explanations. That is, an e-waste structure should be developed that can influence end-user recycling behavior. The research objectives of this study are detailed below: (1) In fact, predicting recycle behavior is difficult owing to recycling is usually trigged by end-user. This study aims to infer the delay time, between the time of sale and the time of recycling, for PC products. (2) Additionally, this study also discusses the recycling percentage of different recycle channels in Bangalore.

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Int. Conf. on Advanced Materials, Manufacturing, Management & Thermal Sciences-2013, May 03-04 ISBN-13 978-81-926304-0-3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW Martin Cloutier proposed the SD model for integrates the structural elements of supply response, demand substitution and inventory fluctuation in the production of maple sap products in Quebec. This modeling is appropriate given the non- linear and dynamic behavior exhibited in production and the long feedback delays involved in the fixed assets necessary to support production. Deepalisinha-khetriwala et.al, aims to give the reader insight into the disposal of end-of-life appliances in India and Switzerland, including appliance collection and the financing of recycling systems as well as the social and environmental aspects of the current practices. Kurian joseph proposed the current practices of e-waste management in India suffer from a number of drawbacks like the difficulty in Inventorisation, unhealthy conditions of informal recycling, inadequate legislation, poor awareness and reluctance on part of the corporate to address the critical issues. the consequences are that resources are wasted when economically valuable materials are dumped or unhealthy conditions are developed during the informal recycling with the focus on a waste management system with shared responsibility for the collection and recycling of electronic wastes amongst the manufacturers / assemblers, importers, recyclers, regulatory bodies and the consumers. System dynamics methodology was developed by Prof JW Forrester and colleagues around 1950s at MIT Sloan School of Management [5]. It is a computer-oriented approach that makes use of interrelation of variables in a complex setting. This methodology was initially developed for managerial decision making but later has been successfully applied to other areas. Electricity waste sector is one of them [9]. According to Forrester [6], in system dynamics is focused on a problem. It makes use of ordinary differential equations. Building a system dynamics model is an iterative process making use of causal and feedback relationships. These relationships are built in differential equations, parameters and variables [3]. In simple words system dynamics model consists of stocks and flows connected through auxiliaries depicting a system. 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF SYSTEM DYNAMICS

Stocks Stocks are accumulations. They collect whatever flows into them, net of whatever flows out of them. A stock can be of the reservoir, queue, oven or the conveyor type. The default stock type is a reservoir.
total pcs DOMESTIC

Flows the job of flows is to fill and drain accumulations. The unfilled arrow head on the flow pipe indicates the direction of positive flow. It hence shows the inflow and outflow of data or resources into and out of the stocks.
TOTAL INFORMAL RECYCLING

INFORMAL RECY CLE RATE

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Int. Conf. on Advanced Materials, Manufacturing, Management & Thermal Sciences-2013, May 03-04 ISBN-13 978-81-926304-0-3

Converter it converts inputs into outputs.

potential pc waste in tonnes PRESENT OBS RATE COMM

Connector as its name suggests, the job of the connector is to connect model elements. Action connectors are signified by a solid, directive wire. Information connectors are signified by dashed wire.

3.1 Different types of stocks & flows: Materials this includes all stocks and flows of physical goods which are part of a production and distribution process, whether raw materials, in-process inventories, or finished products. Personnel this generally refers to actual people, as opposed, for example, to hours of labor. Capital equipment this includes such things as factory space, tools, and other equipment necessary for the production of goods and provision of services. Orders this includes such things as orders for goods, requisitions for new employees, and contracts for new space or capital equipment. Orders are typically the result of some management decision which has been made, but not yet converted into the desired result. Money this is used in the cash sense. That is, a flow of money is the actual transmittal of payments between different stocks of money. IThink Software: iThink is a SD simulation tool similar to STELLA (Systems Thinking Educational Learning Laboratory with Animation). This has been used in the project study for the development of the model. 4 METHODOLOGY 4.1 Data collection 4.1.1 Primary data collection: Inputs from various reports prepared by several agencies working in this field have been used the list of reports are as under. E-waste assessment in India by MAIT-GTZ-BIRD. E-waste assessment in Delhi by MAIT-GTZ-BIRD Central Pollution Control Board Understanding E-waste generation, collection and recycling in Bangalore by SAAHAS. E-waste management in Bangalore by SAAHAS. IT Industry Performance Annual Review: 2008-09 by MAIT. Inventorization of E-waste in two cities in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka (Hyderabad and Bangalore) by EPTRI 4.1.2 Secondary data collection: EWA (e Waste Agency) German Technical co-operation (HAWA- GTZ)

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Int. Conf. on Advanced Materials, Manufacturing, Management & Thermal Sciences-2013, May 03-04 ISBN-13 978-81-926304-0-3

Saahas Manufacturers Association for Information Technology (MAIT) E-Parisaraa Toxics Link Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) Centre for Sustainable Development(CSD)

4.2 Assumptions Sales growths for both domestic and commercial PCs are constant. Import rate is assumed. Obsolescence rate for reused PCs is assumed to be two years. Unaccounted waste enters the system after assumed delay period. No waste is produced at manufacturing stage. Export for PCs waste is not considered.

5 DEVELOPED SD MODEL
Figure 2 illustrated the proposed SD model to simulate the situation of e-waste recycling in Bangalore. The computer enters the recycling system upon sale to the end-user. After a certain period, the computer may become unsuitable for use and finally becomes e-waste waiting recycling from Domestic, Industrial Markets and Imports. Then, these waiting process computers are notified; user may sell unsuitable computers on the second-hand market, such that it can be reused or remanufactured and finally enter the recycle queue. Figure 2. Developed SD model for PC-waste Of course, end- After all, all merchandises enter the EOL process and for every recycling channel, there exists a final process mechanism, such as disassembling, material gain and hazards caused by the formal and informal recyclers. The formal and informal recycling rate is based on the extended producers responsibility, customer awareness, Government policy, and upgradability.
Domestic PC waste generation Extended Producers Responsibility

Figure 2: Developed SD model for Pc-waste

Commercial PC waste generation

Total Potentia l PC waste Customer Awareness

6 SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed SD model is tested using twenty years of actual recycling data from Bangalore, from 1997 to 2016. High performance system IThink (1994) software was chosen for the simulation model development and simulation. The evaluation indicators for the accuracy rate of proposed model. The experimental results show that trends in both the EPA and simulations results share roughly 95% similarity, the simulation results demonstrate that the new technology emerging indeed increase available computer inflow of computers awaiting

Imported PC waste

Reused PC

Recycling

Government Policy Upgradability

Unaccounted PC Waste

Formal Recycling

Informal Recycling

recycling rate from 0.8 to 2. Furthermore, the variation in recycling behavior among recycling channels is tested. As the simulation result in Table 1, the trends of difference two recycling channels are consistence with the actual field survey result. In terms of PC recycling amount, the ranking follows the formal recycler, Informal recycler. However, the ranking is done by the EPR, Customer Awareness, Government Policy and upgradability.

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Int. Conf. on Advanced Materials, Manufacturing, Management & Thermal Sciences-2013, May 03-04 ISBN-13 978-81-926304-0-3

Finally, the simulation result in Figure 3, 4 and Table 2, 3, 4 Shows the model enables the stakeholders to appreciate material gain and hazards caused from formal and informal recyclers.
YEAR 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Informal Recycling (Mt) 0 319.2 367.08 613.662 18282.6588 22238.666 43222.63489 55093.87675 75104.80555 95956.77874 84849.12017 118116.3946 138096.6484 166195.0532 223922.6127 246119.1387 301682.8864 338320.1807 381037.7633 482023.8197 Formal Recycling (Mt) 0 10.2144 11.74656 19.637184 585.0450816 711.6373118 1383.124317 1763.004056 2403.353777 3070.61692 2715.171845 3779.724628 4419.092747 5318.241701 7165.523607 7875.81244 9653.852364 10826.24578 12193.20843 15424.76223

Table 1: Formal and informal recycling MT

1: FORMAL RECY CLING TONNES 1: 2: 800 20000 2: INFORMAL RECYCLING TONNES

1: 2:

400 10000

1 2

1 1 1 1.00 2 5.75 10.50 Y ears 2

1: 2: Page 1

0 0

15.25

20.00

10:18 AM Thu, May 13, 2010

Figure 3: Formal and Informal Recycling in MT

Years 1997 1998 HAZARDOUS WASTE(kg) INFORMAL FORMAL RECYCLING RECYCLING 0 612.864 0 32.256

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1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

704.7936 1178.23104 35102.7049 42698.23871 82987.459 105780.2434 144201.2266 184237.0152 162910.3107 226783.4777 265145.5648 319094.5021 429931.4164 472548.7464 579231.1418 644452.6594 721170.564 905556.8063

37.0944 62.01216 1847.510784 2247.275722 4367.761 5567.38123 7589.538245 9696.68501 8574.226881 11935.97251 13955.02973 16794.44748 22627.96929 24870.98665 30485.84957 33918.56102 37956.34547 47660.88454

Table 2: Hazardous waste generated informal

and informal recycling.

Figure 4: Total Hazard from Formal & Informal.

Year Initial 1 2 3 Aluminum 0 1,430.02 1,644.52 2,749.21 Copper 0 715.01 822.26 1,374.60 Gold 0 0.16 0.19 0.31 Iron 0 2,042.88 2,349.31 3,927.44

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Int. Conf. on Advanced Materials, Manufacturing, Management & Thermal Sciences-2013, May 03-04 ISBN-13 978-81-926304-0-3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

81,906.31 99,629.22 193,637.40 246,820.57 336,469.53 429,886.37 380,124.06 529,161.45 618,672.98 744,553.84 1,003,173.31 1,102,613.74 1,351,539.33 1,503,722.87 1,682,731.32 2,112,965.88

40,953.16 49,814.61 96,818.70 123,410.28 168,234.76 214,943.18 190,062.03 264,580.72 309,336.49 372,276.92 501,586.65 551,306.87 675,769.67 751,861.44 841,365.66 1,056,482.94

9.36 11.39 22.13 28.21 38.45 49.13 43.44 60.48 70.71 85.09 114.65 126.01 154.46 171.85 192.31 241.48

117,009.02 142,327.46 276,624.86 352,600.81 480,670.76 614,123.38 543,034.37 755,944.93 883,818.55 1,063,648.34 1,433,104.72 1,575,162.49 1,930,770.47 2,148,175.53 2,403,901.88 3,018,522.69

Table 3.1: Material Gain from Informal

Plastic 0 2,349.31 2,701.71 4,516.55 134,560.37 163,676.58 318,118.59 405,490.93 552,771.37 706,241.89 624,489.52 869,336.66 1,016,391.33 1,223,195.59 1,648,070.43 1,811,436.86 2,220,386.04 2,470,401.86 2,764,487.16 3,471,301.09 Silver 0 1.02 1.17 1.96 58.5 71.16 138.31 176.3 240.34 307.06 271.52 377.97 441.91 531.82 716.55 787.58 965.39 1,074.09 1,201.95 1,509.26 Landfills 0 3,676.00 4,227.40 7,067.11 210,548.36 256,106.88 497,764.31 634,476.95 864,928.57 1,105,065.90 977,146.90 1,360,262.42 1,590,360.77 1,913,950.10 2,578,757.30 2,834,378.88 3,474,267.00 3,865,470.01 4,325,629.12 5,431,590.09

Table 3.2: Material Gain from Informal

Year Initial 1 2 3 Aluminum 0 1,430.02 1,644.52 2,749.21 Antinomy 0 0.05 0.06 0.1 Arsenic 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 Barium 0 0.17 0.19 0.33

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Int. Conf. on Advanced Materials, Manufacturing, Management & Thermal Sciences-2013, May 03-04 ISBN-13 978-81-926304-0-3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

81,906.31 99,629.22 193,637.40 246,820.57 336,469.53 429,886.37 380,124.06 529,161.45 618,672.98 744,553.84 1,003,173.31 1,102,613.74 1,351,539.33 1,503,722.87 1,682,731.32 2,112,965.88

2.89 3.52 6.84 8.72 11.89 15.19 13.43 18.7 21.86 26.31 35.45 38.96 47.76 53.14 59.46 74.67

0.4 0.49 0.95 1.21 1.64 2.1 1.86 2.59 3.02 3.64 4.9 5.39 6.61 7.35 8.22 10.33

9.7 11.8 22.93 29.23 39.85 50.91 45.01 62.66 73.26 88.17 118.8 130.57 160.05 178.07 199.27 250.22

Figure 4.1: Material Gain from formal

Beryllium 0 0.08 0.1 0.16 4.83 5.88 11.43 14.57 19.86 25.37 22.44 31.23 36.52 43.95 59.21 65.08 79.77 88.75 99.32 124.71 Bismuth 0 0.03 0.04 0.07 1.94 2.36 4.59 5.85 7.97 10.18 9 12.53 14.65 17.63 23.76 26.11 32.01 35.61 39.85 50.04 Cadmium 0 0.05 0.06 0.1 2.89 3.52 6.84 8.72 11.89 15.19 13.43 18.7 21.86 26.31 35.45 38.96 47.76 53.14 59.46 74.67 Chromium 0 0.03 0.04 0.07 1.94 2.36 4.59 5.85 7.97 10.18 9 12.53 14.65 17.63 23.76 26.11 32.01 35.61 39.85 50.04 Cobalt 0 0.08 0.1 0.16 4.83 5.88 11.43 14.57 19.86 25.37 22.44 31.23 36.52 43.95 59.21 65.08 79.77 88.75 99.32 124.71

Figure 4.1: Material Gain from formal

Copper 0 37.63 43.28 72.35 Europium 0 0 0 0 Gallium 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 Germanium 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 Gold 0 0.01 0.01 0.02

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2,155.43 2,621.82 5,095.72 6,495.28 8,854.46 11,312.80 10,003.26 13,925.30 16,280.87 19,593.52 26,399.30 29,016.15 35,566.82 39,571.65 44,282.40 55,604.37

0.06 0.07 0.15 0.19 0.25 0.32 0.29 0.4 0.47 0.56 0.75 0.83 1.02 1.13 1.27 1.59

0.4 0.49 0.95 1.21 1.64 2.1 1.86 2.59 3.02 3.64 4.9 5.39 6.61 7.35 8.22 10.33

0.49 0.6 1.16 1.48 2.02 2.59 2.29 3.18 3.72 4.48 6.03 6.63 8.13 9.04 10.12 12.71

0.49 0.6 1.16 1.48 2.02 2.59 2.29 3.18 3.72 4.48 6.03 6.63 8.13 9.04 10.12 12.71

Figure 4.2: Material Gain from formal

Indium 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.49 0.6 1.16 1.48 2.02 2.59 2.29 3.18 3.72 4.48 6.03 6.63 8.13 9.04 10.12 12.71 Iron 0 107.52 123.65 206.71 6,158.37 7,490.92 14,559.20 18,557.94 25,298.46 32,322.28 28,580.76 39,786.58 46,516.77 55,981.49 75,426.56 82,903.29 101,619.50 113,061.87 126,521.15 158,869.62 Lead 0 32.26 37.09 62.01 1,847.51 2,247.28 4,367.76 5,567.38 7,589.54 9,696.69 8,574.23 11,935.97 13,955.03 16,794.45 22,627.97 24,870.99 30,485.85 33,918.56 37,956.35 47,660.88 Manganese 0 0.17 0.19 0.33 9.7 11.8 22.93 29.23 39.85 50.91 45.01 62.66 73.26 88.17 118.8 130.57 160.05 178.07 199.27 250.22 Mercury 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.68 0.82 1.6 2.04 2.78 3.56 3.14 4.38 5.12 6.16 8.3 9.12 11.18 12.44 13.92 17.48

Figure 4.3: Material Gain from formal

Nickel 0 4.57 5.26 8.79 Niobium 0 0 0 0 Palladium 0 0 0 0 Plastic 0 123.65 142.2 237.71 Rhodium 0 0 0 0

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261.82 318.48 618.98 788.99 1,075.56 1,374.18 1,215.11 1,691.53 1,977.66 2,380.05 3,206.76 3,524.63 4,320.35 4,806.83 5,379.05 6,754.34

0.06 0.07 0.15 0.19 0.25 0.32 0.29 0.4 0.47 0.56 0.75 0.83 1.02 1.13 1.27 1.59

0.09 0.11 0.22 0.28 0.38 0.48 0.43 0.6 0.7 0.84 1.13 1.24 1.52 1.7 1.9 2.38

7,082.12 8,614.56 16,743.08 21,341.63 29,093.23 37,170.63 32,867.87 45,754.56 53,494.28 64,378.72 86,740.55 95,338.78 116,862.42 130,021.15 145,499.32 182,700.06

0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.1 0.14 0.16 0.2 0.26 0.29 0.36 0.4 0.44 0.56

Figure 4.4: Material Gain from formal

Ruthenium 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.49 0.6 1.16 1.48 2.02 2.59 2.29 3.18 3.72 4.48 6.03 6.63 8.13 9.04 10.12 12.71 Selenium 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.49 0.6 1.16 1.48 2.02 2.59 2.29 3.18 3.72 4.48 6.03 6.63 8.13 9.04 10.12 12.71 Silica 0 133.75 153.82 257.14 7,661.01 9,318.70 18,111.65 23,086.07 31,471.29 40,208.92 35,554.46 49,494.50 57,866.86 69,640.98 93,830.65 103,131.69 126,414.66 140,648.97 157,392.31 197,633.80 Silver 0 0.1 0.12 0.2 5.82 7.08 13.76 17.54 23.91 30.54 27.01 37.6 43.96 52.9 71.28 78.34 96.03 106.84 119.56 150.13 Tanialum 0 0.08 0.1 0.16 4.83 5.88 11.43 14.57 19.86 25.37 22.44 31.23 36.52 43.95 59.21 65.08 79.77 88.75 99.32 124.71

Figure 4.5: Material Gain from formal

Terbium 0 0 0 0 Tin 0 5.38 6.18 10.34 Tritium 0 0.08 0.1 0.16 Vanadium 0 0 0 0 Yttrium 0 0 0 0 Zinc 0 10.75 12.36 20.67

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0.02 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.23 0.25 0.3 0.34 0.38 0.48

307.92 374.55 727.96 927.9 1,264.92 1,616.11 1,429.04 1,989.33 2,325.84 2,799.07 3,771.33 4,145.16 5,080.97 5,653.09 6,326.06 7,943.48

4.83 5.88 11.43 14.57 19.86 25.37 22.44 31.23 36.52 43.95 59.21 65.08 79.77 88.75 99.32 124.71

0.06 0.07 0.15 0.19 0.25 0.32 0.29 0.4 0.47 0.56 0.75 0.83 1.02 1.13 1.27 1.59

0.06 0.07 0.15 0.19 0.25 0.32 0.29 0.4 0.47 0.56 0.75 0.83 1.02 1.13 1.27 1.59

615.84 749.09 1,455.92 1,855.79 2,529.85 3,232.23 2,858.08 3,978.66 4,651.68 5,598.15 7,542.66 8,290.33 10,161.95 11,306.19 12,652.12 15,886.96

Figure 4.6: Material Gain from formal

7 CONCLUSIONS This study mainly discusses the recycling situation of personal computers in Bangalore. The aim is to understand the rate of flow pc-waste formal and informal recycling while using the customer awareness and extended producer responsibility. Thus understanding the material gain and hazard caused by the formal and informal recycling is helpful for overall e-waste management and production flowing of personal computer. Additionally, the simulation results also reveal recycling rate and delay time of diverse recycling channels. Finally, the proposed SD model enables government to simulate the effects of policies before their actual implementation. The higher accuracy rate of proposed SD model can be achieved in future studies and extend the applications domain. Reference [1] CPCB, Guidelines for Environmentally sound management of Electronic Waste 21st, 2008. [2] E-Parisaraa Bangalore website: (http://www.ewasteindia.com/) [3] Exploring rationality with system dynamics based simulators [4] Hazardous Waste Management in Idaho: Electronic Waste from website: www.google.com/www.ewaste.cfm. [5] Jay W. Forrester, System Dynamics, Systems Thinking and Soft OR May

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[6] Jay Forrest, Leeds Metropolitan University, U.K. P.O. Box 701488. San Antonio, TX 78720. Time-Related Sources of Model Failure. [7] Krikke J,Recycling e-Waste the sky is the limit. IEEE Professional 2008; 10(1): 50-55. [8] Lu L.T, Wernick I, Hsiao T.Y, Yu Y.H, Yang Y.M, Ma H.W. Balancing the life cycle impact of notebook computer: Taiwans experience. Resources Conservation & Recycling 2006; 48(1): 13-25. [9] L. Martin Cloutier. The Maple Sap Products Industry in Quebec: "An Economic and Production System Dynamics Model" [10] MAIT, IT Industry performance annual review: 2007-2008, Press Conference, New Delhi: July 08, 2008, Website: http://www.mait.com/industry-statistics.php. [11] MAIT, IT Industry performance annual review: 2006-2007, Press Conference, New Delhi: July 19, 2007, Website: http://www.mait.com/industrystatistics.php. [12] MAIT IT Industry performance annual review: 2005-2006, Press Conference, New Delhi: June 29, 2006. [13] MAIT, e-news Industry Performance, Q3 Review: 2008-2009, Website: www.mait.com,searched from First MAIT-GTZ Study reveals extent of e-waste challenge, Website: https://www.businessgyan.com/content/view/3762/169/. [14] ORourke M. Killer Computer Magazine 2004; 51(10): 12-8. the Growing Problem of E-Waste. Risk Management

[15] PC sales cross 7.3 million units growing 16%; Internet users exceed 52 million in 2007-08, http://www.mait.com/admin/press_images/press08-07-08.htm. [16] PC sales in H1 2007-08 exceed 3.28 million units; Notebooks market.http://www.mait.com/admin/press_images/press5-02-08_53.htm. drive the

[17] PC sales in the first-half of 2008-09 cross 3.69 million units; Internet users exceed 54 Million [18] Perry T. Who pays for e-Waste? Washington State sticks manufacturers with recycling tab. IEEE Spectrum 2006; p.14-15. [19] Prahinski C, Kocabasoglu C. Empirical Research Opportunities in Reverse Supply Chains. Omega 2006; 34: 519-531. [20] Shinha-Khetriwal D, Kraeuchi P, Schwaninger M. A comparison of electronic waste recycling in Switzerland and in India. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2005; 25(5): 492-504. [21] Smith J. Being Green Can Make You See Red. Printed Circuit Design & Manufacture 2005; 22(2): 26-29. [22] Swartz N. How to recycle or retire your old pc. Information Management Journal 2004; 38(2): 7. [23] Tibben-Lembke R. Life after death: reverse logistics and the product life cycle. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 2002; 32(3/4): 223-244.

Department of Mechanical Engineering & IEM, S.I.T., Tumkur-03, Karnataka, India

Int. Conf. on Advanced Materials, Manufacturing, Management & Thermal Sciences-2013, May 03-04 ISBN-13 978-81-926304-0-3

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Toxics links website.(www.toxicslink.org/)

Department of Mechanical Engineering & IEM, S.I.T., Tumkur-03, Karnataka, India