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A Hydraulic Machine
Density
Density (kg/m3) Water : 1000 Oil : 900 Air : 1.21 Specific Gravity Water : 1 Oil : 0.9 Air : 0.00121
Bulk Modulus
"p ! #$ "v V
P, V P+"p, V-"v
Viscosity
Viscosity is the measure of the internal friction of a fluid. This friction becomes apparent when a layer of fluid is made to move in relation to another layer. The greater the friction, the greater the amount of force required to cause this movement, which is called "shear. Shearing occurs whenever the fluid is physically moved or distributed, as in pouring, spreading, spraying, mixing, etc. Highly viscous fluids, therefore, require more force to move than less viscous materials.
Viscosity
V2 Force x
V2 $ V1 dv F #% #% x dx
Force per unit Area
Saybolt Viscosimeter
Measures viscosity in SUS or Saybolt Universal Seconds
% &# '
SUS - cS Relation
180 & [cS ] # 0.220 ( SUS $ SUS 135 & [cS ] # 0.220 ( SUS $ SUS SUS ) 100 SUS * 100
Exercise
Oil with a specific gravity of 0.9 has an absolute viscosity of 25 cP. Calculate the kinematic viscosity in centistokes
In short,
% &# +
Electro-hydraulic systems
Design Questions
, the system pressure? , the piston area?
??? Typically 7 - 15 MPa < 1 m/s when p-0 < 6 m/s at high p ??? ???
Basic Formulae
Piston Area
m m 2 Q [ ]# V[ ]A [m ] s s
3 m ![Watt]# Q W [ ]p [Pa] s l ! W[kW]# Q [ ]p [MPa] s
'du du Re # # % &
Hydraulic Pumps
, Piston Pumps/Motors (Swash-Plate Pumps) - high pressure, high-grade applications , Vane Pumps/Motors - medium pressure applications , Gear Pumps/Motors - low pressure applications
Gear Pump
Vane Pump
Pump Efficiencies
Control Valves
,Binary valves or directional control valves affect only the direction of the flow or turn it off completely ,Proportional valves or flow control valves vary the flow by varying the spool position ,Servovalves are similar to proportional valves but provide very high control precision ,Relief Valves divert the flow back to the reservoir if the pressure exceed a set value ,Check valves allow flow in one direction only
4/2 Valve
4 2
1 3 2,4
4/2 DCV NC
Symbols
Solenoid with one winding Double Solenoid Solenoid with spring return Check valve Spring-loaded check valve
1
2/2 DCV
1 3
3/2 DCV NO
1 3
3/2 DCV NC
3
Fixed-Displacement Pump
4/2 DCV NC
Single-acting cylinder
Double-acting cylinder
Pressure Regulator
Filter
Double-acting cylinder
Pushing left
Pushing right
Single-acting cylinder
Regenerative Circuit - 1
Blocked
Regenerative Circuit - 2
Blocked
Regenerative Circuit - 3
Blocked
Rapid Extension
Proportional Valves
Proportional Valves
THE END