Cooling Tower Application, according Treibal

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Data Tower height NTU and HTU Tower area Compensation water Operaqting diagram Cooling tower s hemati

, according Treibal
!e"# $ # 3%#%1#2%14

Index Data &or ooling tower appli ation 'ain eq(ations and res(lts Cooling Tower height) NTU and HTU *ree+ ross se tional s(r&a e o& tower Compensation) elimination) e"aporation and entrainment &ow rates ,q(ili-ri(m (r"e and operation lines . hema

Cooling Tower Application Data This application will be realized with following numerical data (Note 1 ! Data for numerial example /ater &low rate entering the tower Temperat(re o& water entering the tower at the top 526 Dr8 -(l- temperat(re o& air entering the tower /et -(l- temperat(re o& air entering the tower 0o al height a-o"e sea le"el '9:im(m ooling temperat(re will -e de&ined with a di&&erential temperat(re t a-o"e air wet -(l- temp# <ir to water &low rates ratio shall -e =r= times its minim(m possi-le "al(e The ompensation water entering the s8stem wil ha"e temperat(re and will ha"e a hardness The in s8stem ir (lating water so(ld ha"e a ma:im(m hardness 'ass trans&er oe&&i ient in the air <ir mole (lar mass Tower e&&e ti"e heat or mass trans&er s(r&a e 0iq(id (nit mass &low rate <ir (nit mass &low rate t omp 2 daF 2 daF' 2 38F3mol 2 'air 2 a2 0( 2 H( 2 1% 5%% 2%%% 6#2,+%5 2?#@6 5%% 2#7 2#% >C ppm ppm
3mol 4 5 m2Gs6 3g43mol

011 2 t02 2 tdb"1 # twb"1 H2 t 2 r2

15 45 3% 24 % 5 1#5

3g ag(a4s 7C 7C 7C m ;

mA4mB 3g45sGm26 3g45sGm26

Note 1 Casi data has -een ta3en &rom D1E) pages 27?+2?1#

$elp %ariables .tate 01 /ater lea"ing the tower t01 2 tw-H1 O t tbh"1 t 2 t01 2 24 5 2@ ; 7C Compensation water tacomp # 1' dac # )'''

Cooling Tower &chema

021 2 t02 2

.tate H1 <m-ient air entering the tower t-sH1 2 3% 7C t-hH1 H2 24 %#% 7C m

(C ppm

h 2 Is8 hroF,nthalp8Ftd-Ftw-FH h2 KL<0U,M 3N43g

: 2 Is8 hroF<-sol(teH(midit8Ftd-Ftw-FH

:2

KL<0U,M

3g4lg

'ass trans&er oe&&i ient 'ass trans&er oe&&i ient in the air 38F3mol 2 6#2,+%5 3mol 4 5 m2Gs6 <ir mole (lar mass 'air 2 2?#@6 3g43mol 'as trans&er per 3ilogram 38 2 38F3mol G 'air 38F3mol 2 'air 2 38 2 Irod( t ;8Ga ;8Ga 2 38 2 a2 ;8Ga 2 6#2,+%5 2?#@6 %#%%1?
3mol 4 5 m2Gs6 3g43mol 3g 4 5 m2Gs6

Blowdown water:
da* #

;8Ga %#%%1? 5%% %#@%

3g 4 5 m2Gs6

mA4mB 3g 4 5 m3Gs6

J2

27%

!e"# $ # 3%#%1#2%14

ooling Tower &chema

15 45 /ater

3g 4 s 7C <ir

L2

H2

Torre en&riadora

L1
/ater

H1 G1

tdb"1 # twb"1 <ir

3% 24

7C 7C

Blowdown water: B
)''' ppm

!e"# $ # 3%#%1#2%14

Cooling Tower height Tower pac+ing height ,)The pa 3ing height 5l6 o& a tower an -e al (lated as Number of Transfer Units

Z = HTU NTU
with

D1E) eq# 57#536) page 276

The number of transfer units ( is calculated by numerical inte "heet #2!$ NTU# %resents a ca e&am%le of the NTU! 'esult of NTU e&am%le (shee NTU ( NTU (

HTU =

QS M B k y a A

and

NTU =

1 dI y ( ) I I y,i y I y,b

I y ,a

D1E) eq# 57#546) page 277

Height o& Trans&er Unit =HTU=

HTU =
DmE D3g4sE D3g43molE D3mol45mARs6E DmA4mBE DmAE DN43gE DN43gE

QS M B k y a A

PQ J. 2L Q 'C Q 38 Q aQ <Q S8 Q S8)i Q HTU Q NTU Q .(-s ripts CQ 8Q aQ -Q iQ

Tower pa 3ing height &low rate o& dr8 air 5is a onstat6 molar mass o& air mass trans&er oe&&i ient in the air e&&e ti"e heat or mass trans&er s(r&a e &ree ross+se tional s(r&a e o& the tower enthalp8 in the air phase 2 enthalp8 o& h(mid air 5in the -(l3 phase6 enthalp8 in the air phase 5iQ at ther -o(ndar8) that is) in sat(rated ondition6 Height o& Trans&er Unit N(m-er o& Trans&er Units

HTU 2 HTU 2 Tower pa 3ing height P2 HTU 2 NTU 2 P2

dr8 air air phase 2 h(mid air top o& the tower -ottom o& the tower orresponds to the -o(ndar8 5i#e#) sat(rated state6

!e"# $ # 3%#%1#2%14

umber of Transfer Units

he number of transfer units (NTU) calculated by numerical inte tation! heet #2!$ NTU# %resents a calculation &am%le of the NTU!

esult of NTU e&am%le (sheet NTU) (hL.a $ hL.b) / N 0 f(&) )*+LU,- $

eight o& Trans&er Unit =HTU=

HTU =

QS M B k y a A
H. 4 5'C G 38 G a G <6 KL<0U,M m

ower pa 3ing height HTU G NTU KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

m + m

NT. and $T. calculations column 1 /ater temperat(re at inlet o& tower t02 2 45 7C /ater temperat(re at tower o(tlet t01 2 2@ 7C !angeQ t02 + t01 column ) ,q(ili-ri(m (r"e &or sat(rated air# This (r"e is hair)sat 2 &5t6 where the &(n tion
hair)sat 2 Is8 hroF,nthalp8Ftd-FH(m!elFH

has -een (sed The (r"e strats at point

N(m-er o& se tions 3 52@)@6#46 The range will -e di"ided in a n(m-er =N=and ends at point o& se tions N2 4 545)21?#26 6

Col(mn 1 starts with temperat(re =t02= and ends with temperat(re =t01=# Cetween -oth temperat(res) =N+1= temperat(res are inserted to de&ine the N se tions# <ll se tion are de&ined with the same temperat(re di&&erential# Temperat(re di&&erential t0 2 t02 + t01 t02 2 t01 2 t0 2 45 2@ 16 column / Operation line &or r 2 1 where =r= is the ratio -etween the a t(al mass &low rate and the minim(m &low rate# The line strts at a point de&ined -8 the inlet air properties 5point 1 in operating 7C 7C 7C ; .tate H1 5Ioint 16 td-H1 2 2@ tw-H2 2 24 7C diagram6 also alled state =H1=

.e tion temperat(re in rement t0F.e t 2 t0 4 N t0 2 N2 t0F.e t 2 16 6 2#67 ; + ;

7C H2 % m : 2 Is8 H1 hroF<-sol(teH(midit8Ftd-Ftw-FH :H1 2 hH1 2 KL<0U,M KL<0U,M 3g43g 3N43g

Temperat(re at point =iO1= tiO1 2 ti O t0Fse t

Table 1! Tower pac+in

1 2 3 ,q(ili-ri(m Operation (r"e &or line &or sat(rated air# r21 3a 4 Operation line &or r 2 1#5 5

h 2
hair)sat +hopFr21

h 2
hair)sat +hopFr21#5

t0

hair)sat

hoperFr21

hoperFr21#5

25 25#5
Top#526

3N43g KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

3N43g

3N43g

3N43g

3N43g

45 42#33 3@#67 37#%% 34#33 31#67 2@

KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

Cottom 516

Sn Operating diagram 5sheet 66 t H >C 3N43g Ioint 1Q 2@ KL<0U,M Ioint 2Q 45 KL<0U,M Ioint 21Q 45 KL<0U,M Ioint 3Q 2@ KL<0U,M Ioint 4Q 45 KL<0U,M

0ine 1+2Q Operation line &or r 2 1 0ine 1+21Q Operation line &or r 2 1#5 0ine 3+4Q ,q(ili-ri(m 5sat(ration6 line

*rom ol(mn 3a) is possi-le to see that the di&&eren es -etween the ,q(ili-ri(m (r"e and the operation line &or r 2 1 are "er8 small 5%#53 3N43g6 at a ertain temperat(re 53@#67 >C6# Th(s) this operation line is near eno(gh a minim(m &low rate line# Sn the operating diagram &ig(re 5sheet 66) the operating line &or r 2 1 appears to -e tangent with the ,q(ili-ri(m (r"e# This &a t "is(aliTes that this line is lose eno(gh to the real minim(m &low rate# The ondition o& tangen 8 -etween these two (r"es) is d(e to the &a t that i& the operating line wo(ld ross the eq(ili-ri(m line) it wo(ld not -e possi-le to ha"e mass trans&er in this region#

$eight of tower pac+ing

N(m-er o& Trans&er Units =NTU= *rom Trei-al) ,q(ation 57+516

' GS dH ' Z= ' ' ky a H ' Hi H

1

' H2

[ m]

57#51a6

I y ,a

NTU =
57#51-6

dH ' NTU = ' ' ' Hi H H

1

' H2

I y ,b

1 dI y I y ,i I y

The n(merial integration o& NTU is per&ormed -8 means o& the trapeToidal integration method# < ording this method) the integration

where H12 and H11 are the enthalpies o& the air+water mi:t(re &or the a t(al ase)

that is) in this ase &or r 2 1#5#

is realiTed as it is shown in the ol(mns 6) 7 and ?# The &inal e"al(ation is done a &ollowing eq(ation ording

G'S HTU = [m] k ya

57#51 6

Z = HTUNTU [ m ]
<lso

57#51d6

NTU =
NTU 2 where h0FinFr21#5 2

hL _ a hL _ b 2 N

f ( x)

5h0Fa + h0F-6 452G N6 G KL<0U,M KL<0U,M 6 KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

HTU =

GS M Bk yaA

h0Fo(t2r21#52 N2 &5:6 2 NTU 2

N(meri al res(lts shown are &rom ne:t al (lation sheets#

Tre8-al D2E res(lt is NTU 2 3#25 The di&&eren e omes &rom the "al(es o& the ps8 hrometri properties# Tre8-al ta3es its "al(es &rom graphi s) and in the e:ample are ta3en &orm ps8 hrometri &(n tios# <lso) the n(meri al integration method is not indi ated#

Comparison between the example calculation table and the tab0le from Treibal Calculation table, using ps1chrometric functions! 2 3 4 5 6 C(r"a de 0Unea de 0Unea de eq(ili-rio para opera iVn opera iVn h 2 14h aire sat(rado para r 2 1 para r 2 1#5

t
25 25#5 2@ 31#67 34#33 37#%% 3@#67 42#33 45#%%

hair)sat
3N43g KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

hoperFr21
3N43g

hoperFr21#5
3N43g

hair)sat +hopFr21#5

3N43g

1453N43g6

72 @6 11@ 143 166 1@% 213

72 ?7#7 1%3#4 11@#1 134#@ 15%#6 166#27

KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

2 C(r"a de

3 0Unea de

Ta-le &rom Tre8-al D1E) page 2?% 4 5 0Unea de

eq(ili-rio para opera iVn aire sat(rado para r 2 1

opera iVn para r 2 1#5

h 2
hair)sat +hopFr21#5

14h 1453N43g6

t
25 25#5 2@ 31#67 34#33 37#%% 3@#67 42#33 45#%%

hair)sat
3N43g KL<0U,M KL<0U,M 1%%#% 114#% 12@#? 147#% 166#? 1@1#% 216#%

hoperFr21
3N43g

hoperFr21#5
3N43g

3N43g

72 @6 11@ 143 166 1@% 213

72 @2#% 1%6#5 121#% 135#5 14@#5 163#5%

2?#% 22#% 23#3 26#% 31#3 41#5 52#5

%#%357 %#%455 %#%42@ %#%3?5 %#%31@ %#%241 %#%1@%

The line ends in a point de&ined -8 the properties o& the lea"ing sat(tared air Ioint 21 ,stado H21 t-sH2 2 &2 H2 45 1%% % 7C W m

.lope o& line with r 2 1#5 .2m2 0 G Cpw 4 Hs 57#546 02 15 3g4s Cpw 2 Hs 2 .2 ,:it enthalp8 .2 hH2 2 hH1 2 .2 t-sH2 2 t-sH1 2 hH2 2 column 2 5hH2 + hH16 4 5t-sH2 + t-sH16 hH1 O . G 5t-sH2 + t-sH16 KL<0U,M KL<0U,M 45 2@ KL<0U,M N43g 53N43g64; 7C 7C N43g 4#1?6? KL<0U,M KL<0U,M 3N453gG;6 3g as4s 53N43g64;

<ir &low rate *rom heat -alan e H air = H Liquid 2 : top 1 : bottom

GS ( hG 2 hG1 ) = L c pw ( t L 2 t L1 ) GS = L c pw

hH2 2 Is8 hroF,nthalp8Ftd-FH(m!elFH

hH21 2 KL<0U,M 3N43g The operation line&or r 2 1) is the straight line 1#21) onQ where r2H r4 2H H 4H min .lope o& operation line witrh r 2 1 .r21 2 5hH21 + hH16 4 5t02 + t016 hH21 2 hH1 2 t02 2 t01 2 KL<0U,M KL<0U,M 45 2@ 3N43g 3N43g 7C 7C

( hG 2 hG1 )

( t L 2 t L1 )

h h m = G 2 G1 ( t L 2 t L1 ) GS = L c pw m

D1E) ,q) 57#546) page 277

H. Q gas &low rate D3g as4 sE

.r21 2 KL<0U,M 53N43g64; H. 2 Hr21 2 14m G 0 G pw 57#546 . m2 r21 .r21 2 m2 02 Cpw 2 Hr21 2 column 5 Operation line &or r 2 1#5 KL<0U,M KL<0U,M 15 4#1?6? KL<0U,M 3g ag(a4s 3N453gG;6 3g as4s 53N43g64;

Dri"ing enthalp8 di&&eren e at a point =i= hH2 Q e:it air enthalp8 5top6 D3N43gE hH1 Q inlet air enthalp8a 5-ottom6 D3N43gE hair)satFi +hopFr21#5Fi hi 2 column 3 !e ipro o& dri"ing enthalp8 di&&eren e column 4 Coe&&i ients &or n(meri al integration Ci 2 1 at -oth ends 2 in the other elements

0Q liq(id &low rate D3g4 sE# 5ass(med ons Q liq(id spe i&i heat D3N453gG;6E pw t02 Q inlet water temperat(re 5top6 D>CE

t01 Q e:ir water temperat(re 5-ottom6 D>C

The line starts &rom the same point 1 column 6 the properties at the inlet de&ined as the N(meri al integration elements &5:i6 2 Ci G 514hi6 state H1# Hs 2 r2 Hr21 2 Hs 2 r G Hr21 1#5 KL<0U,M KL<0U,M 3g as4s 3g as4s

Table 1! Tower pac+ing height calculation

6 7 N(meri al integration oe&&i ient ? <ir onditions in the tower)&or r 2 1 Conditions at the -ottom o& the tower 5point =1= in diagram6 Ioint =1=

14h

Ci

&5:6

t-s1 2

2@#%

7C

5Col(mn 16

1453N43g6

KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

1 2 2 2 2 2 1 &5:6 2

KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

KL<0U,M 3N43g 5Col(mn 36 Conditions at the top o& the tower 5point 21 in diagram6 Ioint 21 t-s21 2 45 7C 5Col(mn 16 h21 2 KL<0U,M 3N43g 5Col(mn 36

hH1 2

s&er Units =NTU=

Height o& Trans&er Unit =HTU=

Height o& Trans&er Unit =HTU=

q(ation 57+516

1 dI y I y ,i I y

GS HTU = k ya

'

HTU =
HTU 2 with Hs 2 'C 2

GS M Bk yaA

H. 4 5'C G 38 G a G <6 KL<0U,M 2?#@6 6#2,+%5 5%% KL<0U,M

tegration o& NTU is HTU 2 H1. Q 38Ga Q H1. 45 38 G a6 2#% %#@ 3g45mAGs6 3g 4 5 m Gs6
3

eans o& the trapeToidal

38F3mol 2 a2 <2

method) the integration

is shown in the ol(mns

HTU 2

2#2

HTU 2

KL<0U,M

ation is done a

ording

Tre8-al D2E res(lt is HTU 2 2#2 Height o& pa 3ing tower

J. Q 'C Q 38 Q aQ <Q

&low rate o& dr8 air 5is a onstat6 molar mass o& air mass trans&er oe&&i ient in the air e&&e ti"e heat or mass trans&er s(r&a e &ree ross+se tional s(r&a e o& the tower

a hL _ b

2 N

f ( x)
3N43g 3N43g

Z = HTUNTU
P2 HTU 2 NTU 2 P2 HTU G NTU 2#2 KL<0U,M KL<0U,M m m

0Fa

+ h0F-6 452G N6 G &5:6

Tre8-al D2E res(lt is P2 7#22 +

+ omes &rom the "al(es o& ri properties# Tre8-al &rom graphi s) and in e ta3en &orm ps8 hrometri he n(meri al integration

from Treibal

TrapeToidal n(meri al integration r(le

b

functions! 7 N(meri al integration oe&&i ient ?

a i i

f ( x) dx

ba N 2 N k =1

fk

= 1 para i = 1 y N = 2 para i = 2 ... ( N 1)

5h0Fa + h0F-6 452G N6 G &5:6 166#3 72#% 6 KL<0U,M KL<0U,M 3N43g 3N43g

Ci

&5:6

NTU25h02 + h01642GNG 5&5:16 O 2G&5:26 O 2G&5:36 O X#O 2G&5:N+16 O &5:N6 6

1 2 2 2 2 2 1 &5:6 2

KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

NTU 2 where h0FinFr21#5 2 h0Fo(t2r21#52 N2 &5:6 2 NTU 2

% 7 N(meri al ?

integration oe&&i ient

Ci

&5:6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 &5:6 2

%#%3575 %#%4545 %#%42@2 %#%3?46 %#%31@5 %#%241% %#%1@%5 %#23767

Tre8-al ta-le di&&ers &rom the al (lation ta-le in the "al(es o& the psi hrometri properties# <dditional8) Trei-al (ses a di&&erent n(meri al integration method) where the n(meri al integration oe&&i ienst are not req(ired 5or Ci 2 16 The n(meri al integration (sed is not indi ated and Tre8-al gi"es as a &inal res(lt a NTU "al(e NTU 2 3#25 +

!e"# $ # 3%#%1#2%14

Iage 1 o& 4

id

t L1 ) G 2 hG1 )

= L c pw ( t L 2 t L1 )

L2

te D3g as4 sE

halp8 5top6 D3N43gE

thalp8a 5-ottom6 D3N43gE

e D3g4 sE# 5ass(med onstant6 &i heat D3N453gG;6E

emperat(re 5top6 D>CE

emperat(re 5-ottom6 D>CE

!e"# $ # 3%#%1#2%14

Iage 2 o& 4

=1= in diagram6

Iage 3 o& 4

&er Unit =HTU=

GS M Bk yaA
4 5'C G 38 G a G <6 3g as4s 3g43mol
3mol 4 5 m2Gs6

mA4mB mA

w rate o& dr8 air 5is a onstat6

D3g4sE D3g43molE D3mol45mARs6E DmA4mBE DmAE

lar mass o& air

ss trans&er oe&&i ient in the air

e ti"e heat or mass trans&er s(r&a e

'i roso&t ,ditor de e (a iones 3#%

e ross+se tional s(r&a e o& the tower

Iage 4 o& 4

'i roso&t ,ditor de e (a iones 3#%

HTU

Trei-al ,q(ation 57+516

HTU =

! MB ky a A
L 4 5'C G 38 G a G <6 56#?4 2?#@6 6#2,+%5 5%% 5#33 3g as4s 3g43mol
3mol 4 5 m2Gs6

HTU 2 with L2 'C 2 38F3mol 2 a2 <2

mA4mB mA

HTU 2

11#@

roso&t ,ditor de e (a iones 3#%

Tower height l2 NTU G HTU NTU 2 4#25 HTU 2 11#@ l2 5%#4 L2 HG< H2 1%#66 5#33 56#?4

+ m m 3g as45sGmA6 mA 3g as4s

H1. 45 38 G a6 2 3g45mAGs6

7ree8cross sectional surface of tower

<rea o& ross se tional s(r&a e 02 0( G <

.eleted area *rom -orh res(lts) the smallest "al(e sho(ld -e sele ted) to ens(re that the "al(e o& the prod( t =38Ga= has at least the indi ated "al(e o& 38Ga 2 .o <2 %#@% KL<0U,M

0Q liq(id &low rate D3g4sE 0( Q (nit &low rate 5&or (nit o& ross se tional s(r&a e6Q D3g4 5 mAGs6E <Q area o& ross se tion <2 02 0( 2 <2 0 4 0( 15 2#7 5#56

3g4s 3g45mAGs6 mA

Using the gas &low rate H. 4 H.( <2 HQ gas rate D3g4sE H( Q (nit &low rate 5&or (nit o& ross se tional s(r&a e6Q D3g4 5 mAGs6E <Q area o& ross se tion Hs 2 KL<0U,M 3g as4s H.( 2 2 3g45mAGs6 <2 KL<0U,M mA

!e"# $ # 3%#%1#2%14

lts) the smallest "al(e

ted) to ens(re that the d( t =38Ga= has at least

3g 4 5 m3Gs6 mA

Compensation water Cosidering a ompensation and a ontin(o(s elimination) the mass -alan e is ,ntrainment loss rate =/=) water that is -eing transported with the e:it air) lea"ing &rom de top o& the tower as a loss o& water# ,"aporation rate =,=) water that is e"apotated in the air &low prod( ing 5-6 de ooling o& the water &low *rom eq(ation 5d6 <ppli ation 90aporation rate :9:

M = B + # +"
< water hardness -alan e is

5a6

M daM = ( B + " ) da$

and there&ore

1#+ <-sol(te h(midit8 o& e:it air <ss(ming that the lea"ing air is sat(rated at Ioint =O= O =

B + # +" = B B B
5# 6

M =

( B + " ) da$
daM

da$ da +" $ daM daM

da$ da = " $ # " daM daM

The enthalp8 at this point) &rom th al (lation Ta-le 1) is hO 2 <ss(ming initiall8 a temperat(re " tO 2

,liminating ' &rom 5a6 and 5# 6

B + # +" =

( B + " ) da$
daM
5d6

da$ B 1 da M da$ B 1 da M

da$ da$ = " da # " da M M da$ da$ = " da " da # M M

the orresponding enthalp8 &or th ass(med temperat(re is with tO 2 O =

' Q ompensation rate D3g4hE C Q elimination rate , Q e"aporation rate D3g4hE D3g4hE

da$ da$ B 1 da = " da 1 # M M da$ da$ B 1 da = " 1 da # M M B = " # da 1 $ daM

H2 h2 Now) (sing .ol"er) &ind a "al(e o& temperat(re t

/ith al (lated e:it air temperat( an -e -e al (lated t2 O = H2 :a2 2 2#+ <-sol(te h(midit8 o& inlet air *rom sheet 2 :a1 2 3#+ H(midit8 hange :2+1 2 :a2 2 :a1 2 :2+1 2

the orresponding a-sol(te h(mid

/ Q entrainment loss rate D3g4hE daC Q hardness weight &ra tion o& ir (lating water D3g43gE or DppmE da' Q hardness weight &ra tion o& ompensation water D3g43gE or DppmE
,limination rate =C=) req(ired to repla e water with a ma:im(m allowa-le salts ontent with &resh water with the in this water e:isting salt ontent# This is alled the ompensation rate#

B = "

# daM da$ daM # da$ daM daM

B = " +

B = #

daM " da$ daM

B = #

daM " da$ daM

5e6

,ntrainment water H. G :2+1 ,2 Dr8 air &low rate 5sheet 26 Hs 2 KL<0U,M :2+1 2 KL<0U,M ,2 KL<0U,M

0aporation rate :9:

3g as4s 3g43g 3g4s

/ater

+ <-sol(te h(midit8 o& e:it air ss(ming that the lea"ing air is -asi all8 at(rated at Ioint =O= 9ntrainment loss :;:

1%% W he enthalp8 at this point) &rom the al (lation Ta-le 1) is

To estimate the entrainment losses) one ass(mes that these losses are a per entage Y/ o& the water &low rate Y0 2 %#2 The water &low rate is 02 /2 02 Y0 2 /2 15 0 G Y0 15 %#%%2 %#%3% W 3g4s Compensation water 3g4s + 3g4s

KL<0U,M 3N43g ss(ming initiall8 a temperat(re "al(e

3% >C e orresponding enthalp8 &or this ss(med temperat(re is with 4%#% >C

M, daM

1%% W % m#a#s#l# KL<0U,M 3N43g ow) (sing .ol"er) &ind a "al(e o& the mperat(re tO to o-tain that h 2 hO

9limination rate :<: , G 5 da' 4 5daC + da'6 6 + / C2 ,2 /2 daF' 2 daF 2 C2 KL<0U,M %#%3% 5%% 2%%% KL<0U,M 3g4s 3g4s ppm ppm 3g4s

/ith al (lated e:it air temperat(re

e orresponding a-sol(te h(midit8 >C W m#a#s#l# 3g43g

an -e -e al (lated 4%#% 1%% % KL<0U,M

Compensation rate :*: 5C O /6 G daC 4 da' '2 C2 / daF 2 daF' 2 *# KL<0U,M %#%3% 2%%% 5%% =%A>.9? 3g4s 3g4s ppm ppm +g@s

+ <-sol(te h(midit8 o& inlet air KL<0U,M 3g43g

rom sheet 2

+ H(midit8 hange :a2 + :a1 KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

3g43g 3g43g 3g43g 3g43g

!e"# $ # 3%#%1#2%14

,ntrainment water

W, daC

'i roso&t ,ditor de e (a iones 3#%

H2 Cooling tower

01

H1

<ir

B, daC
,limination water

Aperation Diagram
1 12!2 2 3 C(r"a de 0Unea de eq(ili-rio para opera iVn aire sat(rado para r 2 1 3a Diagram 4 5 6Tower Operation of Cooling h 2
hair)sat +hopFr21

0Unea de opera iVn para r 2 1#5

h 2
hair)sat +h 4opFr21#5

14h

t0
12!2 25#% 25#5 2@#% 31#7 6!2 34#3 37#% 3@#7 42#3 5!2 45#%

hair)sat
3N43g KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

hoperFr21
3N43g

hoperFr21#5
3N43g

3N43g

3N43g 2<

1453N43g6

Ent alp! air"#apor [$%&$g da]

,7uilibrium for saturated air KL<0U,M cur8e; KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

KL<0U,M KL<0U,M 2 KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M

3
4!2 :%eratin line with r ( 1!1

,7uilibrium cur8e 9olumn , :%! L! r (

1 :%eratin line with

2!2 r(1

2!2 21!2

32!2

31!2 42!2 Liquid temperature [C]

41!2

12!2

ng Tower 7

? H1 5gas+"apor mi:t(re6 3N43g as

N(meri al integration oe&&i ient

Ci

&5:6
H1G2 4

KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M KL<0U,M ,7uilibrium 1 cur8e KL<0U,M &5:6 29olumn KL<0U,M , :%! L! r ( 1!1

1 2 2 2 2 2

H12
( t L , H *)

(t , H )
i ' i

T '

" U

(t

,H'

H1G1 H11

1 0iq(id temperat(re t tL1 tL2

12!2

!e"# $ # 3%#%1#2%14

0iq(id temperat(re tL >C

Cooling tower schematic ,/-

D1E

Opera iones de trans&eren ia de masa 24e !o-ert ,# Tre8-al ' Hraw Hill)2%%3

Iage 274# ,n&riamiento de ag(a on aire

'i roso&t ,ditor de e (a iones 3#%

D1E

Opera iones de trans&eren ia de masa 24e !o-ert ,# Tre8-al ' Hraw Hill) 2%%3

D2E

D3E httpQ44li-rar8#3&(pm#ed(#sa4S.S42%%645+2%%6#pd&

Bac+ing height and free8cross sectional surface of a tower D2E 1!8 Bac+ing height The pa 3ing height o& a tower an -e al (lated a ording D2E) eq(ation 5656

Z=

%S M Bk yaA

I y&a

I y &b

1 dI y ( I y & i I y )

P2SQ J. 2L Q 'C Q 38 Q aQ <Q S8 Q S8)i Q

Tower pa 3ing height &low rate o& dr8 air 5is a onstat6 molar mass o& air

Naming the &irst term as =Height o& Trans&er Unit 5HTU6 =

HTU =

! MB ky a A

mass trans&er oe&&i ient in the air e&&e ti"e heat or mass trans&er s( &ree ross+se tional s(r&a e o& the

enthalp8 in the air phase 2 enthal 5in the -(l3 phase6

and the se ond term as the N(m-ert o& Trans&er Units 5NTU6

enthalp8 in the air phase 5iQ at the that is) in sat(rated ondition6 Height o& Trans&er Unit N(m-er o& Trans&er Units

I y ,a

HTU Q NTU Q

NTU =

I y ,b

1 dI y I y ,i I y

.(-s ripts CQ 8Q aQ -Q iQ

the pa 3inh height -e omes

Z = HTUNTU

dr8 air air phase 2 h(mid air top o& the tower -ottom o& the tower orresponds to the -o(ndar8 5i#e#

'i roso&t ,ditor de e (a iones 3#%

ower pa 3ing height

DmE D3g4sE D3g43molE D3mol45mARs6E DmA4mBE DmAE DN43gE

ow rate o& dr8 air 5is a onstat6

olar mass o& air

ass trans&er oe&&i ient in the air &e ti"e heat or mass trans&er s(r&a e ee ross+se tional s(r&a e o& the tower

nthalp8 in the air phase 2 enthalp8 o& h(mid air n the -(l3 phase6

nthalp8 in the air phase 5iQ at ther -o(ndar8) at is) in sat(rated ondition6

eight o& Trans&er Unit (m-er o& Trans&er Units

r phase 2 h(mid air p o& the tower ottom o& the tower orresponds to the -o(ndar8 5i#e#) sat(rated state6