CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled FACE RECOGNITION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK being submitted by Ms. Latika Parashar (IV B. Tech., VIII Sem.) for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics

Engineering of Arya college of engineering & research centre,kukas Jaipur is a record of the Seminar delivered by her.

Prof. Manish Raverkar (Head, EC) Date: Place: Jaipur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The compilation of this seminar would not have been possible without the support and guidance of the following people and organization .With my deep sense of gratitude ,I think my respected teachers for supporting this topic of my seminar. This seminar report provides me with an opportunity to put into knowledge of advanced technology. I thereby take the privilege opportunity to thank my guide and my friends whose help and guidance made this study a possibility. As a student, I learnt many things but unless I put all with the practical knowledge as to how things really work and what are the problems generally arise, I cannot expect to be an efficient student. So I think summer project is an indispensable part of the course. His dedication & sincerity towards the project helped me a lot in completion of project report and gave it the present attractive look. Last but not the least, I would again like to express my sincere thanks to all project guides for their constant friendly guidance during the entire stretch of this report. Every new step I took was due to their persistent enthusiastic backing and I acknowledge this with a deep sense of gratitude.

Ms. Latika Parashar ( IV B.Tech. , VIII Sem.)

ABSTRACT
The information age is quickly revolutionizing the way transactions are completed. Everyday actions are increasingly being handled electronically, instead of with pencil and paper or face to face. This growth in electronic transactions has resulted in a greater demand for fast and accurate user identification and authentication. Access codes for buildings, banks accounts identification and security

and computer systems often use PIN's for clearances.

Using the proper PIN gains access, but the user of the PIN is not verified. When credit and ATM cards are lost or stolen, an unauthorized user can often come up with the correct personal codes. Despite warning , many people continue to choose easily guessed PIN's and passwords: birthdays, phone

numbers and social security numbers. Recent cases of identity theft have hightened the nee for methods to prove that someone is truly who he/she claims to be. Face recognition technology may solve this problem since a face is undeniably connected to its owner expect in the case of identical twins. Its nontransferable. The system can then compare scans to records stored in a central or local database or even on a smart card.

CONTENTS
Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Topics Introduction to A.N.N. Resemblence with brain ... Structure of neural network... Architecture of neural networks ... Face recognition using A.N.N. ... Capturing of image by standard video cameras.. Components of face recognition systems ..... Performance..... Implementation of face recognition technology.. .. How face recognition systems work ..... The software ..... Advantages and disadvantages of face recognition Applications ..... Conclusion ..... Bibliography..... Page No. 6 7-8 9-10 11-12 13-16 17-19 20-21 22 23-25 26-27 28-29 30 31 32 33

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUNCTION
A neural network is a powerful data modeling tool that is able to capture and represent complex input/output relationships . In the broader sense, a neural network is a collection of mathematical models that emulate some of the observed properties of biological nervous systems and draw on the analogies of adaptive biological learning. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements that are analogous to neurons and are tied together with weighted connections that are analogous to synapses. To be more clear, let us study the model of a neural network with the help of figure.1. The most common neural network model is the multilayer perceptron (MLP). It is composed of hierarchical layers of neurons arranged so that information flows from the input layer to the output layer of the network. The goal of this type of network is to create a model that correctly maps the input to the output using historical data so that the model can then be used to produce the output when the desired output is unknown.

Figure 1.1. Graphical representation of MLP

CHAPTER 2. RESEMBLENCE WITH BRAIN

The brain is principally composed of about 10 billion neurons , each connected to about 10,000 other neurons. Each neuron receives electrochemical inputs from other neurons at the dendrites. If the sum of these electrical inputs is sufficiently powerful to activate the neuron, it transmits an electrochemical signal along the axon, and passes this signal to the other neurons whose dendrites are attached at any of the axon terminals. These attached neurons may then fire. So, our entire brain is composed of these interconnected electro-chemical

transmitting neurons. From a very large number of extremely simple processing units (each performing a weighted sum of its inputs, and then firing a binary signal if the total input exceeds a certain level) the brain manages to perform extremely complex tasks. This is the model on which artificial neural networks are based. Neural network is a sequence of neuron layers. A neuron is a building block of a neural net. It is very loosely based on the brain's nerve cell. Neurons will receive inputs via weighted links from other neurons. This inputs will be processed according to the neurons activation function. Signals are then passed on to other neurons. In a more practical way, neural networks are made up of interconnected processing elements called units which are equivalent to the brains counterpart ,the neurons. Neural network can be considered as an artificial system that could perform "intelligent" tasks similar to those performed by the human brain. Neural networks resemble the human brain in the following ways:

1. 2. 3.

A neural network acquires knowledge through learning. A neural network's knowledge is stored within inter-neuron connection strengths known as synaptic weights. Neural networks modify own topology just as neurons in the brain can die and new synaptic connections grow.

Graphically let us compare a artificial neuron and a neuron of a brain with the help of figures 2.1 and 2.2 given below

Figure 2.1. Neuron of an artificial neural network

Figure2.2.Neuron of a brain

CHAPTER 3. STRUCTURE OF NEURAL NETWORK

According to Frank Rosenblatts theory in 1958 ,the basic element of a neural network is the perceptron, which in turn has 5 basic elements: an n-vector input, weights, summing function, threshold device, and an output. Outputs are in the form of -1 and/or +1. The threshold has a setting which governs the output based on the summation of input vectors. If the summation falls below the threshold setting, a -1 is the output. If the summation exceeds the threshold setting, +1 is the output. Figure 3.1 depicts the structure of a basic perceptron which is also called artificial neuron.

Figure 3.1. Artificial Neuron ( Perceptron)

The perceptron can also be dealt as a mathematical model of a biological neuron. While in actual neurons the dendrite receives electrical signals from the axons of other neurons, in the perceptron these electrical signals are represented as numerical values. A more technical investigation of a single neuron perceptron shows that it can have an input vector X of N dimensions (as illustrated in figure.5). These inputs go through a vector W of Weights of N dimension. Processed by the Summation Node, "a" is generated where "a" is the "dot product" of vectors X and W plus a Bias. "A" is then processed through an activation function which compares the value of "a" to a predefined Threshold. If "a" is below the Threshold, the perceptron will not fire. If it is above the Threshold, the perceptron will fire one 8

pulse whose amplitude is predefined.

Figure 3.2. Mathematical model of a perceptron

CHAPTER 4. ARCHITECTURE OF NEURAL NETWORK

4.1.Feed-forward networks:Feed-forward ANNs allow signals to travel one way only; from input to output. There is no feedback (loops) i.e. the output of any layer does not affect that same layer. Feedforward ANNs tend to be straight forward networks that associate inputs with outputs. They are extensively used in pattern recognition. This type of organisation is also referred to as bottom-up or top-down.

4.2.Feed-back networks:Feed-back networks can have signals travelling in both directions by introducing loops in the network. Feedback networks are very powerful and can get extremely complicated. Feedback networks are dynamic; their 'state' is changing continuously until they reach an equilibrium point. They remain at the equilibrium point until the input changes and a new equilibrium needs to be found. Feedback architectures are also referred to as interactive or recurrent, although the latter term is often used to denote feedback connections in single-layer organisations.

4.3.Network layers:The commonest type of artificial neural network consists of three groups, or layers, of units: a layer of input units is connected to a layer of hidden units , which is connected to a layer of output units. 1.The activity of the input units represents the raw information that is fed into the network. 2. The activity of each hidden unit is determined by the activities of the input units and the weights on the connections between the input and the hidden units. 3. The behavior of the output units depends on the activity of the hidden units and the weights between the hidden and output units. This simple type of network is interesting because the hidden units are free to construct their own representations of the input. The weights between the input and hidden units determine when each hidden unit is active, and so by modifying these weights, a hidden unit can choose what it represents. We also distinguish single-layer and multi-layer architectures. The single-layer organisation, in which all units are connected to one another, constitutes the most general case 10

and is of more potential computational power than hierarchically structured multi-layer organisations. In multi-layer networks, units are often numbered by layer, instead of following a global numbering.

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CHAPTER 5. FACE RECOGNITION USING NEURAL NETWORKS

5.1. Introduction
Face recognition is becoming a very promising tool for automatic multimedia content analysis and for a content based indexing video retrieval system. The video raw data is first automatically segmented into shots and from the content-related image segments, salient features such as region shape, intensity, color, texture and motion descriptors are extracted and used for indexing and retrieving information. In order to allow queries at a higher semantic level, Image pre-processing and normalization is significant part of face recognition systems. Changes in lighting conditions produces dramatically decrease of recognition performance. If an image is low contrast and dark, we wish to improve its contrast and brightness. The widespread histogram equalization cannot correctly improve all parts of the image. When the original image is irregularly illuminated, some details on resulting image will remain too bright or too dark. Three main tasks of face recognition may be named: document control, access control, and database retrieval. The term document control means the verification of a human by comparison his/her actual camera image with a document photo. Access control is the most investigated task in the field. Such systems compare the portrait of a tested person with photos of people who have access permissions to joint used object.

5.2.Biometrics
A biometric is a unique, measurable characteristic of a human being that can be used to automatically recognize an individual or verify an individuals identity. Biometrics can measure both physiological and behavioral

characteristics. Physiological biometrics (based on measurements and data derived from direct measurement of a part of the human body) include: 1. Finger-scan 2. Facial Recognition 3. Iris-scan 4. Retina-scan 5. Hand-scan Behavioral biometrics (based on measurements and data derived from an action) include: 1. Voice-scan 12

2. Signature-scan 3. Keystroke-scan A biometric system refers to the integrated hardware and software used to conduct biometric identification or verification. Why we choose face recognition over other biometric? There are a number reasons to choose face recognition. This includes the following : 1. It requires no physical inetraction on behalf of the user. 2. It is accurate and allows for high enrolment and verification rates. 3. It does not require an expert to interpret the comparison result. 4. It can use your existing hardware infrastructure, existing camaras and image capture devices will work with no problems. 5. It is the only biometric that allow you to perform passive identification in a one to many environment (eg: identifying a terrorist in a busy Airport terminal.

5.3. Face Recognition

5.3.1. THE FACE The face is an important part of who you are and how people identify you. Except in the case of identical twins, the face is arguably a person's most unique physical characteristics. While humans have the innate ability to recognize and distinguish different faces for millions of years , computers are just now catching up. For face recognition there are two types of comparisons .the first is verification. This is where the system compares the given individual with who that individual says they are and gives a yes or no decision. The second is identification. This is where the system compares the given individual to all the other individuals in the database and gives a ranked list of matches. All identification or authentication technologies operate using the following four stages: 1. capture: a physical or behavioural sample is captured by the system during enrollment and also in identification or verification process.

2. Extraction: unique data is extracted from the sample and a template is created.
3. Comparison: the template is then compared with a new sample. 4. Match/non match : the system decides if the features extracted from the new sample are a match or a non match. 13

Face recognition technology analyze the unique shape ,pattern and positioning of the facial features. Face recognition is very complex technology and is largely software based. This Biometric Methodology establishes the analysis framework with tailored algorithms for each type of biometric device. Face recognition starts with a picture, attempting to find a person in the image. This can be accomplished using several methods including movement, skin tones, or blurred human shapes. The face recognition system locates the head and finally the eyes of the individual. A matrix is then developed based on the characteristics of the individuals face. The method of defining the matrix varies according to the algorithm (the mathematical process used by the computer to perform the comparison). This matrix is then compared to matrices that are in a database and a similarity score is generated for each comparison. Artificial intelligence is used to simulate human interpretation of faces. In order to increase the accuracy and adaptability, some kind of machine learning has to be implemented. There are essentially two methods of capture. One is video imaging and the other is thermal imaging. Video imaging is more common as standard video cameras can be used. The precise position and the angle of the head and the surrounding lighting conditions may affect the system performance. The complete facial image is usually captured and a number of points on the face can then be mapped, position of the eyes, mouth and the nostrils as a example. More advanced technologies make 3-D map of the face which

multiplies the possible measurements that can be made. Thermal imaging has better accuracy as it uses facial temperature variations caused by vein structure as the distinguishing traits. As the heat pattern is emitted from the face itself without source of external radiation these systems can capture images despite the lighting condition, even in the dark. The drawback is high cost. They are more expensive than standard video cameras.

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Block Diagram:

Table 5.1

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CHAPTER 6. CAPTURING OF IMAGE BY STANDARD VIDEO CAMERAS

The image is optical in characteristics and may be thought of as a collection of a large number of bright and dark areas representing the picture details. At an instant there will be large number of picture details existing simultaneously each representing the level of brightness of the scene to be reproduced. In other words the picture information is a function of two variables: time and space. Therefore it would require infinite number of channels to transmit are optical information difficulty corresponding in to picture all elements

simultaneously. There

practical

transmitting

information

simultaneously so we use a method called scanning. Here the conversion of optical information to electrical form and its transmission is carried out element by element one at a time in a sequential manner to cover the entire image. A TV camera converts optical information into electrical information, the amplitude of which varies in accordance with variation of brightness. An optical image of the scene to be transmitted is focused by lense assembly on the rectangular glass plate of the camera tube. The inner side of this has a transparent coating on which is laid a very thin layer of photoconductive material. The photolayer has very high resistance when no light is falling on it but decreases depending on the intensity of light falling on it. An electron beam is formed by an electron gun in the TV camera tube. This beam is used to pick up the picture information now available on the target plate of varying resistance at each point. The electron beam is deflected by a pair of deflecting coils mounted on the glass envelope and kept mutually perpendicular to each other to achieve scanning of the entire target area. The deflecting coils are fed separately from two sweep oscillators, each operating at different frequencies. The magnetic deflection caused by current in one coil gives horizontal motion to the beam from left to right at a uniform rate and brings it back to the left side to commence the trace of the next line. The other coil is used to deflect the beam from top to bottom.

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Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

As the beam moves from element to element it encounters different resistance across the target plate depending on the resistance of the photoconductive coating. The result is flow of current which varies in magnitude as elements are scanned. The current passes through the load resistance Rl connected to conductive coating on one side of the DC supply source on the other. Depending on the magnitude of current a varying voltage appears across the resistance Rl and this corresponds to the optical

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information of the picture.

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CHAPTER 7. COMPONENTS OF FACE RECOGNITION SYSTEMS

An automated mechanism that scans and captures a digital or an analog image of a living personal characteristics.(enrollment module) Another entity which handles

compression, processing, storage and compression of the captured data with stored data (database) The third interfaces with the application system ( identification module).

Figure:8.1.

Figure:7.1.

User interface captures the analog or digital image of the person's face. In the enrollment module the obtained sample is preprocessed and analyzed. This analyzed data is stored in the database for the purpose of future comparison. The database compresses the obtained sample and stores it. It should have retrival property also that is it compares all the stored sample with the newly obtained sample and

retrieves the matched sample for the purpose of verification by the user and determine whether the match declared is right or wrong. The verification module also consists of a preprocessing system. Verification means the system checks as to who the person says he or she is and gives a yes or no decision. In this module the newly obtained sample is preprocessed and compared with the sample stored 19

in the database. The decision is taken depending on the match obtained from the database. Correspondingly the sample is accepted or rejected. Instead of verification module we can make use of identification module. In this the sample is compared with all the other samples stored in the database. For each comparison made a match score is given. The decision to accept or reject the sample depends on this match score falling above or below a predetermined threshold.

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CHAPTER-8. PERFORMANCE
8.1. False Acceptance Rate (FAR)
The probability that a system will incorrectly identify an individual or will fail to reject an imposter. It is also called as type 2 error rate. FAR= NFA/NIIA Where FAR= false acceptance rate NFA= number of false acceptance NIIA= number of imposter identification attempts

8.2. False Rejection Rates (FRR)

The probability that a system will fail to identify an enrollee. It is also called type 1 error rate. FRR= NFR/NEIA Where FRR= false rejection rates NFR= number of false rejection rates NEIA= number of enrollee identification attempt

8.3. Response Time:

The time period required by a biometric system to return a decision on identification of a sample.

8.4. Threshold/ Decision Threshold:

The acceptance or rejection of a data is dependent on the match score falling above or below the threshold. The threshold is adjustable so that the system can be made more or less strict; depending on the requirements of any given application.

8.5. Enrollment Time:

The time period a person must spend to have his/her facial reference template successfully created.

8.6. Equal Error Rate:

When the decision threshold of a system is set so that the proportion of false rejection will be approximately equal to the proportion of false acceptance. This synonym is 'crossover rate'. The facial verification process involves computing the distance between the stored pattern and the live sample. The decision to accept or reject is dependent on a predetermined threshold. (Decision threshold). 21

CHAPTER-9. IMPLEMENTATION OF FACE RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY

The implementation of face recognition technology include the following four stages: 1. Data acquisition 2. Input processing 3. Face image classification 4. Decision making

9.1. Data acquisition:

The input can be recorded video of the speaker or a still image. A sample of 1 sec duration consists of a 25 frame video sequence. More than one camera can be used to produce a 3D representation of the face and to protect against the usage of photographs to gain unauthorized access.

9.2. Input processing:

A pre-processing module locates the eye position and takes care of the surrounding lighting condition and colour variance. First the presence of faces or face in a scene must be detected. Once the face is detected, it must be localized and normalization process may be required to bring the dimensions of the live facial sample in alignment with the one on the template. Some facial recognition approaches use the whole face while others concentrate on facial components and/ or regions(such as lips, eyes etc). the appearance of the face can change considerably during speech and due to facial expressions. In particular the mouth is subjected to fundemental changes but is also very important source for discriminating faces. So an approach to persons recognition is developed based on spatio-temporal modeling of features extracted from talking face. Models are trained specific to a persons speech articulate and the way that the person speaks. Person identification is performed by tracking mouth movements of the talking face and by estimating the likelyhood of each model of having generated the observed sequence of features. The model with the highest likelyhood is chosen as the recognized person.

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Block diagram:

Figure 9.2.1 Input processing

9.3.Face image classification and decision making:

Figure 9.3.Face image classification and decision making

Synergetic computer are used to classify optical and audio features, respectively. A synergetic computer is a set of computer is a set of algorithm that features, respectively. A synergetic

algorithm that simulate synergetic phenomena. In training phase

the BIOID creates a prototype called faceprint for each person. A newly recorded pattern is preprocessed and compared with each faceprint stored in the database. As 23

comparisons are made, the system assigns a value to the comparison using a scale of one to ten. If a score is above a predetermined threshold, a match is declared. From the image of the face, a particular trait is extracted. It may measure various nodal points of the face like the distance between the eyes ,width of nose etc. it is fed to a synergetic computer which consists of algorithm to capture, process, compare the sample with the one stored in the database. We can also track the lip movements of the

which is also fed to the synergetic computer. Observing the likely hood each sample with the one stored in the database we can accept or reject the sample.

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CHAPTER-10. HOW FACE RECOGNITION SYSTEMS WORK

10.1.An example:
Visionics, company based in a New Jersey is one of the many developers of facial recognition technology. The twist to its particular software, Face it is that it can pick someone's face from the rest of the scene and compare it to a database full of stored images . In order for this software to work, it has to know what a basic face looks like. Facial recognition software is based on the ability to first recognize faces, which is a technological feat in itself and then measure the various features of each face.

Figure : 10.1

If you look at the mirror, you can see that your face has certain distinguishable landmarks. These are the peaks and valleys that make up the different facial features. Visionics defines these landmarks as nodal points. There are about 80 nodal points on a human face. Here are few nodal points that are measured by the software. 1. Distance between the eyes 2. Width of the nose 25

3. Depth of the eye socket 4. Cheekbones 5. Jaw line 6. Chin These nodal points are measured to create a numerical code, a string of numbers that represents a face in the database. This code is called face print. Only 14 to 22 nodal points are needed for facial software to complete the recognition process.

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CHAPTER-11. THE SOFTWARE

Facial recognition software falls into a larger group of technologies known as biometrics. Facial recognition methods may vary, but they generally involve a series of steps that serve to capture, analyze and compare your face to a database of stored images. Here is the basic process that is used by the Faceit system to capture and compare images:

11.1.Detection
When the system is attached to a video surveillance system, the recognition software searches the field of view of a video camera for faces. If there is a face in the view, it is detected within a fraction of a second. A multi- scale algorithm is used to search for faces in low resolution. (An algorithm is a program that provides a set of instructions to accomplish a specific task). The system switches to a high-resolution search only after a head-like shape is detected.

11.2. Alignment
Once a face is detected, the system determines the head's position, size and pose. A face needs to be turned at least 35 degrees toward the camera for the system to register it.

11.3. Normalization
The image of the head is scaled and rotated so that it can be registered and mapped into an appropriate size and pose. Normalization is performed regardless of the head's location and distance from the camera. Light does not impact the normalization process.

11.4. Representation
The system translates the facial data into a unique code. This coding process allows for easier comparison of the newly acquired facial data to stored facial data.

11.5. Matching
The newly acquired facial data is compared to the stored data and (ideally) linked to at least one stored facial representation. The heart of the Faceit facial recognition system is the Local Feature Analysis (LFA) algorithm. This is the mathematical technique the system uses to encode faces. The system maps the face and creates a face print, a unique numerical code for that 27

face. Once the system has stored a face print, it can compare it to the thousands or millions of face prints stored in a database. Each face print is stored as an 84-byte file.

Using facial recognition software, police can zoom in with cameras and take a snapshot of a face.

Figure : 11.5.1. MATCHING OF FACES

The system can match multiple face sprints at a rate of 60 million per minute from memory or 15 million per minute from hard disk. As comparisons are made, the system assigns a value to the comparison using a scale of one to 10. If a score is above a predetermined threshold, a match is declared. The operator then views the two photos that have been declared a match to be certain that the computer is accurate.

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CHAPTER-12. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FACE RECOGNITION USING NEURAL NETWORK

12.1.Advantages:
1.There are many benefits to face recognition systems such as its convinince and social acceptability. All you need is your picture taken for it to work. 2. Face recognition is easy to use and in many cases it can be performed without a person even knowing. 3. Face recognition is also one of the most inexpensive biometric in the market and its prices should continue to go down.

12.2.Disadvantages:
1. Face recognition systems cant tell the difference between identical twins.

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CHAPTER-13. APPLICATIONS
The natural use of face recognition technology is the replacement of PIN, physical tokens or both needed in automatic authorization or identification schemes. Additional uses are automation of human identification or role authentication in such cases where assistance of another human needed in verifying the ID cards and its beholder. There are numerous applications for face recognition technology: Government Use 1. Law Enforcement: Minimizing victim trauma by narrowing mugshot searches, verifying identify for court records, and comparing school surveillance camera images to known child molesters. 2. Security/Counterterrorism. Access control, known terrorists. 3. Immigration: Rapid progression through Customs. Commercial Use 1. Day Care: Verify identity of individuals picking up the children. 2. Residential Security: Alert homeowners of approaching personnel. 3. Voter verification: Where eligible politicians are required to verify their identity during a voting process. this is intended to stop 'proxy' voting where the vote may not go as expected. 4. Banking using ATM: The software is able to quickly verify a customers face . 5. Physical access control of buildings areas ,doors, cars or net access. comparing surveillance images to

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CHAPTER-14. CONCLUSION
Face recognition technologies have been associated generally with very costly top secure applications. Today the core technologies have evolved and the cost of equipments is going down dramatically due to the intergration and the increasing processing power.

Certain application of face recognition technology are now cost effective, reliable and highly accurate. As a result there are no technological or financial barriers for stepping from the pilot project to widespread deployment.

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CHAPTER-15. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. ELECTRONICS FOR YOU- Part 1 April 2001 & Part 2 May 2001 2. ELECTRONIC WORLD - DECEMBER 2002 3. MODERN TELEVISION ENGINEERING- Gulati R.R 4. IEEE IN TELLIGENT SYS TEMS - MAY/JUNE 2003 5. WWW.FACEREG.COM 6. WWW. IMAGESTECHNOLOGY.COM 7. WWW.IEEE.COM

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