Stakeholders Awareness Toward The Embedded Problems of The Shrimp Industry: A Study On The South West Region of Bangladesh.

RESEARCH REPORT
ON
STAKEHOLDERS AWARENESS TOWARD THE EMBEDDED

PROBLEMS OF THE SHRIMP INDUSTRY: A STUDY ON
THE SOUTH WEST REGION OF BANGLADESH
A Report on the Stakeholders Awareness Toward The Embedded
Problems Of The Shrimp Industry: A Study On The South West
Region Of Bangladesh
Supervised by:
Md. Nur Alam

Asst. Professor
Business Administration Discipline
Khulna University
Prepared by:
Saidul Hassan
ID. 020320
Date of Submission: December 10, 2006.

December 10, 2006.
Chairman
Internship and Placement Committee
Business Administration Discipline
Khulna University
Sub: Submission of Research Repot
Dear Sir:
Enclosed herewith is my report on “Stakeholders Awareness toward the Embedded
Problems Of The Shrimp Industry: A Study On The South West Region Of
Bangladesh” submitted to you as a mandatory part of the fulfillment of the Research
Study/ Internship Program.
While preparing this report, I tried to gather what I believed to be the most complete
as well as relevant information regarding my study. The primary data has been
collected through survey conducted on individual respondents and the secondary data
has been collected from various secondary sources.
I sincerely hope that my work will help future researchers for intensive research in
this field. If any further clarification is needed or any question arises about my work,
please let me know.
Thank you.
Sincerely yours,
___________________
Saidul Hassan
ID: 020320
Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University
Approved By:
_____________________
Md. Nur Alam
Asst. Professor
(Supervisor)
Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University
Acknowledgement
It’s my immense pleasure to completed this study in due time. I wish to express
my profound sense of gratitude to my respected supervisor Md. Nur Alam,
Assistant Professors of Business Administration discipline, Khulna University, for
his inspiration, guide, valuable suggestions, sympathetic advice and enthusiastic
encouragement made throughout the course of study work. I express my profound
gratitude to my respected teacher Md. Noor Un Nabi, Assistant Professors of
Business Administration discipline, Khulna University, for his inspiration, guide
and valuable suggestions.
I would like to avail the opportunity to express my deep gratitude and regards to
Md.Al Masud, Extension specialist of SSOQ for his cooperation and help. I would
also like to thank Dr. Anisul Haque, Associate Professor of FMRT discipline of
Khulna University for his guidance and cooperation.
Last but not least, I am very grateful to Kayas Mahmud, student of Business
Administration discipline 14th batch, Khulna University for his time to time
cooperation in the whole process of the study. I also extend my thanks to Mr.
Hanif Hayat Shohag, assistant technician, Red Star Hatchery- Chalna; for his
cooperation.
I
List of Abbreviations
1. ADB Asian Development Bank

2. ATDP Agro-based Industries and Technology Development
Project
3. BCAS Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies
4. BFFEA Bangladesh Frozen Fish Exporters Association
5. BSF Bangladesh Shrimp Foundation
6. BSFF Bangladesh Shrimp and Fish Foundation
7. DOF Department of Fisheries
8. EC European Commission
9. EU European Union
10. FMRT Fisheries & Marine Resource Technology
11. GOB Government of Bangladesh
12. HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
13. LDC Least Developed Country
14. PL Post Larvae
15. R&D Research and Development
15. SSOQ Shrimp Seal of Quality
16. USAID United States Agency for International Development
17. USFDA United States Food and Drug Administration
18. WB World Bank
19. WTO World Trade Organization
II
Executive Summary
The Shrimp industry of Bangladesh is one of the most important contributors for
economic sustenance at present and is the second largest export commodity of the
country. The industry suffers from significant production inefficiencies and is
exposed to important social and environmental risks. However, the contribution of
the industry both in terms of helping the poor as well as earning foreign exchange
is immense and thus is considered by many as the future prospect of the country.
Shrimp culture is expected to continue to play an important role in ensuring food

security and poverty alleviation, particularly for the rural poor. The urban
population will benefit from the improvement in processing, value adding,
marketing and the shrimp industry as a whole. Increase in production efficiency is
required for large-scale industrial farms since currently it is not fully exploited. It
is indeed possible for Bangladesh to meet the international market, environmental,
and social challenges of shrimp cultivation while the sector can thrive and
continue to benefit the hundreds of thousands of people who rely on this multi-
million dollar industry for their living.
Incident like “EU ban on Bangladeshi shrimp” should not happen again and most
importantly this industry is operating under capacity and can increase the
productivity up to five times than the current capacity. To achieve these targets,
this study tried to identify whether the hypothetical 60% of the mass members of
the industry are aware about the shrimp industry embedded problems or not and to
identify the significance of difference among the cluster members opinion on a
specific issue.
On the average, the mass member of the industry was found aware about the
problems and the difference among the cluster members opinion was found
insignificant. Thus the proper authority including the GOB, DOF, donor agency
and individual actor in particular level of the supply-chain should take immediate
initiative to eradicate these industry-embedded problem.
III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Acknowledgement I
List of Abbreviation II
Executive Summery III
PART I Introduction
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Discussion 2
1.3 Purpose of the Research 3
1.4 Scope 4
1.5 Limitations 4
1.6 Detailed Methodology 4
1.6.1 Sources of Data 4
1.6.2 Research Approach 5
1.6.3 Instruments 5
1.6.4 Attitude Measurement 5
1.6.5 Sample Design And Sampling Procedures 7
1.6.6 Data Collection 8
1.6.7 Analysis Plan 8
1.6.8 Questionnaire Design 9
1.6.9 Hypothesis 11
1.6.10 The Chi-Square (χ2) Test For Goodness Of Fit 12
1.6.11 Application Procedure of χ2 Test in this Report 14
1.6.12 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 15
1.6.13 Application Procedure of ANOVA in this Report 17
PART II Literature Review
Background Study Information 18
PART III Shrimp in Bangladesh 32
PART IV Analysis and Findings
4.1 General Tendency of the Respondents 41
4.2. Hypothetical 60% mass members awareness toward

the industry-embedded problems 42
4.3. The significance of the difference among the cluster
members opinion on specific issues: 48
4.3.1 Facilities issue 48
4.3.2 Monitoring issue 48
4.3.3 Quality issue 48
4.3.4 Technology issue 49
PART V Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusion 50
5.2 Recommendation 50
Appendices
Reference 52
Bibliography 54
Electronic Sources 54
Annex 1: Survey Questionnaire i

Annex 2: Calculation of chi-square χ2 iii
Annex 3: Calculation of ANOVA xi
Annex 4: Frequency Table of the Respondents xix
Annex 5: Chi-Square χ2 Table
Annex 6: F Table
Part-I
Introduction
1.1 Background
Shrimp is one of the major export products of Bangladesh. Second only in value to its
ready-made garment exports, shrimp exports from Bangladesh have been earning
US$300 million annually. Bangladeshi shrimp is exported to more than 30 countries
all over the world. The leading importing nations are USA, Belgium, Japan, UK,
Germany, Netherlands, France, Italy, Vietnam, Korea, Thailand, Canada and
Singapore. In 2003-2004 fiscal, Bangladesh exported shrimp and other fishes worth
US$ 390 million against US$321.81 million of 2002-03 fiscal1. In 2000-2001 fiscal,
shrimp exports amounted to US$ 322.4 million. Its importance is highlighted by the
fact that it constitutes more than 70% of the export of primary products from
Bangladesh2.The United States and the European Union (EU) each import 40 percent
of the shrimp, with the remaining 20 percent going to Japan. Bangladesh is already
among the top 10 exporters of shrimp in the world and accounts for some 3 percent of
global production.3 Numerous people are engaged in upstream and downstream
activities related to shrimp culture in the country - in harvesting, culture, processing
and exporting. A majority of these workers are women. The shrimp industry benefits
three to four million “mostly poor” Bangladeshis while providing livelihood directly
to 142,000 farming households numbering some 600,000 people. Over 200,000
hectares are now under shrimp farming.4
Evidently, the importance of the EU market for this particular export sector of
Bangladesh is indeed very high. Any disruption in this market is bound to have severe
and important implications for this export-oriented sector of the country, and negative
multiplier impact for the national economy.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
1: Bangladesh Shrimp Exports Poised To Soar with U.S. Assistance, August 10, 2005 (USAID-funded
project aiding production of quality shrimp) By Afzal Khan.
2: EU Ban on Shrimp Imports from Bangladesh: A Case Study on Market Access Problems Faced by the
LDCs by Professor Mustafizur Rahman.
3: Bangladesh Shrimp Exports Poised To Soar with U.S. Assistance, August 10, 2005(USAID-funded
project aiding production of quality shrimp) By Afzal Khan,Washington File Special Correspondent.
4: Quazi Kudrat-e-Kabir, SSOQ’s regional director in Khulna, Bangladesh.
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Unfortunately this sector suffers from severe problem relating production inefficiency,
bio-security, monitoring compliances, corruption, technology and knowledge transfer.
Study and research have been conducted to some extent on the part of the donor
agencies, individual research farms and scholars. But still there is a lack of holistic
approach addressing the persisting bottlenecks from the part of the GOB, DOF, donor
agencies and companies operating in the industry.
Author of this report, therefore, attempts a procedure that tried to understand the
awareness level of the actors in this industry regarding the industry embedded
problems which have been utterly identified for about one decade. To make the
procedure workable, a comprehensive survey was conducted that not only determined
the attitude of each respondent about the problems but also revealed the beliefs
(perception and knowledge) of the actors on the basis of different population cluster.
The key feature of this suggested procedure is that it unveils the real situations about
them who are comprised of the uttered problems in question depending on their
attitude, not on the opinion of any authority that is judging this industry depending on
their resources, facilities, projects and investments etc. As attitude is formed on the
basis of individuals’ perceptions and knowledge rather than fact, this procedure can be
followed by any institution operating in this industry to collect useful information
about the industry to re-adjust or re-structure their strategy and operation.
1.2 Problem Discussion
Secondary studies extensively indicate that the Shrimp industry of Bangladesh is

severely disintegrated at each level of the cluster. And insufficient infrastructure and
monitoring body, ignorance and various kinds of problems prevail at almost every
level of the value chain. Several incidents like ban on import in the EU, continuous
rejection of the shipments and low price compared to the other importing country etc.
has become the common phenomenon of this industry. SPS measure, HACCP
regulation, buyers specifications, bio-safety etc have been continuously uttered by the
importer, GOB, donor agencies, EC and the U.S. After the 1997 ban incident;
-2-
country's shrimp export industry is put under severe strain, and led to serious market
disruptions from which the country is still trying to recover.
Both the firms and GOB have taken initiative to upgrade the facilities to comply with
the HACCP regulation and SPS measure. But some of the regulations require high
cost and considerable time to upgrade the industry up to date. Besides, farming
practice is conventional here and most of the actors lack awareness and a massive
level of infrastructure is still to be build. The need to respond to the international
market is undoubtedly acknowledged widely by the cluster members. But the burning
question here is whether the mass root level feels the deadly need for the huge up-
gradation of the facilities and modern practice or not.
1.3 Purpose of the Research
The purpose of this study is to find out the root level peoples perceptions about the
dire problem. Because without the mass root level participation; no initiative to the
modern technology and farming practice would be fruitful. For this purpose, author of
this research identifies sixteen problem areas basing on the secondary source and a
pilot investigation at the field level. Members of the various clusters are asked
whether they agree with these problems or not.
Aim is to identify whether the stakeholders are aware at the level secondary source
indicates or the ignorance levels of the members are so acute.
More specifically the goals are:
To identify whether hypothetical 60% of the mass members of the industry are aware
about the shrimp industry embedded problems or not.
To identify whether the difference among the cluster members opinion on a specific
issue is significant or not.
-3-
1.4 Scope
The research will be limited to the revelation of the awareness and determination of
the uniformity of awareness of the various cluster members of the shrimp industry in
the south-western region of Bangladesh; namely the cultivation area of Khulna,
Bagerhat and Satkhira district of Bangladesh. Various cluster members include actors
involved in Hatchery, Processing Factory, Shrimp and Post Larvae (PL) Trading
Agency, Feed Agency, Transportation Agency and Shrimp Farmer.
1.5 Limitation
Reluctance of the respondents to go through a survey process was the main limitations
of this survey. Lack of acquaintance to this kind of questionnaire may also have
caused some distortion of real information. Besides, the severe level of illiteracy
among the majority of the stakeholders was a major obstacle to collect reliable
information.
This research is an approach to check the awareness level of the people involved in
shrimp industry in south-western area depending only upon the attitude of the
stakeholders toward the highly threatening problems of this industry. Thus the result
of this study lacks in usability in any field other than the insight about the problems.
1.6 Detailed Methodology
1.6.1 Sources of Data
Both primary and secondary source was used for collection of necessary data. Primary
data was collected through a questionnaire survey. Use of secondary data was strictly
limited to the background discussion of the research and the designing of the report
and construction of the survey questionnaire (primary source was also used in these
purpose).
-4-
1.6.2 Research Approach
This study was the combination of Qualitative and Quantitative Research. A

Quantitative approach was taken to describe the research problem. Quantitative
analysis was done in a formal and rigid fashion to draw inference about the opinion of
the population. Assumption and Hypothesis were made basing on the secondary
sources and depth-interview following Qualitative approach.
1.6.3 Instruments
To collect the data from the population, a structured questionnaire had been followed.
Primary data have been gathered through interviewing respondents in their respective
workplaces. An unstructured questionnaire had been used to collect the data from the
stakeholders. The procedure of information collection from various categories was of
conversation type.
1.6.4 Attitude Measurement:
1. Attitude Defined:5 An attitude is usually viewed as an enduring disposition to

respond consistently in a given manner to various aspect of the world; composed of
affective, cognitive and behavioral components. In this study, awareness of the
stakeholders is measured as an attitude.
Affective component is the component of attitude that reflects ones general feelings or
emotions toward an object. Cognitive component is the component of attitude that
represents ones awareness of and knowledge about an object. Behavioral component
is the component of attitude that includes buying intentions and behavioral
expectations; reflects a predisposition to action.
5: William G. Zikmund, Business Research Methodology (7th edition); p. 308 Chapter14
-5-
2. Awareness as a Hypothetical Construct:5 Hypothetical construct describes a
variable that is not directly observable but is measured through indirect indicators,
such as verbal expressions or overt behavior. In this study, hypothetical construct of
the stakeholders’ awareness was described as: People are aware if they agree that the
problems exist or if they choose between 6-10 on a 1-10 scale.
3. Technique Used For Measuring Attitude: Choice technique is a measurement

task that identifies preferences by requiring respondents to choose to between two or
more alternatives.5 Choice technique was used to measure the respondents attitude.
4. Attitude Rating Scales: 6
Simple attitude scale was used in this study. In its most basic form, attitude scaling
requires that an individual agree or disagree with a statement or respond to a single
question. Because this type of self-rating scale merely classifies respondents into one
of two categories, it has only the properties of a nominal scale. Despite disadvantages,
simple attitude scaling was used because the questionnaires were extremely long,
respondents have little education, and the time and cost were scarce.
Category scales: An attitude scale consisting of several response categories to

provide the respondents with alternative ratings. Category scales were used in the
field level survey for the convenience of the respondents following the expert
opinion.7

7: Al-Masud, Extension Specialist of ATDP-SOQ and Dr.Anisul Haque, Assosiate Professor of Fisheries &
Marine Resource Technology Discipline of Khulna University
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1.6.5 Sample Design And Sampling Procedures:8
1. Target population: The target population for the study was defined as follows:
Elements— All the actors of the shrimp industry was considered as the elements from
where required information was collected.
Sampling units— The sampling unit is a single element or a group of elements subject
to selection in the sample. For this study sampling units was the same as elements for
the study. It includes all People involved at different hatcheries, processing factories,
feed, PL and shrimp trading agencies, transportation agencies and culturing farms
are considered as the sampling frame for this study.
Extent— The south-western region of Bangladesh; namely the cultivation area of
Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira district of Bangladesh.
Time—2006.
2. The sampling frame: A sampling frame is the list of elements form which the
sample may be drawn; also called working population. People involved at
different hatcheries, processing factories, feed, PL and shrimp trading agencies,
transportation agencies and culturing farms are considered as the sampling frame
for this study.
3. Sampling Technique (Quota sampling): Quota sampling is a non probability

sampling procedure that ensures that certain characteristics of a population sample
will be represented to the exact extent that the investigator desires. Following the
research objective, quota sampling was followed.
8: William G. Zikmund, Business Research Methodology (7th edition); p. 373-375 Chapter16
-7-
4. Sample Size: The study required information from all the cluster members of the
shrimp industry. Sample size for the study was as follows:
A B C D E F G
Hatchery PL Agents Transportation & Farmer Shrimp Processors Scholar & Total
Feeding Agent Researcher
10 15 10 30 15 10 10 100
1.6.6 Data Collection
Both primary and secondary source was used for collection of necessary data. Primary
data was collected through a questionnaire survey. Secondary data was collected from
various reports, newspapers, books, journals and websites.
1.6.7 Analysis Plan

Depending on the specific objective to be met nominal scales had been used in the
questionnaire. For analyzing the data obtained from the survey, statistical calculations
had been done to make inferences.
-8-
1.6.8 Questionnaire Design:7
1. What Was Asked: To determine the awareness level of the stakeholders, a survey
questionnaire was used dealing with sixteen important problems found through
extensive study of secondary data (reports, journals, newspapers, books & various
published and unpublished papers). The questions to the respondents were
whether they agree on the hampering existence of these problems or not. Agreed
respondents on particular issue were considered well aware about the problem.
Though in field level survey, for convenience and according to the expert advice*,
given choice for respondents were followed an interval scale ranging from 1-10.
Responses ranging from 1-5 were considered as agreed and 6-10 were considered
as disagreed on the particular issue. Main reason for this type of given choice is
that most of the stakeholders lack industry awareness and institutional education
and they would be confused if they were asked “Yes or No” type questions.*
Questionnaire Relevancy: A questionnaire is relevant if no unnecessary

information is collected and if the information that is needed to solve the
business problem is obtained. In the survey questionnaire, only the particular
issues regarding the plaguing problems were asked.
Questionnaire Accuracy: Accuracy means that the information is reliable and

valid. Question wording and sequences substantially influence accuracy. I’ve
tried to obtain the most reliable and valid information. For the question
wording and sequences, expert* consultancy has taken.
7: William G. Zikmund, Business Research Methodology (7th edition); p. 330-333 Chapter15

* Al-Masud, Extension Specialist of ATDP-SOQ and Dr.Anisul Haque, Assosiate Professor,
Fisheries & Marine Resource Technology Discipline of Khulna University.
-9-
2. Phrasing Questions:
Fixed-alternative questions are the question in which the respondent is given

specific limited alternatives responses and asked to choose the one closest to his/her
own viewpoint.
• Simple-dichotomy question of the type Fixed-alternative was used in this

study. Simple-dichotomy question is a fixed alternative question that requires
the respondent to choose one of two alternatives. For example:
PL (Post Larvae) supplied by the hatcheries is of low quality.
O Yes O No
3. Question sequence: Since all the 16 questions are within 4 broad categories
(quality, technology, facility &technology), questions were sequenced carefully to
disguise the purpose from the respondents following the experts instructions.*
Order bias is the bias caused by the influence of earlier questions in a

questionnaire or by an answer’s position in a set of answers.
*: Al-Masud, Extension Specialist of ATDP-SOQ and Dr.Anisul Haque, Assosiate Professor of Fisheries &
Marine Resource Technology Discipline of Khulna University
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1.6.9 Hypothesis11
Hypothesis: In statistical theory a hypothesis is an unproven proposition or

supposition that tentatively explains certain facts or phenomena. A hypothesis is a
statement, an assumption about the nature of the world. In its simplest form a
hypothesis is a guess.
The Null Hypothesis (H0) and the Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Statistical
hypothesis are generally stated in a null form. A null hypothesis is a statement about
a status quo. It is a conservative statement that communicates the notion that any
change from what has been thought to be true or observed in the past will be due
entirely to random error. The alternative hypothesis is a statement indicating the
opposite of the null hypothesis.
The Level of Significance: The significance level is a critical probability in choosing

between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. the level of significance
determines the probability level-say .05 or .01- that is to be considered to low or to
warrant support of the null hypothesis. on the assumption that the null hypothesis
being tested is true, if the probability of occurrence of the observed data is smaller
than the level of significance, then the data suggests the null hypothesis should be
rejected. in other words, there is evidence to support contradiction of the null
hypothesis, which is equivalent to supporting the alternative hypothesis.12
Procedure of Hypothesis Testing13
The general procedure followed in testing hypothesis comprises the following steps:
1. Set up a hypothesis.
2. Set up a suitable significance level.
3. Determination of a suitable test static.
4. Determine the critical region/value.
5. Doing computation.
6. Making decisions.
7.
13: S.P. Gupta & M.P. Gupta, Business Statistics (2005-2006); p. 583-585 Chapter15
- 11 -
1.6.10 The Chi-Square (χ2) Test For Goodness of Fit:
One of the simplest techniques for describing sets of relationships is the cross
tabulation. Chi-square (χ2) is a test that statistically determines significance in the
analysis of frequency distribution. The Chi-square (χ2) test allows us to test for
significance in the analysis of frequency distributions. The logic inherent in the Chi-
square (χ2) test allows us to compare the observed frequencies (f) with the expected
frequencies (fe) based on our theoretical ideas about the population distribution or
our proposed proportions. It tests the “goodness of fit” of the observed distribution
with the expected distribution.
The steps in the calculation of the Chi-square (χ2) test are as follows: 14
1. Formulate the null hypothesis and determine the expected frequency of each
answer
2. Determine the appropriate significance level.
3. Calculate the Chi-square (χ2) value, using the observe frequencies from the
sample and the expected frequencies.
4. Make the statistical discussion by comparing the calculated Chi-square (χ2)

value with the critical χ2 value.
After we’ve determined that the Chi-square (χ2) test is appropriate at the .05 level of
significance (or some other probability level), the χ2 statistic may be calculated using
the following formula:
χ2 = ∑ [( f − fe)2 fe] With (R-1)(C-1) degrees of freedom;

Where χ2 =chi-square static
f = observed frequency in the ith cell
fe = expected frequency in the ith cell
- 12 -
The chi-square (χ2) test allow us to conduct tests for significance in the analysis of an
R x C contingency table (where R=row and C=column).Like many other probability
distributions, the chi-square (χ2) distribution is not a single probability curve but a
family of curves. These curves vary according to the degrees of freedom. Thus we
must calculate the number of freedom. Degrees of freedom refers to the number of
observations that can be varied without changing the constrains or assumptions
associated with a numerical system. To compute a chi-square (χ2) static, we calculate
degrees of freedom as the number of rows minus one (R-1) times the number of
columns minus one (C-1).15 If the calculated chi-square (χ2) is larger than the tabular
chi-square (χ2) the null hypothesis is rejected.
Grouping when Frequencies are small
If small theoretical frequencies occur, it is generally possible to overcome the

difficulty by grouping two or more classes together. In other words, one or more
classes with theoretical frequencies less than five (5) may combined into a single
category before calculating the differences between observed and expected
frequencies. The number of degrees of freedom would be determined with number of
classes after the regrouping.16
Whether or not a calculated value of chi-square (χ2) is considered significant is

ascertained by reference to tabulated value for a given degrees of freedom at a certain
level of confidence. If the value of chi-square (χ2) exceeds the tabulated value, the
difference between the observed and expected frequencies is significant. On the other
hand, if its value is less than the table value, the difference is attributed to chance and
may be ignored.17
15: William G. Zikmund, Business Research Methodology (7th edition); p. 523 Chapter22.
16: S.P. Gupta & M.P. Gupta, Business Statistics (2005-2006); p. 635 Chapter1.
17: M.C. Shukla & S.S. Gulshan, Statistics Theory and Practice. (7th edition)); p. 720 Chapter23.
- 13 -
1.6.11 Application Procedure of chi-square(χ2) Test in This Report:
Cross tabulation was used for organizing data by groups or categories to facilitate
comparison. It is a joint frequency distribution of observations on seven sets of
variable. The purpose of categorization and cross-tabulation is to allow the inspection
of differences among groups and to make comparison.
Here the theoretical idea about the expected frequency is that 60% of the respondents
are well aware about the industry-embedded problems (H0). 0.05 was taken as the
level of significance and initial degrees of freedom was (R-1)(C-1)=(7-1)(2-1)=6; but
as the row A, C, F & G produced expected frequency less than 5, A+C & F+G was
combined and the final degrees of freedom was (5-1)(2-1)=4.
Every problem question was considered separately and thus the calculations consisted
of 16 particular chi-square (χ2) test individually. Theoretical assumption on each
problem was that 60% of the respondents are well aware about the particular problem.
- 14 -
1.6.12 Analysis Of Variance
Analysis of variance is a technique to test for the significance of the difference

between more than two samples means and to make inferences about whether our
samples are drawn from the population having the same mean. The analysis of
variance procedure or F-test is used in such problems where we want to test for the
significance of the difference among more than two sample means. In fact the
technique of analysis of variance is one of the most powerful of statistical methods
developed by R.A Fischer.
Irrespective of the type of classification, the analysis of variance is a technique of

partitioning the total sum of square deviations of all sample values from the grand
mean and is divided into two parts: sum of squares between the samples and sum of
squares within the samples.18 If we have three groups or levels of the independed
variable, the null hypothesis is stated as follows:
u1=u2=u3
The null hypothesis is that all the means are equal. If we calculate the variance within
group and compare it to the variance of the group mean about a grand means, we can
determine whether the means are significantly different.
The F-Test
The F-Test is a procedure for comparing one sample variance to other sample
variance. (The principal is similar to that of the Chi-Square, where a sample variance
is compared to a population variance.). The F-test determines whether there is more
variability in the scores of one sample than in the scores of another sample.
To obtain the F-statistic (or F-ratio), the larger sample variance is divided by the
smaller sample variance. To test the null hypothesis of no difference between the
sample variance, a table of the F distribution is necessary and degree of freedom must
be specified. Inspection of an f table allows the researcher to determine the probability
of finding an f as large as the calculated F.
18: S.P. Gupta & M.P. Gupta, Business Statistics (2005-2006); p. 664 Chapter18.
- 15 -
Calculating the F-ratio19
The calculation of the F-ratio requires that we partition the total variation into two
parts:Total sum of squares = Within group sum of squares + Between group sum of
squares.
SStotal = SSwithin + SSbetween
The total sum of squares, or SStotal, is computed by squaring the deviation of each
score from grand mean and summing these squares:
n c
SStotal = ∑∑ ( x
i =1 j =1
ij − x) 2
SSwithin, the variability that we observe within each group, is calculated by squaring
the deviation of each score from its group mean and summing these scores:
n c
SSwithin = ∑∑ ( x
i =1 j =1
ij − x j )2
SSbetween, the variability of the group means about a grand mean, is calculated by
squaring the deviation of each group mean, multlipling by the number of items in the
group, and summing these score:
c
SSbetween = ∑ n (x
j =1
j j − x) 2
The next calculation requires dividing the various sums of squares by their
appropriate degrees of freedom. These divisions produce the variances, or mean
squares. To obtain the mean square between groups, SSwithin is divided by c-1 degrees
of freedom:
MSbetween = MS between (c − 1)
19: William G. Zikmund, Business Research Methodology (7th edition); p. 531-534 Chapter22.
- 16 -
To obtain the mean square within groups, SSwithin is divided by cn-c degrees of
freedom:
MSwithin = SSwithin /(cn-c)
Finally, the F-ratio is calculated by taking the ratio of the mean square between groups
to the mean square within groups. The between-groups mean square is used as the
numerator and the within-groups mean square is used as the denominator:
F = MSbetween/MSwithin
There will be (c-1) degrees of freedom in the numerator and (cn-n) degrees of
freedom in the denominator: (c-1)/(cn-c).
Then, the calculated F-ratio is compared with the tabulated F-ratio with respect to
appropriate degrees of freedom from the F-table. If the computed value of F exceeds
the table value of F, the null hypothesis is rejected.
1.6.13 Application Procedure of ANOVA in this Report:
The analysis of variance procedure (F-test) is used in such problems where we want
to test for the significance of the difference among more than two sample means.
Here, awareness levels of the various categories are compared. Shrimp industry-
embedded problems were categorized into four broad groups following the extensive
study of the secondary study (reports, journals, newspapers, books & various
published and unpublished papers); namely- 1.Quality issues 2.Technology issues
3.Facility issues and 4.Monitoring issues. Then all the cluster members’ awareness
level was compared regarding one of the four broad categories issues.
- 17 -
Part-II
Literature Review
2.0 Background Study Information:
This study was based on extensive study of secondary data, especially

published reports, journals, papers etc on the shrimp industry of Bangladesh.
Background problem, research approach, hypothetical construct and author’s

personal judgments were exclusively based on these secondary studies. For
further clarification and to give a deep insight about the shrimp industry
embedded problems analyzed in this study, a brief description on the most
relied studies are presented below. Point to note here is that, Literatures from
the respective studies are presented here in the original form as they were
found in the original studies.
Impact of Market Access Barrieres and Subsidies: The Case of Shrimp in

Bangladesh
Presented at the Hong Kong Trade and Development Symposium Session on Fisheries and
Trade – Exploring Opportunities for Advancing Sustainable Development Hong Kong: 15
December 2005
by Dr Fahmida Khatun, Senior Research Fellow, CPD
E-mail: fahmida@cpd-bangladesh.org
© Centre For Policy Dialogue (CPD), 2004
Recommendations
• Assessment of the Sector to Determine the Needs

• Monitoring of Shrimp Farms and Close Supervision of Quality Control
• Access to Information on technological improvement and change in
global policies
• Market Diversification to Avoid Sudden Shocks
• Financial Support to Small Farmers
• Infrastructural Development for Better Processing, Handling and
Storing Facilities
• Ensuring Security and Reducing Tensions
• Capacity Building in Trade Issues
- 18 -
Bangladesh Shrimp Exports Poised To Soar with U.S. Assistance, August 10, 2005
(USAID-funded project aiding production of quality shrimp)
By Afzal Khan
Washington File Special Correspondent
Summary of the paper:

Effort to impose uniform quality standards became necessary after the EU imposed a
ban on Bangladesh shrimp imports in 1997 because of a failure to comply with EU
quality regulations in shrimp processing plants in Khulna and Chittagong. At the same
time, the Bangladesh government realized that up-to-date scientific methods were
needed to maximize shrimp production for export.
A major thrust of the SSOQ program is to get rid of a wide-spread viral disease that
has been responsible for declining production since the early 1990s of the marine
shrimp known as “Black Tiger,” or “Bagda,” which dominates the export market. The
other main variety of Bangladesh shrimp is actually a giant fresh water prawn known
as “Galda,” which is immune to this viral disease. The Bagda proliferates in tidal
basin areas along the Bay of Bengal coastline in brackish water, while the Galda can
flourish farther inland in ponds.
The disease known as White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) was detected through
tests in a laboratory set up by the SSOQ program. The tests found the incidence of
WSSV at over 70 percent.
Although WSSV is harmless to the human consumer, it cuts down shrimp production
in the farms drastically. The laboratory in Cox’s Bazar, at the southeastern tip of
Bangladesh, screens shrimp fry, or larvae, for the disease from four designated
hatcheries. So far, only 4 percent of the total larvae used in shrimp production are
screened by this laboratory.
In addition to screening for WSSV, the SSOQ program seeks to put into practice
shrimp farming techniques to improve yields, while decreasing the risk of the white
spot virus spreading. Demonstration farms and field schools disseminate information
about best management practices while providing training and consulting services to
shrimp farmers.
Finally, the SSOQ, through its voluntary certification program, aims to assure buyers
overseas that the Bangladesh shrimp industry has met international food safety
standards, has addressed global environmental concerns, and has followed to
international labor practices.
By adhering to international food safety standards, Bangladesh is able to assure
overseas buyers that the shrimp are free from disease and harmful chemicals and
additives that are sometimes used to reduce spoilage. International labor standards
include banning of child labor and ensuring fair treatment of seasonal workers.
- 19 -
Shrimp Industry Study: Problems, Prospects and Intervention Agenda
Submitted To: USAID, Bangladesh
Submitted By: ATDP Research Team
September 18, 2005
Management Summary:
Shrimp is one of the leading export items of Bangladesh. It accounts for roughly 2.5
percent of global exports and fetches a fair amount of foreign exchange ($250-330
million for last three years). There is ample demand in the international market for
shrimp and Bangladesh is blessed with an environment congenial for shrimp
production. However, the industry is fraught with many obstacles at present.
A primary study was undertaken to detect the problems plaguing the different levels
of the value chain of shrimp in the country. Consequently, a study was conducted in
which the participants were representatives of the various stakeholders in this
industry. The discussion that ensued aimed to identify obstacles to the growth of the
industry, develop some intervention strategies that would help eradicate these
obstacles . The problems that were revealed through the study are the following:
Inefficient management
High mortality rate
Low quality shrimp
Negative country image abroad
Indiscriminate catching of brood mothers
Lack of an integrated agriculture policy
Inadequate Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS)
Lack of standards and Lack of traceability
Vertical competition amongst different actors in the value chain due to supply-
demand inconsistency
Lack of coordination amongst donor agencies
Lack of monitoring of compliance on the part of the government
Lack of awareness
Unfair practices by agents
Almost non-existent R&D endeavors
- 20 -
Problems in the Shrimp Industry:
The problems described below were pointed out by the participants in the primary
study. The workshop also shed light on some additional problems. The problems
prevalent at different levels of the value chain are enumerated below:
1. General
An integrated agricultural policy is a prerequisite for the development of any
primary market. However, the present agricultural policy can at best be described
as disjointed and non-functional.
There also exist serious shortcomings in the government regulation and control of
the following environmentally important issues:
o Wild Fry Collection
o Standards maintenance
o Land grabbing
o Inadequate Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary measures (SPS)
Lack of standards at all levels of the value chain
The members in the value chain also seem to be involved in vertical competition.
There are quite a large number of hatcheries operating within the country under
capacity. The farms are running at capacity (although with high mortality rates) as
a result the farms have abundant demand for their supply. Thus a captive market
results in manipulation by the agents.
The processors are faced with huge demand from the international markets. But
they aren’t able to meet this demand because of failure of the part of the farms to
supply them with adequate shrimp.
Inconsistency in the supply chain results in substantial and rapidly changing price
structure. As a result unethical practices are prevalent in the value chain. In order
to meet the necessary weight requirements, farmers sometimes inject the shrimp
with illegal material.
The various donor bodies at the field level are working in isolation as opposed to
creating partnerships. As a result transfer of learning and experience is sporadic
and uncoordinated. The various donor bodies at the field level are working in
isolation as opposed to creating partnerships. As a result transfer of learning and
experience is sporadic and uncoordinated. Endeavors by BRAC, DANIDA and
ATDP-II have yielded positive results in their respective fields. However, very
little effort has so far been taken to share the knowledge gathered which could
have resulted in even better results.
Lack of a proper monitoring mechanism plagues every level of the value chain.
There also exists no formal exit strategy on the part of the donors. Moreover the
exit strategy lacks transfer to the private sector. The present practice is geared
towards either the government or creation of NGO based private sector which
seriously affects free market principles.
The extension workers provided by the government have so far performed very
poorly and failed to facilitate the farmers properly.
- 21 -
2. Brood Parent Collectors
Indiscriminate catching of brood mothers has emerged as a serious threat. In fact,

experts forecast that brood mothers may become extinct in two to three years from
Bangladesh waters if this present practice persists.
In Bangladesh the male and female shrimp are harvested together. There is no
mechanism to harvest the brood mother separately. In the case of galda cultivation
however, the mechanism for collecting brood mothers only has been developed.
Inadequate policy measures regarding the time of catching, technology, human
resources, etc. also presents a great threat to the brood parent collection. There
exists no legal mechanism for licensing the nets and vessels used for this purpose.
Lack of appropriate technology is also a big problem. Fry collection from the sea,
called baish dhora in Cox’s Bazaar and baccha dhora in Satkhira/Khulna, is
skilled work that requires hard physical labor and local expertise is inadequate
which results in the death of a large number of fries.
A large number of the poor — men, women and children (child labor) — do such
work in these areas. Child labor seems to be more rampant in golda cultivation. In
case of bagda farming children are mainly employed for catching fry. The sector
however, ensures gender equality. In fact the majority of the workers involved in
this sector are female especially in the processors and hatcheries.
People involved in this business as well as those who live in the shrimp
habitats have no knowledge regarding wild life.
Lack of monitoring of compliance afflicts this level of the value chain as well.
3. Agents (brood)
These agents are mostly traders with local influence in the society and thus have
entered the business not due to need in business but by force. The traders also
force the farmers to buy shrimp of PL in stocks. It is often found that only 5% of
this stock contains brood mothers.
Quality and price control measures are compromised due to inadequate supply.
This level of the chain is also characterized by too much dependence on catchers
and they eventually dictate prices.
Inadequate monitoring and control by law enforcing and monitoring agencies is
also a troubling issue in this phase of the chain.
- 22 -
4. Hatchery/Nursery
Unlike the other levels in the value chain, this level is characterized by too many
players. However, almost all of them are engaged in marginal operations. No
extensive studies have been undertaken so far to ascertain the required number of
hatcheries.
Most investors are motivated to turn black money white. Production and sales
figures are often exaggerated to override the law. That is why frequent changing
of hands (of facilities) is quite a common practice in this field.
Inadequate bio-security measures such as drainage, bacterial control, viral control,
use of medication, etc. due to inadequate technology base also results in high
mortality rate and low quality of the product. The disease called White Spot
Syndrome Virus (WSSV) effects the bagda species specifically and is the sole
contributor behind falling productivity of bagda. In the case of golda bio security
related problems mainly involve bacterial infections and contaminated medicine
and feed. The EU imposed a ban on Bangladesh shrimp imports in 1997 because
of a failure to comply with EU quality regulations. These events have resulted in a
bad image of Bangladeshi shrimp in foreign markets. As a result Bangladesh
cannot demand the same price as its competitors in the international market.
Lack of trained human resources in this field necessitates the influx of foreign
technicians. In fact 70% of technicians are from outside the country. The majority
(50%) of them are Indian nationals. These foreign experts at times enter the
country illegally and apply their technology, medication, and at times even strains
without any pre-testing measures. This quite clearly represents a potential threat to
bio-security.
Weak association among the different hatcheries exist since a large number are
involved in unethical business practices and are least concerned about business
development.
Although businesses change hand regularly, they do not close indicating that
unethical practices rather than business itself promotes sales. Most of these
unethical practices are a direct result of government incentive programs directed
in favor of the hatcheries.
The cost of undertaking R&D activities at the hatchery level is clearly
uneconomical for private industry and other stakeholders to undertake at the
present capacity utilization rates.
5. Agents (Post Larvae – PL)

These agents constitute the major profit making actor in the chain with the least
risk.
These agents are very influential in the value chain and determine prices. Lack of
working capital and availability of special interest rates are outlined as major
constraints faced by the group.
High mortality rates during transshipment from hatchery to farms especially in the
case of bagda are also observed.
- 23 -
These agents control both farmers as well as hatchery owners. On one hand, they
purchase on credit from the hatchery owners and on the other they derive
commission from the farmers.
In the case of galda, a large amount of the PL is imported from neighboring India.
Some PL imported from India contains excess amounts of nitrofurine which is a
prohibited substance.
6. Transport Agency
The poor transportation infrastructure of the country further cripples the industry.
This problem is even more acute in the case of bagda as in this case the shrimp
have to be transported from Cox’s bazaar to Khulna. Lack of landing facility for
air transporters in Khulna results in high carrying and time costs which ultimately
results in the farmers paying higher prices. Idle capacity for air transport during
off-season makes it difficult for them to sustain their operations.
Inadequate aircraft parking facility in Cox’s bazaar airport during peak season
contributes to even more delay in shipment.
It takes a total of thirty hours to reach the farms from Cox Bazar to Khulna by
road. Some hatcheries have taken it upon themselves to transport the PL by road;
however, this has not yet improved the situation.
Policy regarding licensing for air transport is inadequate – the status of both
leased aircraft and owned aircraft are regarded as same.
Temperature and oxygen controlled vans for road transport are still at the
experimental stage.
7. Farmer/Nursery
Low awareness level regarding proper farming practices results in high mortality
rates and diseases in the farms.
The weak financial capability of the farmers is also a great barrier towards
development. Inadequate banking support makes it impossible for the farmers to
obtain the funding they require.
High mortality of Post Larvae of both bagda and golda result primarily from the
previously mentioned shortcomings.
Although export benefits are extended to this sector, the processors are the ones
who mostly get to enjoy the same. They pass some of the benefit to the agents in
the form of higher prices. However, the other members of the value chain are not
able to absorb much of this benefit.
The farmers in Bangladesh get higher prices for their products compared to
farmers in countries like Thailand primarily due to higher production cost
- 24 -
resulting from low management capability, inefficient quantity management and
high mortality. This on the other hand affects the market share in the international
market. This aspect can be summarized in the illustration from group discussion
presented below.
o High prices do not necessarily mean high profits as the cost of operation are also high
in these farms. After covering all the overheads a very meager profit is left. On an
average, 20% of the overheads fall under labor.
o The sales price is completely independent of costs
o The price is dictated by competition alone.
o Management inefficiency and lack of technology are considered the main
contributing forces behind these rising costs of production.
o Primary production cost is quite low in Bangladesh compared to other countries as
90% of the Bagda larvae are traditionally produced and therefore entail no spending
at all. In fact some regard this as the sole reason behind the survival of this sector in
Bangladesh.
o The start-up capital and input cost is much lower in Bangladesh. However, it is
important to properly define sustainability in this aspect.
o Although some shrimp farms are sustaining, the owners are doing so by engaging
themselves in side businesses.
o A study conducted under the ATDP surveyed about 600 such farmers and found that
average production was less than 100 kg per hectare even though it was required to
produce 148kg per hectare to break even considering the price of land.
The government has also failed to play a constructive role, evidenced by the lack
of support from government extension workers.
The cost of maintaining nurseries and undertaking experiments is at times too
risky and expensive.
8. Agents (shrimp)
No special interest rates for working capital are available.

As mentioned before, there exists a huge gap between the demand for shrimp by
processors and the supply of the same provided by the farmers.
Processors dictate prices based on international market rates.
Too many depots are engaged in this stage and a large number of these depots and
sub-depots are either owned or controlled by agents. All adulteration is performed
in the depots or sub-depots. Here shrimp are injected with fluids and other
substances or immersed in water to increase their weight.
Again, the measures taken by the government in monitoring of compliance are
alarmingly inadequate
- 25 -
9. Processor
The quality of raw material (shrimp/prawn) supplied to the processors is not

satisfactory because of adulteration, cool chain maintenance, size variation etc.
Processors should reject these shipments but do not due to their desperate need
for raw material to fulfill orders.
It has also been observed that, some processors engage in this business only for
the period for which the tax holiday has been extended. After expiry they simply
get a new registration. This practice results in financial default.
Lack of marketing efforts and a negative country image are also great obstacles.
The negative country image is solely responsible for the low prices Bangladeshi
shrimp commands in the international markets and its failure to increase its market
share and acquire new markets.
Inadequate technology and knowledge transfer also impact operations.
Although in recent times, there have been efforts to comply; compliance with
HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) is still not adequate.
Non tariff barriers from the developed world at times are considered inappropriate
by local producers. For instance, although EU regulations prohibit child labor, in
Bangladesh complete abolition of the practice is impossible as the children are
forced to work for their very sustenance mostly at the lowest ladder of the value
chain.
EU regulations also necessitate the availability of proper sanitary conditions
which most of the farms simply cannot afford. In fact some requirements of the
SPS don’t even fall under the standard regulations of health and sanitation. For
example in case of golda, the acceptable level for nitrofurans required by the EU
is substantially and impractically lower than that approved by general health and
sanitation standards. This is a perfect example of inappropriate grounds for
rejection by the developed countries. International laws can therefore sometimes
be questionable.
Intervention Strategy:
Results of the field level survey suggests that by pursuing an integrated policy, under
the current capacity figures, the shrimp production per unit area of land can be raised
manifold provided that the current bottle necks are eliminated. It is therefore quite
possible to attain the year 2010 export revenue target of $1 billion if the above-
mentioned obstacles are overcome.
The study strongly recommends an integrated model for both Golda and Bagda
projects. It suggests formation of strategic business units based on clusters
incorporating members of value chain.
Strategic business units can be cooperative based, where groups of farmers work
together under a commercial umbrella, or individual based where existing agents
- 26 -
are enlisted to disseminate technical information and training to their farmer
clients.
Dialogues and forums should be held regularly with exporters and importers to
raise and address questionable trade practices and standards.
The government must formulate an integrated agricultural policy to ensure
sustainable development in this sector. Enforcement of the policy must be done
with the assistance of industry groups.
Instead of working in isolation, the donors should address these problems
collaboratively so that transfer of learning and experience is ensured.
Donors should also formulate smooth exit strategies whereby projects are handed
over to the private sector after completion.
Ecological protection and gender equity issues can be controlled by working with
the aforementioned strategic units to prohibit certain dangerous practices like land
grabbing, indiscriminate catching, child labor and participation of women across
the value chain, etc.
Mass awareness can be generated on such issues as bio-security by again working
through the established industry channels that will benefit from them. These again
are the business units and association groups.
The SSOQ and DANIDA models can be applied in this area. The positive aspects
of both the models may be applied in the value chain.
The study suggests that implementation of these strategies is quite possible if all the
stakeholders in the sector confront them jointly in an integrated fashion. Given the
various existing interest groups, there is a fair amount of negotiation and information
dissemination that has to be done to ensure implementation success.
- 27 -
Shrimp Culture in Bangladesh with Emphasis on Social and Economic Aspects
Financially supported by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural
Research
(ACIAR) Project ASEM/1995/039.
By Mohammad Alauddin and M. Akhter Hamid
Department of Economics, University of Queensland, 4072, Australia.
The Shrimp Industry: Linking the Components
The shrimp industry comprises four sub-sectors: shrimp farms (ghers), shrimp
hatcheries, feed mills and shrimp processing plants (Haque 1994). Figure 1 represents
sectoral linkages in the shrimp industry. The success of the industry depends on the
concurrent development of all these sub-sectors. It is important to note that
development, on the other hand, depends on the availability of modern technology,
management concepts and finance. The shrimp marketing system is also crucial and
comprises a complex chain of agents who are involved in the process from the farm
gate to the processing plants. While providing the details of shrimp marketing is
beyond the scope of this paper, it is important to mention that the processing plant
sub-sector has ultimate command of the marketing system. In other words, this sector
has a vertical line of command, which in turn acts on international market signals.
Most of the people engaged in shrimp marketing are either directly or indirectly
employed by this sub-sector. Often ‘buying houses’ act as negotiators between the
exporting and importing companies.
Shrimp hatcheries
About 95% of farm stock come from wild fry catch (Ahmed 1996) and this has
implications for biodiversity. Since black tiger shrimp (bagda chingri—P. monodon)
is the most targeted species, wild shrimp collectors discard other shrimp and fish
species onshore. For every single bagda fry collected from the natural habitat, up to
99 other species of shrimp and finfish could be destroyed (Selim 1994). Realising
this, DOF provided plans for construction of about 30 private-sector hatcheries (Selim
1994) 12 of which were under construction in 1995 (Haque 1995). In 1995, there was
only one bagda hatchery (out of 10 shrimp hatcheries; DOF 1995) in Bangladesh
producing between 20–30 million post larvae. The estimated requirement for the
130,000 h of shrimp farms is 2.6–3.0 billion post larvae and the difference is made up
from wild fry (Karim 1995; Rahman and Pal 1995). Mazid (1995) suggested the
establishment of a shrimp hatchery village for galda (M. rosenbergii) shrimp which
would be specially designed for small farmers with a production capacity of 150,000–
200,000 postlarvae/unit/season.
The greatest obstacle to shrimp hatchery technology is the collection of unstressed

brood stock from the sea. Unfortunately, there are no definite data on the distribution
and abundance of such stock, the state of standing stock (stock assessment by various
research teams revealed different results), or the timing of their availability. Khan
(1994) quoted a standing stock of 7,000–8,000 t of shrimp, but there is a wide
variation in standing stocks reported by several authors (for details see Khan 1994). In
- 28 -
addition, there is no provision for brood stock collection on a commercial basis
(Hossain 1995). In 1995, hatcheries relied on the government research vessel,
Anusandhani, which catches broodstock from the sea. Largely under-utilized public-
sector hatcheries suffer from various management problems that limit their pro-
duction(Khan1995).
Shrimp feed mills
There is a shortage of artificial shrimp feed in Bangladesh (Hussain 1994; Hossain

1995; Karim 1995; Khan 1995). Only 6,000 t of shrimp and fish feed are produced
locally as opposed to a total requirement of more than 100,000 t (Hussain 1994).
Apart from the Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation’s fishmeal plant, there
is only one other feed mill operating in Mymensingh and a few small-scale local
manufacturers of fish feed (Karim and Aftabuzzaman 1995). Shrimp feeds, usually
with a shelf-life of about three months, are imported from Thailand and Taiwan. It has
been reported that stale feeds are supplied at the farm level, leading to adverse effects
on shrimp farming (Karim and Aftabuzzaman 1995). Consequently, most farmers rely
on natural feed and their farms suffer from lower productivity.
Processing plants
There is a big mismatch between the raw material requirements of shrimp processing
plants and the supply of farmed shrimp. As of 1994, while there was a requirement of
156,000 t of shrimp to utilize the maximum production capacity of 93 plants, the sup-
ply was only about 20,000 t, resulting in only 13% utilization of plant capacity
(Haque 1994).
Further, Hussain (1994) pointed out that the processing industry had a 500%
overgrowth in capacity as compared to raw material production. He added that in
1992–93, only 32 plants were under production. In 1994, most of the plants were out
of operation, mainly due to the lack of raw material supply. He argued that factors
such as an unplanned credit system, liberal attitudes of financial institutions towards
this industry, expectations of some stakeholders to make quick fortunes, and easy
availability of loans to build plants, were the main reasons for this unpleasant
situation.
- 29 -
Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Barriers to Trade and its Impact on the Environment
The Case of Shrimp Farming in Bangladesh
By A. K. Enamul Haque North South University, Dhaka
Trade Knowledge Network Paper 2004
http://www.tradeknowledgenetwork.net
Executive Summary
1. Shrimp is the second largest source of export from Bangladesh. In the late
1980s, the shrimp industry grew out of a major non-traditional item of export from
Bangladesh. Commercial culture of shrimp increased rapidly in the coastal belt of
Bangladesh and it went through several stages of transformation.
2. There are now approximately 37,397 farms cultivating bagda (tiger shrimp)
with an average farm size of 4.5 ha. Twenty-five thousand tons of bagda was
produced in 2001. Bagda production has increased by 20 per cent per annum in the
last fifteen years. There are 124 shrimp processing factories in Bangladesh sited
mostly in Khulna and Chittagong and about 60 hatcheries, mostly in Cox’s Bazar.
There are also 30,000 ha of land under galda (sweet water shrimp) production that
produced 11,942 tons in 2001. Because galda farms are generally smaller than bagda
mud (averaging 0.28 ha and four ha respectively), they support a greater proportion of
poor and marginal farmers.
3. There are 105,000 galda farms, mostly located in the Khulna division although
this method of cultivation is spreading rapidly in other parts of Bangladesh. Unlike
brackish water cultivation of bagda (tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon), freshwater
galda cultivation is not restricted to the coastal regions and is expanding at a rate of
10–20 per cent per annum. Moreover, galda shrimp (fresh water scampi,
Marobhrachium rosenbergii) farming is usually done on family farms by small
farmers who have transformed their tiny plots of agricultural land into shrimp-cum-
rice farms.
4. There are 600,000 people employed in the shrimp sector in Bangladesh

generating US$301 million annually, from bagda and galda farms (US$243 million
from bagda alone). Yet the industry suffers from significant production inefficiencies
and is exposed to important social and environmental risks.
5. One of the risks has emerged out of sanitary and phyto-sanitary agreements
and subsequent standardization of production and processing methods using HACCP
(Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) methods. As of now, HACCP is applied
on the processing plants, but to ensure the quality of production and to reduce risks,
shrimp farms are also required to adopt HACCP methods. Processing plants, being the
large investors and the ultimate risk taker in the business, have already adopted the
procedures mentioned in HACCP, but it has been quite difficult for them to impose
the same on the small shrimp farms. Overall, the industry is in crisis—low production
capacity at plants and very low yields at the shrimp farms.
6. The farming community lacks capital, education, and also motivation to accept
changes under the current market conditions. This study has shown that, while most
- 30 -
of the shrimp farmers are aware of the risks in the business, they are also not very
active to adopt the standards. It was also found that most farmers need to be trained
regarding the impact on shrimp quality of the use of chemicals during crop
production.
7. Using field data, the study developed a simulation exercise to show that, under
the current situation, the trend in the industry is toward intensive shrimp farming. This
will threaten the ecosystem and the social fabric in rural Bangladesh and increase
social conflicts. Consequently, an alternative strategy has been devised and found
feasible.
8. The alternative is to provide training to the farmers and make them aware of
the risks in the business, create meaningful liaison with the processing plants and
reduce inefficiencies in production. This is a more socially-desirable response to
resolve the current crisis in the industry.
9. The result of the study was presented at a national workshop in Dhaka and
during presentation of the report at the workshop it was further observed that
stakeholders of the shrimp industry lack a common understanding of their roles and
responsibilities. Moreover, there exists severe mistrust between the farmers and the
processors. High rate of marketing margin is also a genuine problem. These are all
rooted in the overall lack of awareness and information at the primary level of
production. It is, therefore, suggested that a multi-stakeholder dialogue process may
be initiated by a neutral organization to buildup the trust between them. The objective
of the dialogue will also include developing a common policy prescription for the
industry to make it environmentally sustainable.
For further clarification, author recommends following studies:
An Evaluation of The Bangladesh Agro-Based Industries And Technology

Development Project (ATDP II).Submitted to: United States Agency for International
Development/Bangladesh; Under: Evaluation IQC No. AEP-I-00-00-00023-00 Task
Order No. 855. Submitted by: Development Associates, Inc. 1730 N. Lynn St.
Arlington, VA 22209
EU Ban on Shrimp Imports from Bangladesh: A Case Study on Market Access
Problems Faced by the LDCs by Professor Mustafizur Rahman
Challenges facing the Shrimp Industry in Bangladesh Claire Fleming American
International School/Dhaka. Senior Project 2004
Policy Research – Implications of Liberalization of Fish Trade for Developing
Countries. A Case Study for Bangladesh Fish Trade Liberalization in Bangladesh:
Implications of SPS Measures and Eco-Labelling for the Export-Oriented Shrimp
Sector by Fahmida Khatun,Project PR 26109,July 2004. Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Rome.(Regional workshop on commodity
export diversification and poverty reduction in south and south-east Asia, (Bangkok,
3-5 April, 2001) organized by UNCTAD in cooperation with ESCAP)
- 31 -
Part-III
Shrimp In Bangladesh
3.0 Shrimp In Bangladesh: Background
In the early seventies, Bangladesh entered the global export market for shrimp. This
aquatic animal, which was locally much cheaper than any other seafood, suddenly
became a very high priced commodity. Since then, much attention has been focused
on increasing shrimp production. (Karim, 2003). Initially, the public sector efforts
concentrated on exploitation of the shrimp from the sea by employing trawlers which
were not only costly to buy and import, but also expensive to operate. The increasing
demand and steadily rising prices of shrimp encouraged its cultivation in the coastal
belt of the country.
Once it got started with some success, the practices expanded very quickly, and with
cheap land and cheap labor, shrimp farming expanded phenomenally. By 1982-83, the
shrimp farming area occupied nearly 52,000 hectares, and by 1986 had spread to over
115,000 hectares. (Karim, 2003). Currently, an area of an estimated 160,000 Ha is
under shrimp farming, although actual numbers may differ somewhat. Of the total
shrimp farming area, some 30,000 ha is fresh water shrimp farming while the rest is
devoted to marine shrimp farming. The main districts in which marine shrimp are
being farmed include Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat and Cox’s Bazar. The main Fresh
water shrimp farming districts are Khulna, Bagerhat, Jessore, Narail, Gopalganj,
Pirojpur and Noakhali. More or less 80% of the shrimp farming areas are in the
country’s southwestern region while the rest are in the southeastern part.
Shrimp is the second most important export item to Bangladesh. The cultured
(cultivated) shrimp constitutes more than 95% of the total shrimp export. The main
cultured species is the tiger shrimp (locally known as bagda shrimp) of which the
technical name is Penaeus monodon. It is a marine shrimp and is cultivated in
brackish water. The next most important export is the fresh water species, locally
called galda, technically known as Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
Large-scale shrimp cultivation is a relatively new phenomenon to the country. Coastal

shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh was greatly aided by the country’s unique natural
features, including large areas of low-lying tidal land, a favorable environment, and a
high market demand and economic returns (WARPO, 2003). Table 1 refers to exports
- 32 -
of shrimp from the major exporting countries in the world. Notice that Bangladesh is
ranked eighth by value.
Table 1.
Export of shrimp from the major exporting countries in 1998 by volume and value. (Ranked in
order of importance).
Volume (1,000 mt) Value ($ US millions)
Thailand 247.2 Thailand 2306.6
Indonesia 128.0 Indonesia 864.0
Ecuador 115.0 Ecuador 857.1
Norway 152.3 India 761.2
India 101.4 Mexico 494.6
Denmark 75.2 Viet Nam 4 01.5
VietNam 50.8 Denmark 379.0
Mexico 46.9 Bangladesh 246.6
China 43.1 Netherlands 213.5
Netherlands 43.1 China 206.8
Greenland 43.0 Iceland 191.6
Canada 36.7 Greenland 171.1
Iceland 32.0 Canada 170.9
Malaysia 27.6 Argentina 167.4
Norway 27.3 Malaysia 158.1
UK 23.8 Belgium 155.4
Argentina 23.4 Norway 152.3
Bangladesh 23.0 UK 145.4
Note. From The Coastal shrimp sector in Bangladesh (36), Bangladesh Centre for Advanced
Studies (BCAS), 2001, Dhaka, Bangladesh: Author.
Bagda
“There are around 38,000 Bagda ghers in Bangladesh.” (WARPO, 2003). Bagda
farms are mostly rice fields converted into shrimp ponds varying in size from .4 to
200 ha. (Banks, 2002). Most of the shrimp farmers are not permanent residents of the
areas in which their ghers are situated; even the local big landowners typically lease
their land to outside entrepreneurs. Although both types of farming are profitable, the
larger scale Bagda exports bring in the lion’s share of foreign exchange, second only
to ready-made garments. Because it requires saline water throughout the entire
process, Bagda farms cause more damage to the soil and the environment.
- 33 -
Galda
There are about 105,000 freshwater prawn farms in Bangladesh’s “Shrimp Region,”
the average size of the farms being approximately .3 ha. (WARPO, 2003). Galda
farming has increased quite rapidly in recent years, and because it tends to be on a
smaller scale, and the prawns are grown in freshwater that can often be re-used three
or four times, the environmental impact is much less than in Bagda farming. Galda
shrimp are cultured in ponds and ghers. “The practice of integrated farming of prawn
with rice, fish, and vegetables is spreading, particularly among small-scale farmers,
providing a year-round supply of crops for family subsistence, supplemented by a
cash crop (Galda).” (U.S. Agency for International Development, 2003). An
interesting fact about Galda shrimp is that unlike Bagda, they are always de-headed
before selling, as the heads are part of the diet of farm households. (Williams & Khan,
2003).
Shrimp Farming: A Brief History
Shrimp farming itself is not a new phenomenon in the southwestern region of

Bangladesh. Farmers used to construct shallow, seasonal enclosures on the banks of
rivers and canals, to grow brackish water finfish and Bagda shrimp as an extra source
of income. They also cultivated fresh water Galda prawns.
In the 1960s, the government felt the need to enhance the country’s domestic rice
production to feed its rapidly increasing population. Fortunately, this coincided with
the development of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) of grain. (Coastal Development
Partnership [CDP], 2003). To expand the area of cultivable land for rice productivity,
the tidal flood plains of the southwestern region were then converted into permanent
fresh water areas by building high embankments to create polders as well as by
closing many canals, especially in the Khulna region. (Tutu, 2001). Eventually, due to
large quantities of silt deposits in the riverbeds and to the embankments blocking the
flood plains, water logging occurred and then spread from the north to the south,
becoming a permanent feature of the region. With no agricultural alternative, a few
farmers experimented with “small-scale shrimp cultivation in their water-logged
plots.” Their success encouraged others and the practice [began to] spread gradually.
(Tutu, 2001).
- 34 -
Reasons For Growth Of The Sector
“International pressure on wild, caught species, increasing global incomes, importing

significant quantities of seafood products, and a strengthening demand in these
countries, have all combined to result in a steady rise in international prices for
shrimp, and the growing importance for cultured shrimp.” (Bangladesh Centre for
Advanced Studies, 2001). When the demand for shrimp began to increase during the
80s, the proportion of Bagda shrimp also began to increase gradually, and ultimately
dominated the economy of the brackish water regions of the southwest. The source of
the demand was from foreign buyers and specifically from consumers’ preference for
that kind of shrimp, i.e. “Tiger shrimp.” Bagda shrimp cultivation was started in these
regions on a comparatively large scale, extensive basis and has remained that way.
In 1984, the percent of global shrimp supply from wild capture fisheries was
approximately 20% higher than it is today and is continuing to decline – although it
has been steady in recent years. This decline in wild fry collection has been another
factor in the growth of the cultivated shrimp industry. Another major reason for the
development of the shrimp industry in Bangladesh is government assistance to the
sector through bank loans, tax breaks, technical expertise, etc. Over the past 30 years,
production has been increasing in response to strong international demand and rising
prices, and like many export-oriented industries, profitability is extremely sensitive to
changes in international prices, therefore the recent dip in prices is having significant
impacts on the profitability of shrimp processing industries in Bangladesh. (BCAS,
2001).
Bangladesh also has certain natural factors that have favored the growth of the shrimp
industry. Compared to other shrimp-producing countries, this country is fortunate to
have a large inter-tidal range and broad low-lying areas of land, meaning that water
circulation can be achieved through natural tidal fluctuations without artificial
pumping. This greatly reduces costs. (BCAS, 2001).
- 35 -
Shrimp Cultivation
Bangladeshi shrimp culture is practiced in brackish water, saltwater, and freshwater.

The two main cultivated species are Bagda shrimp (Tiger shrimp) and Galda (Giant
Freshwater prawn). (Banks, 2002). While these are the two main varieties of shrimp, a
small amount of other shrimp species are also harvested. Because of poor screening,
other species of wild shrimp get trapped in the tidal pools. Two systems are currently
in operation: extensive gher (or pond) culture, which is used to produce the marine
and brackish water species of shrimp, and fresh water gher culture used to produce
prawn. The average marine aquaculture farm is 4.5 ha, while the fresh water ponds on
inland farms are usually no greater than 0.3 ha. (Banks, 2002).
In order to understand the production process more clearly, a brief description of the
four key stages in shrimp cultivation is necessary. Please refer to Table 2 for the
estimated number of people employed in selected areas of the sector.
Table 2. Estimated employment in selected areas of the shrimp sector.

Persons effective
Employment employed months
Galda farm owner 105,000 8
Bagda farm owner 80,000 8
Bagda farm worker 130,000 8
Galda farm worker 105,000 8
Shrimp hatchery owner 60 12
Bagda hatchery worker 500 6
Galda hatchery worker 100 6
Wild hatchling and fry collectors 250,000 6
Fry transporters, trader 30,000 5
Bagda and Galda nursery operators 300 6
Shrimp depot works 35,000 8
Shrimp processing casual workers 24,000 8
Shrimp processing permanent workers 6,000 12
Total 765,960
Note. From The coastal shrimp sector in Bangladesh (23), by Bangladesh Centre for
Advanced Studies (BCAS), 2001, Dhaka, Bangladesh: Author.
In the first stage, the fry (or larvae) are either collected in the wild from the rivers
(using one of four principal types of nets: the pull net, push net, bag net, or shooting
net) or they are produced in hatcheries. (Department of Fisheries, 2003). Wild fry
collection in general is still preferred by farmers, but there is a strong opposition to
- 36 -
this practice, and has been officially banned by the government because “biodiversity
is being negatively impacted by the capture of fry and destruction of by-catch.”
(WARPO, 2003). In practice however, wild fry collection continues. Secondly, the fry
are sold to agents in local markets, small local businessmen who sell to agents, and
occasionally directly to the shrimp farms. In the third stage, the fry are grown in ghers
(ponds of brackish water) in shrimp farms, which vary in size from 1 to 600 hectares.
Work on shrimp farms includes building gher walls, guarding the shrimp from
thieves, and catching the shrimp. Lastly, all harvested shrimp are collected in depots
to ready them for onward export processing or local consumption. (Delap & Lugg,
1998). This involves de-heading and cleaning the shrimp and subsequent freezing and
packaging.
EU Ban On Imports Of Bangladesh Shrimp: 1
In July, 1997 the European Commission imposed a ban on imports of shrimp products
from Bangladesh into the EU on the ground that exports of this commodity did not
meet the stringent provisions of EC's HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control
Point) regulations. The ban originated from (a) concerns as regards standards in areas
related to health safeguards, quality control, infrastructure and hygiene in the
processing units, and (b) lack of trust in the efficiency of the controlling measures
carried out by designated authorities in Bangladesh, in this particular case, the
Department of Fisheries (DOF). The ban was imposed following EU inspection of
Bangladesh's seafood processing plants in July 1997 which raised questions as regards
compliance with HACCP regulations in the processing plants in Bangladesh.The
visiting team also expressed its doubt with respect to reliability and efficiency of the
controlling function of the GOB inspectors. The EC determined that "consuming
fishery products processed in Bangladesh posed a significant risk to public health in
EU member countries”. Thus, both the firms and the GOB were put on the dock. The
ban put the country's shrimp export industry under severe strain, and led to serious
market disruptions from which the country is still trying to recover.
1 EU Ban on Shrimp Imports from Bangladesh: A Case Study on Market Access Problems Faced by the
LDCs by Professor Mustafizur Rahman
- 37 -
International Standards And Regulatory Requirements:
Shrimp processed for global markets has to comply with the international standards
and has to meet buyer specifications as well as the regulatory requirements of the
importing country. Unfortunately, as in may other LDCs, Bangladesh have difficulty
in meeting with the required safety standards and quality requirements.
Problems with quality compliance arise at pre-processing phase at the stage of

handling of raw shrimp (harvesting, sorting by size and color, removal of heads and
peeling which are often carried out under conditions and facilities that are unsuitable
from hygiene perspective) and also at processing stage (absence of high quality water
and ice, irregular electricity supply, poor infrastructure and transportation facility)
which seriously constrain Bangladeshi firms' ability to pursue modern sanitary
practices. As is the case in other LDCs, Bangladeshi plants do not have sufficient
funds to invest in expensive mechanical equipment, fishing boats, quality control
measures and adequately trained staff. The GOB's governance capacity to design,
implement and monitor quality and safety compliance is also very weak.
Value Chain In The Shrimp Industry:
Value Chain in Shrimp industry starts with the collecting activities of the brood
mother from the deep sea or the collecting activities of the fry (or larvae); collected in
the wild from the rivers (using one of four principal types of nets: the pull net, push
net, bag net, or shooting net) or they are produced in hatcheries. Hatchery owners
usually contact with foreign experts from India, Thailand etc for collecting the brood
mother from the sea. Sea plane, motorboat etc is used for the means of transport. The
concerns related quality-control and bio-hazard is present at some hatchery-level-
activities. After producing the
PL (Post Larvae) at hatchery, the activities are transferred to the farmers through the
agents/dealers. The farmers directly culture the fry without treating the water. Most of
the times, the way they feed and use antibiotic doesn’t meet the safety regulations.
- 38 -
After harvesting, shrimp is brought to the agents or depot for sale. Small agents or
depots supply these shrimp to large depots or to the processing industries. Amazing
factor here in the value chain is that, almost every phase of the chain, there persist
agents/trader/middleman who don’t care about this industry and/or know very poor
about the bio-hazard and safety regulations. Another important value chain
component is the transport system. It consists of air, water and road. Finally, the
processing industry exports the processed shrimp to the importing country.
Secondary studies extensively indicate that the Shrimp industry of Bangladesh is

severely disintegrated at each level of the value chain. And insufficient infrastructure
and monitoring body, ignorance and various kinds of problems prevail at almost every
level of the value chain.
The value chain in the shrimp industry is provided below:
Importer
Processing
Industry
Depot
Department of Fisheries
Agent/Trader
Shrimp Technologist
Facilitating Agency
Farmer
Financial Agency
Donor Agency
Association
Transport Laboratory
(Air/Road)
Agent/Trader
Post Larvae
Hatchery
Transport
Air/Motorboat
Brood Parent
- 39 -
Recent Developments In The Shrimp Industry
One of the ways of developments is through a new closed fresh water shrimp
cultivation method, launched in 2003 by the USAID-funded Agro-based industries
and Technology Development Project (ATDP) that provides “technical assistance for
the promotion of virus-free shrimp farming in Bangladesh,” which is now bringing
hope to many farmers.2 The method reuses and recycles water rather than discharging
it and letting new water in, which greatly reduces risk to local shrimp farms suffering
from repeated virus attacks. “The closed system works by allowing the water in the
shrimp pond to be purified through chlorination.”2 The new method can also
significantly increase yield production over the traditional methods of farming,
increasing yields by up to ten times. By increasing yields ten-fold, it takes enormous
pressure off the land and so greatly reduces the need to expand aquaculture, thereby
limiting its impact on the environment. It may reduce water resource utilization as
well.2 “This technology will be crucial for the country, especially as international
buyers have imposed certain restrictions on imports from Bangladesh to ensure high-
quality and disease-free shrimp, produced in an environmentally and socially sound
way. ATDP has developed a program that offers farmers and producers the
opportunity to begin cultivating high-quality, disease-free shrimp with reduced
negative social and environmental impacts”2. This model program offers new
technology and a new approach to cultivating shrimp.
Future Steps
Within the next couple of years, there will be a lot of changes within the shrimp sector
(hopefully for the better!) and it’s crucial and would be very interesting to continue
researching these changes because of the great impact they will have on so many
people. Because shrimp farming is a relatively new industry to Bangladesh, and is still
growing and developing, it will be interesting to see if it survives and how it changes
to meet international standards and, in so doing, provide a model for other sectors of
the economy, which it definitely has the potential to do.
2: Md.Al-Masud, Extension Specialist; ATDP-Shrimp Seal of Quality, House no. G-3, Jalil Sarani, Boyra,
Khulna-9000
- 40 -
Part-IV
Analysis &Findings
4.1. General Tendency of the Respondents:
Meeting with the theoretical expectation, at least 60% of all categories of respondents
were found aware about the problems. Highest 78% respondents are aware about the
non-existent facilities for the WSSV virus testing (q.4) and Lowest 60% respondents
are aware about the poor access to the industry related information (q.9) and almost
nonexistent research and development endeavor (q.15). On the average, 66.875% of
the respondents are aware about the industry embedded problems.
Among the 16 problem analysis, 3 of them were found significant and the rest was
found insignificant in the analysis of frequency distribution. And the of Difference
among the cluster members opinion on a specific issue was found insignificant.
Agreed Responses:
A B C D E F G Total
Response
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Q.01 4 7 7 22 8 7 8 63
Q.02 7 6 6 20 8 6 8 61
Q.03 5 8 8 27 11 7 7 73
Q.04 9 10 8 28 8 7 8 78
Q.05 6 10 6 18 9 8 9 66
Q.06 7 10 7 14 9 8 8 63
Q.07 7 11 6 18 10 8 9 69
Q.08 6 10 6 22 8 8 8 68
Q.09 5 8 6 18 9 6 8 60
Q.10 7 8 6 19 9 7 8 64
Q.11 7 9 8 22 10 6 9 71
Q.12 7 9 7 17 11 8 7 66
Q.13 6 9 6 18 9 6 8 62
Q.14 7 10 7 20 10 7 9 70
Q.15 5 9 6 19 9 6 6 60
Q.16 8 11 8 26 7 8 8 76
Mean 66.875
- 41 -
4.2. Hypothetical 60% Mass Members Awareness Toward The
Industry-Embedded Problems:
Problem 01. PL (Post Larvae) supplied by the hatcheries is of low quality.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the low quality PL
supplied by the hatcheries.
Decision: Calculated χ2 value = 5.694 and Table value of χ2 =9.488.Since the

Calculated χ2 value < Tabular χ2 value, the null hypothesis is accepted.
That is, 60% of the stakeholders of shrimp industry are well aware about the poor
quality PL supplied by the hatcheries.
Problem 02. There are very poor control activities in the shrimp industry.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the poor control activities
in the shrimp industry.

control activities in the shrimp industry
- 42 -
Problem 03. Shrimp culture is hampered by high mortality rate.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the high mortality rate in
shrimp culture.

Calculated χ2 value > Tabular χ2 value, the null hypothesis is rejected.
That is, 60% of the stakeholders of shrimp industry are not well aware about the high
mortality rate in shrimp culture.
Problem 04. Facility for WSSV (white spot syndrome virus) screening is almost
nonexistent.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the nonexistent facility for
WSSV (white spot syndrome virus) screening

Calculated χ2 value > Tabular χ2 value, the null hypothesis is rejected.
That is, 60% of the stakeholders of shrimp industry are not well aware about the
nonexistent facility for WSSV (white spot syndrome virus) screening.
Problem 05. Infrastructure and culture technology are poor.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the poor infrastructure and
cultural technology.

infrastructure and cultural technology.
- 43 -
Problem.06 There are lack of quality and safe feed supply.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the poor and unsafe feed
supply.

infrastructure and cultural technology.
Problem.07 Wild brood-stock population is declining due to over fishing and lack of
concentration.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the declining wild brood-
stock population due to over fishing and lack of concentration.

That is, 60% of the stakeholders of shrimp industry are well aware about the
declining wild brood-stock population due to over fishing and lack of concentration.
Problem.08 There is no suitable credit support to entrepreneurs of limited financial

capacities.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the lack of suitable credit
support to entrepreneurs of limited financial capacities.

That is, 60% of the stakeholders of shrimp industry are well aware about the lack of
suitable credit support to entrepreneurs of limited financial capacities.
- 44 -
Problem.09 Access to the industry related information is poor.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the poor access to the
industry related information.

access to the industry related information.
Problem.10 There is inefficient management practice in this industry.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the inefficient
management practice in this industry.

inefficient management practice in this industry.
Problem.11 There is inadequate backward linkage for the poor; i.e.

Appropriate farming technology.
Institutional and supervised credit at reasonable terms.
Adequate and good quality PL, fertilizer and feed in time.
Good infrastructure: rural road, electricity, etc.
Security of crop under cultivation and law and order.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the inadequate backward
linkage for the poor

inadequate backward linkage for the poor.
- 45 -
Problem.12 There is generally weak forward linkage; i.e.
Inadequate post-harvest handling, transportation and preservation.
Poor market linkage of the producers.
Inadequate research on export market.
Producers do not get fair price.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the generally weak
forward linkage in the shrimp industry.

That is, 60% of the stakeholders are well aware about the generally weak forward
linkage in the shrimp industry.
Problem.13 There is lack of standard and lack of traceability in the whole supply
chain.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the lack of standard and
lack of traceability in the whole supply chain in the shrimp industry.

standard and lack of traceability in the whole supply chain.
Problem.14 There is lack of monitoring of compliance on the part of the government.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the lack of monitoring of
compliance on the part of the government in the shrimp industry.
Decision: Calculated χ2 value = 5.275 and Table value of χ2 =9.488.
Since the Calculated χ2 value < Tabular χ2 value, the null hypothesis is accepted.
monitoring of compliance on the part of the government.
- 46 -
Problem.15 Research and development (R&D) endeavor is almost nonexistent.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware about the lack of research and
development (R&D) endeavors in the shrimp industry.
Since the Calculated χ2 value < Tabular χ2 value, the null hypothesis is accepted.
research and development (R&D) endeavors in this industry.
Problem.16 Unfair practices by the shrimp agents are hampering export market.
Null Hypothesis: 60% of the stakeholders are aware that unfair practices by the
shrimp agents are hampering export market.
Since the Calculated χ2 value >Tabular χ2 value, the null hypothesis is rejected.
That is, 60% of the stakeholders of shrimp industry are not well aware about the fact
that unfair practices by the shrimp agents are hampering export market.
- 47 -
4.3. The Significance of The Difference Among The Cluster Members
Opinion On Specific Issues: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the awareness level
of the various clusters members of the industry on a specific issue.
4.3.1 Facilities Issue
Null Hypothesis: The difference among the cluster members opinion on facilities issue is
insignificant, i.e. µa= µb =......= µg.
Decision: Calculated F-ratio was found 0.133 and the critical value of F is 3.01 at the
0.05 level for 3 and 24 degrees of freedom. Since calculated F < critical F, we accept the
null hypothesis that the difference among the cluster members opinion on facilities issue
is insignificant, i.e. µa= µb =......= µg.
4.3.2 Monitoring Issue
Null Hypothesis: The difference among the cluster members opinion on monitoring
issue is insignificant, i.e. µa= µb =......= µg.
null hypothesis that the difference among the cluster members opinion on monitoring
4.3.3 Quality Issue
Null Hypothesis: The difference among the cluster members opinion on quality issue is
null hypothesis that the difference among the cluster members opinion on quality issue is
- 48 -
4.3.4 Technology Issue
Null Hypothesis: The difference among the cluster members opinion on technology
Decision: Calculated F-ratio was found 0.232and the critical value of F is 3.01 at the
null hypothesis that the difference among the cluster members opinion on technology
- 49 -
Part-V
Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion
Problems identified and analyzed in this report are persistent in the shrimp industry
without any doubt. But the severe level of illiteracy of most of the cluster members is
the main reason for the significant difference in the hypothetical level of the problem
and the actual stakeholders’ awareness level toward the problems. Besides, lack of
monitoring, widespread corruption and the absence of an integrated policy for this
industry are also the reason. The disintegrated supply chain of the industry is also to
blame.
The focus of this study was entirely on the perception of the most valuable
stakeholders. It is a mix of both qualitative and quantitative approach which used
two popular statistical tools for analyzing and comparing the population static. The
result of this study is usable only in the insight of the problems in this industry. Use of
this result to draw an inference about these cluster members degree of awareness
would be completely wrong since the result was drawn from comparing with a
hypothetical idea found in the secondary study.
5.2 Recommendation
Mass level of the stakeholders need institutional and industry education immediately.
Activities like training programs, seminars, trade-fair etc are still in the initial level
and done on small project base. Industry wise expansion of these kinds of activities
should be taken into account immediately. Involvement of the GOB need to be
increased to a high extent. Problem area including high mortality rate, virus screening
facility and the unfair practices should be taken into account for the both operative
and strategic level immediately. To identify the exact extent of these problems, further
study should be conducted.
Enforcement of food safety outside the government should be explored. Neither GOB
nor industry has been able to ensure shrimp exports are food safe. ATDP’s shrimp
seal of quality (SSOQ) program offers an alternative to government enforcement as
- 50 -
this third party voluntary certification program has more credibility with international
shrimp importers than government or exporters do. Following special measures
should be taken immediately:
Introduction of quality certification system at all levels of the shrimp and fish
based industry to ensure food safety, traceability, environmental sustainability and
social responsibility is needed.
All local manufacturers or importers of shrimp feeds must certify on the body of
feed bag or package that the feed does not contain any EU and USFDA prohibited
antibiotics or other chemicals.
Feed manufacturers should be allowed to import duty free any essential

ingredients not locally available.
Affordable rate of interest, easy repayment schedule should be introduced for the
entrepreneurs.
Vocational training centers should be established at strategic aquaculture locations

for hands-on training in aquaculture, post-harvest handling and processing.
All aquaculture related research facilities and manpower should be inventoried to

identify the strength and any short-fall for better future planning of research
- 51 -
Appendices
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government. Khulna, Bangladesh.
Delap, E. & Lugg, R. (1998). Not small fry: children’s work in Bangladesh’s shrimp
industry. Save the Children Fund (UK), London.
Department of Fisheries. (2003). Balancing resource conservation with livelihood protection
for shrimp fry collectors: an integrated approach to managing coastal resources. Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
Karim, Mahmudul. (2003). A gross oversimplification: Stop blaming shrimp. Dhaka,
Bangladesh: Shrimp Seal of Quality Organization.
Williams, D. & Khan, N. A. (2003). Freshwater prawn farming in gher systems: indigenous
technology developed in south-west Bangladesh. GOLDA Project, CARE Bangladesh.
Tutu, Asharaf-ul-Alam. (2001, April). Industrial shrimp cultivation and related issues in
respect to south-west coastal region of Bangladesh. Khulna, Bangladesh: Coastal
Development Partnership (CDP).
Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO). (2003). Integrated coastal zone
management plan project: a systems analysis of shrimp production. Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Shrimp Exports Poised To Soar with U.S. Assistance, August 10,
2005(USAID-funded project aiding production of quality shrimp) By Afzal Khan.
EU Ban on Shrimp Imports from Bangladesh: A Case Study on Market Access
Problems Faced by the LDCs by Professor Mustafizur Rahman.
Quazi Kudrat-e-Kabir, SSOQ’s regional director in Khulna, Bangladesh.
Md.Al-Masud, SSOQ’s extension expert in Khulna, Bangladesh.
Dr.Anisul Haque, Associate Professor of FMRT discipline, Khulna University.
- 53 -
Bibliography
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edition.McGraw-Hill Irwin.
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- 54 -
Annex 1:
Survey Questionnaire
Stakeholders Awareness Toward The Embedded Problems of The shrimp Industry:
A Study On The South West Region Of Bangladesh.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dear Respondent,
This questionnaire is designed to complete an exclusive research work. Your cooperation would be
highly appreciated. Information you provide here would be kept confidential and used for academic
purpose only. Thank you for your cooperation.
Designation/Occupation:
Company/Address:
How long have you been involved in shrimp industry? ______ Years.
How to use these scales: If you highly agree tick 10. If you highly disagree tick 1. If you feel
something else then tick one of the numbers in the middle accordingly.
01. PL (Post Larvae) supplied by the hatcheries is of low quality.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
02. There are very poor control activities in the shrimp industry.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
03. Shrimp culture is hampered by high mortality rate.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
04. Facilities for WSSV(white spot syndrome virus) screening is almost

nonexistent.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
05. Infrastructure and culture technology are poor.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
06. There are lack of quality and safe feed supply.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
07. Wild brood-stock population is declining due to over fishing and lack of
concentration.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
08. There is no suitable credit support to entrepreneurs of limited financial

capacities.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
i
Stakeholders Awareness Toward The Embedded Problems of The shrimp Industry:
A Study On The South West Region Of Bangladesh.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
09. Access to the industry related information is poor.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10. There is inefficient management practice in this industry.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11. There is inadequate backward linkage for the poor; i.e.

Appropriate farming technology.
Institutional and supervised credit at reasonable terms.
Adequate and good quality PL, fertilizer and feed in time.
Good infrastructure: rural road, electricity, etc.
Security of crop under cultivation and law and order.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
12. There is generally weak forward linkage; i.e.

Inadequate post-harvest handling, transportation and preservation.
Poor market linkage of the producers.
Inadequate research on export market.
Producers do not get fair price.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
13. There are lack of standard and lack of traceability in the whole supply chain.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
14. There is lack of monitoring of compliance on the part of the government.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
15. Research and development (R&D) endeavor is almost nonexistent.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
16. Unfair practices by the shrimp agents are hampering export market.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Thank you for your time and cooperation.
ii
Annex 2:
Calculation of chi-square χ2
Q.01
Category Aware Unaware

Oi Ei (Oi-Ei)2 (Oi-Ei)2/Ei Oi Ei (Oi-Ei)2 (Oi-Ei)2/Ei
A (10) 4 6 6 4
B (15) 7 9 8 6
C (10) 7 6 3 4
D (30) 22 18 8 12
E (15) 8 9 7 6
F (10) 7 6 3 4
G (10) 8 6 2 4
Total 100 63 60 37 40
Combined Response Categories with R=5 , C=2, d.f.= 4
A+C(20) 11 12 1 .083 9 8 1 .125
B(15) 7 9 4 .444 8 6 4 .667
D(30) 22 18 16 .889 8 12 6 1.333
E(15) 8 9 1 .111 7 6 1 .167
F+G(20) 15 12 9 .750 5 8 9 1.125
Total 100 63 60 2.277 37 40 3.417
χ2=∑[(Oi-Ei)2/E)] Degree of freedom= (R-1)(C-1) = (5-1)(2-1) = 4

=5.694 Level of significance= 0.05.
Tabular value of χ2 = 9.488 ; associated with 0.05
probability level with 4 degree of freedom.
Q.02

A (10) 7 6 3 4
B (15) 6 9 9 6
C (10) 6 6 4 4
D (30) 20 18 10 12
E (15) 8 9 7 6
F (10) 6 6 4 4
G (10) 8 6 2 4
Total 100 61 60 39 40

A+C(20) 13 12 1 .083 7 8 1 .125
B(15) 6 9 9 1 9 6 9 1.5
D(30) 20 18 4 .222 10 12 4 .333
E(15) 8 9 1 .111 7 6 1 .167
F+G(20) 14 12 4 .333 6 8 4 .5
Total 100 61 60 1.749 39 40 2.625
χ2=∑[(Oi-Ei)2/E)] Degree of freedom= (R-1)(C-1) = (5-1)(2-1) = 4

= 4.374 Level of significance= 0.05.
Tabular value of χ2 =9.488 ; associated with 0.05
iii
Q.03

A (10) 5 6 5 4
B (15) 8 9 7 6
C (10) 8 6 2 4
D (30) 27 18 3 12
E (15) 11 9 4 6
F (10) 7 6 3 4
G (10) 7 6 3 4
Total 100 73 60 27 40

A+C(20) 13 12 1 .083 7 8 1 .125
B(15) 8 9 1 .111 7 6 1 .167
D(30) 27 18 81 4.5 3 12 81 6.75
E(15) 11 9 4 .444 4 6 4 .667
F+G(20) 14 12 4 .333 6 8 4 .5
Total 100 73 60 5.471 27 40 8.209
χ2=∑[(Oi-Ei)2/E)] Degree of freedom= (R-1)(C-1)= (5-1)(2-1) = 4

Q. 04

A (10) 9 6 1 4
B (15) 10 9 5 6
C (10) 8 6 2 4
D (30) 28 18 2 12
E (15) 8 9 7 6
F (10) 7 6 3 4
G (10) 8 6 2 4
Total 78 60 21

A+C(20) 17 12 25 2.083 3 8 25 3.125
B(15) 10 9 1 .111 5 6 1 .167
D(30) 28 18 100 5.556 2 12 100 8.333
E(15) 8 9 1 .111 7 6 1 .167
F+G(20) 15 12 9 .750 5 8 9 1.125
Total 100 78 60 8.611 22 40 12.917

iv
Q. 05

A (10) 6 6 4 4
B (15) 10 9 5 6
C (10) 6 6 4 4
D (30) 18 18 12 12
E (15) 9 9 6 6
F (10) 8 6 2 4
G (10) 9 6 1 4
Total 100 66 60 34 40

A+C(20) 12 12 0 0 8 8 0 0
B(15) 10 9 1 0.111 5 6 1 .166
D(30) 18 18 0 0 12 12 0 0
E(15) 9 9 0 0 6 6 0 0
F+G(20) 17 12 25 2.083 3 8 25 3.125
Total 100 66 60 2.194 34 40 3.291

Q. 06

A (10) 7 6 3 4
B (15) 10 9 5 6
C (10) 7 6 3 4
D (30) 14 18 16 12
E (15) 9 9 6 6
F (10) 8 6 2 4
G (10) 8 6 2 4
Total 100 63 60 37 40

A+C(20) 14 12 4 .333 6 8 4 .5
B(15) 10 9 1 .111 5 6 1 .166
D(30) 14 18 16 .888 16 12 16 1.333
E(15) 9 9 0 0 6 6 0 0
F+G(20) 16 12 16 1.333 4 8 16 2
Total 100 63 60 2.665 37 40 3.999

v
Q. 07

A (10) 7 6 3 4
B (15) 11 9 4 6
C (10) 6 6 4 4
D (30) 18 18 12 12
E (15) 10 9 5 6
F (10) 8 6 2 4
G (10) 9 6 1 4
Total 100 69 60 31 40

A+C(20) 13 12 1 .083 7 8 1 .125
B(15) 11 9 4 .444 4 6 4 .666
D(30) 18 18 0 0 12 12 0 0
E(15) 10 9 1 .111 5 6 1 .166
F+G(20) 17 12 25 2.083 3 8 25 3.125
Total 100 69 60 2.721 31 40 4.082

Tabular value of χ2 = 9.44 ; associated with 0.05 probability
level with 4 degree of freedom.
Q. 08

A (10) 6 6 4 4
B (15) 10 9 5 6
C (10) 6 6 4 4
D (30) 22 18 8 12
E (15) 8 9 7 6
F (10) 8 6 2 4
G (10) 8 6 2 4
Total 100 68 60 32 40

A+C(20) 12 12 0 0 8 8 0 0
B(15) 10 9 1 .111 5 6 1 .166
D(30) 22 18 16 .888 8 12 16 1.333
E(15) 8 9 1 .111 7 6 1 .166
F+G(20) 16 12 16 1.333 4 8 16 2
Total 100 68 60 2.443 32 40 3.665

vi
Q. 09

A (10) 5 6 5 4
B (15) 8 9 7 6
C (10) 6 6 4 4
D (30) 18 18 12 12
E (15) 9 9 6 6
F (10) 6 6 4 4
G (10) 8 6 2 4
Total 100 60 60 40 40

A+C(20) 11 12 1 .083 9 8 1 .125
B(15) 8 9 1 .111 7 6 1 .166
D(30) 18 18 0 0 12 12 0 0
E(15) 9 9 0 0 6 6 0 0
F+G(20) 14 12 4 .333 6 8 4 .5
Total 100 60 60 0.527 40 40 0.791

Q. 10

A (10) 7 6 3 4
B (15) 8 9 7 6
C (10) 6 6 4 4
D (30) 19 18 11 12
E (15) 9 9 6 6
F (10) 7 6 3 4
G (10) 8 6 2 4
Total 100 64 60 36 40

A+C(20) 13 12 1 .083 7 8 1 .125
B(15) 8 9 1 .111 7 6 1 .166
D(30) 19 18 1 .055 11 12 1 .083
E(15) 9 9 0 0 6 6 0 0
F+G(20) 15 12 9 .75 5 8 9 1.125
Total 100 64 60 0.999 36 40 1.499

vii
Q. 11

A (10) 7 6 3 4
B (15) 9 9 6 6
C (10) 8 6 2 4
D (30) 22 18 8 12
E (15) 10 9 5 6
F (10) 6 6 4 4
G (10) 9 6 1 4
Total 100 71 60 29 40

A+C(20) 15 12 9 .75 5 8 9 1.125
B(15) 9 9 0 0 6 6 0 0
D(30) 22 18 16 .888 8 12 16 1.333
E(15) 10 9 1 .111 5 6 1 .166
F+G(20) 15 12 9 .75 5 8 9 1.125
Total 100 71 60 2.499 29 40 3.749

Q. 12

A (10) 7 6 3 4
B (15) 9 9 6 6
C (10) 7 6 3 4
D (30) 17 18 13 12
E (15) 11 9 4 6
F (10) 8 6 2 4
G (10) 7 6 3 4
Total 100 66 60 34 40

A+C(20) 14 12 4 .333 6 8 4 .5
B(15) 9 9 0 0 6 6 0 0
D(30) 17 18 1 .055 13 12 1 .083
E(15) 11 9 4 .444 4 6 4 .666
F+G(20) 15 12 9 .75 5 8 9 1.125
Total 100 66 60 1.582 34 40 2.374

viii
Q. 13

A (10) 6 6 4 4
B (15) 9 9 6 6
C (10) 6 6 4 4
D (30) 18 18 12 12
E (15) 9 9 6 6
F (10) 6 6 4 4
G (10) 8 6 2 4
Total 100 62 60 38 40

A+C(20) 12 12 0 0 8 8 0 0
B(15) 9 9 0 0 6 6 0 0
D(30) 18 18 0 0 12 12 0 0
E(15) 9 9 0 0 6 6 0 0
F+G(20) 14 12 4 .333 6 8 4 .5
Total 100 62 60 0.333 38 40 0.5

Q. 14

A (10) 7 6 3 4
B (15) 10 9 5 6
C (10) 7 6 3 4
D (30) 20 18 10 12
E (15) 10 9 5 6
F (10) 7 6 3 4
G (10) 9 6 1 4
Total 100 70 60 30 40

A+C(20) 14 12 4 .333 6 8 4 .5
B(15) 10 9 1 .111 5 6 1 .166
D(30) 20 18 4 .222 10 12 4 .333
E(15) 10 9 1 .111 5 6 1 .166
F+G(20) 16 12 16 1.333 4 8 16 2
Total 100 70 60 2.11 30 40 3.165

ix
Q. 15

A (10) 5 6 5 4
B (15) 9 9 6 6
C (10) 6 6 4 4
D (30) 19 18 11 12
E (15) 9 9 6 6
F (10) 6 6 4 4
G (10) 6 6 4 4
Total 100 60 60 40 40

A+C(20) 11 12 1 .083 9 8 1 .125
B(15) 9 9 0 0 6 6 0 0
D(30) 19 18 1 .055 11 12 1 .083
E(15) 9 9 0 0 6 6 0 0
F+G(20) 12 12 0 0 8 8 0 0
Total 100 60 60 0.138 40 40 0.208

Q. 16

A (10) 8 6 2 4
B (15) 11 9 4 6
C (10) 8 6 2 4
D (30) 26 18 4 12
E (15) 7 9 8 6
F (10) 8 6 2 4
G (10) 8 6 2 4
Total 100 76 60 24 40

A+C(20) 16 12 16 1.333 4 8 16 2
B(15) 11 9 4 .444 4 6 4 .666
D(30) 26 18 64 3.555 4 12 64 5.333
E(15) 7 9 4 .444 8 6 4 .666
F+G(20) 16 12 16 1.333 4 8 16 2
Total 100 76 60 7.109 24 40 10.665

x
Annex 3:
Calculation of ANOVA
ANOVA: FACILITIES
Question:08 Question:09 Question:11 Question:12

Category
xi1 ( xi1-x )2 ( xi1- x1 )2 xi2 ( xi2-x )2 (xi2-x2 )2 xi3 ( xi3-x )2 (xi3-x3 )2 xi4 ( xi4-x )2 (xi4-x4 )2
A 6 11.992 13.793 5 19.918 12.752 7 6.066 9.872 7 6.066 5.895

B 10 0.288 0.081 8 2.140 0.326 9 0.14 1.304 9 0.14 0.183
C 6 11.992 13.793 6 11.992 6.610 8 2.140 4.588 7 6.066 5.895
D 22 157.176 150.945 18 72.880 88.906 22 157.176 140.612 17 56.806 57.335
E 8 2.140 2.937 9 0.214 0.184 10 0.288 0.020 11 2.362 2.471
F 8 2.140 2.937 6 11.992 6.610 6 11.992 17.156 8 2.140 2.039
G 8 2.140 2.937 8 2.140 0.326 9 0.14 1.304 7 6.066 5.895
Total 68 60 71 66
Mean x1= x2= x3= x4=
9.714 8.571 10.142 9.428
Grand 9.463
Mean
n=7 n =7 n =7 n =7
∑( x ∑ (x ∑ (x ∑ (x
n =7 n =7
− x) − x) − x) − x) 2
∑ ( xi 3 − x) 2 ∑ (x
2 2 2 n =7 n =7
− x) 2
i =1
i1
i =1
i1
i =1
i2
i =1
i2
i =1 i =1
i3
∑ (x
i =1
i4 − x) 2 ∑ (x
i =1
i4 − x) 2
=187.868 =187.423 =121.276 =115.714 =178.09 =174.856 =79.72 =79.713
xi
SS between
MS between =
n =7 c =4 c −1
SS total = ∑ ∑(x ij − x) 2 =9.246517/(4-1) =3.082172333
i =1 j =1
187.868+121.276+178.09+79.72
=566.954
n =7 c = 4
SS within = ∑∑ ( xij − x j ) 2
i =1 j =1 SS within
MS within =
cn − c
187.423+115.714+174.856+79.713
=557.706 =557.706/(28-4) =23.23775
c=4
SS between = ∑ n j ( x − x) 2
j =1 MS between
7(9.714-90463)2+7(8.571-9.463)2+7(10.142-9.463)2+7(9.428-9.463)2 F=
MS within
=0.441007+5.569648+3.227287+0.008575
=9.246517 =3.082172333/23.23775
=0.132636435
where xij = the ith observation in the jth group; c = number of jth groups (or columns);
n = number of observation in a group; nj = number of items in the jth group; x= grand mean;
x j = group mean for the jth group.
xii
ANOVA: MONITORING

Category
A 7 8.363 8.162 6 15.147 8.162 7 8.363 9 8 3.579 8.162

B 11 1.227 1.306 9 0.795 0.020 10 0.011 0 11 1.227 0.020
C 6 15.147 14.876 6 15.147 8.162 7 8.363 9 8 3.579 8.162
D 18 65.739 66.308 18 65.739 83.594 20 102.171 100 26 259.467 229.310
E 10 0.011 0.020 9 0.795 0.020 10 0.011 0 7 8.363 14.876
F 8 3.579 3.448 6 15.147 8.162 7 8.363 9 8 3.579 8.162
G 9 0.795 0.734 8 3.579 0.734 9 0.795 1 8 3.579 8.162
Total 69 62 70 76
Mean x1= x 2= x 3= x 4=
9.857 8.857 10 10.857
Grand
Mean 9.892
n=7 n =7 n =7 n =7
∑(xi1 − x) 2 ∑ ( xi1 − x) 2 ∑ ( xi 2 − x) 2 ∑ (x
n =7 n =7
− x) 2
∑ ( xi 3 − x) 2 ∑ (x
n =7 n =7
− x) 2
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
i2
i =1 i =1
i3
∑ ( xi 4 − x) 2
i =1
∑ (x
i =1
i4 − x) 2
=94.861 =94.854 =116.349 =108.854 =128.077 =128 =283.373 =276.854
xiii
SS between
MS between =
n =7 c =4 c −1
SS total = ∑ ∑(x ij − x) 2
i =1 j =1
=14.107373/(4-1)
=4.702457667
=94.861+116.349+128.077+283.373
=622.66
n =7 c = 4
i =1 j =1 SS within
MS within =
=94.854+108.854+128+276.854 cn − c
=608.562
=608.562/(28-4)
=25.35675
c=4
SS between = ∑ n j ( x − x) 2 MS between
j =1
F=
MS within
=7(9.857-9.892)2+7(8.857-9.892)2+7(10-9.892)2+7(10.857-9.892)2
=0.008575+7.498575+0.081648+6.518575 =4.702457667/25.35675
=14.107373 =0.185451907
n = number of observation in a group; nj = number of items in the jth group; x = grand mean;
group mean for the jth group.
xj =
xiv
ANOVA: QUALITY

Category
A 4 24.641 25 7 3.857 2.937 7 3.857 4 7 3.857 4.592

B 7 3.857 4 6 8.785 7.365 10 1.073 1 8 0.929 1.306
C 7 3.857 4 6 8.785 7.365 7 3.857 4 6 8.785 9.878
D 22 169.937 169 20 121.793 127.373 14 25.361 25 19 100.721 97.160
E 8 0.926 1 8 0.929 0.509 9 0.001 0 9 0.001 0.020
F 7 3.857 4 6 8.785 7.365 8 0.929 1 7 3.857 4.592
G 8 0.929 1 8 0.929 0.509 8 0.929 1 8 0.929 1.306
Total 63 61 63 64
Mean x1= x 2= x 3= x 4=
9 8.714 9 9.143
Grand
Mean 8.964
n=7 n =7 n =7 n =7
∑( x ∑ (x ∑ (x ∑ (x
n =7 n =7
− x) 2 − x) 2 − x) 2 − x) 2
∑ (x ∑ (x
n =7 n =7
− x) 2 − x) 2
i =1
i1
i =1
i1
i =1
i2
i =1
i2
i =1
i3
i =1
i3
∑ ( xi 4 − x) 2
i =1
∑ (x
i =1
i4 − x) 2
=208.007 =208 =153.863 =153.423 =36.007 =36 =119.079 =118.854
xv
SS between
MS between =
n =7 c =4 c −1
i =1 j =1 =0.679931/(4-1)
=208.007+153.863+36.007+119.079 =0.226643666
=516.956
n =7 c = 4
SS within = ∑∑ ( xij − x j ) 2 SS within
i =1 j =1 MS within =
=208+153.423+36+118.854 cn − c
=516.277/(28-4)
=516.277 =21.51154167
c=4
MS between
SS between = ∑ n j ( x − x) 2 F=
j =1 MS within
=7(9-8.964)2+7(8.714-8.964)2+7(9-8.964)2+7(9.143-8.964)2 =0.226643666/21.51154167
=0.009072+0.4375+0.009072+0.224287 =0.010535909
=0.679931
where xij = the ith observation in the jth group; c = number of jth groups (or columns); grand mean;
n = number of observation in a group; nj = number of items in the jth group; x=
x j = group mean for the jth group.
xvi
ANOVA: TECHNOLOGY

Category
A 5 23.931 29.463 9 0.795 4.588 6 15.147 11.751 5 23.931 12.752

B 8 3.579 5.895 10 0.011 1.304 10 0.011 0.327 9 0.795 0.184
C 8 3.579 5.895 8 3.579 9.872 6 15.147 11.751 6 15.147 6.610
D 27 292.683 274.631 28 327.899 284.192 18 65.739 73.479 19 82.955 108.764
E 11 1.227 0.327 8 3.579 9.872 9 0.795 0.183 9 0.795 0.184
F 7 8.363 11.751 7 8.363 17.156 8 3.579 2.039 6 15.147 6.610
G 7 8.363 11.751 8 3.579 9.872 9 0.795 0.183 6 15.147 6.610
Total 73 78 66 60
Mean x1= x2= x3= x4=
10.428 11.142 9.428 8.571
Grand
Mean 3.892
n=7 n =7 n =7 n =7
∑(xi1 − x) 2 ∑ ( xi1 − x) 2 ∑ ( xi 2 − x) 2 ∑ (x
n =7 n =7
− x) 2
∑ ( xi 3 − x) 2 ∑ (x
n =7 n =7
− x) 2
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
i2
i =1 i =1
i3
∑ (x
i =1
i4 − x) 2 ∑ (x
i =1
i4 − x) 2
=341.725 =339.713 =347.805 =336.856 =101.213 =99.713 =153.917 =141.714
xvii
SS between
MS between =
n =7 c =4 c −1
i =1 j =1
=26.670931/(4-1)
=8.890310333
=341.725+347.805+101.213+153.917
=944.66
n =7 c = 4
i =1 j =1 SS within
MS within =
=339.713+336.856+99.713+141.714 cn − c
=917.996 =917.966/(28-4)
=38.24858333
c=4
SS between = ∑ n j ( x − x) 2 MS between
j =1
F=
MS within
=7(10.428-9.892)2+7(11.142-9.892)2+7(9.428-9.892)2+7(8.571-9.892)2
=2.011072+10.9375+1.507072+12.215287 =8.890310333/38.24858333
=26.670931 =0.232435022
n = number of observation in a group; nj = number of items in the jth group; x = grand mean;
group mean for the jth group.
xj =
xviii
Annex 4:
Frequency Table of the Respondents
ANNEX: 3
Tabulated Frequency of the Respondents:

Question No. 10 15 10 30 15 10 10 100
Researcher
Transporta
Processors
PL Agents
Scholar &
Hatchery
Feeding
Shrimp
Farmer
tion &
Agent
Total
G
A
D
B
F
5-10 1-4 5-10 1-4 5-10 1-4 5-10 1-4 5-10 1-4 5-10 1-4 5-10 1-4 5-10 1-4
01 4 6 7 8 7 3 22 8 8 7 7 8 63 37
02 7 3 6 9 6 4 20 10 8 7 6 8 61 39
03 5 5 8 7 8 2 27 3 11 4 7 7 73 27
04 9 1 10 5 8 2 28 2 8 7 7 8 78 22
05 6 4 10 5 6 4 18 12 9 6 8 9 66 34
06 7 3 10 5 7 3 14 16 9 6 8 8 63 37
07 7 3 11 4 6 4 18 12 10 5 8 9 69 31
08 6 4 10 5 6 4 22 8 8 7 8 8 68 32
09 5 5 8 7 6 4 18 12 9 6 6 8 60 40
10 7 3 8 7 6 4 19 11 9 6 7 8 64 36
11 7 3 9 6 8 2 22 8 10 5 6 9 71 29
12 7 3 9 6 7 3 17 13 11 4 8 7 66 34
13 6 4 9 6 6 4 18 12 9 6 6 8 62 38
14 7 3 10 5 7 3 20 10 10 5 7 9 70 30
15 5 5 9 6 6 4 19 11 9 6 6 6 60 40
16 8 2 11 4 8 2 26 4 7 8 8 8 76 24
xix
Annex 5:
χ2 Table
Critical Values of the χ2 Distribution
Area in the Upper Tail

df
0.99 0.95 0.9 0.1 0.05 0.01
1 0.000 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 6.635
2 0.020 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 9.210
3 0.115 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 11.345
4 0.297 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 13.277
5 0.554 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.070 15.086
6 0.872 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 16.812
7 1.239 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 18.475
8 1.646 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 20.090
9 2.088 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 21.666
10 2.558 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 23.209
11 3.053 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 24.725
12 3.571 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 26.217
13 4.107 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 27.688
14 4.660 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 29.141
15 5.229 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 30.578
16 5.812 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 32.000
17 6.408 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 33.409
18 7.015 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 34.805
19 7.633 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 36.191
20 8.260 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 37.566
21 8.897 11.591 13.240 29.615 32.671 38.932
22 9.542 12.338 14.041 30.813 33.924 40.289
23 10.196 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 41.638
24 10.856 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 42.980
25 11.524 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 44.314
Annex 6:
F Table
VassarStats: Table of Critical F Values (p. 1)
[top entry for .05 level; bottom entry for .01 level]
df numerator
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 161 199 216 225 230 234 237 239 241 242 243 244 245 245 0.05
1 4052 4999 5404 5624 5764 5859 5928 5981 6022 6056 6083 6107 6126 6143 0.01
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.40 19.41 19.42 19.42 0.05
2 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 0.01
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.76 8.74 8.73 8.71 0.05
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.34 27.23 27.13 27.05 26.98 26.92 0.01
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.94 5.91 5.89 5.87 0.05
4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.45 14.37 14.31 14.25 0.01
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.70 4.68 4.66 4.64 0.05
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.96 9.89 9.82 9.77 0.01
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.03 4.00 3.98 3.96 0.05
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.79 7.72 7.66 7.60 0.01
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.57 3.55 3.53 0.05
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.54 6.47 6.41 6.36 0.01
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.31 3.28 3.26 3.24 0.05
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.73 5.67 5.61 5.56 0.01
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 0.05
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.18 5.11 5.05 5.01 0.01
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.94 2.91 2.89 2.86 0.05
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.77 4.71 4.65 4.60 0.01
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.82 2.79 2.76 2.74 0.05
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.46 4.40 4.34 4.29 0.01
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.72 2.69 2.66 2.64 0.05
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.22 4.16 4.10 4.05 0.01
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.63 2.60 2.58 2.55 0.05
13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 4.02 3.96 3.91 3.86 0.01
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.53 2.51 2.48 0.05
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.86 3.80 3.75 3.70 0.01
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.42 0.05
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.67 3.61 3.56 0.01
df numerator
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.37 0.05
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.62 3.55 3.50 3.45 0.01
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.33 0.05
17 8.40 6.11 5.19 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.52 3.46 3.40 3.35 0.01
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.31 2.29 0.05
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.43 3.37 3.32 3.27 0.01
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.26 0.05
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.36 3.30 3.24 3.19 0.01
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.28 2.25 2.22 0.05
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.13 0.01
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.20 0.05
21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.24 3.17 3.12 3.07 0.01
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.26 2.23 2.20 2.17 0.05
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.18 3.12 3.07 3.02 0.01
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.24 2.20 2.18 2.15 0.05
23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.97 0.01
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.13 0.05
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.09 3.03 2.98 2.93 0.01
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.11 0.05
25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 3.06 2.99 2.94 2.89 0.01
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.09 0.05
26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 3.02 2.96 2.90 2.86 0.01
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.17 2.13 2.10 2.08 0.05
27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.99 2.93 2.87 2.82 0.01
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 0.05
28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.96 2.90 2.84 2.79 0.01
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.14 2.10 2.08 2.05 0.05
29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.93 2.87 2.81 2.77 0.01
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.04 0.05
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.91 2.84 2.79 2.74 0.01
df numerator
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
31 4.16 3.30 2.91 2.68 2.52 2.41 2.32 2.25 2.20 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 0.05
31 7.53 5.36 4.48 3.99 3.67 3.45 3.28 3.15 3.04 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.77 2.72 0.01
32 4.15 3.29 2.90 2.67 2.51 2.40 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.14 2.10 2.07 2.04 2.01 0.05
32 7.50 5.34 4.46 3.97 3.65 3.43 3.26 3.13 3.02 2.93 2.86 2.80 2.74 2.70 0.01
33 4.14 3.28 2.89 2.66 2.50 2.39 2.30 2.23 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.00 0.05
33 7.47 5.31 4.44 3.95 3.63 3.41 3.24 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.68 0.01
34 4.13 3.28 2.88 2.65 2.49 2.38 2.29 2.23 2.17 2.12 2.08 2.05 2.02 1.99 0.05
34 7.44 5.29 4.42 3.93 3.61 3.39 3.22 3.09 2.98 2.89 2.82 2.76 2.70 2.66 0.01
35 4.12 3.27 2.87 2.64 2.49 2.37 2.29 2.22 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.99 0.05
35 7.42 5.27 4.40 3.91 3.59 3.37 3.20 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.80 2.74 2.69 2.64 0.01
36 4.11 3.26 2.87 2.63 2.48 2.36 2.28 2.21 2.15 2.11 2.07 2.03 2.00 1.98 0.05
36 7.40 5.25 4.38 3.89 3.57 3.35 3.18 3.05 2.95 2.86 2.79 2.72 2.67 2.62 0.01
37 4.11 3.25 2.86 2.63 2.47 2.36 2.27 2.20 2.14 2.10 2.06 2.02 2.00 1.97 0.05
37 7.37 5.23 4.36 3.87 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.04 2.93 2.84 2.77 2.71 2.65 2.61 0.01
38 4.10 3.24 2.85 2.62 2.46 2.35 2.26 2.19 2.14 2.09 2.05 2.02 1.99 1.96 0.05
38 7.35 5.21 4.34 3.86 3.54 3.32 3.15 3.02 2.92 2.83 2.75 2.69 2.64 2.59 0.01
39 4.09 3.24 2.85 2.61 2.46 2.34 2.26 2.19 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.01 1.98 1.95 0.05
39 7.33 5.19 4.33 3.84 3.53 3.30 3.14 3.01 2.90 2.81 2.74 2.68 2.62 2.58 0.01
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.95 0.05
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.73 2.66 2.61 2.56 0.01
41 4.08 3.23 2.83 2.60 2.44 2.33 2.24 2.17 2.12 2.07 2.03 2.00 1.97 1.94 0.05
41 7.30 5.16 4.30 3.81 3.50 3.28 3.11 2.98 2.87 2.79 2.71 2.65 2.60 2.55 0.01
42 4.07 3.22 2.83 2.59 2.44 2.32 2.24 2.17 2.11 2.06 2.03 1.99 1.96 1.94 0.05
42 7.28 5.15 4.29 3.80 3.49 3.27 3.10 2.97 2.86 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.54 0.01
43 4.07 3.21 2.82 2.59 2.43 2.32 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.99 1.96 1.93 0.05
43 7.26 5.14 4.27 3.79 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.69 2.63 2.57 2.53 0.01
44 4.06 3.21 2.82 2.58 2.43 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.95 1.92 0.05
44 7.25 5.12 4.26 3.78 3.47 3.24 3.08 2.95 2.84 2.75 2.68 2.62 2.56 2.52 0.01
45 4.06 3.20 2.81 2.58 2.42 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.97 1.94 1.92 0.05
45 7.23 5.11 4.25 3.77 3.45 3.23 3.07 2.94 2.83 2.74 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.51 0.01
df numerator
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
50 4.03 3.18 2.79 2.56 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.07 2.03 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 0.05
50 7.17 5.06 4.20 3.72 3.41 3.19 3.02 2.89 2.78 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.51 2.46 0.01
55 4.02 3.16 2.77 2.54 2.38 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.88 0.05
55 7.12 5.01 4.16 3.68 3.37 3.15 2.98 2.85 2.75 2.66 2.59 2.53 2.47 2.42 0.01
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.86 0.05
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.39 0.01
65 3.99 3.14 2.75 2.51 2.36 2.24 2.15 2.08 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.85 0.05
65 7.04 4.95 4.10 3.62 3.31 3.09 2.93 2.80 2.69 2.61 2.53 2.47 2.42 2.37 0.01
70 3.98 3.13 2.74 2.50 2.35 2.23 2.14 2.07 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.84 0.05
70 7.01 4.92 4.07 3.60 3.29 3.07 2.91 2.78 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.45 2.40 2.35 0.01
80 3.96 3.11 2.72 2.49 2.33 2.21 2.13 2.06 2.00 1.95 1.91 1.88 1.84 1.82 0.05
80 6.96 4.88 4.04 3.56 3.26 3.04 2.87 2.74 2.64 2.55 2.48 2.42 2.36 2.31 0.01
90 3.95 3.10 2.71 2.47 2.32 2.20 2.11 2.04 1.99 1.94 1.90 1.86 1.83 1.80 0.05
90 6.93 4.85 4.01 3.53 3.23 3.01 2.84 2.72 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.29 0.01
100 3.94 3.09 2.70 2.46 2.31 2.19 2.10 2.03 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.79 0.05
100 6.90 4.82 3.98 3.51 3.21 2.99 2.82 2.69 2.59 2.50 2.43 2.37 2.31 2.27 0.01
110 3.93 3.08 2.69 2.45 2.30 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.78 0.05
110 6.87 4.80 3.96 3.49 3.19 2.97 2.81 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.35 2.30 2.25 0.01
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.83 1.80 1.78 0.05
120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.23 0.01
130 3.91 3.07 2.67 2.44 2.28 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.95 1.90 1.86 1.83 1.80 1.77 0.05
130 6.83 4.77 3.94 3.47 3.16 2.94 2.78 2.65 2.55 2.46 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 0.01
140 3.91 3.06 2.67 2.44 2.28 2.16 2.08 2.01 1.95 1.90 1.86 1.82 1.79 1.76 0.05
140 6.82 4.76 3.92 3.46 3.15 2.93 2.77 2.64 2.54 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.26 2.21 0.01
160 3.90 3.05 2.66 2.43 2.27 2.16 2.07 2.00 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.81 1.78 1.75 0.05
160 6.80 4.74 3.91 3.44 3.13 2.92 2.75 2.62 2.52 2.43 2.36 2.30 2.24 2.20 0.01
180 3.89 3.05 2.65 2.42 2.26 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.77 1.75 0.05
180 6.78 4.73 3.89 3.43 3.12 2.90 2.74 2.61 2.51 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.18 0.01
200 3.89 3.04 2.65 2.42 2.26 2.14 2.06 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.80 1.77 1.74 0.05
200 6.76 4.71 3.88 3.41 3.11 2.89 2.73 2.60 2.50 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.22 2.17 0.01

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Stakeholders Awareness Toward The Embedded Problems of The Shrimp Industry: A Study On The South West Region of Bangladesh.

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RESEARCH REPORT

STAKEHOLDERS AWARENESS TOWARD THE EMBEDDED

Md. Nur Alam

Date of Submission: December 10, 2006.

Sub: Submission of Research Repot

1. ADB Asian Development Bank

Shrimp culture is expected to continue to play an important role in ensuring food

PART II Literature Review

Background Study Information 18

PART III Shrimp in Bangladesh 32

PART IV Analysis and Findings

4.1 General Tendency of the Respondents 41

4.2. Hypothetical 60% mass members awareness toward

PART V Conclusion and Recommendations

Annex 1: Survey Questionnaire i

1.2 Problem Discussion

Secondary studies extensively indicate that the Shrimp industry of Bangladesh is

1.3 Purpose of the Research

More specifically the goals are:

1.6 Detailed Methodology

1.6.1 Sources of Data

This study was the combination of Qualitative and Quantitative Research. A

1.6.4 Attitude Measurement:

1. Attitude Defined:5 An attitude is usually viewed as an enduring disposition to

5: William G. Zikmund, Business Research Methodology (7th edition); p. 308 Chapter14

3. Technique Used For Measuring Attitude: Choice technique is a measurement

4. Attitude Rating Scales: 6

Category scales: An attitude scale consisting of several response categories to

5: William G. Zikmund, Business Research Methodology (7th edition); p. 308 Chapter14

Extent— The south-western region of Bangladesh; namely the cultivation area of

Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira district of Bangladesh.

3. Sampling Technique (Quota sampling): Quota sampling is a non probability

8: William G. Zikmund, Business Research Methodology (7th edition); p. 373-375 Chapter16

1.6.6 Data Collection

1.6.7 Analysis Plan

 Questionnaire Relevancy: A questionnaire is relevant if no unnecessary

 Questionnaire Accuracy: Accuracy means that the information is reliable and

7: William G. Zikmund, Business Research Methodology (7th edition); p. 330-333 Chapter15

Fixed-alternative questions are the question in which the respondent is given

• Simple-dichotomy question of the type Fixed-alternative was used in this

PL (Post Larvae) supplied by the hatcheries is of low quality.

Order bias is the bias caused by the influence of earlier questions in a

Hypothesis: In statistical theory a hypothesis is an unproven proposition or

The Level of Significance: The significance level is a critical probability in choosing

Procedure of Hypothesis Testing13

2. Determine the appropriate significance level.

4. Make the statistical discussion by comparing the calculated Chi-square (χ2)

χ2 = ∑ [( f − fe)2 fe] With (R-1)(C-1) degrees of freedom;

Grouping when Frequencies are small

If small theoretical frequencies occur, it is generally possible to overcome the

Whether or not a calculated value of chi-square (χ2) is considered significant is

Analysis of variance is a technique to test for the significance of the difference

Irrespective of the type of classification, the analysis of variance is a technique of

SStotal = SSwithin + SSbetween

MSwithin = SSwithin /(cn-c)

1.6.13 Application Procedure of ANOVA in this Report:

This study was based on extensive study of secondary data, especially

Background problem, research approach, hypothetical construct and author’s

Impact of Market Access Barrieres and Subsidies: The Case of Shrimp in

• Assessment of the Sector to Determine the Needs

Summary of the paper:

Indiscriminate catching of brood mothers has emerged as a serious threat. In fact,

5. Agents (Post Larvae – PL)

Questionnaire Relevancy: A questionnaire is relevant if no unnecessary

Questionnaire Accuracy: Accuracy means that the information is reliable and

Feed manufacturers should be allowed to import duty free any essential

Vocational training centers should be established at strategic aquaculture locations

All aquaculture related research facilities and manpower should be inventoried to