Advanced Simulation Techniques For Stability Analysis of Converters

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Advanced Simulation Techniques

Part 6:Stability Analysis

Table of Contents Open Loop Transfer Function The Cross Over Frequency Stability Criteria Various RC Networks Type 1, 2 and 3 Amplifier K Factor Technique Example of a Stabilized Buck Converter
3

Buck Converter Open Loop Transfer Function
H(s)
SW1
H(s)
L1 1 {L}
D1
IN
Out
V1 {Vin}
Gate_Drv
C1 {C}
R1 {R}
C3 Gate_Drv 1 2 + -
D
+
3 {C_Comp} OUT {R_Comp} + {Vref} 10k
GPWM
Gpwm
0 0
Error amplifier
Error Amplifier

Buck Converter Open Loop Transfer Function
Error amplifier Vref 1/ + G(o)
Power stage H(o) Vout
Vout 1 G (0) H (0) = Vref 1 + G (0) H (0) =

1 T (0) 1 + T (0)
5

Small Signal Representation
SW2 IN2
a c
L2 1 {L} 2 Out2
V2 {Vin} Duty_Cycle
C2 {C}
R2 {R}
Duty_Cycle Duty_Cycle
0.5 C5 {C_Comp} OUT Gpwm + {Vref} {R_Comp} 10k
T(s) = H(s)G(s)Gpwm
0 0
G(s)

Voltage Injection
SW2
a c
L2 1 {L} 2 Out3
V2 {Vin} Duty_Cycle Duty_Cycle C5 {C_Comp} {Gpwm} Verr OUT
C2 {C}
R2 {R}
{R_Comp} + 10k
10k {Vref} Vinjector
0
Vinjector V6 1Vac 0.5Vdc
V err T(s) = 20.log 10 ( ) V inj

7

Voltage Injection
H(s) Gain -40db/decade + T(s) -20db/decade
+180 0 -180

Method#1
SW3
a c
L3 1 {L} 2 Out3
V3 {Vin} Duty_Cycle Duty_Cycle C6 {C_Comp} {Gpwm} Verr OUT + 10k {Vref} Vinjector -
C3 {C}
R3 {R}
{R_Comp} 10k
Verror db Vinjector
0
Vinjector V8 1Vac 0.5Vdc

Method#2
SW4
a c
L4 1 {L} 2 Out3
V4 {Vin} Duty_Cycle
C4 {C}
R4 {R} Verr 1Vac + Ac=1 Vin
Duty_cycle C7 {C_Comp} {Gpwm} OUT + 10k {Vref} {R_Comp} 10k
Vout db V in
10

The Cross Over Frequency: Example
Voltage Undershoot
Vp
Cout 2f c 1 2f c Cout
I out
With RHP Zero
ESRCout
Set fc<30% for the worst case position
For LC Networks with resonant Frequency fo

fc3fo fc 1/10.fsw to 1/5.fsw
Why Choose 10khz Cross Over Frequency When 2khz can do the Job
11

Stability Criteria
1 + GH 0 Verr Vout 0
Phase Margin=45-80 Gain Margin=10-15db

Phase Margn0
High DC Gain by G(s) Reduce the Static Error Reduce output Impedance Improve the Input line Rejection

12

Stability Criteria
Dc Gain 0 Cross over frequency 180 0 -180
0 Gain
0 Phase
When Phase=0 Gain=0
Gain0 Phase0
13

Bode Plot for RC Network
Vout R Vin c
Vout 1 = 20.log10 ( Vin 1+ s w = tan 1 wo

0
) wo
-20db/Decade
14

Bode Plot for CR Network
Vin C Vout
wo Vout = Vin 1 + s wo
+90o +20db/Decade 0o -
15
Advanced Simulation Technique

Right Half Plane Zero
Occurs in Indirect Energy Transfer Topologies

Flyback Boost Buck Boost Position Changes with the Duty Cycle Select a Cross Over Frequency to be of 1/3rd of RHPZ
16

Right Half Plane Zero
T(s) = (1 s
wo
) wo )
0o
= 20.log10(1 w
-90o
17

When to Use Type 1 Amplifier
Power Stage Phase Shift is Small Roll of the Gain far away from the Resonant Frequency Brings the Largest Overshoot in the Presence of Sudden Load Widely Used in PFC Application
18

Type 1 Amplifier, No Phase Boost Just dc Gain
C OPAMP Vout OUT + U6 Vref 2.5 V R + V 1Vac 0Vdc R Vin
1 G(s) = sR1C1
19

Type 1 Amplifier, The K Factor
db Type 1 Derivation 1 K=1 fc Log(f)
G 0
Gf c = 10 20
1 C= 2 f c GR 1
20

Power Stage Phase Shift Lags Down of -90 Phase Boost of ESR Must be Canceled Use for Current Mode (CCM) and Voltage Mode(DCM)
21

Type 2 Amplifier Can Boost the Phase
C R C
G(s) =
R Vin
1 + sR2 C1 sR1(C1 + C 2 )(1 + sR2 C1C 2 C1 + C 2 )
OPAMP Vout OUT + U6 Vref 2.5 V R
+ V 1Vac 0Vdc
z 1 = P0 =
1 R2 C1 1 R1(C1 + C 2 ) 1+ s
G (s)
z1

22
s 1 + s p0 p1

Type 2 Amplifier Can Boost the Phase
p1 =
1 C1C 2 R2 C +C 2 1
But if C2<<C1 then
p1
1 = R2 C 2
23

Type 2 Derivation 1 k G
fc k
fc
Type 1 Reference 0 Pole 1 1

fck
b arg(a + jb) = arctan a f 1+ f z0 arg(T ( f )) = boost = arg f 1+ f p0
Zero 1 0
Log(f)
f f = arctan f arctan f z0 p0 Let us assume we place a zero at frequency f/k and a pole at a frequency kf
24

Type 2 Derivation
1 Boost = arctan(k ) arctan k 1 arctan( x) + arctan = 90 x Boost = arctan(k ) 90 + arctan(k ) 2 arctan(k ) 90 boost arctan(k ) = + 45 2 boost k = tan + 45 2
25

Type 2 Derivation
PS 90 + Boost = 180 + PM Boost = PM PS 90 1 C2 = 2f c GkR1 C1 = C 2 (k 2 1) k R2 = 2f c C1

26

Power Stage Phase Shift Lags Down to-180 CCM Voltage mode Buck Boost Type
27

Type 3 Amplifier Associated with an Integrator
(1 + s
C R C R C
G(s)
Z1
)(1+ s
Z2 ) P2 )
P0
Vin
(1 + s
P1
)(1+ s
OPAMP Vout OUT + U6 Vref 2.5 V R
z1 = z 2
+ V 1Vac 0Vdc
1 Assuming R 2 C1 C <<C And 2 1 1 R3<<R1 = R1C3 1 R1C1 1 R 3C3 1 R 2C2

28
p 0 = p1 =
p 2 =

Type 3 Derivation 1 k G 0 Double Zero
fc k fc
Type 1 reference Double Pole +1 1

fc k
1 Boost = arctan( k ) arctan k
1 Boost = 2arctan( k ) arctan Log(f) k

k
boost + 45 k = tan 4
29

Type 3 Derivation
1 = 2 f c GR k 2 f c C 1
C 1 = C 2 ( k 1) R2 = R3
R1 = k 1 1 2 f c k R3
30
C3 =

Stabilizing a Voltage-Mode Buck Converter with k Factor
Generate an Open-Loop Bode Plot Select a crossover Frequency and a Phase Margin Read the Bode Plot at the Crossover Frequency Select the Amplifier type Apply Formulas Sweep the Open-Loop Gain with the Above Values Vary the output Capacitor(s) ESRs Step Load the Output
31

Stability Analysis: Demonstration
Demonstration#24: Buck Converter Compensated
32

Advanced Simulation Techniques For Stability Analysis of Converters

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Advanced Simulation Techniques

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Advanced Simulation Techniques

3 {C_Comp} OUT {R_Comp} + {Vref} 10k

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Error amplifier Vref 1/ + G(o)

Power stage H(o) Vout

Vout 1 G (0) H (0) = Vref 1 + G (0) H (0) =

Advanced Simulation Techniques

0.5 C5 {C_Comp} OUT Gpwm + {Vref} {R_Comp} 10k

Advanced Simulation Techniques

V2 {Vin} Duty_Cycle Duty_Cycle C5 {C_Comp} {Gpwm} Verr OUT

10k {Vref} Vinjector

V err T(s) = 20.log 10 ( ) V inj

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Advanced Simulation Techniques

R4 {R} Verr 1Vac + Ac=1 Vin

Duty_cycle C7 {C_Comp} {Gpwm} OUT + 10k {Vref} {R_Comp} 10k

Advanced Simulation Techniques

With RHP Zero

Set fc<30% for the worst case position

For LC Networks with resonant Frequency fo

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Phase Margin=45-80 Gain Margin=10-15db

Advanced Simulation Techniques

When Phase=0 Gain=0

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Vout 1 = 20.log10 ( Vin 1+ s w = tan 1 wo

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Advanced Simulation Technique

Occurs in Indirect Energy Transfer Topologies

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Advanced Simulation Techniques

C OPAMP Vout OUT + U6 Vref 2.5 V R + V 1Vac 0Vdc R Vin

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Advanced Simulation Techniques

1 + sR2 C1 sR1(C1 + C 2 )(1 + sR2 C1C 2 C1 + C 2 )

OPAMP Vout OUT + U6 Vref 2.5 V R

Advanced Simulation Techniques

But if C2<<C1 then

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Type 1 Reference 0 Pole 1 1

b arg(a + jb) = arctan a f 1+ f z0 arg(T ( f )) = boost = arg f 1+ f p0

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Advanced Simulation Techniques

PS 90 + Boost = 180 + PM Boost = PM PS 90 1 C2 = 2f c GkR1 C1 = C 2 (k 2 1) k R2 = 2f c C1

Advanced Simulation Technique

Advanced Simulation Technique

OPAMP Vout OUT + U6 Vref 2.5 V R

1 Assuming R 2 C1 C <<C And 2 1 1 R3<<R1 = R1C3 1 R1C1 1 R 3C3 1 R 2C2

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Type 1 reference Double Pole +1 1

1 Boost = arctan( k ) arctan k

1 Boost = 2arctan( k ) arctan Log(f) k

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Advanced Simulation Techniques

Demonstration#24: Buck Converter Compensated