EES 512 – Electric Circuits – Fall 2009

Sections - 5, 6, 7, 8

Instructor: Dr. Karthi Umapathy

karthi@ee.ryerson.ca

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 1

 EES 512
Class Distribution

Class Representative

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 2

 Electricity – Form of Energy

Laws and relations that govern fundamentals, uses, and conversion

to other forms of energy (heat, light, sound or mechanical energies)
were discovered over the last 300 years

Electric Circuits – formed by connecting the terminals of electric

elements using conducting wires

Why it is important to other branches of science and engineering?

- Electricity/ Electronics is used in one form or the other in all

modern everyday activities

- The electric circuit models has analogies in other branches of science

and engineering

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 3

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 4
EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 5
EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 6
 Electric Charge

Atom  Nucleus (Protons + Neutrons) + Electrons

Positively (+) charged Negatively (-) charged

- outer most orbit

- weak binding force
- valence bands
Free electrons - easily escape with
little energy

Freeing one or more electrons makes the atom positively charged ion 7
EES 512, Fall 2009, KU
 Metals like copper, aluminum, sliver, gold  electrons in valence band 
even at room temp.  free electrons

Under the influence

of external energy
source (e.g. battery)

Free electrons move

towards +ve

Holes move towards

-ve

h e
Current carriers

Energy source acts like a pump, drawing e from one side and supplying to the other side8
EES 512, Fall 2009, KU
 Coulomb  Unit for charge  French Scientist

18
Unit charge of 1 coulomb (C) = charge on 6.242 X 10 electrons

or

1 19
1e 1h 18
1.602 10 C
6.242 10
Ex:

What is the charge of 50 million hole current carriers?

Q 50 106 1.602 10 19
8.01 10 12
8.01 pC

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 9

 Electric Current  net displacement (flow or motion) of current carriers (
electrons or holes) through a cross-sectional area of a conductor, such
as copper wire, is called an electric current.

I or i  French word intensite

Motion of current carriers  displacement w.r.t to time

Definition: Current is rate of flow of charge

variation w.r.t time

Q
I
t
1C of charge flows through a cross section of a conductor in 1s then one
unit of current results called 1 ampere or 1A  French Physicist

1C
EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 1A 10
S
 If the charge flowing through the cross section of a conductor is not
Constant, then
Small amount of charge
q
i A
t

q dq
i lim
t 0
t dt
Current is the derivative of charge with respect to time
i
I = 2A I = 1.5 A +

0
I = - 2A t
-

t(s) T
EES 512, Fall 2009, KU Direct Current 11
Alternating Current
 Ex:

If the charge flowing in a certain element is 4.5 C for 0.5 min, what is the
current in this element?
in coulombs
Q Ans = 0.15 A
I
t in seconds

Ex:

The current in certain element was measured to be 8A. What is the time in
which 4mC of charge flows through this element?

Q
t Ans = 0.5 ms
I

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 12

 Voltage or Electric Potential Difference

Transfer of charge w.r.t time  current

Motion of current carriers What makes them move ?

A source of energy (e.g. battery) must be used to provide the required

work (or energy) necessary to cause the motion of the current carriers

Initiates the force that make the charge move, thus the
energy source is referred to as electromotive force (EMF)

Energy  Capacity to work, Work  done by spending energy

Measured in Joules

Potential Energy  a form of energy reflecting the capacity to do work

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 13

 Voltage or Electric Potential Difference

The electric energy source creates potential energy difference

between 2 points
+ E
Also known as voltage difference or
- (simply voltage)

Lower potential point –ve (can also be numbers)

Higher potential point +ve (can also be numbers)
a a
+

I
A simple circuit E + Vab or V
Load
-
Voltage or potential diff. of a
- point a w.r.t point b

b b
EES 512, Fall 2009, KUa – higher potential points, b- lower potential points
E=V= Vab 14
 Voltage or Electric Potential Difference

Water (+ve charges)  moves downhill  loses its potential energy 

due to movement from high to lower potential  pump (battery) 
lift water mass uphill  raise the potential energy

Definition: Voltage or potential energy difference between two points in an

electric circuit is the amount of energy (or work) required to move a unit
charge between these two points

W ( work or energy )
V or E
Q(the ch arg e)
The unit of voltage is volt  Italian scientist
When the work required to transfer 1 C of charge between two points is 1 j, the voltage between the points is 1 V

Voltage “in between” or “across”

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU
Vab = 6V Vba= -6V Vab Vba 15
 Voltage or Electric Potential Difference

Vab Vba a b
Any load
+ - I

Vab= 6V Electric Vba= -6V +

-
element

V or E
- +
V and I directions are
b a
associated

Ex:

If the dry-cell chemical reaction needed 75 J of work to produce 50 C of

Charge separation between battery terminals, what is the terminal voltage
of this battery? W
V Ans = 1.5 V
Q
EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 16
 Voltage or Electric Potential Difference

Ex:

A current of 0.3 A flows through a filament and releases 13.5 J of heat

energy in 5s. What is the voltage across the filament?

W Ans = 9 V
V
Q

Electric Energy Sources

Voltage Source: when the source provides a fixed specified voltage across
its terminals, independent of the load connected to it.

Current Source: when the source provides a fixed specified current flow from
its terminals, independent of the load connected to it.

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 17

 DC and AC sources

DC = Output independent
of time
+
E + e I AC = Output varies
~ ~ i
continuously as a function
- - of time. Polarity also
reverses every specified
dc ac dc ac
time.

Voltage sources Current sources

Charge Capacity
Battery sources can only store a specified amount of energy.

Ampere-hour - unit for charge capacity Q It

Life time (h) = ampere-hour capacity (Ah)
EES 512, Fall 2009, KU average current drawn (A) 18
 Ex:

A battery can store 2.75 MJ of chemical energy. It has a terminal voltage

of 12 V. It it delivers 4A continuously, what is the lifetime of this battery
In hours?
W Convert to Ah and divide by 4
Q
V Ans = 15.97 h

Ex:

A 6 V battery is used in a flashlight. It has 108kJ of stored energy. The

Battery will dry up in 3 hours if the light is left on continuously. What is
The ampere-hour capacity of the battery, and how much current will
flow in the light bulb in this case?

Ans = 5 Ah and I = 1.67 A

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 19

 Electric Power and Energy

Raise a certain mass a fixed distance from ground – Work

“doing the same work fast” makes you more tired than
“doing the same work slow”
“Rate of energy expenditure”

Definition: Power is the rate of doing work

W W Q
P VI
t Q t Note W & W
Unit is watt  James Watt (Scottish Inventor) 1W = 1J/s

A practical unit of power (British System) = horsepower = 746 W = 0.746kW

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 20

 Absorbing Power vs Delivering Power

I I
+ +

Load Source
V V
element element

- -
I I
Load element  Current flows from +ve to –ve  energy spent by charge
 Load absorbing power
Source element  Current flows from -ve to +ve  electric charges gaining
energy  source generating or delivering power to other elements

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 21

 Ex:

What is the power delivered from a 12 V source if the current supplied by this
source is 0.75 A (leaving the positive terminal)?

Ans = 9W

Ex:

What is the current flowing in a 100 W, 120 V lamp?

Ans =0.833 A

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 22

 Electrical energy or work done W  unit is joules

W W Q
P VI
t Q t

W P t Watts X second

Electrical utilities charge for the expenditure of energy based on a

large unit of energy called the kilowatt-hour or kWh

1kWh= 1000 x 3600 = 3.6 x 10 W.s = 3.6 x 10 J

6 6

Ex:

At 12 cents per kilowatt-hour, what is the cost of leaving a 60 W lamp on

for 7 days?

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU Ans = $ 1.21 23

 Efficiency

Electrical components  Convert electrical energy into mechanical or

heat form or vice-versa  Motors  some loss in power in over coming
friction  wasted as heat

So usually input energy (or power Pin) will be larger than the
output energy (or power Pout)

Pout
(%) 100
Pin
Ex:

What is the input power of a 0.5 hp motor whose efficiency is 80%?

Ans = 466.25 W

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 24

 Resistance

Current carriers (free electrons)  flow in conducting material 

under the influence of an external energy source  gains momentum
 kinetic energy

Current carriers (free electrons)  may collide with stationary atoms

forming the crystalline structure of the material  loses momentum and
kinetic energy transferred to the stationary atom of the material

Collision  depends on property of material  that is exhibited

as opposition to current flow

This property is called the electrical resistance

of the material and denoted as R

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 25

 Resistance

Property of the material  Specific Resistivity 

the longer the

l (m) conductor more
resistance
l
R Unit Ohm
A
Material with resistivity
of The larger the
cross section easier
A(m 2 ) conduction less
Cross-sectional
area A(m2 ) resistance
R( )
l (m) -8
Copper – 1.7 X 10 .m
-8
Aluminum – 2.8 X 10 .m
EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 26
 Resistance

Open Circuit
Short Circuit (R = ∞ Ω)
R
(R = 0 Ω)

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 27

 Conductance

The ability of the material to allow electric current to flow

Conductance is inverse of resistance

1
G S or Ω
Siemens or mho
R
1 A A Siemens
G
l l

1
Specific Conductivity S/m

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 28

 Ohm’s Law

Transfer of current carriers through resistive elements necessitates

the expenditure of energy, in the form of work done by an external
source such as battery

This is required to overcome the opposition that the resistive element

exhibits due to the collision mechanism

Larger the resistance (R), more work to be done, work per unit charge
Is voltage (V)

So
V R 1

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 29

 Ohm’s Law

For a specific value of (R), more the voltage (V), more will be
the current (I)

V I 2

Combine 1 and 2

V RI

Either combine k with R

V kRI or k=1

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU Constant of proportionality 30

 Ohm’s Law

V RI

German Scientist - Georg Simon Ohm

V V
R I I GV
I R
Short Circuit
Unit of Resistance is derived from V and I
V RI 0
V (V) 1(V) Open Circuit
R 1 V
I (A) I 0
1(A) R

EES 512, Fall 2009, KU 31