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Ir e s p e c t f u l l yr e q ue s tt b a tt h eHo n o r a b l e Co u r tt a k ej a di c i a ln o t i c eoft h ef a c tt b a tIa m

nota na t t or ney an dt ha tmy pl e a di ngsG f or et e Honor a bl e Cour ti nt hk sm a t t e rca n be he l dt o
l e s ss t r i nge n ts t a nd ar ds t ba nt he f or nulpl e adi ngs ofa hwye r . Ham 'e s v.Ke m er .405 US 51 9

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mf e n d a n t= 1 Vr e l i e fo nt h egr o un d st % tt h k sCo ur tl a c ksp r op e rj u r i s d i di o ni nt h i s

ma t t e rl xca us e hedoesnotgr az ea ny c a t t l e on a ny l n nds o wne d by t he Uni t e d St a t es . Now t h e c ount era r g umen tt o De f e nda nt ' s% s e r t i on her ei st ha tal lt be que s t i onsofwho ownst he hndsi n

ques t i oni msl ongl xe ns e t t l c wheni nf a c ti tw1 1 1l xs hownt ha tt ha ti snott r ue.Phi n t i Ft ri est o
e s t a bl i s bf our vut i on t l ott be ques t i on oft l l e publ i cl a ndsowne r s hi p wa ss e t t l e di n U. S.v.NYE

CoUNTK NEV. 9 2 0F .S u p p .1 1 0 8( 1 9 9 6 ) , h o we v e ri twi l l l xs h o wnt h a tt h a tc a s ea c t u a l l ydi d

not s e t t l et he l a nd own e r s i k i p ma t t era st be PI aZ:F woul dl i ke us t oG l i e ve. n e So ve r e i gn

S t a t eof Ne va d as p o k ea n da c t Mb a c ki n1 9 7 9@ RS 3 21 . 5 9 6 5 9 9e t l e k ?( e Fe c t i v eJ ul y1 ,1 9 7 9 ) )
and s et t l e dt he publ i c hndq owne r s h i p ma t t erwi t hi nt he O unda ri esoft be St a t e an dt bk s Co ur t
s a i di n Nye t l l ath di dZ f a c tt a ke s uc ha na c tt ha tdoes es t a bl i s h ac on t r ove r s y. ' Rk s Cour t

l mwe v e r , d i dn o tc on c l u d eac o mp l e t ej u d i c i a l d de nn i n a t i o no nt ha t not t e ri mc kt e na st b et h e n

Ne va da At t om ey Ge ne m li nt el ven ed an d fl e das t i pul at i on t ha tt he Un ke d St a t es own ed t he publ i c hn dqwhi c h wa si n desa nc e oft be Ac t . f e nd an tc ont e ndRt l l a tt heNe va da AG di d not
hav et l mtt mi l at e o lm we rt o = ke s uch ade t er mi na t i on an d wai vet l l es ove r ei gnt y on s ome93 % oft he l a nd s ur f a c e oft he St a t e ofNe vad a. Thi s Cou r tt he nf ol l owe dt be wi s he s oft he Ne w an AG whe ni tS ' G GIi ni t sopi ni on i n pa r tasf ol l ows :

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 4 of 23

( NI e v a d ac on c e d e st h a t , b ys t a t t l t e se n a c t e di n1 9 7 9 ,i tc l a i mso wn e r s b i po fs omeo ft h e
l ands i n ques t i om Ne va da ' se na dnxnt of s t a t t l t e s cl a i mi ng o wne r s hi pi ss uf l i ci e nt t o c r ea t ea na dve r s el e gali nt e r e s tt ot be Uni t e d St at es 'a s s e r t i on ofowne r s hi p.Se e Uni t e d

St a t e s v.Or e gow 295 U. S.1 ,26,55 S. CY 61 0,620,79 L. M 1 267 ( 1 935) .n i si s

pa r t i c ul ar l yt r ue wh e r e ,a si nt he pr e s e ntnnt t e r ,a pol i t i ca ls uM i vi s i on ofNe vada h% r e l i e d upon t ba ta d ve r s el e ga lpos i t i on t ot a ke a ct i onsoppos i ng t heUni t e d St a t e s 'a s s er t e d t i t l e.W hi l e Neva da now c e nc e de st ha ti t ss t x hl t or y cl a i m i sl e gal l yl mt e na bl e, t ha t c onc es s km doesnotmoott beque s t i on ofwbe t he rh cl a i msowne r s i l i p oft hepubl i c hndq. Rat her .t :e c once s s i t mi st ant am t m ntt o a conx ptt ha ti udem euts l l lul d be e nt e r e d

i nf a vo ro ft heUp l t e 4 St a t e s .I d@ 1 1 1 31 4. t ' Emp h a s i sn d d e d ) . n ea hwe g eo ft hi sv e r y Co ur ti sv e r yc l e a rt h a tn op r o pe ra d j u d i c a t i o no ft h e

publ i cl an ds owne r s hi p ha ppene di nt b ato t t e r . Pl ai nt i f ft r i e st or un wi t ht ha tf r om t batpo i nt

f or wa r ds t a t i ng i twas+ 1 1 1s e t t l e di ns evn l ca s est he r ea :e rde a l i ng wi t ht hi ss a me i s s ue . Onl y

t be a s s a mpt i on ofowne r s hi p ha sbe e nt he r ei n a1 loft be c as e sde a l i ng wi t h publ i cl l ndsdi s put e s f r om t i me i n mex r i a l . A Sove r e i gn St a t e ba snoteve rs t oodt o de f end t hei rownmshi p cl a i m i n

t h ec o u r t of o r i gi na l j u r i s d i c t k mt b eS u p r e meCo u r to f t h eUn ke St a t e s .
H. Ne vada Al ml w r i at e dt he Publ i cLandsi n1 979

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j y( j j j j NRS 3 21 . 5 9 6 5 9 9e t. K e t ?( e fe c t i v eJ ul y1 ,1 9 7 9 )a n di t sLe g i s l a t i v e Fi n di n gst h e r e wi t wl utc onv es sf a i l e dt oc ompl e t ei ni t sp r omi s ei nt he Ena bl i ng AG M m ' l t t i ng Ne va da i nt ot he

Unk mi n1 8 64. De f end l mts t i pul a t e st batt he Uni t ed St a t esa c quked t l x publ i c dom a i n ma ki ng
up Ne va e by J md t hr oug ht he Tr e a t y ofGun dnl npe Hi el go i n1 8 48. I ti s wba th a ppe ne di n 1 8 64 t ha ti ns mz ct e d Conm e s st o honorce r t a i nt e nnsa nd c ondi t i onst o % veanot he rne w St a t eof

t h eUn i o nj oi n 1.n ec o mmo nc h a l l e n g et o De f e n da n t ' sc l a i mh e r e i ni st h edi s c l a i me rc l a t k s ei n

t beEna bl Kg Ac twbi ch s t a t e sa sf ol l ows : Se ct i on 1.Aut hor i z nt i on f orf or n wt i on ofs t a t e . Be i te nac t e d yt he Se -f e andHou s e

o f Ac pr e e wl ll f v c . :o ft h e( f af / e z fS t a t e ao f Ame r i c ai n Co 1 l gr e ' ? . s e mb l e ) ' I ha tt l l e

i nbn bi t a n t s of t ha tm r t i on of t l l et e r r kor y of Ne va da i ncl ude d i nt he boundl r i e s he r e i nal t e rde s i gn a t e d be ,a nd t he ya r e he r e by ,a ut hor i z M t of or mf ort h ems e l ves ,outof
4

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 5 of 23

s ai dt e ni t or y,a s t a t eg over n me n t ,wi t ht he na me a f or es ai ; whi ch s a i ds t e ,when

f o r me ds s hal lbe admi t t e d1 1 1 t 0t he Uni on I m ox lan e aual f xt i ne wi t :t e or i d nal

s t l t a m 'a l l l w-c t :wKa t s o e v e r .t En l p h a s i sAd d e d l .

Sec .4. Aut hor i z xt i on t of or mc ons t i t ut i on a l xls t a t e go ve r nme nt ;l i mi t a t i ons .And b ei t

Jhr l l l ere nact e d

Thi r d.Th att hepx pl ee a bi t zg s a i dt e r r i t or y do a gr e ea nd dec l a r vt ha tt he yf or e ver di s cl a i m al lr i eht a nd t i t l et ot be unal m nm r i at e dI m bl i t hnds l v u n e wi t e s ai d t e rr i t or v.and t l l att :e s ame s ba l lbe and r em a l nl tt hes ol e * 4 ent l ' r e dl s nu t i on @f t he Uni t ed St a t e s .an ' dt ba tt be l a nds G l ongi ng t o ci t i ze nsoft h e Unke d St at esr e s i di ng wkbo utt bes a i ds t a t es hal lnev e rl xt a xe d hi g l w x rt hn nt be l a nd Y l ongi ng t ot her es i den t s t he r eof iand t l l a tno t axe ss hal lbe i mpos e d by s ai ds t a t e on l n ndn or pm pe r t yt he r e i n

Gl on g i n gt o ,o rwh i c h ma yh e r e a Ae rI xp ur c h a s e db y ,t l l e Un i t e dS t a t e s .( Emph a s i s Ad d e d ) .
Se c.l 0.Fi veper ce ntofs ubs e q ue nts al esofpubl i cl a ndsby Uni t e d St a t e st o be> i d

t os t a t ef o rp u bl i cr o a d sa n di r r i g a t i o n. An db ef f /l r / A e re n a c t e d ,Th a t5 vem r c e n t n mo f
t he p r oc ee dmoft l l eu l msofal lnubl kl ahdsl vm ' e wi t hi ns al ds t a t e .wl l i c: s l l a l lbes ol d bv t he Um* t e Su t e ss ub- uemtt ot l l e adml m q l on ofs ai ds t at eI nt ot l l e Uni on.a f t e r de mt mg ' a l lt he e xpens es i nci de ntt ot h er w qnw,s ha l lbe pai dt ot l xs a i ds t a t ef or t he p ur pos eofm n ki ng a n di mpr oe g publ i cr oa ds .c ons t r uc t i ng dhch esorc ana l s ,t o efec ta ge ne r als ys t e m of i r r i ga t i on oft be a gr i c ul t u m ll a nd i nt be s t a t e,a st he l e gi s l a t ur es ha l l

d i r e c t . ( Ea ba s i sAd d e d ) .
I ta ppe a r si nt he Thi r d pa r tofSec 4 oft he Ac tt l l a tt he Pe opl e oft he new St a t ei l a ve

di s cl ai me d al 1r i gh t s ,t i t l ec l ai m e t c .f or e v ert ot be Uni t e d St a t e s . UN n c l ea re xs mi nat i on of

Se ct i on 1 and 1 0a l lt ha tt he di s c l ai me ri s a Quk Cl a i m DG t ot he Uni t e d St a t e s by t be

l nhabi t a n t s put t i n g a condki on o nt he n e w St a t et l l a t whe nt he Uni t e dS t a t es di s pos e oft he publ i cl ands t ba tt he St a t e wo ul d notha ve a ny cl ai mt o cl oud t kl et ot l l e ne w owne r s . W he n

c o upl i ng a l loft he s e Sec t i ons t oge t h e r ,whi c hi ncl ude st he Equa lFoo t i ng s t n t l l R gua r a n t ee dt o
Ne va daby Conv e s s ,we x e t h e Uni t e d St at e swa sonl ya p poi nt e dt he s ol er e al e s t a t ea ge n tf or

Ne v adw t hes ame asOhi o di dt os e t t l et he Rev ol ut i ona r yW a rde btw1 t . 1 :t he s a l e pr oc -z h oft he

pu bl i cl a nds i nt b atSt a t e. n e s c hools e c t i ons gr a nt e d pr i ert os t a t eho od wasa na ppr opha t i on pr i ort os t a t e hood,n otawa i ve ra ss omewoul d cl ai m- Onc es t a t e i t ood ha ppe ne dst ba twa si ns t a nt

a ndN e va dawa son a n Eq ua lFoot i ng wi t ha 1 lh e rSkt e rSt a t esoft he Uni on.

5

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Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 6 of 23

He l LAND

I N NEVADA C', M M EI ABY FEDEQM , GO VERNM ENT

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Se c 1 0 ma ae i tc l ea rt batCongr e s sa gr ee dt o di s pos e oft l l e publ i cl n ndn whe ni twas by t l x pa r t i est l ut ;t hes a l esofal lnubl i cl a nds l vm ' 2 wi t bi ns a i ds t a t e.. . .q bR l ll xs ol d bv

t l ! eUn i t e dSt a t e ss u b s mue n tt ot b en d mi q s i o nofs a l ' ds t a t ei n t ot h eUn x bn. Th ea ev ema p( F i g 1 )c l ea r l ys howst ba tCongr es s di d notkee pt H tpr omi q eJ L : M It ben uni l a t e r al l y wi t Edr ew al l
di p os a t si n1 97 6 wi t ht l l e en ac t me nt of t be Fe de r al ' . r z -z fPol i c ya nd M z z n z z gc-eafAc t .or

FLPm ( Pu b . L.94 5 7 9 ) ,wh i c hi s we l lk n o wn t h a t wi st h e Ac tt h a tf u e l e dt b eS a g e b r u s h

6

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 7 of 23

Ree l l i on a nd he nce NRS 32l. 59 65 99 et. m . Le tuse xa mi ne hi s t or y and wh atCongr es ss ai d

a bo utt h es ee na bl i ng ac t san dt he i nt e n t i on s e tf or t h by t he Congr e s s i om lHous e Pu bl i cl -r vl q
Com m i t t e es t a t i ng i n pa r ta sf ol l ow s :

' ' W he nt l l e s e St a t e ss t l ' p ul a t M nott ot a xt he l a ndsoft he Ul l i t e d St n t e nunt i lt be y we r es ol dst be yr e s t e upon t he i mpl i e de nga gemt ntofCongr es st o ca us et he mt o

l xs o l d pwh h i n ar - o n a bl et i me . Noj u s te q u i v a l e n ti l a sl xe ng i ve nt b o s eS t a t e s
f ora s ur r en de rofa na t t r i but e ofs ove r e i gnt ys oi mpor t a n tt ot h ei rwel f xr e,a nd t o a ne qua ls t a ndi n gwi t ht he or i gi nalSt a t e s .. . .A r e me dy f ors uc h gr ea te vi l s ma y l x f ound i nc a r r y lg i nt o ef f ec tt h es pH of t he Fede r alCons t i t vt i ow whi c h knowsofno i ne qual i t yi nt be powe r sa n dr i g ht soft h es evm' a lSt a t es . ' '20* U. S. Congr e s s ,Pu bl i cl mn dsCom mi t t eeRe pol t Fe br u ar y 5,1 828. De hyi ng t h et onq f e rofpubl i cl a nds' ' woul d notonl yc ont r ave ne t he s pi r i toft he s e ve r ala ds ofc es s i on wl l i c h ha ve I v n adve r t ed t o,bu twoul dl xi nc ons k s t e nt wi t ht l xs e ve ml compa ct sl xt we e nt hege ner algove r m ne nta nd t be ne w St a t eson t hek M m i s s i oa' 'And wo ul d' ' ha ve Y n pr on ounc e d on al lha nds a vi ol a t i on of t he conw c ta nd a mos tr e voki ng bma ch ofgood f a i t h on t he pa r toft he Unked St a t es r 23r d U. S.Congr es s ,Publ i c l>n ds Comm kt e e Re po r t , Dec e me r 27, 1 833. n ee vi de nc ei sove l w bel mi ng t ha tCov e s s1e se ve rbe e n dut ye und t ot r a ns f ert hl et o

l l
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a mj t t e d ut ot j j eun j o a t l l e pu bl i cl a nds wi t hi nar ea s o na bl et i me f r om t he new s t a t e sG i ng n

Conp' e s si t s e l fs ai ds oi nt . hi s Comr n i t t e e. So di dt be f o r - r l y' ' we s t e r ns t a t e s ' 'of I l l i noi s ,

Fl or i dw M i s s our s Louki a nw an d ma ny ot he r sd ur i ng t hos epr i orye a r si nt he e a r l y1 8 9 sand

we s e e Congr e s st 1 1 * di d di s pos eoft bepub:c hndswi dl i nt os e ne w St a t e sa nd t he y we r e on a

q Eq u a l Fo o t i n g wk bt h eOr i g i n a l1 3S o v e r e i g nS t a t e s .n ed i s p os a l ss t o p p e da t t l i eCo l o r a do
bor de ra ndwes t . M or eoft her ec or df r om t he Hous eComm i t t e e de a l i ngwkh t he o t t e r : l l l i n oi s' ' e xnn otr e s k s ti mpr e s s i ng i no nt be s e r ousa t t e n t i on oft he Conp e s soft he

Uni on h o wi n j u r i o usmus tb et b eo p e r a t i o nofs ' uc h ar e t a r de dd i s ws i t i o no ft b e

va s tV i e s of publ i cl n na l yi ng wi t hi nt . 1 1 1 St a t e,a nd how Ze vi t a bl yi t mus t

c h e c ki t si n c r e a s ea n dx p ul a t i ow a n dc o n s e q u e n te r o v e me n ta n dr e s o u r c e s ,
p r ovi ng h i ghl y de t ri me nt a lt ot be St a t e,i n poi ntofr ev en ue ,by wi t hl ml di ng f r om

t m t i ons uc hvm s tpr om r t i onsofkss oi l ' '( Suppl eme nt i ngt heor i gi nsl r e co r d ) .
7

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 8 of 23

Dehyi ng t l x di s pos aloft h e publ i cl ands ' ' opca t e sa s a vi r t ua li nf r a ct i on oft l l e

c o mp a c t . '( Su p p l e me n t i n gt b eo r ki n a l r e c o r d )
' ' Fr om t he t e r ms of t ha t compa d, a nd u pon t he Kz ppos i t i on t ha tt he s ame i s obl i ga t o r yupon t hepa r t i est oi t ,a ny a cton t hepa r t oft hegove r n me ntt ode l ayt he

s a l e so ft h el a nd i n ar e a s on a b l ep e r i o i wh e t h e ra c c o mpl i s h e db yap os i t i v e
r e f us a lt os el l ,orby de nundi ng f ori ta s um gr ea t l yl xyond i t sval ue ,by whi c ht l l e

s a l e swo u l dl xd e f e a t e ii nagr e a tn xa s u r e ,i fn o twh o l l ys o, wo ul dd o u b t l e s sb e

an i nf r n di on oft hec ompac ti t s e l f' ' ' ' Sh oul dt hepr e s ento ppr e s s i ve s ys t em c ont i n ue ,an dn on n-l i om t i on t a kepl a c e.i t wi l lnotl x de ni e dt l l a tt 1 1 1 :q ues t i on i ss us ce pt i bl e ofG i ng p r e s e nt e di ns o gr a ve a t tas m cta st oi nvol ve cons i da t i onsoft hedee pes tma gn i m de ,a nd de ma nd t he m os ts e r i ous a nd enl i ght e ne dr et l ec t i on oft hos e cha r ge d whh t l l ei n t e r e s t s oft he c onf e de r a c y. ' ' 20t h Co ngr e s s ,2% Ses s i ow Fe br u my 2,1 829.

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Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 9 of 23

Fi g2s howsf u r t i l e rt l l atCongr es sw i t he l dt he ks i de oft :e obl i ga t i on t o di s pos e oft he publ i cl andss t ar t i ng att h e Col or a do bor de ra nd t h0 t ot hewe s t .TheEq ua lFoot i ng dodr i neha s
l xe nr al e dt ol ) e not bi ng m o r et ha n pol i t i c alequa l i t ya nd notmea n tt ol xi nt he m z e s t- R e of

t hewor ds . Buti ft u tl xt he c as et he c our t sha ve a c onf l i cti nt be s er ul i ngsan dt G tnee dst o be cor r e c t e Not i c ei n Fi glt ha tt h e onl yl a nds t hata r et be St at e ofNe va da a r et be wbhe s pot s

whi c ha r eh a r dl y di s t i ngui s ha bl e;t h e bl a c k por t i onsa r ef e z l - l l y cl ai me dl andsa nd s t i l lr e ma i n

i nt e r r i t or i als t a t us . Not e wha tPl a i nt i f fr i ght l y put sf or t bi n ks x t i o n as t o wba tt he s t n t m of t he k cl a i me dl andqa r e :

m heUni t e d St a t esr e t ai nsa ndmn na gest he s ef e de r all a ndspummzn tt oi t spowe r s

unde rt he Cons t i t u t i o n,pri nmr i l yt he Pr om r t y Cl ml q e ,whi ch g i v est he Con gr e s s

t hel >owe rt o di s pos eofa n dr n s kea1 1n e f ulRul e sa nd Re gul a t i omsr es mc t i ng

t he Te r r i t or yo r ot l l erPr o pe r t yG l ongi ng t ot he Unx ' t e . d St a t es . ' 'U. S.Cons t .a r t -

I Vsj 3,ct 2.n e Supr e me Cou r ti msc ot k s i s t e nt l yi nt e r pr e t e dt hi spowe rt ol x

e xpans i ve ,r e pe a t e dl y obs e r vzg t ba t< f t he powe r ove rt h e publ i cl a nd t hus e nt r us t ed t o Con gr es si swi t houtl i mi t at l ons . ' ' Uni t ed St a t e sv.Ci t y & Coun t y of

S. F. , 31 0U. S.1 6 , 29( 1 9 40 ) .S e ea l s o Kl e p p ev . Ne w Me x i c o, 42 6U. S. 5 2 9 ,5 39 ( 1 9 7 6 ) ; Al a b a mav. Te x a s ,3 4 7U. S. 2 7 2 , 27 3( 1 9 5 4 ) ; Un k e d St a t e sv. Ca l i f o r n i a , 3 3 2 U. S.1 9 ,2 7( 1 9 4 7 ) ;Gi bs o nv . Cb o t e a u ,8 0U. S. 9 2 ,9 9( 1 8 71 ) ;Uni t e dS t a t e s v .Gmt i o t ,3 9 U. S.5 2 6 ,5 3 7( 1 8 4 0 ) .r f he S u p r e me Co u r thm se mp h a s i z e dt h a t
Conp es spr ope r l ye xe r ci s esY e powe r sofY t h a pr opr i e t ora nd ofa l e gi s l a t ur e ove rt he pu bl i c doma i ' 'Kl e ppe,426 U. S.a t 540;Ahba m w 347 U . S.a t273.

( Pl a i n t i i rsM o t i o n@ p g2 2 , Ln2 62 8a n dp g 23 , Ln 1 9 )( Emph a s i sAd d e .

De f e nda nto once dest l v att hec as el a w hol di ng t l l a tt heUni t e St a t es ,a sPl ai n t i f fcon t e nds

i nt 1 1 1 sm a t t e rdoe shav et b e unl i m' v t e d powe r sove rf e de ml l y own ed 1 =1 N i t houtl i mi t a t ' ns m ' ' . n ei mpl i ca t i on oft ha ti st l v z ton t hebl a c k por t i onsoft h el an dsi n Fi glcl e a r l y mean st he r ea r e
no r i ght spr ot e ct e dt mde rt he Cons t i t u t i on. De f e ndn nti b as no wa t e rr i ght s ;N e w dn wa t e rl a w doesnota ppl yt oa l l ow hi mt o gr a z ei dsc a t t l e. M wa t err i ght st h atwe r e de ve l om d o ve rs e ve ml

g e n =t i o n so fH j u d i c a t i o n sun d e rs ut el a wa r ee x t i n g u i s h e da n dt a ke nwi t h o ut t b ed u epr o c e s s o fe mi n e n td o >i no rj t t s tc o mp e n s a t i o wL e . n oc o mt i t u t i o n a l p r o t e c t i o n sf o rpr o p e r t yo wn e dby

9

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 10 of 23

t h e De f en dant . Thi s was n eve rt he i n t e ntoft be I nhn bha n t s oft be Te r r i t or y ofNe va da o rt h e

Ci t i z e nsoft h en e w St a t eofNe va da. The' ' we s t e r ns t a t e s ' ' of18 28 ( I l l i noi s ,I ndi a nw M i s s our i s

Ar k a n g %,Lo u i s i a nw Al a ba mw a n dFl o r i d a ls t r u al e d wi t ht h es s nu ti s s ue swef a c et o da yf r om

t l wf e d e r a l g o v e r nme n tf a i l i n gt ot r a ns f e rt i t l et ot h e kp u bl i cl a n ds( i . e . ,m o rMuc a t i o nf u n d i n g, s t i f l e de c o n o my,r e s t r i c t e a c c e s st oa b n n d n n tr e s o u r c e s ,e t c . ) .' r b o s e1 8 2 8' ' we s t e r ns t a t e s ' '
ml e r . e z vl e . di n conpel l i ng t he f e de r algove r n me ntt ot r a ns f e rt i t l et ot h ei rpubl i cl ands . Ne v ada hasdone t h e % me t br ough i t s Sove r ei gn Le gi s l at ur et hr ou r , h NRS 321 . 596599 ets e qa nd t l l e Legi s ht i veFi ndi ngst he r e wi t h.
M ov ver ,Def e ndnn khmsope mt e d unde ra n dr el i e d upon t he a ut bor i t yi n N RS 321. 596-

599 e /s e q whe r ei nt he Sover e i gn St a t eofNe va daby an dt hr ough i t sI a e gi s l a t ur el a i d cl a i mt ot he l a ndsi n que s t i on i nt heBundvIma t t e ra l xlt b el andsna med i nt hi spe ndi ng M t t e r . n e St a t eof Ne vada l ai d cl ai m t oa l 1l ands wi t hi n hs l xl r de r sr ee a di vel yt o ks c omi ng i n t ot h e Uni on. De f end sntas s e r t st ha tt be a r gume nt s of f e r M he r ei nwi t hr e s pec tt ot h e pr o pe rr e a di ng of t he
Ena bl i ng Ac tf or Ne va da i s a ma t t e r of f l r s ti mpr es s km as i st he el e men tt ha tt he Gwi t l l owt

l i mi t a e -' 'powe r soft he Uni t e d St a t esc l mnott v al l owedt ot br i vewi t hi n &Sove r e i gn St a t eof
t he Uni on- Tha ti n and ofi t s e l f vi ol a t e st hos e hol di ngs oft he c our t st ha tt he F z qua lFoot i ng
DOC ' h' G onl ya ppl i e st om l ki ca le q ua l i t y wi t hs k s t e rs t a t e s . Suc h powe ri saT UI I gov e r ni ng powe r un br i dl e d by t he l i mi t s of t he Cons t i t ut i on-

nl r mmn tt os uc h powe rt he Congr e s si sa ut l mr i z ed t o es bl i s h an e xe cul i m al e gi s l a t u r e ,an d

c our t ss ndnott heRe publ i ca n 61 1 : 1ofgove r n me ntgu ar a nt e e dbyAr t .Vl ;i nd ec at e r r i t o r i ala ct

i si t s el fa c ons t i t u t i om W e s ee s uc h gov e mi ng powe rcl e a r l yc ex e si m- z l i at el y on Neva da' s

s t a t e h oo d - Ame r i c a nI ns u r a nc ev. 3 5 6 Ba l e so fCo t t o m2 6U. &.51 l( 1 8 2 8 1 : Br e nn e rv .P o de r x 5 0U. S. 2 3 4( 1 8 5 0 ) .

1 0

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 11 of 23

t q' he Cons t i mt i on do l sw i t bs t a t e s ,t hek pe opl e and t hei rr e pr e s e nt a t i v es . The

s o l eo b j e c to ft het e r r i t o r i a lc l a u s ewa st ot r a n s f e rt ot h en e wg o v e r n me n tt h e No e we s t Tr i t o r ya n dt og i ve p o we rt ea p p l yt h a tt e ni t o r yt ot h eo b j e c t s
di c t a t e d by t he s t a t es . n e Cons t i t ut i on d oesnote xt e nd t ot er r i t or i esofi t s own f or c e. Congr es sb as powe r eve rt e r r i t o r yi td oe s not pos s e s si nt he St a t e s ' ' . Downesv. Bi d we l t pa ge 773. The cl e a ri mpl i c a t i on oft hi s hol di ng i st l l a tt be powe r sa ut bor i z ad t o Congr es sp ur s ua nt
t oM i cl eI V,S t i on 3,Chus e 2,ca ne xl ' s tonl v out s i de t be boundan ' es ofs t at e s aam l t t e d

't m t :e uni gn. I ti se t i ona lt oa s s er tt hats uc :f ul lpower sofg ove r n anc ec ov er i ng 93% oft be

l a n ds ur f a c e( s e eFi gl )o faS o v e r e i g n St a t eo ft b eUni ona n da tt h es a met i mea s s e r t t b a ts u c h

s t a t eba sl x' en ml mi t t e dt ot l x Uni on on an eq ua lf oot i ng w kh t l x or i gi nals t a t e si n eve r yr es pec t 1 ! we t s oe ve r . n ewel ls e t t l ed l a w ofhow i mpor t nn tt l l et er n ws nd i ns t nwt i onsoft heEnabl i ng Ac ta r e

i sce me n t ed i n HAW AI IET AL.v.OFFI CE OF HAW M I AN AFFAI RS ET AL.5 56 U.S.

( 2 00 % wh e r e i nt b eCo ur ts t a t Mi np a r t ;. . . ( G ( T) h ec o ns e q u e n c e sofz ami s s i o na r ei ns t a n t a n e o u s ,

an di ti gnor est h e uni que l ys ove r e i gn c hn mn t e roft l mteve nt. . .t os ugg e s tt %t ente ve n t s

s o me b o wc a n di mi n i s h wh a th a sa l r e a d yl x ' e nb e s t o we m) .t t An dt h a tp r o ms i t i o na p pl i e sa J o ' r l f o r f wh e r ev i r t n s l l ya l l of t h eS t a t e ' sp ub l i cl a nd s. . .a r ea ts t a k e . ' ' I d@ .

De f e wl a ntc ont e ndA t hatt bk sl a ngua ge i si ns t r uc t i ve t ha tt he l ong bel di n t er pr e t a t i o n of

t h e Di s cl ai me r Chus ei nt h e Ena bl i ng Act i si na pm opr i a t e be ca us e Se ct i onl o, t be fve pe r c fn t l l m c l a us ei nt be Ac tdi t a t e si n no obf hc a t i on t hntt he Unked St a t e ss ba l ll > et l l er ea l -

e s t a t ea g e n tf o rt h en e wj u s tn a mi t t e dS t a t eof Ne v a d aa n ds h a l l d i s p o s eof a 1 1o ft l l ep u bl i cl a n ds
i nt ha t ne w St a t ei n at i me l y nwnner an d whe nt he Congr e s s def a ul t ed on i t s pr omi x e and obl i ga t e st he St a t e ofNeva dae xe r c k s i ng i t ss ov er ei gnpo we r swi t hi ni t sbor der sdi d di s pos e ofa l 1

t l l epubl i cl a ndst oi t s e l f

11

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 12 of 23

To a l l ow t h1 t y pe of i ne qua l i t yt o co nt i n ue whe r e Ne va da i s noton a n Equa lFoot i ng

wi t ht he o r i gi na l1 3 St a t e sa nd t he ot he r se as tofCol or a do

e st he s e pa mt eb ute - 1 : *

d o c ei n eh e l de a r l yo ni nt hi sn a t i o n' sj u r i s p r u d e n c e wb i c hwa sp r o p e r l yo v e r t u r n e di n Br own v

Boa r dofEd uca t i on347U. S.48 3(1 95 4) .
I Hn i sCour tLac ksO r i e alJun ' q al t don Overt heLandsOwne nl e I s s ue

Pnmua ntt oM i cl e1 1 1 ,Se di on 2 oft b e Cons t i t ut i on st heUS Supr e nx Cour tha sor i gi nal

j u r i s d i c t i ono v e rn - si n v ol vi n gd i s p ut e sG t we e nt b es t a t e s . Cu r r e n t l y , t h eUS S u p r e M Co u r t o n l ye x e r c i s e sor i g i n a l j u r i li c t i o ni nd i s p ut e sb e t we e nt wo S t a t e s . Th e n Co n g r e s ss a y si n 28 USC j 1 25 1( b )n eS u pr e me Co z l r ls h al le eo r i gi n a l&z /n o te r c / l t Wl / ej l l ? t N t f ol :/ ao h( 2 )Al l

c ont r ov e r si e a e f -e nt he Uni t e d Sf cf e , x vt z e a St at e. n i suni l a t e r ala ctby Congr e s si san ove r -

r e ac h oft he i rpowe rt e tl i r ni t st he s ove r e i >t y oft h e St at eofNe va da . Ne va da i ne nac t lg NRS 321 . 596599 e ta e f wa sa s ove mi gn ac tofa Sove r e i gn St a t e whi c hi s di r e c t l yr el a t e dt ol a nd

l
hl un dar i eswi t hi nt he st at ea n d al ong i t shvde r swi t hi t ss i s t e rst at es . Ne va da ne ve rce ded i t s
. i s ove r e i gnt yt o ac our tG l ow t heUS Su pr e > Cour t .I n Rhode I s l l nd v.M a s s a c hus e t t s .37 U. S.

1 2P e t .6 5 76 5 7( 1 8 3 8 )i n s %c t i o na st o wh a tt h es o v e r e i gn s t a t e sy i e l d e dt oa sf o l l o ws ;5T) h e
s mve r als t a t e soft he Uni t ed St a t e s ,i nt hek hi ghes tx ve r e i gn ca pa ci t y,i nt he conve nt i on oft he

pe opl et he r e oj onwhom,by t heRev ol ut i ow t . l l epr e r oga t i v eoft beCr owna nd t het mnK c e nde n t
powe r of Pa r l i a me nt de vol ve di n a pl e ni t ude uni mpai r M by a ny a c t and c ont r ol l a bl e by no a ut hor i t y,a dop t e , dt heCo ns t ku t i ow by whi c ht hey r e s pe c t i ve l y mad et ot he Uni t e d St a t esagr a nt

o fj u d i c i a lp o we ro v e rc o n t r o v e r s i e sG t we e nt wo o rmo r es t a t e s .By t h e Co ns t i t u t bn s wa s

o r d a i n e dt l l a tt l l i sj u di c i a l po we r ,i nr >q e swh e r ea s t a t ewm sap a r t y ,s b o u l db ee x e mi s e db yt l l e

S u p r e meCo u r ta so n eo fo r i g i na l j u r i s di c t i o n .n e S t a t e swa i ve dt h e i re x e mp t i o nf r o mj u di c i a l

12

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 13 of 23

p ow e ra %s ov e r e i gr t s by o r i gi nal a nd i nbe r e nt r i gl l t by t be i r own gr ant of i t se xe r c i s e ove r

t h e ms e l ve si ns ' u c hc m s e s , b u twh i c ht h e ywo ul dn o tg r a n tt oa n yi n f e r i o rt r l xu n n t ' 'l d@ 6 5 7 .

W hi l ei tc a n be a r gue dt ha tRI I OI I el s l a nd dea h wi t b Am a t t e rG t we e nt wo s t a t e s ,c er t xi nl y t l l el andsowne mhi pc ont m ve r s ye s t a bl k s hed byN e v adaen ac t i ng NRS 321 . 596599 e ts e q di d not r e duc ei tt oal e ve lw h e r e i nt he Uni t e d St a t es i sl ar ge rt ban t be Sove r ei gn Na t i on St a t et ba t

c r e a t e d k,a n dt h e ni sb a r r e df r om t h eo r i gi na lj ur i s d i c t i o n oft l l e Co u r ti tc r e a t e di nt b e
Cons t i mt i on by and t l l r ough t b ea ct s of he r Si s t e r Na t i on St a t e sa tt l x c r >t i o n of t he
Cons t i t u t i on-

De f e n d a n tr e s p e df u l l yo le r st l l a tt h i sCo u r td o e sn oth a v et l l ej u ns 'di c t i o nt od e t e r mi n e t h eo wn e r s h i pof t b ep ub l i cl a n d si na ma n n e rt h a ti sc o u n t e rt ot b a tm s i t i o ne s ub l i s he di n NRS

321 . 596599 ets e 4 by a nd t l l r o ugl lt be Sove r e i gn ac toft be St a t e ofNe v ada a nd i sr e que s t ed by De f e nda ntt o den y Pl ai n t i f f ' sM ot i on f orSumma r yJ udgme nta nd f' m mtDef enda nt ' sM ot i on t o
Di s mi s s . W . Endane er e d Soec i esAc t1 1 oesNotAppl v

I I

Pl a i n t i f ra l l e g e s De f e n d a n tvi o l a t e dt h e En d a n g q r e dS p e c i e s Ac t( ' ESA) wa y ba c ki nt h e

1 990' sand ha sc on t i nue dt hes a m evi ol a t i onst ot b i sda y.Pl ai nt i l oFe r st ha tade t e r mi nn t i on by

t h e Age nc y wm s mM e ba s e d upon a bi ol ogi ca lopi ni on a nd al 1c a t t l ei n ba s i ca l l y Cl a r k Count y Ne va daa r et ol xr e> ve d. Att bet i me t he r e wer e5 2 Pe r mi t t e esnmni ng ca t t l ei nt l x ques t i one d

ar e a cl a i me d by t he Uni t e d St a t e sa nd e ve r yone wasor d er e dt or e nm e t be i rc a t t l e. Def e nds nt

t ook ac i vi ldi s ov i en ts t n n r la nd s ai d no, M or eont l l a tep nd l a t e r . The t he na nd now en t i r ea ut l mr i t y cl ai me d by Pl a i n t i f fa tt ha tt i me was pur s nn nt t ot he

En d a n ge r e di & l l c c f e aAc to f1 97 3( ESA; 7 U. S. C.j 1 3 6 ,1 6 U. S. C.j 1 5 31e ts e q . le s t a b l i s h i ng

t he s oc a l l e d UDeS G Tor t oi s e ' ' a nd now pl an t se t c. ,i n Sout be r n Ne va da Ql l r ea t ene da nd #

1 3

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 14 of 23

e ndx nger e d ' 'pur s l l an tt os a i d Ac t . Howe ve r ,t hepa r t i c ul a r r es e r tTor t oi s e ' 'a n dt bepl a n t st he y us ed wtr eneve rpr ove nt o nw t tt hec r i t e r i a oft he Ac twhe r e i nt hec r kt e ra nd t hepl a nt si md t o be e nga ge di n4 f or ei gn c omme r ce ' ' p. ml l n ntt ot heor i gi na t i ng Tr e a t i es ;s eet h es es edi onsoft heAd wbi chs t a t ei n pm asf ol l ows :

( a )Fi >d1#&
n e Co ngr e s s.ndst z nt fde cl ar e sl t z / -

( 1 )v t z r f t o, :s pe c i e so ffs h ,wf / # vc ,a n d p/ t wf . Ni nt h e Un i t e dS f af e . . h av eh e e ' ? g r e nd e r e de x t i n c tt z , Na c o n s e q u e nc eo fe c o n omi cg r ow : / la n dd ev e l o pme n tu n t e mpe r e d

b y ade qu at ec onc e r n JF I Jc ou e rv at i o n;

&, )ot he rs pe c i e so ff t s h ,wf / t f ve ,an d #/ : r a / , :/ l t z 1 b e e ns od e pl e t e di na l l / l e ' r , :

t hatt e par ei nA a ge ro fo rt h r e a t e n e dwf f / l e x t i n c t i o n ; .

( 3 )l l l e es pe c i e so f. / J O , wi l dl fe ,a n d p/ t z n / . Na r eo fe t / l e f f c ,e c o l o gi c a l , e Ac z z / j o z z s thi s t o r i c a l . r e c r e a t i o na l ,( z z l t f c b e a / j / z cv al u et ot h eNa t i o nf ? z Wi t s#e e t #e ' ' ( 4 )t he Uni t e d Sf f z / e . . :haspl e d ge df f s cf ft z . a x v e r ef ga s t at ei nt he i nt e r nat i ona l c o mmu n i t yt oc o -e r v et ot h ee r / e a f Pr a c t i c a b l et hev t z r f o =s pe c i e sY/' t Io rwf l ll f / c ' an dpl a n t s f a c i n ge x t i n c t i o n , J or waa l t o( A )z a f gm / or yb i r dr r e af f e xwi t hC wr l t z d t z f p ? t f M ai c o ; ( #, It heM gz uf or yt z ? l lEndan ger e dBi r dFr e af y wi t hJt z l M ? n, ' ( C )1 / - Co nv e n t i o no n At z / z l r c Pr ot e c t i o n< p / W Wi l d l f e Pr e a e r p l / f f m i nf / ? e
We mt e r n He mi s ph er e. .

( D, It heI nt e r nat i onalConv e nt i onfort heSt p r r / l Bu f At l ant i cF/ Me r f e a ; ( E )t h eI n t e r n a t i o n a lCo nv e nt i o nf o rt h eHi ghi %t w :Fi s h e r i e ao ft h eNo r / Pa c i f i c
Oce t at '

( F )t h eCo n v e n t i o no nI n t e r n at i o n a lT r a d ei n En da n ge r e dS pe c i e so f Wi l d Fa u n a
t z at fF/ t vc, 't z z W

( G)ot h eri nt e r nat i onalagr ee me nt s ;and @)J k* l e :

T h ep/ r pue . . s o ft h i sc / l t pl e ' ra r et opr o v i d ear a e c n . wh e r e b yf / l ee c o ss t e msl g l l t : a

whi c he n dan ge r e d Ye CJ G and l / l r e lf ea e s pe ci e s #e #e W ma y& c ons e rv e d, t o

pr o v i d ea pr o gmp l f o rt h ec o-e nwf f o ao f> c e n da n g e r e ds pe c i e sa a t ft h r e a t e n e d s pe c i e s ,t z a lt of t z e =c hs t e pst z . v> &r a ppr o pr i a t et oac h i e v et he#l 4 r #o . s e . . o ft h e t r e a t i e san dc o n v e n t i o n ss e t f o r t hi ns u b s e c t i on( a )t p . f/ f . s e c t i o n .
Andt l xn a Gnn ldef mi t i on ofwha tt hec r i t t e ra nd t hepl an t sne e dt ol xe I I P' t gGIi nl

( 9 )n et e r m' Xr e f gac o mme r c e' ' i n c l u de s ,a mo n got h e rt hi n g s g t z m, t r a n s ac t i o n ( A )b e - e npe r s on swi t h i no n c / t l r c f g ac o u n t r y. R, Ib e - e nre r , mz z Ni nr w oo rmo r e f o r e i gnc x pl r i e a ;
1 4

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 15 of 23

( C ): e f wc c nape r s o n wi t h i nt h eUl l # e #S t a t e sJI I J ape r s o ni nJx r e i g ? lc o u n t r y.

or

( D, )b e t w e e n pe r s o n s wf l / l f ; lt he Ua f f e z lS t a t e s . wh e r et he. J 1 ' 0 a n d wi l t f l / e 'i n

porcou nt r i e st ul l l f det he Uni t e d St at e s . qu e s t i on t z r emo vi n gi n an yc /l -/ r . .

The l i nc hpi nl xi ng US GIby Pl a i nt i Ff ort he a ut hor i t yt o ga t he rn nd i mpo uM m f e nda nt ' s ca t t l ei st heEnd nnge r e d Spe ci esAc tof1 973. Theef r ec tM tt beywan t e t ob r i ng a hmta ppe a r s

t ol xt b er e n ma lo fo n l ym f e n d s n t ' sp r o pe r t y( c a t t l e )f r o mt h er a n g ef o rt h e De s e r tTo r t oi s e
a nd pl ant se t c. ,a l lI k S M l mde rt he Ac t . n e Ac twa s pas s e d pur s l t n n tt ot he Conve nt i on on

I nt er na t i o na lTr ade m ' Enda nge r e d Soe ci esofW i l d Fa una a n d Fl or af 1 9731 . M or Y ve r ,t be Ac t de r i ve si t ss ol ea ut or i t yf r om i nt e r na t i on ala gr e e men t s . Sec .2( G 4) ( AG)oft heAd . n e pur pos e of t he Ac ti sa l l pr e di c at e d on Ac i t i e vi ng t he pup os es of t r e a t i es a nd
c onve nt i ons whi c ha r ei nt er na t i ona li n nat ur e . Sec 2( b1 oft he Ac t .' I he c ommer chlac t i vi t y ,

whi c b ha st o be f or ei r c omm e r ce ,r ef e r r e t oi nt heAc tonl yi nvol ve si ndi vi dual st ha tar en ot de xr i be d ordef me d pe r s onss uc h ast he De f e ndnn tort he t y m ofbus i nes sDef e nda nti snotnow n ore ve rha v el xen e nga ge di n- Se c3 41 )& ( 6)( AD)oft be Ac t .
The f ol l owi ng l i ne ofca s e st l mtde alwi t hI nt e r na t i on alTr ea t y La ws l mw l a c k ofs t andi ng on t bepa r tofPl ai n t i f fs houl di tpnmne s uc h as c hemet oi mpos eI n t e r n s t i ona lTr e a t y La w upon Def en da nt ' spr ope r t y. The f ol l owzg ca s e ss t a t ei n par t ; l
!

Sa nt ovmc enz o v. E2 m 284 U. S.30.40.52 S. CL 81( 1 931 ) :

' q' h et r e a t pma ki n gp o we rk sb r oa de n o ug ht oc o v e ra l ls u b j e c t st h a t

pr opl y 't o ourf or ei gn r el at i ons .an d agr e eme ntwi t hr es pe ctt ot he r i gh t sa nd pr i vi l e ge s ofc i t i z ensoft be Uni t ed St a t e si nf or e i gn c oun t r i es , a nd oft be na t i onal s ofs uc hc ot mt r i e s wi t hi nt he Unked St a t es ,a nd t he dpos i t i on of t he pr opmt y of al i en s dyi ng w i t i nt he t e ni t or y of t he r es pe di veI e i es ,i swhhi nt he x opeoft ha tm we r . ' '
I nr e Rei d-6 F.Sux .8 00.8 03 ( D.0r e. .1 934) :

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Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 16 of 23

T To r ,a l t h o u g ht h et r e , 0 ma ki n gI l o we re x t e n d st oa l ls u b j e c t swhi c ha r e
Rev.on o t he rexpl ndq .73 F. 2d 1 53 ( 9* Cl ' r .. 1 934) . Skl u r ' ot esv.St a t eofFI OHA 313U . S.69.72.73.61 S. C R. 92 4.9 27f 1 941 ): E l n t e r na t i onalhw i sa par tofo url a wa nd a ss uc hi st he l a w ofal lSt a t e s of t he Uni om . . ,bu ti ti s a pa r tof o ur l aw f or a ppl i ca t i on of i t s own

pr ope rf orne got i at i on l xt wee n nat l ons ,K i twoul d notbecon t en ded t ba ti t e xt e ndss of a ra st oa ut l mr i z ewl l a tt he Cens t i t u t i o nf or bi ds . ' '

p r i n c i y l e s ,a n dt h e s ea r ec o n c e r n e dwi t l l I n t e r n a t i o n a l r i g h t sa n dd u t i e sa l l d
notwx t hdoc s t i cr i ght sa nd dut i e s. e '
Spi e sv. Mc Ghe e .31 6M i ch.61 4.25 N. W. 2d 638. :4C ( 1 947) : G W e do notl mde r s t a nd i tt o be a pr i nci pl e ofl aw t ha ta t r e a t yG t we e n

s o ve r e i j nn a t i o nsi sa p pl i c a b l et ot h ec on t r a c t l l a l r i g h t sb e t we e nc i t i z e n so f t h eUmt e , dS t a t e swh e n ad e t e r mi n a t i o no ft be s er i g h t si ss o u l ti nS t a t e

cour t s. ' '

Ant os zv.St a t eCo- .Comm. .43 S. E. 2d397( W. Vm Ap o. .1 947) :( Wor kme n' s c ompc a s ewhhNEAsc l ai mi ngben el ks ) :
e e Buts uch c ons t mc t i on s boul d notbe e xt e ndM s oa st oi nf r i nge upo nt he Coas t i mt i on oft l l eUni t e d St a t es ,ort oi nva de t . h e pr ovi nc e oft be s t a t e sof

t heUni on i nma t l e r si nhe r e nt l yl oc atort or es t r i c tt heva r i ouss t a t e si nt he

e xe r ck s eoft hek s o ve r e i gnpowe r s , < <I d. -a t39 9. 4* .

Se e l w v.Uni t ed St a t e s -1 27 F.Sux .601 .606f ct .C1 . .1 955J :

' 4 l A) ne x e c u t i ve a g r e e me n t ,n o tG i ng a t r s nun t i o n wh i c hi se v e n
1
!

me nt i one di nt beCons t kut i ow r Annoti mpa i rCons t i t u t i onal r i gh t s . n

! ;

Pi e r r ev.Ea s t e r nAl ' rLle s .I nc. .1 52 F.Supp.48 6( D. N. J . .1 957 ) :( Ba ggag el os t oni nt e r na t i ona lf l i gb t l :
i q' he W n ms w Conve nt i on r e gul a t e sa nd a ppl i es t o a l li n t er na t i on al t r a n R por t a t i on of per s ons , ba gga ge, or goods pe r f o r me d by a i r c r af tf or hi r e , ' 'I d. .a t487. l tL s we l ls e t t l ed t hat no mti cl e or t e r m of a t r e a t y ma yn ul l i f ya n y gua r a nt e e ofa r i gl l tpm s e r v ed by c ons t i mt i ona lpr o vi s i o nt o ourci t i z ens . No t r e a t ym a ya ut hor i z ewha tt he Cons t i t u t i on f or b i t l s y ' 'I d. .a t48 8.

Powe l lv.Zuc ke r t 36 6 F. 2463 4.64 0( D. C. Ck. .1 96 6):( Di s c ha r g eofAi r mani n J a pm g o v e r n me n tm s s e r t e dt r e a t ya sa u t h or ky ) :

1 6

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 17 of 23

< i g l ' l oa g r e e me n twi t haf o r t i g nn a t i o nc a nc o nf e rpo we ro nt h eCo n g r e s s ,

oron an y ot h erb r a nc h ofGove r nme nt ,wbi c hi sf r e e *om t he r e s -i n t sof t he Co . ns t i t u t i on - Re l ' d v.Cove r t .354 U. S.1.l 6. 77 S. G .1 222.1 2430. . . 9 '

Hi e l l ev. Br ooks .377F.Supp.430.438( D. Al q k x1 974 ):( Cl ' a b ss he r ma ns ue d s t a t et oe n j o i nf l s hr e g u l a t i o n s ) :

$ Ast ot l xt r e a t i es ,pl ai n t i f r sl a c ks t an di ng t oi nvoket h em ont l l e i rG hal t l
f or phi nt i f f sa r e t not i n a pos i t i on t o i t woke t l l er i ght s of ot he r gove r nment soroft hena t i onal sofot he rc ol mwi e s . ' ' '
Souc be r a v v.Cor psofEngi ne e r s ofU. S.Ar my.483 F.Supp.352.357 ( W .D.

Wi s . .1 9 7 9 1 :( Lq n d o wn e r s mI M f o rd a ma g e sf o rwa t e rl e v e lo fl mk ' e Su pe r i o r r i s i ngl :

t q' heCour ti si nf u l lagr e e me ntwi t hpl a i n t i lst a tat r e a t ym a y notvi ol a t e t hec ons t i t ut i o nalr i g ht sofAmer i c an c i t i z ens . ' '
And ae ven t heUni t edNa t i onsCha r t e r , M .2,pa r . 7:

I !
'

t W ot hi ng con t ame di nt he p r e s e nt c h ar t er s Ml la ut hor i z et he Unke d ' ' Na t i ons t oi nt e r f e r ei nma t t e r swhi c ha r ee s s e nt kl l y wx . t bm .t h e dom e s t i c

j u r i s d i c t i o no fa n ys t a t e . . . ' '
Bn*z lon t heau t hox i t i esci t e a hwe,t . l l e Pl ai nt i la M t hk sCo ur tc x nnnti mpos et hepowe r of I nt e r na t i onalTr t yI a a w a ga i ns tDef e ndn nta nd hi s pr om r t yi nt l z i si ns t antma t t e ra nd t hi s

Cour tmus tdk q mi s st hk sa ct i on. I na ddi t i ow i ft hi se nt i r ema t t eri qI MS M on a f a l s ea nd f r a udul e nt pr emk s ef or i t sa ut hor i t y when i t was co nc ei ve ds t hen i ti se ve n un t ot hi s da yf nz k of t be
mi s ono ust r e ea nd al 1ac t i onsf ore nf or ce me ntofi tt ha tl l a ve% e ni mpl eme nt e da r ei nde ed v oi d ab i ni f f t pa nd do nota t t a c bt o De f enda ntori d spr ope r t y. Pl a i nt i f f ma ya s s er tt ha tt he Acta nd al la ut hor i t yt he r e f r om ope r a t e ags i nq tDe f e nda nt a nd hi spr ope r t yvi at l l eComm e r c e Cl a us e. Fort be a ns we ron t ha twe ne e dt oe xnmi newha tt he Supr e meCour ti l a ss t a t e i npa r ti nt l l ef ol l owi ng c a s es ; A. L. A.Sc he ct e rPoul t r vCor p. v.Uni t ed St a t es .29 5 U. S. 495 .55 S. C R.8 37 1 935 1 :

1 7

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 18 of 23

I !

T t l ft he c omme r c e chus e we r e coms t r u ed t or mc h a1 1e nt er p r i s es a nd t nmg adi onswhi c hc oul d be s ai dt o have a ni ndkec te Fe c tu m ni n t e r s t a t e comme r ce ,t he f e de r al a ut hor i t y wo ul d e mb r a c e pr ac t i c al l y a 1 lt he ac t i vi t i e s oft he m opl e,a nd t he a u t hor i t y oft l l es t a t e ove ri t s dome s t i c

c ' onc v r ns w o ul de xlt onl y by s uf f el anc e of t he f e de r a l gove r nme nt . I n de ed aon s uc h at l l xl y e ven t h e de ve l opm e ntoft be s t a t e' sco m me r ci al

f a c i l i t i e swo ul db es u b j e dt of e d e r a l c o n t r o t ' ' I d. , a t5 4 6 .

Uni t ed St a t esv.Looe z.- US - ( 1 995)ci t me ' f r om t h es h ' o orm '' l on t 21 81 9 G l nJ ones & La ug hl i n St ee t 301 U .S. .a t 37.we he l dt ha tt be que s t i on of co ngr es s i on al powe r' I nae rt be Commer c e Cl a us e E i s nec e s s a r i l y one ofde gr ee . ' ' To t l xs a me e Fe c ti st he c onc ur r i ng opi ni on ofJ us t i ceCa r doz oi t lSc bec t e rPoul t r y : ' ' < ne r ei sa vi e w ofc a us a t i on t ba twoul d obl i t e r a t et he dk s t i nc t i on ofwha t i sna t i onalJ md wha ti sl oc ali nt he ac t i vi t i e sofc om mer ce . M ot i on a tt he out e rr i m i sc ommuni c a t ed pe r c e pt i bl y, t hough mi nut e l y, t or e c or di ng i ns t nmxnt sa tt he ce n t e r .As oci dy s uc ha so ur s i sa n el a s t i c medi um whi c ht m nq mi t sa l lt r e mor st l m mg bou ti t st e r r i t or y; t be onl yq ues t i on i sof

t hek s i ze . ' ' '2 95 U.S. .a t55 4( qu ot i ng Unked St at e sv.A. L. A.Sche c t e r Po u l t r vCor p . 7 6F. 2 461 7 . 6 2 4( CM 1 9 3 5 )( L. Ha r d, J . , c o n c ur r i n g l l . '
K T he s ea r e not p r e c i s ef or mul a t i ons ,a nd i nt he na t ur e oft bi ngs t be yc a nnotbe . Butwe t hm 'k : t he y POH t he wa yt oac or r e c tde ci s i on of t hi sc ms e. n e pos s es s i on ofagu ni n al oc a ls c l l oolzonei si n no s ez k s ean ec onomi ca c t i vi t yt batm i gh t ,t br ough r e pe t ki on el s e whe r e,s ubs t a nt i a l l y af l bd a ny s or tofi nt e r s t a t ec ommer c e. Res m nden twasa l oc als t ude n ta t al oc a ls c hool ;t he r ei s no i n di c a t i on t bj . t he ha dr e c en t l y = ve di n i n t e r s t a t ec omme r c e,a nd t he r ei sno r eq ukeme ntt ha thi spos s e s s i on oft l l e f l r e a r m ha veanyconc r e t et i et oi nt er s t a t ec omm e r e e. ' '

c Tt )upl ml dt he Oove r nme nt ' sc ont e nl i onsbe r e ,we woul d havet o pi l ei nf e mnc e upon i nf e r e nc ei n a manne rt ha twoul d bi df a i rt oc on ve r t congr e s si ena la ut h or i t y unde rt he Comme r ce Cl aus et o a ge nemlpol i c e po we r oft be x r tr da i ne d by t l . e St a t e s . Adm ' l t t e dl y,s o> ofom pr i or ca s e s ha ve t a ke nl ong s t e m down t h at r oa dygi vi ng gr e a t de f e r e nce t o c ongr es s i onal a c t i on. See s up r w a t 8. n e br oad ge i nt he s e opi ni ons l l as s ugges t e dt be m s s i bi l i t y of a ddi t i ona le xpans i ons but we de cl i ne he r et o pr oc ee da ny f ur t he r . To do s o woul dr e qui r e us t o c onc l u de t h a tt he Cons t kut i o n' s e num- t i on of powe r s does not pr es upm s es o= t hi n g note nur ne r a t e dscf Gi be ns v.Og de l s up r w at 195 ,a nd t ha tt be r e ne ve r wi l l be a dk s t i nct i on bet wee n wha ti st r ul y na t i onala nd w% ti st r u l yl ocal yc fJ ones& La ughl i n St ee l ,s up r wa t30. Thi swe a r eunwi l l i ng t od o. ' '

1 8

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 19 of 23

R Fo rt i rf o r e go i n gr e a s o ns t h ej u d gme n to ft h e Co u do f Ap pe a l si s
Af f l r me d. ' '

Lope z:J us t i c eTl mnk qs , c oncu ni n g. Cl ' t m2 ' t b a ts h ' s ool ' mo 'nt 21 31 4

Th e r ei samu c hG t t e ri n t e r p r da t i o no f t h e t a le c t l s l ' ' l a n g u a g e :I xc a us e

t l l e Cour thad ea r l i e r not e dt l ut t he c or nme r ce powe r di dn ote xt e M t o whol l yi nt r n q t a t ec om- c e,t l l e Cour twa s ac knowl edgi ng t ha tal t hough t l l el i ne l xx t wee ni nt - t a t ea n di nt e r m t e / f or e i gn c ommeme w o ul d be di c ul tt o dr a w ,f e dmala ut h or i t yc oul d notl x col l s mz ed t oc ove rpur e l y i nt = t a t ec omm e r c e. Comm e r c et ba tdi d not a f f ec ta no t he r St a t ec oul d ne ve rbes a i dt ol xc omme r c eua nxmgt bes e ve l ' alSt a t e s . ' '

: t Bu te v e ni fon ewe r et oa d o p t t hed i s s e n t ' sr e a d i ng , t l l eNFe dE s l ' '

l an gu ag e,a tmos t ,pe r mi t sCongr es st or eg ul a t eo nl yi n > t a t ec o m me r c e t h' t ts ' ubs t a nt hl l y aFe ct si nt e r s t a t ea nd f o r e i gn comm e r c e. ' fhe r ei s no r e as on t oY l i e ve t ha tC' hi efJ us t i c eMa r s hal lwa sa s s e r t i ng t l l a tCon gr e s s c oul dr e gul a t ea1 1a ct i vi t i e st l l a ta Fe cti nt e r s t a t ec omme r c e. ' : See l bi d.

t q' he s ond s our c e ofc onf us i on s t er nsf r om t he Cour t ' spm k s ef or t he Cons t i t u t i on' s di vi s i on ofpowerbet we e nt l l e St a t es a nd t he Fe de r al Gove r n ment : ' ' 1 3 1 1 e ge ni us a nd c hnmn t e r oft be whol e gov er nme nts e e m t o 1 ,t l l aths a c t i on k st o be a ppl i e dt o al lt he e xt e r nalc once nw oft l w na t i ow a nd t o t hos ei nt e ma lcon c er ns whi c ha Fe ctt he St a t vsge ne ml l y;butn ott ot hos e whi c ha r e co mpl e t el y wi t h i n a pa r t i cuhr St a t e ,wEi c : do n ota f r ec tot he r St at es ,a nd wi t h wl l i ch i ti snotne c es s a r yt oi nt er f e r e,f ort h e pu r pos e of e xec ut i ng x) l r e oft hege ne m lpowe r soft hegover n ment . 'l d. .a t1 95. E t l nt bi spi s s a ge ,t l x Cour tme r el y wa sr n s ki ng t l l ewel lnnde r s t ood poi nt t ba tt be Cons t i t ut i o nc omml ' f R ma t t e r s of i t na t i ona l ' ' conc e r n t o

Congr e s sa nd l ea ves4 & 1 0e , al ' 'ma t t e r st ot h e St a t e s . n e Co ur twa sp . d

s a yi ng t h a t what ev e r Congr es s bdi e ve si s a na t i onalma t t e rt rc omes a n

'

ob j e c toff e d e l ' a l o o n t r ok n ema t t m' sofn a t i o n a lc o n c e r na r ee n ume r a t e d

i nt l l e Cons t i t ut i on: wa r ,t a xe s ,pa t e nt s ,a nd c opyr i gh t s ,uni f or mr ul e s of nm r a l i z at i on a nd G nk nl pt c y, t y pes of c omm e r c e, a nd s o on. Se e ge ne r al l y U.S.Cons t . ,Ar t1 ,Se c.8. Gi be ns'e mpba t i cs t a t e me nt st ha t Conr e s s coul d notr e gu ht e ma ny ma t l e r st ba ta /ec tc ommer c ec on6r m t ba tt h e Cour tdi d not r e Ad t he Comme r c e Cl a us ea s gr ant i ng Congr es s cont r olove r ma t t e r st ha tt G af f ec tt he St a t e s ge ne r al l y. ' Gi bbons s i mpl y

' 1 !

c a n n o tl xc o n s t nz e da st . h epr i n c e ld i s s e n two u l dh a v ei t . ' g( Emp h a s i si n or i gi na l l Lo p e z@ - .

' t Ia m awar e ofn o ca s e spr i ort ot he Ne w De a lt ba tc hnmn t e r i ze
t he powe rf l owi ng 9om t he Comm e r c e Cl a us ea ss we epi ngl ya s doe s our
1 9

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Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 20 of 23

s ubs t a nt i alef f e c t st e s t . My r e vi e w oft h e ca s el a w i ndi c a t e st ba tt he

s u b s t a n t ll e A t st e s ti sb u ta ni nn o v a t i o no ft h e2 0*c e n t my' 'Lo o e z( &

1 !

!
Thea hw ea ut Mr ky c l ea r l y de ni esPhi nt i la nd t hi sCour tt l l ea bi l i t yt oa s s e r tComm e r c e

Cl a u s j u r i s d i c t i o no v e rt h e De f e n d a n ta n dh i sp r o p e r t y wi t hr e s p e c tt ot h e ES Aa ut h o r k y by

a n d / o r t h r o u g hl n t e r n a t b n a l T r e a t yL a wj u r i s d i c t i o no ra n yo t h e r A t t e m p t e dc o m b i n a t i o no f
s c he me st oi mpos ea ny s uc ha ut h or i t y.

j I

Al s o,t b r o ughouta l lt hes er ' ev er alyea r s ,n o one f r om t be Pl n i nt i ss i de hm qa s s e r t e ds br oug htf 01 1 1 1or e nt e r ed a n ye vi denc et ha ta ny of t he Des e r tTor t oi s e s or phn t se t c . ,i na nd a r o und t he hnds i n que s t i on of Cl a r k Cot mt y,Ne va da n r e . qk s mi gr a t i n g lt er n a t i ona l l y and/ or e nga ge di ni nt e r s t a t e mi gr a t i ol l sorf o r ei gn c omme r c e. I twoul d ha ve t ol x pr ove nt batt he ve r y Tor t oi s es , pl a nt s ,e t c. ,i na nd a r ound t he a r ea a r es uc h mi gr a t or yt > si nvol ve di nf or ei gn

c o mme r c ea n d %v ee n g a g e i nt h a ts pe c i t i cma n n e rt ot 1 7 % ge ra n yt y peo fComme r c e Cl a t ue

j mi s d i c t i o n . ni s Co u r t mu s td i s mi s st h 1a c t i o nl xe x- t h e r ek qn o Co mme r c e Cl a u s e j u r i s d i c t i o na ui l a b l et ot h e Phi n t i f fn n d / o rt l l i s Cou r tt op r o c e e da g a i n s tDe f e n d a n ta n dh i s
pr ope r t y.

V.

m f endanti si nc omnl i a cewi t h aI ISt at eand 1 M lLa w:Knd l s> tpdanee r

Def en ds ntt l l r ough ou tt be yem 1 - f ol l owe d al 1St a t e and Loc a ll a ws a alnot hi ng t ot he c ont r a r y ha s be en pr - nt e d. Pl ai n t i f fn m q e r t st be y ne e d an or de rf r om t hi s Cour tt o be a bl et o
ga t he ra nd i mpot md De f e ndant ' sc a t t l ea nd pr epe r t yt oe na bl et he m t os tl lan ym s s i bl es ei ze d

c a t t l e. De f e ndan thas% en def amed by Pl ai nt i F whe ni tt r i est ot wk s to utofc ont e xtDe f e nda n t ' s wor dst i mtl 1 e wi l ldo Gn a t e ve ri tt a kes ' ' t o pr o t ed hi spr ope r t y,whe ne vent hei rr e c or d ove rt h e ye a r ss hows Def eahnth* : ne verbe e n vi ol e nta nd ha sl v n ve r y voc ali nt l l e publ i cs pe a ki ng

a r ena ,e xe r ci s i n g hi s1 s tAmen dm e ntRi ghtt of r e es pe ec ha nd t l wa bi l i t yt oe xe r ci s e ci vi lpr o t es t

20

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 21 of 23

a gai ns tt bego ver nme nt . De f e nan nth asbe , e ns i ngl ed outby Pl ai nt i f fa st l l eo nl ym r s on i n Cl ar k

( 7 , 0u* ,Ne vada t ha t has ca t t l ei n Tr e s pas s . Thi ss egr e ga t i ng out De f e ndsn tf r om a 1 1ot he r
pos s i bl ea l l e ge vi ol at or si nt h ata r ea i sdi s c r i mi nat or y an d an at t a c ku m n Def e ahnt ' spol i t i ca l vi e wsn wk ' i ng hi mt he m qmea sam l i t i ca lene my oft hegov- mentt ha tnee dsd es t r oye d. M or v er ,unde rt hel awsoft he St a t et I I Ki sa no pe nr ange l a ws t a t ea nd i ti st hebur den

oft b e pr ope r t y owne rt o t f e nc eo ut ' 't mwa nt ed l i ves t ock I ft be St a t e ofNe va da doe s notwa nt

l i ves t oc k( c a t t l e )g1 . az 1 1 1 gi nt hea r eai nqu es t i ow t 1 1 e 1 1t hebu r deni supon t l w St a t et oc ompl ywkh
t he f enc eoutl a w. VI . Pl ai no l msf ai l ed t oi nc l ude u Re alPlr t l e si nl nt e r es tnorl msi tnr o ve nt he one -' lft l l el i ves t eck ane ee dl vl n Tr es na s st er ebv f ai l i net om e e tt he St a dar d f orI ni unct i ve Rel i e fs oughts df or t l lm ' Rul e 56

I fa l lt bea r gu me n t sh e r e i na bo v ea r er e j e c t e dby t l l i sCo u r tt h 0 De f e n d n n ta s k st l l i s

Co u r t t ot a k ej u d i c i a ln ot i c eoft h ef a c tt h a tPl a i nt i f rh a so v e r l o o k e dt h eo b v i o uswh e na l l e g i ng
t ha tDef e r v hn t ,Cl i ve n Bundy,i st he o nl yl xr s on i nt he wor l dt ha t1 1 % ca t t l ei n Tr e s pas son wh a t t heycl a i mt o bet i e l a nds . Pl a i nt i F hasf ai l e dt o ofe rZt oe vi denc ea n y DNA t ha tgoe sba c kt o t he or i gi nalt i me i nt he 1 9O 9 swhe n a1 1Pe r mi t t e est h0 wer e or d e r e dt or e nm e t hek c a t t l ef r om
t l l en r e A.

I thm ql x' en wel le s t a bl i s hed t ba tm a ny oft he 5 2 Pe r mi t t e e sp 's twa l ked of fa nd l e: t he i r c a t t l eba c kt l l en ast heen t i r ex r e . st 1 1 - i n Cl a r k Co unt y, Ne vada l l a dl xen gI ' aZ e I Ii nc omm on f or s e ve r a lgen- t i ons . The bur de ni supon t he Pl a i nt i Ft o ml ke c e r t ai nt ha tt be c a t t l ei nt i l ea r e a

a r ea l ll i v e s t o c kG l o n gi ng t o De f e n d a n t .n e y s n n n tj u s tP O i I I tt oa na r e aa n ds e e ac o wa n d
c ha r g et l l ati ti s Def end ant ' s cow. I ti s ve r yc once i va bl et b ats i nc em f ee v l an th a sn dm i t t e dl y ope r a t e de ve r y yea rt her e ahe rf orove rt he t we nt y ye ars pa nt b ath e ba si nae z vlga t he r M a l lof
wha twa s hi she r dt ha tg r a z ed t he r ei nc om nu m l fDef e ndl mtove rt be y e ar ss t uc k a % nd o na

21

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 22 of 23

wi l dc o wn o wa n dt h 0t h a ti sj u s tt b a t . b r a n d i ng awi l dc o wt h a ti l m sl xe n nmn i n g wi l d. n e
l e n o o ft i met h x .h a sp a s s e df r om t b ef l r s to r d e rt or e mo v ea l lc a t t l eh a sY n t wo de c a d e so r
nor e. Ce r t a i nl y Phi n t i fc a nno ts ubm i te vi de nc e now ast o whos ec owsa r ewi ms e. n e r ef or e , Pl ai nt i f fha sf a i l e dt ol i s tal l t l l er eal pa r t i esi ni n t e r e s ti nt hi sn wt t e ran d pr oba bl y ne ve rc a n.
I fs ome oft he wi l dc a t t l e ove rt he ye a r sha ve bee n hr a nde d by Def end l mt ,t hos e ca t t l e:s

l .

or i gi ns a r es t i l lunknown. I t i cc a t t l e he l di n tk s we l lknown i nt he n . ' e nt ha te ve ns ome do= s f

e n c e da r e a so np r i v a t el a n d sh a v ej u mp e dt ho s ef e n c e sa n dg o > wi l d( a s we l la st h e i r

s u bs m ue n tof r s pr i n g )a n dc o u l db e mi xe d wi t h i nt b i s wi l dh e r da n dd on otY l o n gt ot h e
De f e ndan t . Nott o = nt i on s t r a ysf r om Li ncol n Col mt y, N V,Ut a h an dt heAr i z ona St np '.

ni sCo u r tc xn o tg r a n tPl a i n t i f rt her e l i e fs o u g h ta ga i n s tDe f e n d a n to ns u c bs u b j e c t i v e

a nd we ak e vi denc e;whi ck us i ng wha tt he y ha ve putf or t ki sno e vi de nc ea t. 1 1 . Mor e ove r , Pl ai nt i us i ngs uc bwea ke vi de nc ewa nt st ous eDe f e nda ntasapol i t i c ale xa mpl ean dt hi sCour t
t o gi vet hem an or de rt oc r e a t e as e ve z ' a lmi l l i on dol l a rr ound up a nd t he n go aie rDe f e ndan tf o r
al lt he c os t sc al l i ng t he m Tr e s pas spe nal t i es .n a ti sno di f f e r e ntt ha na n age nc y doi ng a r onndnp ofwi l d Hor s esorBur r oson aRa nche r ' sr a nc h an dt he ns ui ng hi mf ort hecos t sofs a i dI ' OU! XIup.

ne r ef or e ,ass t a t e d he r e i na hwe ,t hi sma t t e rmnR ti x dk s mi s s e d.

CONCLUSI ON

W HEREFORE, m f e ndan tr e s pe c t f ul l y s ubmhs hi s O PD SI TI ON TO UNI TED STATES'M OTI ON FO R SUM M AI W JI J DGM ENT AND M OTI ON TO DI SM I SS and f or al 1t he f or e golg r em s ons a r gu ed he r ei na hw e r e s pe df ul l yr e ques t st hatPl a i nt i m sr eque s tf or r el i efl x de ni ed be ca us et he y hav e not s t a t e a cl ai m upon whi c hr el i efca n be gr a nt ed a nd Def en danthe r e by r e s po ct f ul l yr e q ue s t st ha thi sM o t i on t o Di s mi s sbe Gr a nt e da nd f ors uc hr e l i ef

a st h k qCo u r t de e M j us t a n dp r o pe r .
22

Case 2:12-cv-00804-LDG-GWF Document 28 Filed 01/11/13 Page 23 of 23

I I A T E Ot k l s // d a y o r z a n u a r sxl 3
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1 ,Cl l ve n D.Bundy,ce r t i f yt ha tt hi s doc unxnte nt kl ed BUNDY' S O PPOSI TI ON TO I J NI TED STATEK M OTI ON FOR SUM M ARY JUDGM ENT AND M O TI O N TO DI SM I SS wass e r v e d upon Phi nt i f on t bi sda t eby t heI xl ow i de nt i fc a t i on me t hod ofs e r v i ce: US M AI I, I GNACI A & M O RENO As s l s t axtAt t or ne yG e ne r al TERRY M .PETQI E,At t or ne y STEPH EN R . TEQQELL,At l or ne y Uni t ed St at e sm par t me ntofJus t i ce Envi r t mme ntan4 Nat ura lRes our ce sDi v i s i on Nat um lRe s oum esSe cden

9 991 P S t r < S o ut :Te r r a c wS l d t e3 7 @

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