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Introduction
R.J. Goodman, EHS & Operations Training Manager, XTO Energy Investigated 4 separate frac tank explosions that occurred on two separate jobs. 8 years of E&P safety experience Degree in Fire Science
References
API RP 2003 Sixth Edition, September 1998.
Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents
API 545, Working Group, Standard for Lightning Protection for Hydrocarbon Storage Tanks
Learning Objectives
Explore 4 investigations Understand how static electricity generation relates to frac tank explosions Demonstrate the usefulness of flowback gas buster systems to prevent frac tank explosions
Picture of Downcomer
Downcomer Static Builds and Arcs from Fluid to Downspout Oil/Water/Natural Gas contents
Investigation Conclusions
Static electricity was generated when oil, water, gas and sediment passed through flowline. The lined frac tanks reduced static discharge through tank walls. While the tanks were externally bonded and ground, none were internally grounded to the charged liquids. All explosions occurred while airing back.
Insufficient Relaxation time for the charged particles Insulated Lined Tanks
AI R
An air/foam mixture is pumped down the tubing and returned up the tubing/casing annulus. The air/foam mixture contains 21% oxygen prior to the mixture being pumped down hole. Therefore, oxygenated gas is returned to the surface after a few hours of stimulation. The process of pumping an air/foam mixture serves two functions:
1. Lightens formation fluids which allows faster fluid recovery. 2. Pressure forced down the tubing annulus allows the formation fluid to flow more easily up the casing annulus.
Atmospheric air containing 21% oxygen co-mingle with oxygen enriched flowback gases at the tank hatch.
The oxygenated atmosphere presents a problem because the ignition source (flowback downcomer) penetrates the tank where maximum oxygen saturation occurs.
FUEL
Fuel vapors collect inside the tank and are forced through a 1 x 1 hatch on the tank.
6. Eventually, the charges build enough to arc from charged liquids inside the tank up to the elevated downcomer. 7. When the air/fuel mixture reaches the appropriate ratio BANG!!!!!
Mitigation Option 1 Grounding, Bonding & Charge Reduction Most people think externally grounding the tank is the best answer.
API RP 2003 4.5.3 Grounding
Storage tanks on grade-level foundations are considered inherently grounded for dissipation of electrostatic charges regardless of the type of foundation. The addition of grounding rods and similar grounding systems will not reduce the hazard associated with electrostatic charges in fluid.
Mitigation Option 1 Grounding, Bonding & Charge Reduction Internal grounding or bonding is the better answer.
API RP 2003 4.5.9.1.b.2
The tank should have a metal plate with a surface area no less than 30 in. per 100 gallons located at the tank bottom, and bonded to an external ground. The plate provides an electrical path between the liquid contents and ground through which the charge can dissipate.
Large tank hatches located along the sides of the tank can be opened to allow for faster dispersion of gas vapors.
This process eliminates the rich gas volume between the fluid and the top of the closed tank while reducing static build up potential.
Per API RP 12R1, discharging flowback contents into the fluid should reduce the risk of sand or solids causing metal contact spark.
Larger diameter pipe will allow the velocity of fluid and debris to decrease and result in lower static potential.
If flowing back through 100 of 2 3/8 tubing with steel connections increase the output or downspout diameter to 4. Doubling the pipe diameter decreases the velocity by approximately 4 times thus lowering the static potential significantly.
API RP 2003 recommends using uncoated frac tanks. This provides protection against ignition arising out of static, lightning and stray currents while allowing for maximum gas/air dilution. Allow no plastic or rubber connections in the flowback line.
Summary
Multiple frac tanks have exploded throughout the U.S. Static builds up any time fluids, gases and solids flow through pipe or hoses at a sufficient velocity. Static dissipation is hampered when it is generated inside lined tanks. Static may not dissipate through unlined tank walls when nonconductive flammable liquids are involved in the flowback process. Flowing through an open top working pit with gas buster system is the safest option to prevent closed top frac tank explosions.
Questions?