Gas Power Cycles

Prof. U.S.P. Shet , Prof. T. Sundararajan and Prof. J.M . Mallikarjuna

4.4 Air Standard tto Cycle!

The air"standard" tto cycle is the ideali#ed cycle for the s$ark"i%nition internal co&'ustion en%ines. This cycle is shown a'o(e on $"( and T"s dia%ra&s. The tto cycle )"*"+"4 consists of followin% four $rocess!

Process )"*! ,e(ersi'le adia'atic co&$ression of air. Process *"+! -eat addition at constant (olu&e. Process +"4! ,e(ersi'le adia'atic e.$ansion of air. Process 4")! -eat rejection at constant (olu&e.

* 4

/olu&e

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Gas Power Cycles

Prof. U.S.P. Shet , Prof. T. Sundararajan and Prof. J.M . Mallikarjuna

* 4 )
1ntro$y
2i%.4.4. tto cycle on $"( and T"s dia%ra&s

Air Standard 1fficiency!

5et workdone 5et heat added

3th 4

Since $rocesses )"* and +"4 are adia'atic $rocesses, the heat transfer durin% the cycle takes $lace only durin% $rocesses *"+ and 4") res$ecti(ely. Therefore, ther&al efficiency can 'e written as, -eat added " -eat rejected -eat added

3th 4

Consider 6&7 k% of workin% fluid, -eat added 4 &C/ 8 T+ " T* 9 -eat ,ejected 4 &C/ 8 T4 " T) 9 &C/ 8 T+ " T* 9 " &C/ 8 T4 " T) 9 &C/ 8 T+ " T* 9 T4 " T) T+ " T*

3th 4

4)"

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Gas Power Cycles

Prof. U.S.P. Shet , Prof. T. Sundararajan and Prof. J.M . Mallikarjuna

2or the re(ersi'le adia'atic $rocesses +"4 and )"*, we can write, ( 4 + (4
: ")

T4 T+

/ T and ) 4 * T* /)

: ")

( * 4 (+ and ( 4 4 () T4 T+ T T "T 4 ) 4 4 ) 4 * T* T+ " T* / /)

: ") :;)

3 th 4)"
/) /*

/ T) 4 )" * /) T*

The ratio

is called as co&$ression ratio, r.

: ")

) 3th 4)" r

2ro& the a'o(e e<uation, it can 'e o'ser(ed that the efficiency of the tto cycle is &ainly the function of co&$ression ratio for the %i(en ratio of C$ and C(. 0f we $lot the (ariations of the ther&al efficiency with increase in co&$ression ratio for different %ases, the cur(es are o'tained as shown in 2i%.4.4.). =eyond certain (alues of co&$ression ratios, the increase in the ther&al efficiency is (ery s&all, 'ecause the cur(e tends to 'e asy&$totic. -owe(er, $ractically the co&$ression ratio of $etrol en%ines is restricted to &a.i&u& of > or )? due to the $heno&enon of knockin% at hi%h co&$ression ratios.

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Gas Power Cycles

Prof. U.S.P. Shet , Prof. T. Sundararajan and Prof. J.M . Mallikarjuna

:4).@A

:4).4?

:4).+?

Co&$ression ratio,r

1ffect of C, and

: on efficiency for

tto cycle.

2i%.4.4.). /ariation of ther&al efficiency with co&$ression ratio

Mean 1ffecti(e Pressure!

Generally, it is defined as the ratio of the net workdone to the dis$lace&ent (olu&e of the $iston. Bet us consider 6&7 k% of workin% su'stance.
5et work done 4 & C( C8 T+ " T* 9 " 8 T4 " T) 9D
Eis$lace&ent /olu&e 4 ) 4 /) ) " 4 r

8 /) " / * 9

& , T) r " ) P) r

& C ( 8 :" )9 T) r " ) P) r

since, , 4 C( 8 : " )9

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Gas Power Cycles

Prof. U.S.P. Shet , Prof. T. Sundararajan and Prof. J.M . Mallikarjuna

&e$ 4

& C ( 8T+ " T* 9 & C ( 8 : ")9 T) P)

" 8 T4 " T ) 9 r " ) r

) $) r : " ) T) r " )
: ")

C8 T+ " T* 9 " 8 T4 " T)

9D

5ow,

T* 4 T ) 8 r 9

Bet,

r$ 4

P + T+ 4 P* T*

4 Pressure ratio

T+ 4

P+ T* 4 r$ T* 4 r$ r : ") T) P*
: ") : ")

8for / 4 C9
: ")

So,

) T4 4 T+ r

4 r$ r

) T) r

4 r$ T)

&e$ 4

P) r r " )9 8 : " )9

C8 rr
$

: ") "

r : ")

9 " 8 r$ " )9D

r : ") r " ) " r " ) $ $ 4 P) r 8 : " )9 8 r " )9

98

&e$ 4 P) r

r : ") " ) r " ) $ 8 r " )9

98

8 : " )9

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