M.

A Economics
ACADEMYS COACHING CLASSES
Matric F.Sc ICS F.A
I.Com
B.Sc B.S B.Com B.B.A B.A
Computer Courses English Language Courses
0315-3042209
Suffah
Academy
So youd better start
TODAY Prof, Azhar Khalid
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
MOTION AND FORCE
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
R RRe ees sst tt
A body is said to be at rest with respect to an observer, it its position does not change with time with
respect to an observer.
M MMo oot tti iio oon nn
A body is said to be in motion with respect to an observer, it its position changes with time with
respect to an observer, called Motion.
It must be noted that Motion and are not absolute state of rest and state of motion are relative terms. A
body may be at rest with respect to one observer but in motion with respect to another observer. For
example: the passengers traveling a bus are at rest with respect to a driver but the same passengers are
in motion with respect to an observer standing on the footpath.
F FFu uun nnd dda aam mme een nnt tta aal ll P PPa aar rra aam mme eet tte eer rr o oof ff M MMo oot tti iio oon nn
To describe the motion of a particle we will introduce some parameters or variables of motion.
(i) Time t that is the inst ttant of description of Motion.
(iii) Velocity V that is the speed and direction of motion.
(iv) Acceleration a that is the rate of change of velocity.
A brief description of these parameters of motion is now presented.
(ii) Positive Vector r of the moving object relative to an arbitrary convenient reference
point called origion.
Mechanics the oldest of physical science which deals with the study of the motion of objects. When
we describe motion called Kinematics (from Greed word motion). When we analyze the causes of
motion, we are, dealing with dynamics (from the word for force, as in dynamite).
Q # 1. Define following
i) Displacement
The change in position of the body from its initial to final position is called displacement. The
displacement can also be described as:
the minimum distance between two points.
It is a vector quantity and its direction is from initial point to
the final point. The SI unit of displacement is meter.
If r

and r
]
are the position vectors of points A and B, respect-
ively, then the displacement rbetween these two points will be:
r = r
]
- r

ii) Velocity
The time rate of change of displacement is called the velocity. It is a vector quantity and its SI
unit is ms
-1
.
iii) Average Velocity
The ratio between the total displacement and the total time taken by the body is called
average velocity. If r is the total displacement of the body in time t , then the average velocity v
av
in
time interval is described as:
v
av
=
r
t

iv) Instantaneous Velocity
The limiting value of velocity as the time interval approaches to zero is called instantaneous
velocity. If r is the displacement covered by the object in time interval t, then v
Int
is expressed as:
v
Int
= lim
t0
r
t
v) Acceleration
The time rate of change of velocity of the body is called acceleration. It is a vector quantity
and it is measured in ms
-2
.
vi) Average Acceleration
The ratio between the total change in velocity and the total time taken by the body is called
average velocity. If v is the total velocity of the body in time t , then the average acceleration a
av
in
time interval is described as:
a
av
=
v
t

vii) Instantaneous Acceleration
The limiting value of acceleration as the time interval approaches to zero is called
instantaneous velocity. If v is the velocity the object in time interval t, then a
Int
is expressed as:
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
MOTION AND FORCE
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force

lim
t0
v
t

Q # 2. Write down the applications of velocity-time graph.
Ans. the application of velocity time graph are as follow:
The average acceleration of object can be determined from the slop of velocity-time graph.
The area between the velocity time graph and time axis is numerically equal to the distance
covered b the object.
Q # 3. State the Newtons laws of motion.
Newtons 1
st
laws of motion
A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body moving with uniform velocity will continue to
do so, unless acted upon by some unbalanced external force.
Newtons 2
nd
laws of motion
A force applied on a body produces acceleration in its own direction. The acceleration
produced varies directly with the applied force and inversely with the mass of the body.
Mathematically, it is described as:
F = ma
where F is the applied force, m is the mass and a is the acceleration of the object.
Newtons 3
rd
laws of motion
Action and reaction are equal and opposite. Whenever an interaction occurs between two,
each object exerts the same force on the other, but in opposite direction and for the same interval of
time.
Q # 4. Define the term momentum?
The product of mass and velocity of an object is called the linear momentum. It is a vector quantity.
The SI unit of momentum is kilogram meter per second (kg m s
-1
). It can also be expressed as newton
second (N s).
Q # 5. Describe the Newtons second law of motion in terms of momentum.
Statement:
The time rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the applied force.
Proof:
Consider a body of mass m is moving with an initial velocity v

. Suppose an external force

F acts upon it for time t after which the velocity becomes v
]
. The acceleration a produced by this
force is given by:
a =
v
]
v

t
By Newtons second law, acceleration is given as
a =
F
m
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
Equating both equations, we get
F
m
=
v
]
-v

t
F =
m(v
]
-v

)
t
=
mv
]
-mv

t
=
p
]
-p

t
Where p

= mv

and p
]
= mv
]
are the initial and final momentum of the body.
F =
p
t
p
]
-p

= p = Change in lineai momentum

Hence proved that the rate of chance of linear momentum is equal to the applied force.
Q # 6. Define the term impulse.
When a force is acted on a body for a very short time t , the product of force and time is called
impulse. It is a vector quantity and its unit is N s. Mathematically, it is described as:
I = F t
Where I is the impulse of force F.
Q # 7. Show that impulse of a force is equal to the change in linear momentum.
Ans. according to the Newtons second law of motion, the rate of change of linear momentum is equal
to the applied force. Mathematically it is described as:
F =
p
t
F t = p ---------------- (1)
As Impulse I = F t
Therefore, the equation (1) will become:
I = p
Hence proved that:
Impulsc = Cbongc in momcntum

Q # 8. State and prove the law of conservation of linear momentum for an isolated system of two
balls moving in the same direction.
Statement:The total linear momentum of an isolated system
remains constant.
Proof:Consider an isolated system of two balls of masses m
1

and m
2
moving in same directions with velocities v
1
and v
2
,
respectively. Both the balls collide and after collision, balls of
mass m
1
moves with velocity v
1
i
and m
2
moves with velocity v
2
i
in the same direction as shown in the figure.
The change in momentum of mass m
1
will be:
F t = m
1
v
1
i
- m
1
v
1
---------------- (1)
Similarly, the change in momentum of mass m
2
will be:
F
i
t = m
2
v
2
i
-m
2
v
2
---------------- (2)
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
Adding equation (1) and (2), we get
(F +F
i
) t = (m
1
v
1
i
-m
1
v
1
) +(m
2
v
2
i
-m
2
v
2
)
Since the action of the force F is equal and opposite to the reaction force F
i
, we have
F
i
= -F F +F
i
= u. Therefore,
u = (m
1
v
1
i
-m
1
v
1
) +(m
2
v
2
i
-m
2
v
2
)
Or
m
1
v
1
+m
2
v
2
= m
1
v
1
i
+m
2
v
2
i

which means that the total initial momentum of the system before collision is equal to the total
momentum of the system after collision. Hence proved, the total linear momentum of an isolated
system remains constant.
Q # 9. Differentiate among the elastic and inelastic collision.
Elastic collision
A collision in which the K.E. of the system is conserved is called elastic collision
Inelastic collision
A collision in which the K.E. of the system is not conserved is called inelastic collision.
Q # 10. Describe the elastic collision of balls in one dimension for the case of an isolated system.
Ans. Consider two smooth balls of masses m
1
and m
2
moving with velocities :
1
and :
2
respectively
in the same direction. They collide and after collision, they move along the same straight line. Let
their velocities after the collision be :
1
i
and :
2
i
as shown in the
figure below:
By applying law of conservation of momentum, we have:
m
1
:
1
+m
2
:
2
= m
1
:
1
i
+m
2
:
2
i

m
1
(:
1
-:
1
i
) = m
2
(:
2
i
-:
2
)
---------------- (1)
As the collision is elastic, so the K.E. is also conserved.
From the conservation of K.E. we have:
1
2
m
1
:
1
2
+
1
2
m
2
:
2
2
=
1
2
m
1
:
1
i
2
+
1

2
:
2
i
2
2
m
m
1
( :
1
2
-:
1
i
2
) = m
2
(:
2
i
2
-:
2
2
)
m
1
(:
1
+:
1
i
)(:
1
-:
1
i
) = m
2
(:
2
i
+:
2
)(:
2
i
-:
2
) ------------- (2)
Dividing equation (1) and (2), we get:
(:
1
+:
1
i
) = (:
2
i
+:
2
) ---------------- (3)
:
2
i
= :
1
+:
1
i
-:
2
---------------- (4)
Putting the value :
2
i
from equation (4) in equation (1):
m
1
(:
1
-:
1
i
) = m
2
(:
2
i
-:
2
)
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
A
6
;>=
;
6
<
6
=
=
;>=?
7
;
6
<
6
=
=
7;=F
C
;GB
E
=
<
;B
E
DB
C
=;=
;GB
E
=
= >
Thus, the body of mass
6
will bounce back with the same velocity while
7
will remain
stationary.
A
6
?
7
A
6
= >
A
6
?
6
A
6
= ?
6
Thus, the ball of mass
6
, after collision, will come to stop and
7
will takes of the velocity
of
6
.
Case 3: When a light body collides with the massive body at rest.
In this case initial velocity ?
7
= > and
7
M
6
. Under these conditions
6
can be
neglected as compared to
7

Putting values in equation (5) and (6), we get:
?
6
9
=
;DB
E
=F
C
;GB
E
=
<
7B
E
;=
;GB
E
=
= ?
6

?
7
9
=
?
7
9
=
A
6
?
6
;
6
<
6
=
<

6
;?
6
?
6
9
= =
7
;?
6
<?
6
9
?
7
?
7
=

6
?
6

6
?
6
9
=
7
?
6
<
7
?
6
9
A
7
?
7


6
?
6
9
<
7
?
6
9
=
6
?
6

7
?
6
<A
7
?
7
;
6
<
7
=?
6
9
= ;
6

7
=?
6
<A
7
?
7

?
6
9
=
;B
C
DB
E
=F
C
;B
C
GB
E
=
<
7B
E
F
E
;B
C
GB
E
=
---------------- (5)
Putting the value ?
6
9
from equation (5) in equation (4), we get:
?
7
9
= ?
6
<
;B
C
DB
E
=F
C
;B
C
GB
E
=
<
7B
E
F
E
;B
C
GB
E
=
?
7

?
7
9
= H@ <
;B
C
DB
E
=
;B
C
GB
E
=
I ?
6
<H
7B
E
;B
C
GB
E
=
@I ?
7

?
7
9
=
7B
C
F
C
;B
C
GB
E
=
<
;B
E
DB
C
=F
E
;B
C
GB
E
=
---------------- (6)
The equation (5) and (6) gives the values of velocities of the balls after collision.
Special Cases
Case 1: When J
8
= J
:

Putting values
6
=
7
in equation (5) and (6), we get:
?
6
9
=
;>=?
6
;
6
<
6
=
<
A
6
?
7
;
6
<
6
=
=
A
6
?
7
A
6
= ?
7
?
7
9
=
A
6
?
6
;
6
<
6
=
<
;>=?
7
;
6
<
6
=
=
A
6
?
6
A
6
= ?
6
Thus, if the balls of same masses collies each other, they will interchange their velocities after
collision.
Case 2: When J
8
= J
:
and K
:
= L
Putting values
6
=
7
and ?
7
= > in equation (5) and (6), we get:
?
6
9
=
;>=?
6
;
6
<
6
=
<
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
Case 4: When a massive body collides with the light stationary body.
In this case initial velocity :
2
= u and m
1
> m
2
. Under these conditions m
2
can be
neglected as compared to m
1
.
:
1
i
=
(m
1
-0)
1
(m
1
+0)
+
2(0)(0)
(m
1
+0)
= :
1
:
2
i
=
2m
1

1
(m
1
+0)
+
(0-m
1
)(0)
(m
1
+0)
= 2:
1
Thus, there will be no change in the velocity of massive body, and the lighter body will move
in forward direction with twice the velocity of incident body.
Q # 11. Find out the expression of force on a wall due to water flow.
Ans. Suppose the water strikes a wall normally with velocity : and comes to rest after striking the
wall. The change in velocity if u -: = -:.
According to the Newtons second law of motion, the applied force is equal to the rate of
change of momentum. If mass m of water strikes the wall in time t, then the force F on the water is:
F = -
m:
t
From Newtons third law of motion, the reaction force exerted by the water on the wall is
equal but opposite. Hence,
F = -[-
m:
t
=
m:
t
This is the expression of force exerted by the water on the wall.
Q # 12. Explain following cases by law of conservation of momentum.
Explosion of a falling bomb
When a shell explodes in mid-air, its
fragments fly off in different directions. The total
momentum of all its fragments equals the initial
momentum of the shell.
Suppose a falling bomb explodes into two
pieces. The momenta of the bomb fragments
combine by the vector addition equal to the original momentum of the falling bomb.
Bullet fired from a Rifle
Consider a bullet of mass m fired from a rifle of mass H with velocity v. initial momentum of
the bullet and the rifle is zero. From the principle of
conservation of linear momentum, when the bullet is
fired, the total momentum of bullet and the rifle still
remain zero, since no external force is acted on them.
Thus, if v
i
is the velocity of the rifle then
mv (bullet) +Hv
i
(iifle) = u
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
Hv
i
= - mv
The momentum of the rifle is thus equal and opposite to that of the bullet. Since mass of rifle
is much greater than the bullet, it follows that the rifle recoils with only a fraction of velocity of bullet.
Q # 13. Describe the rocket propulsion as a special case of law of conservation of momentum
and Newtons 3
rd
law of motion.
Ans. When rocket is fired, it moves in forward direction by expelling
burning gases through the engine at the rear. The rocket rains the
momentum equal to the momentum of gas expelled from the engine but
in opposite direction.
The moving rocket is considered as a system of variable mass.
As the rocket moves forward, its fuel continues to be consumed and
engines have to push less mass. Moreover, the rocket has to face less
air resistance. Therefore, it continues to gain more and more
momentum. So instead of moving at steady speed, the rocket gets faster
and faster.
If m is the mass of the gas ejected per second with velocity v
relative to the rocket, the change in momentum per second of ejecting
gases is mv. This equals the thrust produced by the engine on the
body of rocket. So the acceleration a of the rocket is
a =
mv
H
Where H is the mass of rocket. When the fuel in the rocket is burned
and ejected, the mass of the rocket decreases and hence the
acceleration increases.
Q # 14. What do you know about projectile motion? Find out the expression of horizontal and
vertical distance at any instant of time.
Projectile Motion
It is the two dimensional motion in which the object moves under constant acceleration due to
gravity. During projectile motion, the object has constant horizontal component of velocity but
changing vertical component of velocity.
Horizontal and Vertical Distance
Consider a ball is thrown horizontally from certain height. It is observed that the ball travel
forward as well as falls downward, until it strikes something. There is no horizontal force acting on
the object, so a
x
= u. Thus the horizontal velocity v
x
will remain unchanged. The horizontal distance
x covered by the object can be find out by using the 2
nd
equation of motion:
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
x = v
x
t +
1
2
a
x
t
2
x = v
x
t
As the object is accelerated in downward direction under the
force of gravity, therefore a
y
= g. Since initial vertical velocity is zero
i.e., v
y
= u. Therefore, vertical distance y covered by the object is:
y = v
y
t +
1
2
a
y
t
2

y =
1
2
gt
2

Q # 15. Find out the expression of instantaneous velocity for a
projectile.
Ans. Consider a projectile is fired at an angle 0 with horizontal. The motion of a projectile can be
studied easily by resolving it in horizontal and vertical components. Let :

and :

sin0 are the

horizontal and vertical component of velocity, repectively. There is no force acting on the projectle
acting on projectile in horzontal direction, therefore, a
x
= u. Therefore, by using the first equation of
motion, we have:
:
]x
= :
x
+a
x
t
:
]x
= :

cos 0
As the verticle component of velocity of the projectile is influenced by the force of gravity, therefore,
for upward motion a
y
= -g. The verticle component of velocity can be find out by using 1
st
equation
of motion:
:
]
= :

+a

t
:
]
= :

sin0 -gt
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
Direction
The angle 1 which the resultant velocity makes with horizontal can be found from
%a _ =
?
]
?
U
Q # 16. Derive the expressions for
(a) Height of projectile (b) Time of Flight (c) Range of Projectile
Height of Projectile
Consider a projectile is thrown upward with initial velocity ?

making an angle Z with

horizontal. Initially, the vertical component of velocity if ?

[iZ. At maximum height, the value of

vertical component of velocity becomes zero. If t is the time taken by the projectile to attain the
maximum height 0, then by using 3
rd
equation of motion:
A1
]
0 = ?
]
7
?
]
7

A30 = > ?

7
[i
7
Z
0 =
?

7
[i
7
Z
A3
This is the expression of the height attained by the projectile during its motion.
Time of Flight
The time taken by the object to cover the distance from the place of its projection to the place
where it hits the ground at the same level is called time of flight.
As the projectile goes up and comes back to the same level, thus covering no vertical distance
i.e., ` = 0 = >. Thus the time of flight can be find out by using 2
nd
equation of motion:
` = ?
]
( +
1
2
o

t
2

> = ?

[iZ a
1
2
gt
2

@
A
3
7
= :

[iZ a
=
A :

[iZ
g
This is the expression of time of flight of a projectile.
Range of the Projectile
The distance which the projectile covers in the horizontal direction is called the range of the
projectile.
In projectile motion, the horizontal component of velocity remains same. Therefore the range R of the
projectile can be determine using formula:
R = :
x
t
Magnitude
The magnitude of velocity at any instant of time is
?
^
?
U
7
<?
]
7

Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
where :
x
is the horizontal component of velocity and t is the time of flight of projectile.
R = :

cos 0 _
2 :

sin0
g
R =
:

2
g
2sin0 cos 0
R =
:

2
g
sin20
Thus the range of projectile depends upon the velocity of projection and angle of projection.
Maximum Horizontal Range
The horizontal range will be maximum when the factor sin20 will be maximum. So,
Maximum value of sin20 = 1
20 = sin
-1
(1)
20 = 9u
0 = 4S
Hence for the maximum horizontal range, the angle of projection should be 4S.
Q # 17. Describe the motion of a ballistic missile as an applications of projectile motion.
Ans. An unpowered and unguided missile is called a ballistic missile. In ballistic flight, the projectile
is given an initial push and is then allowed to move freely due to inertia and under the action of gravity.
A ballistic missile moves in a way that is the result of superposition of two independent
motions:
A straight line inertial motion in the direction of launch
A vertical gravity fall
According to the law of inertia, an object should move in straight at the constant speed. But
the downward force of gravity will change its straight path into curved path.
At high speed and for long distances, the air resistance effect both horizontal and vertical
components of velocity. Therefore, the ballistic missiles are used only for short ranges for which the
initial velocity is not large. For long ranges, powered and remote control guided missiles are used.
d
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
EXERCISE SHORT QUESTIONS
Q # 1. What is the difference between uniform and variable velocity? From the explanation of
variable velocity, define acceleration. Give the SI unit of velocity and acceleration.
Uniform Velocity
A body is said to have a uniform velocity if it covers equal displacement in equal intervals of time.
Variable Velocity
A body is said to have a variable velocity if it covers unequal displacements in equal intervals of time.
Acceleration
The time rate of change of velocity of the body is called acceleration. Consider a body is
moving with initial velocity
i
and after some time its velocity becomes
j
, then the acceleration
of the object will be:
=

j

i

SI Unit of Velocity
The SI unit of velocity is meter per second or ms
-1

SI Unit of Acceleration
The SI unit of velocity is meter per second per second or ms
-2

Q # 2. An object is thrown vertically upward. Discuss the sign of acceleration due to gravity,
relative to velocity, while the object is in air.
Ans. When the object is thrown vertically upward, it will move against the direction of gravity. The
sign of acceleration k relative to velocity will be taken as negative. It is because of the reason that
the direction of k is opposite to the direction of during upward motion.
If the object is moving downward, then the sign of k relative to will be taken as positive
because both k and are in same direction.
Q # 3. Can the velocity of an object reverse the direction when the acceleration is constant? If
so, give an example.
Ans. Yes, the velocity of a body can reverse its direction with constant acceleration. For example,
when a body is thrown vertically upward under the action of gravity, the velocity of the object will go
on decreasing because force of gravity is acting downward.
When the object reaches the maximum height, its velocity becomes zero, and then the object
reverses its direction of motion and start moving vertically downward. During the whole process, the
magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity remains constant.
Q # 4. Specify the correct statement:
a. An object can have a constant velocity even its speed is changing.
b. An object can have a constant speed even its velocity is changing.
c. An object can have a zero velocity even its acceleration is not zero.
d. An object subjected to a constant acceleration can reverse its velocity.
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
Ans. The statement (b) is correct.
An object can have constant speed even its velocity is changing. For the case of circular
motion, the object moves with constant speed but its velocity changes due to change in direction
continuously.
Q # 5. A man standing on the top of a tower throws a ball straight up with initial velocity
i
and
at the same time throws a second ball straight downward with the same speed. Which ball will
have a larger speed when it strikes the ground? Ignore the air friction.
Ans. Both balls will hit the ground with same speed.
When a ball is thrown upward with initial velocity
i
, it will have same velocity
i
when it
returns back to the same level. After that the ball will continue its motion in downward direction and
hits the ground with velocity
j
.
Thus if the second ball is thrown vertically downward with initial velocity
i
from the same
height, it will hit the ground with the same final velocity
j
.
Q # 6. Explain the circumstances in which the velocity and acceleration of a car are
(i) Parallel (ii) Anti-parallel (iii) Perpendicular to one another
(iv) is zero but is not zero (v) is zero but is not zero
Ans.
(i) When the velocity of the car is increasing along a straight line then and of the car will be
parallel to each other.
(ii) When the velocity of the car is decreasing along a straight line then and of the car will be
anti-parallel to each other.
(iii) When the car moves along circular path, then will be directed towards the center of the circle
while its velocity will be along the tangent. Thus and of the car will be perpendicular to each
other when it moves on a circular path.
(iv) When the brake is applied on a moving car, it slows down and comes to rest due to negative
acceleration in opposite direction. Thus is zero but is not zero.
(v) When the car is moving in straight line with uniform velocity, then of the car is zero but is
not zero.
Q # 7. Motion with constant velocity is a special case of motion with constant acceleration. Is
this statement is true? Discuss.
Ans. Yes this statement is true. When a body moves with constant velocity in the straight line, its
acceleration is zero. Hence, the acceleration of the body will always remains constant during such
motion. As the zero is a constant quantity, therefore this is a special case of motion.
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
Q # 8. Find the change in momentum for an object subjected to a given force for a given time
and state the law of motion in terms of momentum.
Ans. Consider a body of mass m is moving with an initial velocity v

. Suppose an external force

F acts upon it for time t after which the velocity becomes v
]
. The acceleration a produced by this
force is given by:
a =
v
]
-v

t
By Newtons second law, acceleration is given as
a =
F
m
Equating both equations, we get
F
m
=
v
]
-v

t
F =
m(v
]
v

)
t
=
mv
]
mv

t
=
p
]
p

t
Where p

= mv

and p
]
= mv
]
are the initial and final momentum of the body.
F =
p
t
p
]
p

= p = Change in lineai momentum

This is Newtons second law of motion in terms of linear momentum.
Statement:
The time rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the applied force.
Q # 9. Define impulse and show that how it is related to linear momentum?
Ans. Impulse
When a force is acted on a body for a very short time t , the product of force and time is
called impulse. It is a vector quantity and its unit is N s. Mathematically it is described as:
I = F t
Where I is the impulse of force F.
Relationship between Impulse and Momentum
According to the Newtons second law of motion, the rate of change of linear momentum is
equal to the applied force. Mathematically it is described as:
F =
p
t
F t = p ---------------- (1)
As Impulse I = F t
Therefore, the equation (1) will become:
I = p
Hence
Impu|xe = Change |n L|near Mumentum
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
Q # 10. State the law of conservation of linear momentum, pointing out the importance of an
isolated system. Explain, why under certain conditions, the law is useful even though the system
is not completely isolated?
Ans. Statement
The total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant.
Isolated System
It is a system on which no external agency exerts any force. In an isolated system, the bodies
may interact with each other but no external force acts on them. Thus, in an isolated system, the linear
momentum of the system remains conserve.
In ever day life, the effect of frictional forces and gravitational force is negligible. Thus law
of conservation of momentum can be applied to the systems which are not completely isolated e.g.,
firing of gun, motion of rocket etc.
Q # 11. Explain the difference between elastic and inelastic collision. Explain how would a
bouncing ball behave in each case? Give the plausible reason for the fact that K.E is conserved
in most cases?
Elastic collision
A collision in which the K.E. of the system is conserved is called elastic collision
Inelastic collision
A collision in which the K.E. of the system is not conserved is called inelastic collision.
When a ball is dropped on floor, after the impact it attains the same height. It is because of the
fact that small amount of K.E is converted into heat and sound energies.
Q # 12. Explain what is meant by projectile motion. Derive the expression for
(a) Time of flight (b) Range of projectile
Show that the range of the projectile is maximum when the projectile is thrown at an angle of
45 with the horizontal.
Projectile Motion
It is the two dimensional motion in which the object moves under constant acceleration due to
gravity. During projectile motion, the object has constant horizontal component of velocity but
changing vertical component of velocity.
Time of Flight
The time taken by the object to cover the distance from the place of its projection to the place where it
hits the ground at the same level is called time of flight.
As the projectile goes up and comes back to the same level, thus covering no vertical distance i.e.,
` 0 >. Thus the time of flight can be find out by using 2
nd
equation of motion:
` = ?
]
( <
6
7
1
]

7

> = ?

[i Z a
6
7
3
7

Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)

1
2
gt
2
= :

sin 0 . t
t =
2 :

sin 0
g
This is the expression of time of flight of a projectile.
Range of the Projectile
The distance which the projectile covers in the horizontal direction is called the range of the projectile.
In projectile motion, the horizontal component of velocity remains same. Therefore the range R of the projectile
can be determine using formula:
R = :
x
t
where :
x
is the horizontal component of velocity and t is the time of flight of projectile.
R = :

cos 0 _
2 :

sin 0
g
]
R =
:

2
g
2 sin 0 cos 0
R =
:

2
g
sin 20
Thus the range of projectile depends upon the velocity of projection and angle of projection.
Maximum Horizontal Range
The horizontal range will be maximum when the factor sin20 will be maximum. So,
Maximum value of sin20 = 1
20 = sin
-1
(1)
20 = 9u
0 = 4S
Hence for the maximum horizontal range, the angle of projection should be 4S.
Q # 13. At what point or points in its path does a projectile have its minimum speed, its maximum speed?
The speed of the projectile is minimum at the maximum height of projectile. It is because of the reason
that, at maximum height the vertical component of velocity becomes zero.
The speed of the projectile is maximum at the point of projection and also just before it strikes the
ground because the vertical component of velocity is maximum at these points.
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
MCQs
(1) When body is in motion its ____________ always
changes.
(a) Velocity
(b) Acceleration
(c) Position vector
(d) Momentum
(2) A body is moving with uniform velocity. Its,
(a) speed changes
(b) acceleration changes
(c) direction of motion changes
(d) displacement from origin changes
(3) A man is in a car is moving with velocity of 36Km/hr. his speed with respect to the car is.
(a) 10m/s
(b) 36m/s
(c) zero
(d) infinite
(4) When velocity time graph is a straight line parallel to time axis
then.
(a) acceleration is const
(b) acceleration is variable
(c) acceleration is zero
(d) velocity is zero
(5) Area under velocity time graph repres-
ent.
(a) force
(b) momentum
(c) distance
(d) acceleration
(6) Slope of velocity time graph
is.
(a) acceleration
(b) distance
(c) force
(d) momentum
(7) Instantaneous and average velocities become equal when
body.
(a) has zero acceleration
(b) has uniform acceleration
(c) has variable acceleration
(d) moves in a circle
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
(8) Which law of motion is also called law of inertia?
(a) 1st law
(b) 2nd law
(c) 3rd law
(d) 4th law
(8) Inertia of an object is quantitative measure of its.
(a) Volume
(b) Density
(c) Mass
(d) Temperature
(9) Newtons laws do not hold good for
particles.
(a) at rest
(b) moving slowly
(c) high velocity
(d) move with velocity comparable to velocity of light
(10) 1
st
law of motion gives the definition of.
(a) rest
(b) motion
(c) velocity
(d) force
(11) 2
nd
law of motion gives the definition of.
(a) force
(b) acceleration
(c) velocity
(d) both force and acceleration
(12) 3
rd
law of motion ex-
plains.
(a) effect of force
(b) existence of a force
(c) existence of two forces
(d) existences of pair of forces in nature
(13) Momentum depends upon.
(a) fore act on the
body
(b) mass of the body
(c) velocity of the body
(d) both mass and velocity of the body
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
(14) The dimension of force is.
(a) MLT
-2

(b) ML
2
T
-2

(c) ML
2
T
2

(d) ML
-2
T
-2

(15) Which of the following pair has same direction always?
(a) force, displacement
(b) force, velocity
(c) force, acceleration
(d) force, momentum
(16) Motorcycle safety helmet extend the time of collision hence decreasing
the.
(a) chance of collision
(b) force acting
(c) velocity
(d) impulse
(17) The collision between two bodies be elastic if bodies
are.
(a) solid and soft
(b) soft and elastic
(c) solid and hard
(d) hard and elastic
(18) During long jump, athlete runs before taking the jump. By doing so he.
(a) provide him a larger inertia
(b) decrease his inertia
(c) decrease his momentum
(d) increase his momentum
(19) When car takes turn around a curve road, the passengers feel a force acting on
them in a direction away from the center of the curve. It is due to.
(a) centripetal force
(b) gravitational force
(c) their inertia
(d) centrifugal force
(20) A body is falling freely under gravity. How much distance it falls during an interval of time
between 1
st
and 2
nd
seconds of its motion, taking g = 10?
(a) 14 m
(b) 20 m
(c) 5 m
(d) 25 m
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
(21) What is the shape of velocity time graph for constant acceleration?
(a) straight line
(b) parabola
(c) inclined curve
(d) declined curve
(22) When collision between the bodies in a system is inelastic in nature then for system.
(a) momentum changes but K.E remain conserve
(b) K.E changes but momentum remain conserve
(c) Both momentum and K.E changes
(d) Both momentum and K.E remain conserve
(23) Which shows the correct relation between time of flight T and maximum
height H?
(a) H = gT
2
/ 8
(b) H = 8T
2
/ g
(c) H = 8g/T
2

(d) H = 8/gT
2

(24) The acceleration in the rocket all any instant is proportional to the nth power of the velocity
of the expelled gases. Where the value of n must be ?
(a) -1
(b) 1
(c) -2
(d) 2
(25) Taking off rocket can be explained by.
(a) 1
st
law of motion
(b) 2
nd
law of motion
(c) law of conservation of momentum
(d) law of conservation of energy
(26) Which of the following is not an example of projectile motion.
(a) A gas filled balloon
(b) Bullet fired from gun
(c) A football kicked
(d) A base ball shot
(27) What is the angle of projection for which the range and maximum height become equal?
(a) Tan
-1
1/4
(b) Tan
-1
4
(c) Tan
-1
1/2
(d) Tan
-1
2
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
(28) The thrust on the rocket in the absence of gravitational force of attraction is.
(a) Constant
(b) Not constant
(c) Constant if the rate of ejected gases is constant
(d) Constant for short range rocket
(29) When two bodies move toward each other with constant speeds the distance between them
deceases at the rate of 6m/sec. if they move in the same direction the distance between them
increases at the rate of 4m/sec. Then their speeds are.
(a) 5m/s, 1m/s
(b) 3m/s, 3m/s
(c) 6m/s, 1m/s
(d) 4m/s, 2m/s
(30) Distance covered by a freely falling body in 2 seconds will be.
(a) 4.9 m
(b) 19.6m
(c) 39.2m
(d) 44.1m
(31) The distance covered by a body in time t starting from rest is.
(a) at
2
/2
(b) Vt
(c) a
2
t/2
(d) at
2

(32) Flight of a rocket in the space is an example of.
(a) Second law of motion.
(b) Third law of motion
(c) First law of motion
(d) Law of gravitation
(33) The trajectory (or path) of a projectile is.
(a) Straight line
(b) Parabola
(c) Hyperbola
(d) Circle
(34) The limit of the average velocity over a path length that approaches zero but always includes
the point A is defined as
(a) speed at A
(b) instantaneous velocity at A
(c) acceleration at A
(d) average speed at A.
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
1
t
2
t
1
x
2
x
av
V

1
x x

and
2
(35) Uniform acceleration results in a velocity
which: (a) remains constant
(b) varies linearly with time
(b) zero
(d) none of these.
(36) Average velocity, 1 t 2 t 1 x 2 x av V

1 x x

nd 2
1
x x

and
2
depends on
a aa
1 11
x xx x xx

2 22
(a) the path between the positions
1
11
x xx x xx

n
n nn
d dd
d
d
dd
2 22
n nn
..
a aa
(b) the average speed and the average direction of the journey
(c) positions
1
11
x xx x xx

n nn
d
ddd dd
d dd
2 22
d dd
and the average speed.
(d) average direction of the journey
(37). The speed of a particle at the end of four successive seconds is 20, 25, 30, 35 km/hr. The
acceleration of the particle is
(a) 5 km/sec (b) 5 km/hr
2

(c) 5 km/hr (d) 5 km/sec
2

(38) A rock is dropped from a high bridge. After 3 seconds of free fall the speed of the rock
is:
(a) 30 m/sec (b)29.4 km/sec
2

(c) 2940 cm/sec (d) 30 m/sec
(39) A bomb is dropped from an aeroplane moving horizontally with a speed of 200 mph. If the
air resistance is negligible, the bomb will reach the ground in 5 sec when the altitude is:
(a) 4 miles (b) 122.5 m
(c) 40 m (d) 10 m
(40) A particle accelerates uniformly from 10 km/hr to 20 km/hr with acceleration of 2
km./hr
2
. The total time it takes is:
(a) 20 hr (b) 10 hr
(c) 10 min (d) 5 hr.
(41) A football player will throw a football at maximum distance if the angle of projection is:
(a) 30
0
(b) 45
0

(c) 60
0
(d) 90
0

(42) The horizontal range of a projectile, at a certain place, is completely determined by
(a) the angle of projection
(b) the initial velocity of projection
(c) the mass of the projectile
(d) speed and mass of the projectile
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
(43) Range of a projectile on a horizontal plane is same for the following pair of
angles:
(a) 30
0
and 60
0
(b) 20
0
and 80
0


(c) 0
0
and 45
0
(d) 10
0
and 90
0

(44) A cricket ball is hit at 45
o
to the horizontal with K.E. of E. The K.E. at the highest point
is:
(a) zero (b) E/2
(c) 2 / E (d) E
(45) A man wanting to shoot at a fixed target should aim
(a) directly at the target
(b) slightly higher
(c) slightly lower
(d) slightly sideways
(46) A projectile is fired horizontally off a 490 m high cliff with a muzzle velocity of 80 m/sec.
The time taken by the projectile to reach the ground is
(a) 2.5 sec (b) 7.5 sec
(c) 5.0 sec (d) 10 sec
(47) A projectile is fired horizontally off a 490 m high cliff with a muzzle velocity of 80 m/sec.
How far from the bottom of the cliff will the projectile land ?
(a) 200 m (b) 400 m
(c) 800 m (d) 1600 m
(48) A missile is fired with a speed of 98 m/sec at 30
o
with the horizontal. The missile is
airborne for
(a) 10 sec (b) 20 sec
(c) 30 sec (d) 40 sec
(49) A missile is fired with 98 m/sec at 30
o
with the horizontal. It reaches a maximum height
of
(a) 196 m (b) 98 m
(c) 122.5 m (d) 2940 m
(50) The range of a projectile is 8000 m and its summit is 3000 m high. How far is the
summit from the point of projection?.
(a) 3000 m (b) 8000 m
(c) 5000 m (d) 11000 m
Chapter 3 (1
st
Year Physics) Motion and Force
Suffah Academy - Prof Azhar Khalid (0315-3042209)
ANSWER
1 C 2 D 3 C 4 C 5 C 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 C 10 D
11 D 12 B 13 D 14 D 15 A 16 A 17 C 18 B 19 C 20 A
21 C 22 A 23 A 24 B 25 A 26 B 27 C 28 A 29 B 30 A
31 A 32 B 33 A 34 B 35 B 36 C 37 A 38 C 39 B 40 D
41 B 42 B 43 A 44 B 45 B 46 D 47 C 48 A 49 C 50 C