Definition Head Start is a federally funded preschool program that provides comprehensives services to both low-income children and

their families. Description Head Start is a federal program for preschool children three to five years of age in lowincome families. Its aim is to prepare children for success in school through an early learning program. The Head Start program is managed by local nonprofit organizations in almost every county in the country. Children who attend Head Start engage in various education activities. They also receive free medical and dental care, have healthy meals and snacks, and enjoy playing indoors and outdoors in a safe setting. Mula Ketua program persekutuan dibiayai tadikayang menyediakan comprehensivesperkhidmatan kepada kanak-kanak dan keluarga mereka berpendapatan rendah. Description Mula Ketua program persekutuan untuk kanak-kanak prasekolah usia 35 tahun dalam keluargaberpendapatan rendah. Tujuannya adalah untukmenyediakan kanak-kanak bagi kejayaan di sekolah melalui program pembelajaran awal.Program Ketua Mula diuruskan oleh pertubuhan-pertubuhan bukan berasaskan keuntungan dihampir setiap daerah di negara ini. Kanak-kanak yang menghadiri Mula Ketua terlibat dalampelbagai aktiviti pendidikan. Mereka jugamenerima penjagaan perubatan dan pergigianpercuma, makan dan makanan ringan yang sihatdan menikmati bermain dalam rumah dan di luar rumah dalam suasana yang selamat. Head Start helps all children succeed, even those with disabilities. Services are also available to infants and toddlers in selected sites. Head Start began in 1965 as part of the War on Poverty program launched by president Lyndon B. Johnson. Nearly half the nation's poor people were children under age 12, and Head Start was developed to respond as early as possible to the needs of poor children. A few privately funded preschool programs for poor children in inner cities and rural areas showed marked success in raising children's intellectual skills. Many low-income children also had unrecognized health problems and had not been immunized. Head Start was imagined as a comprehensive program that would provide health and nutritional services to poor children, while also developing their cognitive skills. The program aimed to involve parents as well. Many parents of children in the program were employed as teachers' aides so they would understand what their children were learning and help carry on that learning at home. Mula Ketua membantu semua kanak-kanakberjaya, walaupun orang-orang kurang upaya.Perkhidmatan juga disediakan untuk bayi dan kanak-kanak kecil di tapak yang dipilih. Mula Ketua bermula pada tahun 1965 sebagaisebahagian daripada Perang ke atas programKemiskinan yang dilancarkan oleh PresidenLyndon B. Johnson. Hampir separuh orang miskin negara kanak-kanak di bawah umur 12 tahun, dan Mula Ketua telah dibangunkan untuk bertindak balas seawal mungkin untuk keperluankanak-kanak miskin. Beberapa program pra-sekolah swasta yang dibiayai untuk kanak-kanakmiskin di bandar-bandar dalaman dan kawasan luar bandar menunjukkan kejayaan yang ketara dalam meningkatkan kemahiran intelektualkanak-kanak. Ramai kanak-kanak yangberpendapatan rendah juga mempunyai masalah kesihatan yang tidak diiktiraf dan tidak

pernahimunisasi. Mula Ketua dibayangkan sebagaiprogram yang komprehensif yang akan menyediakan perkhidmatan kesihatan danpemakanan kanak-kanak miskin, di sampingmembangunkan kemahiran kognitif mereka.Program ini bertujuan untuk melibatkan ibu bapajuga. Ramai ibu bapa kanak-kanak dalam program ini telah bekerja sebagai pembantu gurusupaya mereka akan memahami apa yang anakanak mereka belajar dan membantu menjalankan pembelajaran di rumah. The program was political from its beginning. Head Start was launched with much fanfare by Lady Bird Johnson, Lyndon Johnson's wife. Measuring the program's success is not a simple matter, however. Head Start saves taxpayers' money, because children who attend Head Start are more likely to graduate high school and get a job than their peers who do not attend. While the savings long-term that result from this program cannot be estimated in dollar value, some sources have suggested that $6 are probably saved for every $1 invested in the Head Start program. Other studies merely suggest that Head Start graduates are more likely than their peers to stay in the proper grade level for their age in elementary school. Program politik dari awal. Mula Ketuadilancarkan dengan sebarang gangguan yangbanyak oleh Lady Bird Johnson, isteri Lyndon Johnson. Menilai kejayaan program ini bukanlah suatu perkara yang mudah, bagaimanapun. Mula Ketua menyelamatkan wang pembayar cukai,kerana kanakkanak yang menghadiri MulaKetua lebih cenderung untuk siswazah sekolah menengah dan mendapat pekerjaan daripadarakan-rakan mereka yang tidak menghadiri.Walaupun simpanan jangka panjang yang hasildaripada program ini tidak boleh dianggarkandalam nilai dolar, ada sumbersumber yang telahmencadangkan bahawa $ 6 mungkin disimpan untuk setiap $ 1 yang melabur dalam programMula Ketua. Kajian-kajian lain hanyamencadangkan bahawa graduan Mula Ketualebih berkemungkinan daripada rakan-rakan mereka untuk tinggal di tahap gred yang sepatutnya bagi usia mereka di sekolah rendah. In the early 2000s, Head Start serves nearly 700,000 children across the nation. Most programs are half-day and include lunch. The curriculum is not the same in every program, but in most programs school readiness is stressed. Children may be taught the alphabet and numbers and to recognize colors and shapes. Health care is an important part of the program, and children in Head Start are surveyed to keep them up-to-date on their immunizations, and testing is also available for hearing and vision. Most centers are accredited by the National Association for Education of Young Children (NAEYC). Dalam awal tahun 2000, Mula Ketua digunakanhampir 700,000 kanak-kanak di seluruh negara.Kebanyakan program setengah hari dantermasuk makan tengah hari. Kurikulum yang sama dalam setiap program, tetapi dalamprogram-program yang paling kesediaansekolah tertekan. Kanak-kanak boleh diajarabjad dan nombor dan untuk mengenal pastiwarna dan bentuk. Penjagaan kesihatanmerupakan bahagian yang penting dari program ini, dan kanak-kanak di Mula Ketua ditinjau untuk memastikan mereka up-totarikh imunisasimereka, dan ujian juga boleh didapati untukpendengaran dan penglihatan. K ebanyakanpusat-pusat yang diiktiraf oleh PersatuanKebangsaan bagi Pendidikan KanakKanakMuda (NAEYC).

What Head Start Programs Offer

Head Start provides children with work that helps them grow mentally, socially, emotionally, and physically. The staff in these programs recognizes parents as the first and most important teachers of their children. They welcome parental involvement in the programs and will work as partners to help both the parent and child progress. Program Mula Apakah Ketua menawarkan Mula Ketua menyediakan kanak-kanak dengankerja yang membantu mereka mengembangkanmental, sosial, emosi, dan fizikal. Kakitangandalam program-program ini mengakui ibu bapasebagai guru yang pertama dan yang paling penting anak-anak mereka. Merekamengalu-alukan penglibatan ibu bapa dalamprogramprogram dan akan bekerja sebagai rakan kongsi untuk membantu kedua-dua ibubapa dan kemajuan kanak-kanak. The staff create an environment that offers the child love, acceptance, understanding, and the opportunity to learn and to experience success. Head Start children socialize with others, solve problems, and have other experiences that help them become self-confident. The children also improve their listening and speaking skills. The children spend time in stimulating settings where they form good habits and enjoy playing with toys and working on tasks with classmates. Children leave Head Start programs more prepared for kindergarten, excited about learning, and ready to succeed. Kakitangan mewujudkan persekitaran yangmenawarkan cinta kanak-kanak, penerimaan,kefahaman, dan peluang untuk belajar danmengalami kejayaan. Ketua Mula kanak-kanakbergaul dengan orang lain, menyelesaikan masalah, dan mempunyai pengalaman lain yangmembantu mereka menjadi keyakinan diri.Kanakkanak juga meningkatkan kemahiranmendengar mereka dan bercakap. Kanak-kanak menghabiskan masa di tetapanmerangsang di mana mereka membentuk tabiat yang baik dan menikmati bermain-main denganmainan dan bekerja pada tugas-tugas dengan rakan-rakan. Kanakkanak meninggalkan KetuaMula program lebih bersedia untuk tadika, terujapembelajaran, dan bersedia untuk berjaya. Head Start Routine When the children arrive at the Head Start center, they are greeted by their teachers or student aides. They put whatever they have brought from home in a place that is their own to use every day. Classroom time includes many different tasks. Some teachers begin the day by asking the children to sit in a circle. This encourages the children to talk about an idea or experience they want to share with others. In some centers, the children plan their work. They choose among art, playing and blocks or table toys, science, dancing to music, looking at books, or pretend housekeeping. Children can switch tasks when they are ready for a change. Ketua Mula Rutin Apabila kanak-kanak itu tiba di pusat MulaKetua, mereka disambut oleh guru-guru merekaatau pembantu pelajar. Mereka meletakkan apasahaja yang mereka telah dibawa dari rumah di tempat yang mereka sendiri untuk menggunakansetiap hari. Masa bilik darjah termasuk tugas-tugas yang berbeza. Ada guru memulakan haridengan meminta kanak-kanak untuk dudukdalam bulatan. Ini menggalakkan anakanakuntuk bercakap tentang idea atau pengalamanyang mereka mahu berkongsi dengan orang lain.Dalam sesetengah pusat, anak-anak merancangkerja mereka. Mereka memilih antara seni,bermain dan blok atau mainan meja, sains,menari muzik, melihat buku-

buku, atau berpura-pura rumah tangga. Kanak-kanak boleh bertukartugas apabila mereka sudah bersedia untukperubahan. Each day, the children have time to work in small groups with other children and to play outdoors on safe playground equipment when weather allows. In bad weather indoor play is planned. At lunchtime children receive a nutritious meal and brush their teeth after eating. All children are taught to wash their hands before meals and are encouraged to develop good personal and health habits. If they come for an afternoon session, they receive a healthy snack. Setiap hari, kanak-kanak mempunyai masa untuk bekerja dalam kumpulan kecil dengan kanak-kanak lain dan untuk bermain di luar rumah padaperalatan taman permainan yang selamatapabila cuaca membenarkan. Dalam cuaca buruk bermain tertutup yang dirancang. Pada waktu makan tengahari, kanakkanak menerimahidangan berkhasiat dan gigi selepas makan.Semua kanakkanak diajar untuk membasuh tangan mereka sebelum makan dan digalakkanuntuk membangunkan tabiat peribadi dan kesihatan yang baik. Jika mereka datang untuksesi tengah hari, mereka menerima makanan ringan yang sihat. Choice of Programs Several different choices are available to meet the varying needs of families:
Five days per week with half-day preschool classrooms offer various developmental

correct educational actions.

Five days per week, extended-day classroom, are often the choice for working

families.
The combination program option (CPO) strongly focuses on involving the parent,

guardian, or primary care-giver in the child's education. Children are invited to take part in a developmentally correct education classroom experience two or three days per week. A home visitor meets with every family in their home to provide continuing support and resources at least twice a month. Home-based programs provide families with one-hour home visits weekly, and children attend a classroom one day each week. In the home, parents and the visitor plan classwork together. Pilihan Program Beberapa pilihan yang berbeza untuk memenuhikeperluan yang berbezabeza keluarga: Lima hari seminggu dengan bilik darjah tadikaseparuh hari menawarkan pelbagai tindakanpembangunan pendidikan yang betul. Lima hari seminggu, kelas lanjutan-hari, seringpilihan untuk keluarga yang bekerja. Pilihan kombinasi program (MSM) memberi tumpuan kepada yang melibatkan ibu bapa, penjaga, atau penjagaan-pemberi utama dalam pendidikan kanakkanak. Kanak-kanak dijemputuntuk mengambil bahagian dalam pengalamanbilik darjah pendidikan perkembangan betul dua atau tiga hari seminggu. Pengunjung ke rumahbertemu dengan setiap keluarga di rumahmereka untuk memberikan sokongan berterusandan sumber sekurang-kurangnya dua kali sebulan. programprogram berasaskan Homemenyediakan keluarga dengan rumah satu jamlawatan mingguan, dan kanak-kanak menghadirikelas satu hari setiap minggu. Dalam rumah, ibubapa dan pengunjung pelan bilik darjahbersama-sama.

Family Services Head Start offers children other support services and a chance to be involved in programs designed to help the whole family. Some participating parents learn the English language; others learn to read. Head Start also offers support to parents interested in getting a high school General Equivalency Diploma (GED). If a family member has a special problem, such as drug or alcohol abuse, job loss, or other problem, the family can receive help through Head Start. Perkhidmatan Keluarga Mula Ketua menawarkan kanak-kanak lain-lainperkhidmatan sokongan dan peluang untukterlibat dalam program-program yang direka untuk membantu seluruh ahli keluarga.Sesetengah ibu bapa yang mengambil bahagianbelajar bahasa Inggeris; orang lain belajar untukmembaca. Mula Ketua juga menawarkansokongan kepada ibu bapa yang berminat untuk mendapatkan sebuah sekolah tinggi JacintoDiploma Am (CORPORATION). Jika seorang ahli keluarga mempunyai masalah yang khusus,seperti penyalahgunaan dadah atau alkohol, kehilangan pekerjaan, atau masalah lain,keluarga boleh menerima bantuan melalui MulaKetua. Head Start staffers refer families to medical, social welfare, or employment specialists they know in the community, and follow up to be sure the family receives help. Parents can become Head Start volunteers and learn more about child development. This experience may later qualify the volunteer for training that may lead to new employment in the childcare field. Parents also have a voice in the Head Start program by serving on various committees. Parents' experiences in Head Start have raised their own selfconfidence and improved their ability to pursue a better life. Kakitangan Mula Ketua rujuk keluarga perubatan, kebajikan sosial, atau pakar pekerjaan mereka tahu dalam masyarakat, dan susulan untuk memastikan keluarga menerima bantuan. Ibu bapa boleh menjadi sukarelawan Mula Ketua dan belajar lebih lanjut mengenai perkembangan kanak-kanak. Pengalaman ini kemudian bolehlayak sukarelawan untuk latihan yang bolehmembawa kepada pekerjaan baru dalam bidangpenjagaan kanak-kanak. Ibu bapa jugamempunyai suara dalam program Mula Ketuadengan berkhidmat dalam pelbagai jawatankuasa. Pengalaman ibu bapa dalam MulaKetua telah meningkatkan keyakinan diri mereka sendiri dan meningkatkan kemampuan mereka untuk mengejar kehidupan yang lebih baik. Support services for families take various forms. Family counseling advocates work with families to secure proper support to meet individual family needs. Referrals, crisis interventions, and short-term counseling provide families with the necessary tools to become self-sufficient. Health services employ at least one full-time nurse for children and other family members. Nurses screen children within 45 days of enrollment for vision and hearing problems, as well as check each child's height and weight. Nutrition and dental services provide students with breakfast and lunch daily. Children in an extended-day program also receive daily snacks. A registered dietitian provides individual nutrition counseling and nutrition workshops. Children learn about good eating habits through weekly nutrition education or cooking projects. A registered dental hygienist helps families find a dentist for their child if needed. Dental screenings are completed on each child within 45 days of enrollment, and hygienists work with children and families to achieve good oral hygiene.

Perkhidmatan sokongan kepada keluargamengambil pelbagai bentuk. Peguam belakaunseling keluarga bekerja dengan keluargauntuk mendapatkan sokongan yang sewajarnyauntuk memenuhi keperluan keluarga individu.Rujukan, intervensi krisis, dan kaunseling jangka pendek menyediakan keluarga dengan alat-alatyang perlu untuk menjadi mampu diri.Perkhidmatan kesihatan menggunakansekurang-kurangnya satu jururawat sepenuhmasa untuk kanak-kanak dan ahli keluarga yang lain. Kanakkanak skrin jururawat dalam tempoh 45 hari dari tarikh pendaftaran untuk masalahpenglihatan dan pendengaran, serta memeriksaketinggian dan berat setiap kanak-kanak.Pemakanan dan perkhidmatan pergigianmenyediakan pelajar dengan sarapan pagi dan makan tengah hari setiap hari. Kanak-kanakdalam program yang panjang hari juga menerimamakanan ringan harian. Pakar diet berdaftarmenyediakan kaunseling pemakanan individudan bengkel pemakanan. Kanak-kanak belajarmengenai tabiat makan yang baik melalui pendidikan pemakanan mingguan atau projekprojek memasak. A kebersihan pergigianberdaftar membantu keluarga menemui doktor gigi untuk anak-anak mereka jika perlu.Pemeriksaan pergigian diselesaikan padasetiap kanak-kanak dalam tempoh 45 haripendaftaran, dan kerja Kebersihan dengankanakkanak dan keluarga untuk mencapaikebersihan mulut yang baik. The program also includes a family liaison, a person who promotes parental participation in the children's education and in workshops on literacy, nutrition, budgeting, health, and other topics. Family orientations are scheduled regularly that give families an opportunity to share in an educational activity with their child. The program offers various educational programs for families such as English as a second language (ESL) and computer science. Disabilities staff serves children with special needs. Developmental screening and assessment are provided for the students. Some programs even offer limited bus transportation and interpreters as needed. Program ini juga termasuk perhubungankeluarga, orang yang menggalakkan penyertaanibu bapa dalam pendidikan kanakkanak dandalam bengkel celik huruf, pemakanan,belanjawan, kesihatan, dan topik lain. OrientasiKeluarga dijadualkan secara berkala bahawakeluarga memberi peluang untuk berkongsidalam aktiviti pendidikan dengan anak-anak mereka. Program ini menawarkan pelbagaiprogram pendidikan untuk keluarga sepertibahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa kedua (ESL)dan sains komputer. Kurang Upaya kakitanganberkhidmat kanakkanak dengan keperluan khas.Pemeriksaan dan penilaian pembangunandisediakan untuk pelajar. Beberapa programbahkan menawarkan pengangkutan bas yangterhad dan jurubah asa seperti yang diperlukan Common Problems School phobia and separation anxiety affects 35 percent of school-age children. The child with school phobia becomes anxious even at the thought of leaving home for school. Complaints of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite, and headache occur when it is time to go to school and resolve quickly once the child is allowed to remain home. Symptoms do not occur on weekends or holidays unless they are related to going other places, such as Sunday school. These children want to go to school and often earn good grades, but fear and anxiety prevent them from going. Masalah biasa Sekolah fobia dan kebimbangan pemisahanmemberi kesan kepada 3-5 peratus daripadakanak-kanak usia sekolah. Kanakkanak dengansekolah fobia menjadi bimbang walaupun padapemikiran meninggalkan

rumah untuk ke sekolah.Aduan sakit perut, rasa loya, muntah-muntah,hilang selera makan, dan sakit kepala berlakuapabila tiba masanya untuk pergi ke sekolah danmenyelesaikan dengan cepat sebaik sahajakanak-kanak itu dibenarkan untuk terus kerumah. Gejala-gejala tidak berlaku pada hujung minggu atau cuti melainkan mereka yang berkaitan dengan pergi ke tempat yang lain,seperti Sekolah Minggu. Kanak-kanak ini mahupergi ke sekolah dan sering mendapat gred yang baik, tetapi ketakutan dan kebimbanganmenghalang mereka daripada pergi. School phobia in young children has been connected to separation anxiety. A child with separation anxiety is not afraid to go to school but is afraid to leave home. Sometimes children develop school phobia from bullying at school, an excessively critical teacher, and rejection by peers. Events such as marital conflict, moving to a new house, or the arrival of a new sibling can cause fear of going to school. Fobia sekolah pada anak-anak muda telahdisambungkan kepada kebimbanganpemisahan. Seorang kanakkanak dengankebimbangan pemisahan tidak takut untuk pergi ke sekolah tetapi takut untuk meninggalkan rumah. Kadang-kadang anak-anak mengembangkan fobia sekolah daripada buli di sekolah, seorang guru yang berlebihan kritikal,dan penolakan oleh rakan-rakan sebaya.Peristiwa seperti konflik perkahwinan, berpindah ke rumah baru, atau ketibaan adikberadik yang baru boleh menyebabkan takut pergi ke sekolah. School phobia affects boys and girls equally. Almost all children with school phobias have average or above average intelligence. School phobia occurs most often at the start of school for children who are three to five years of age. Sekolah fobia mempengaruhi kanak-kanak lelaki dan perempuan sama-sama. Hampir semuakanak-kanak dengan fobia sekolah mempunyaikecerdasan purata purata atau di atas. Sekolahfobia yang paling sering berlaku pada permulaansekolah untuk kanakkanak yang berumur 3-5tahun. Most children who enroll in Head Start attend a half-day center-based program. This sometimes causes a problem for homebound or working parents who need to have another form of child care when the four-hour session ends. However, some communities may operate a full-day program or provide Head Start services at home. In a home-based program, a home visitor teaches parents how to provide learning experiences for their children. Kebanyakan kanakkanak yang mendaftar diKetua Mula menghadiri program berasaskanpusat setengah hari. Ini kadang-kadangmenyebabkan masalah kepada ibu bapahomebound atau kerja yang perlu untukmempunyai satu lagi bentuk penjagaankanakkanak apabila sesi empat jam berakhir.Walau bagaimanapun, sesetengah masyarakatmengendalikan program sepenuh hari ataumenyedi akan perkhidmatan Mula Ketua di rumah. Dalam program rumah, pengunjung kerumah mengajar ibu bapa bagaimana untuk menyediakan pengalaman pembelajaran untukanak-anak mereka Parents working or volunteering in Head Start programs must learn to work with children other than their own. Sometimes they have problems breaking the maternal attachment with their child if the child is attending the same class session. Teaching the child to be independent when their parents are present may not be difficult.

Ibu bapa yang bekerja atau sukarela dalamprogram Mula Ketua mesti belajar untuk bekerjadengan kanak-kanak selain daripada mereka sendiri. Kadang-kadang mereka mempunyai masalah yang melanggar penahanan ibu dengananak-anak mereka jika kanak-kanak menghadirisesi kelas yang sama. Mengajar kanak-kanakberdikari apabila ibu bapa mereka hadirmungkin tidak sukar. Staffing and funding Head Start programs is a common problem. Hiring qualified personnel in sufficient numbers may be a problem in schools with high enrollment. Staffing ratios and qualifications are established in federal guidelines and are checked by local boards or state department. The staffing needed may also vary with the age and mental health of the children. Kakitangan dan program pembiayaan MulaKetua adalah masalah biasa. Hiring kakitangan yang berkelayakan dalam jumlah yangmencukupi boleh menjadi masalah disekolahsekolah dengan bilangan murid yangtinggi. Nisbah kakitangan dan kelayakan telahditubuhkan dalam garis panduan persekutuandan diperiksa oleh lembaga tempatan atau jabatan negeri. Jumlah kakitangan yangdiperlukan juga mungkin berbeza-beza denganumur dan kesihatan mental kanak-kanak. Parental Concerns Parents are first concerned about finding a Head Start program in their service area. They can consult the Head Start directory (on the Head Start Bureau web site). Eligibility in Head Start is determined by the federally identified poverty line. Parents need to communicate with teachers and stay informed about their child's progress. Visiting the classroom and attending parent-teacher conferences and school activities are important. Showing respect for the teacher and supporting the child's efforts helps the child learn. Kebimbangan ibu bapa Ibu bapa mula mengambil berat tentang mencariprogram Ketua Mula dalam bidang perkhidmatan mereka. Mereka boleh berunding dengandirektori Ketua Start (Mula laman web KetuaBiro). Kelayakan Mula Ketua ditentukan olehgaris kemiskinan yang dikenal pasti persekutuan. Ibu bapa perlu berkomunikasi dengan guru dandimaklumkan tentang kemajuan anak mereka.Melawat bilik darjah dan menghadiri persidanganguru-ibu bapa dan aktiviti sekolah adalah penting. Menunjukkan rasa hormat untuk guru danmenyokong usaha kanak-kanak membantukanak-kanak belajar. Resources Books Lombardi, Joan, et al. Beacon of Hope: The Promise of Early Head Start for America's Youngest Children. Washington, DC: Zero to Three, 2004. Vinovskis, Maris A. The Birth of Head Start: Preschool Education Policies in the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Zigler, Edward, et al. The Head Start Debates. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing, 2004.

Organizations National Head Start Association. 1651 Prince St., Alexandria, VA 22314. Web site: www.nhsa.org. Web Sites "Bush Administration Sued for Attack on 1st Amendment Rights of Head Start Instructors and Parents/Volunteers." National Head Start Association, January 11, 2003. Available online at www.nhsa.org/press/index_news_061103_release.htm (accessed December 15, 2004). [Article by: Aliene S. Linwood, RN, DPA, FACHE]

Ads Language Courses -70%www.Groupon.my/LanguageCourses Great Deals On Language Schools in Malaysi a.Buy Now! Academic English Lessonsascenglish.com Boston's English & TOEFL school for International students. Low prices! Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health: Head Start Program Top Head Start and Early Head Start are comprehensive U.S. child-development programs that serve economically disadvantaged children (from birth to age 5) and pregnant women and their families. In 2000, these programs provided services to approximately 855,000 children in over 47,000 classrooms throughout the United States. The 1999 federal budget for Head Start was about $4.2 billion with an additional $0.34 billion for Early Head Start. Evaluations of Head Start and Early Head Start suggests that these programs have modest positive effects on a range of child-development outcomes, and recent evaluations of Early Head Start also found benefits on some parenting outcomes, as well as reductions in parenting stress and family conflict. Mula Ketua dan Ketua Awal Mula menyeluruhkanak-kanak AS program pembangunan yangmemberi khidmat kepada anak-anak dari segi ekonomi yang kurang bernasib baik (dari lahir hingga umur 5 tahun) dan wanita mengandungdan keluarga mereka. Pada tahun 2000,program ini menyediakan perkhidmatan kepadakirakira 855,000 kanak-kanak di lebih 47.000bilik darjah di seluruh Amerika Syarikat. Bajet1999 persekutuan untuk Mula Ketua kira-kira AS $ 4.2 bilion dengan tambahan $ 0,34 bilion untukMula Ketua Awal. Penilaian Mula Ketua danKetua Awal Mula menunjukka n bahawa program-program ini mempunyai kesan positif yangsederhana pada pelbagai hasil pembangunankanak-kanak, dan penilaian barubaru ini KetuaAwal Mula juga

mendapati manfaat padabeberapa hasil keibubapaan, serta pengurangantekanan keibubap aan dan konflik keluarga . (SEE ALSO: Child Care, Daycare; Child Health Services; Child Welfare; Family Health; Health Promotion and Education; Healthy Start; Maternal and Child Health; United States Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS]) JONATHAN E. FIELDING

Ads Discount Montessoriwww.AbsorbentMinds.co.uk Quality Montessori Equipment Affordable, Different & Innovative! Montessori in Moscowwww.mosmontessori.ru Infant, Toddler and Primary groups. Bilingual staff, prime location. Gale Encyclopedia of US History: Head Start Top Head Start, an antipoverty preschool program initiated in 1965 under the Economic Opportunity Act, was designed to serve the needs of children from low-income families. It was based on the philosophy that early intervention, coupled with compensatory education, would enable children from impoverished backgrounds to adjust to school and community. Originally a summer program, it expanded to full-year sessions comparable to a regular school year after educators and psychologists determined that the short program was not sufficient to obtain meaningful results. Most classes operate five days a week, with sessions of half and full days. In the 1970s the target population was broadened to include children with handicaps and children whose first language is not English. Established during the Democratic presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson, Head Start has received bipartisan government support, and, in 1991, it received its largest allocation ever nearly $2 billionwith passage of the Head Start Expansion and Quality Improvement Act to ensure availability of Head Start to every eligible four-year-old. Top Mula Ketua, program prasekolah antipovertyyang dimulakan pada tahun 1965 di bawah AktaPeluang Ekonomi, telah direka untuk memenuhi keperluan kanakkanak daripada keluargaberpendapatan rendah. Ia adalah berdasarkanfalsafah bahawa intervensi awal, di sampingpendidikan pampasan, akan membolehkankanak-kanak daripada latar belakang yang miskin untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan sekolahdan masyarakat. Originally program musim panas, ia meningkat kepada sesi penuh tahundibandingkan dengan tahun sekolah tetapselepas pendidik dan ahli psikologi yangditentukan bahawa program pendek tidakmencukupi untuk mendapatkan keputusan yangbermakna. Kebanyakan kelas beroperasi lima hari seminggu, dengan sesi setengah hari dan penuh. Pada tahun 1970an penduduk sasarantelah diperluas untuk termasuk kanak-kanakdengan kecacatan dan

kanak-kanak yangpertama bahasa bukan Bahasa Inggeris. Yangditubuhkan semasa Presiden DemokratikLyndon B. Johnson, Mula Ketua telah menerimasokongan kerajaan kedua-dua parti, dan pada tahun 1991, ia menerima peruntukan terbesarpernah hampir $ 2 bilion dengan laluanPengembangan Mul a Ketua dan AktaPenambahbaikan Kualiti bagi memastikanketersediaan Ketua Mula untuk setiap layakempat tahun. Supported by the U.S. Department of Education, Head Start offers a child development program to improve health, social and emotional adjustment, intellect, and self-esteem. Although a federal agency oversees Head Start, the program is administered through local organizations, mostly community action agencies, which submit proposals for funding. In 1995 grantees ran approximately 24,000 classes. Each program site must meet several requirements, including the provision of educational activities, health care, and meals and snacks as part of an over-all nutrition program. Classes resemble a nursery school, with activities modified to meet the needs of individuals and the group. Families receive instruction in areas such as nutrition and the use of community services and resources. Parents are encouraged to participate as members of advisory boards and as volunteers and staff members. A family-needs assessment and annual home visiting are mandated. Because the program concentrates on meeting the needs of each child, it necessitates a high adult-student ratio, the ideal being one adult (including volunteers) to every five children. As of 1994, every class was required to have at least one teacher with a child development associate degree (CDA) or other early childhood degree or credential. The CDA degree is one of many offshoots of Head Start, developed out of the program's need for an affordable body of well-trained caregivers. Some programs are attempting to recruit teachers with bachelor's degrees, but low salaries are a deterrent. Several states supplement federal allocations to narrow the gap between Head Start and public school salaries. Disokong oleh Jabatan Pendidikan AmerikaSyarikat, Mula Ketua menawarkan programpembangunan kanak-kanak untuk meningkatkankesihatan, sosial dan emosi pelarasan, intelek,dan harga diri. Walaupun agensi persekutuanmenyelia Mula Ketua, program ini ditadbirmelalui organisasi tempatan, kebanyakanagensiagensi tindakan masyarakat yangmengemukakan cadangan untuk pembiayaan.Dalam 1995 Penerima Opsyen berlari kirakira24.000 kelas. Setiap tapak program mestimemenuhi keperluan beberapa, termasukpenyediaan aktiviti-aktiviti pendidikan, penjagaankesihatan, dan makanan dan makanan ringansebagai sebahagian daripada program nutrisilebih semua. Kelas menyerupai tadika, denganaktivitiaktiviti yang diubahsuai untuk memenuhikeperluan individu dan kumpulan. Keluargamenerima arahan di kawasan-kawasan sepertipemakanan dan penggunaan perkhidmatan dan sumber-sumber masyarakat. Ibu bapadigalakkan untuk menyertai sebagai ahli-ahlilembaga penasihat dan sebagai sukarelawan dan kakitangan. Penilaian keperluan keluargadan rumah tahunan melawat mandat. Olehker ana program ini menumpukan kepadamemenuhi keperluan setiap kanakkanak, iamemerlukan nisbah adult-pelajar yang tinggi,yang ideal sebagai seorang dewasa (termasuksukarelawan) untuk setiap lima kanak-kanak.Sehingga tahun 1994, setiap kelas dikehendakimempunyai sekurang-kurangnya seorang gurudengan ijazah bersekutu pembangunan kanak-kanak (CDA) atau lain tahap awal kanakkanakatau tauliah. Tahap CDA adalah salah satu daripada cabangcabang banyak Mula Ketua,maju daripada keperluan program bagi badanyang berpatutan penjaga terlatih. Beberapaprogram yang cuba untuk mengambil gurugurudengan ijazah sarjana muda, tetapi gaji rendahadalah penghalang. Beberapa negeri menambahperuntukan persekutuan untuk merapatkan jurangantara Mula Ketua dan gaji sekolah awam.

Head Start has produced mixed results. Difficulty in carrying out studies has led to an appraisal of specific program elements. During the program's early days, researchers found improvement in IQ scores, but follow-up studies in New York City public elementary schools revealed that six months after leaving Head Start, participants scored no higher on achievement tests than nonparticipants with similar socioeconomic backgrounds. A widely publicized 1969 study by the Westinghouse Learning Corporation concluded that full-year Head Start programs barely affected achievement and that summer programs yielded negative effects. Analysis of these data several years later, corrected for sample selection bias, found positive effects. Most analysts agree that Head Start produces immediate benefits for childrenimproved health, higher scores on academic tests, and increased selfesteem. Many parents receive training and become directly involved in their children's education. Mula Ketua telah menghasilkan keputusan yangbercampurcampur. Kesukaran dalammenjalankan kajian telah membawa kepadapenilaian unsurunsur program tertentu. Padaawal program, penyelidik mendapati peningkatandalam skor IQ, tetapi susulan kajian di New YorkCity sekolahsekolah rendah awammendedahkan bahawa enam bulan selepasmeninggalkan Mula Ketua, peserta yangmenjaringkan lebih tinggi pada ujian pencap aianberbanding nonparticipants dengan latar belakang sosioekonomi yang serupa. A meluaspublisiti 1969 kajian oleh PerbadananWestinghouse Pembelajaran membu atkesimpulan bahawa program Mula Ketua penuhtahun hampir tidak terjejas pencapaian danprogram-program musim panas menghasilkankesan negatif. Analisis ini beberapa tahun datakemudian, diperbetulkan untuk berat sebelahpemilihan sampel, didapati kesan positif.Kebanyakan penganalisis bersetuju bahawaMula Ketua menghasilkan manfaat segera untukkesihatan kanak-kanak-yang lebih baik, skorujian akademik yang lebih tinggi, danpeningkatan harga diri. Ramai ibu bapamenerima latihan dan menjadi yang terlibatsecara langsung dalam pendidikan anakanakmereka. Long-term results are less dramatic and clear-cut. Data from a 1987 study of 3,500 Philadelphia Head Start children showed no lasting effect on achievement scores, but the children were more likely to attend school regularly in the age-appropriate grade. Studies confirm that Head Start graduates fare better than their counterparts on such measures as repeating a grade and placement in special education classes. Edward Zigler, a psychologist and proponent of Head Start, contends that, although the program can be viewed as highly successful, particularly if evaluations consider family changes, it cannot compensate for deficits attributable to a wide range of community problems. Despite its growth, Head Start serves fewer than half of all eligible students. In 2002 it served about 915,000 children. Hasil jangka panjang adalah kurang dramatikdan jelas. Data daripada kajian 1987 3500Philadelphia Mula kanak-kanak Ketuamenunjukkan tiada kesan yang berkekalankepada markah pencapaian, tetapi kanak-kanaklebih cenderung untuk menghadiri sekolahsecara tetap dalam gred yang sesuai umur.Kajian mengesahkan bahawa graduan MulaKetua tambang lebih baik daripada rakan-rakan mereka mengenai langkah-langkah sepertimengulangi gred dan penempatan dalam kelaspendidikan khas. Edward Zigler, seorang ahli psikologi dan penyokong Mula Ketua,berpendapat bahawa, walaupun program iniboleh dilihat sebagai sangat berjaya,terutamanya jika penilaian menganggapperubahan keluarga, ia tidak dapat mengimbangidefisit yang dikaitkan dengan pelbagai masalahmasyarakat. Walaupun

pertumbuhan, Ketua Mulaberkhidmat kurang daripada separuh daripadasemua pelajar yang layak. Pada tahun 2002, iatelah berkhidmat kira-kira 915,000 kanak-kanak. Home Start is an evolving program that works with parents and children directly in their homes and provides a combination of home and center activity. Behind this approach is the premise that intervention with parents, the first and primary educators of children, can produce positive effects on their families. Home Start is considered particularly effective with children in rural areas where resources and transportation are scarce. Home Mula program berkembang yang bekerjadengan ibu bapa dan kanak-kanak secara langsung dalam rumah masing-masing danmenyediakan gabungan rumah dan pusat aktiviti.Di sebalik pendekatan ini adalah premis bahawa campur tangan dengan ibu bapa, pendidikpertama dan utama kanak-kanak, boleh menghasilkan kesan positif terhadap keluarga mereka. Mula Home dianggap berkesan dengankanak-kanak di kawasan luar bandar di manasumber dan pengangkutan yang terhad. In 2002 President George W. Bush announced his intention to strengthen and improve Head Start and other early childhood development programs, but he failed to include funding for such improvements in his 2003 budget. Children's advocates argued that without increasing child-care funding and funding to other early childhood programs, no progress would be made. Pada tahun 2002 Presiden George W. Bushmengumumkan niatnya untuk mengukuhkan danmeningkatkan Mula Ketua dan lainlain programpembangunan awal kanak-kanak, tetapi diagagal termasuk pembiayaan untuk apa-apapeningkatan dalam belanjawan 2003. Peguam bela kanakkanak berhujah bahawa tanpameningkatkan pembiayaan dan pembiayaanpenjagaan kanakkanak kepada program awalkanak-kanak lain, tidak ada kemajuan akandibuat. Bibliography Ellsworth, Jeanne, and Lynda J. Ames, eds. Critical Perspectives on Project Head Start: Revisioning the Hope and Challenge. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. Lacy, Gary L. Head Start Social Services: How African American Mothers Use and Perceive It. New York: Garland, 1999. Mills, Kay. Something Better for My Children: The History and People of Head Start. New York: Dutton, 1998. Peters, Barbara J. The Head Start Mother: Low-income Mothers' Empowerment Through Participation. New York: Garland, 1998. Zigler, Edward, and Susan Muenchow. Head Start: The Inside Story of America's Most Successful Educational Experiment. New York: Basic Books, 1992.

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Columbia Encyclopedia: Head Start Top Head Start, U.S. educational program for disadvantaged preschool children, established under the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Aimed initially only at poor children, its purpose was to organize programs that would prepare preschool children for elementary school. Money was appropriated through the Office of Economic Opportunity, which made individual grants to cities and other localities to set up Head Start centers. In 1969 the program was transferred to the Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare (now Health and Human Services). It was later extended to children above the poverty level, whose parents, however, had to pay according to their income.

Ads Bright Stars at Cranmorewww.cranmoreprep.co.uk All year round Co-ed Nursery Outstanding Facilities IPC Teaching CertificateInternationalPreschoolCurriculum.com Online Early Childhood Course $250 for 6 month certification Politics Q&A: What is Head Start? Top Created in 1965 and administered by the Administration for Children and Families within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Head Start and Early Head Start are comprehensive child development programs that serve children from birth to age five, pregnant women, and their families. While Head Start programs are child-focused with the overall goal of increasing the school readiness of young children in low-income families, they also provide a range of individualized services in the areas of education and early childhood development; medical, dental, and mental health; nutrition; and parent involvement. Because Head Start services low-income families, its programs are meant to be responsive and appropriate to each childs and familys developmental, ethnic, cultural, and linguistic heritage and experience. Under President George W. Bushs Reading First reform agenda, Head Start will move to the Department of Education in order to provide a greater emphasis on school readiness skills, including pre-reading and numeric skills. Top Dicipta pada tahun 1965 dan ditadbir olehPentadbiran untuk Kanak-kanak dan Keluargadalam US Jabatan Kesihatan dan PerkhidmatanManusia, Mula Ketua dan Ketua Mula Awalprogram pembangunan kanakkanak yang komprehensif yang memberi khidmat kepadakanakkanak dari lahir hingga lima umur, wanita mengandung, dan keluarga mereka. Manakala program Mula Ketua kanak-kanak yang memberi tumpuan dengan matlamat keseluruhanmeningkatkan kesediaan sekolah anakanakmuda dalam keluarga berpendapatan rendah,mereka juga menyediakan pelbagaiperkhidmatan secara individu dalam bidangpendidikan dan pembangunan awal kanak-kanak; perubatan, pergigian, dan mentalkesihatan; pemakanan dan penglibatan ibu bapa. Kerana perkhidmatan Mula Ketua keluarga berpendapatan rendah, program yang bertujuan untuk menjadi responsif dan sesuai untuk setiapkanak-kanak dan keluarga warisanpembangunan, etnik, budaya, dan bahasa dan pengalaman. Di bawah Presiden George W. Bush 's Reading agenda

pembaharuan Pertama,Mula Ketua akan berpindah ke JabatanPelajaran untuk memberi penekanan yang lebihkepada kemahiran kesediaan sekolah, termasukpra-membaca dan kemahiran angka.

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