Cardiovascular System

Blood Connective Tissue a) Plasma 55% of blood volume 90% of plasma is H2O 10% are hormones, gases -intracellular fluid: inside cell -extracellular fluid: outside cell, Ex. Plasma interstitial fluid b) Formed elements cell structure (non-liquid part) Platelets important for clotting; are fragments of cells Leukocytes (wbc): least numerous in blood, have big nucleus o Associated with immune system o 5 Types Neutrophils first wbcs into an inflmamed area, phagociting cells Lymphocytes b cells + t cells; T cells = Killercells, super important Monocytes cell eaters Eosinophils limit inflammation response Basophils mediate inflammation by affecting blood flow in vessels Erythrocytes (RBC) o A nucleated mammals o Responsible for transport of O2 o Produced in red bone marrow o Life span: 120 days, 5,000,000 /cc o Contain hemoglobin (iron containing) Binds to O2 200,000 hemoglobin molecules per RBC o RBC are biconcave in structure

-Blood vessels tubes carrying blood Lined with simple squamous epithelium (for absorption + secretion) 1. Arteries ( + arterioles) carry blood Smooth muscle layer in wall is thicker than veins 2. Capillaries smallest diameter, thin walled (1-cell thick) Arranged in clusters (beds) Function in gas exchange Oxygen diffuses out of vessel, CO2 diffuses in Site between blood, organs & tissues 3. Veins ( + venules) carry blood toward the heart Thinner smooth muscle layer Lower pressure Some has valves ( valves stop backflow)

-Heart: Evolutionary Advances Increase in size + heart chambers Decrese in pseudochambers Ex. Fish Heart o 2 chambers (1 ventricle, 1 atrium) o 2 pseudochambers (sinus venosus and conus arteriosus) Ex. Amphibians o 3 Chambers ( 2 Atria, 1 ventricle) o 2 pseudochambers Ex. Reptiles o 3 Chambers (2 Atria, 1 ventricle) o Only Turtle has SV only, none with CA o **Crocs have 2 atria + 2 ventricles (no pseudochambers) Ex: Birds & Mammals o Have 2 Atria and 2 Ventricles o No pseudochambers o Has remnant of Sinus Venosus which is a patch of cells in right atrium called pacemaker

Heart Anatomy Mammals 4 Chambers 2 Atria smaller & thinner walls 2 Ventricles Larger & thicker walls ( left is thickest) Right Sides of heart conducts blood to lungs for gas exchange (pulmonary circuit) Left side conducts blood out to body (systemic circuit) Heart Valves o Atrioventricular valve (AV): between atrium and ventricle Functions in the prevention of backflow of blood when valve contracts o Semilunar valves (SV): 2 Pulmonary SV ( between right ventricle and pulmonary) Aortic SV (between left ventricle + aorta) Functions in the prevention of backflow of blood when valve relaxes

Sinoatrial node (SA node) Indicates heart beat pacemaker Remnant of sinus vinosus of earlier vertebrates

Nodal Tissue specialized cardiac muscle Capable of spontaneous contraction cells No input from nervous system