1ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY HUMAN ORGANISM ANATOMY

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is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body means to dissect or cut apart and separate the parts of the body for study examines the relationship between the structure of the body part and its function

SYTEMIC ANATOMY is the study of the body by systems (circulatory, nervous, skeletal and muscular) REGIONAL ANATOMY is the study of the organization of the body by areas Head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously SURFACE ANATOMY Is the study of external features such as the bony pro ections which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures ANATOMICAL IMAGING Involves the use of x!rays, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures PHYSIOLOGY is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes and functions of living things recognize structures as dynamic rather than static, or unchanging MAJOR GOALS OF PHYSIOLOGY: to understand and predict the body"s responses to stimuli understand how the body maintain the conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of a continually changing environment PHYSIOLOGY IS DIVIDED IN: the organisms involved the levels of organization within a given organism HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY is the study of a specific organism, the human, whereas cellular and systemic physiology are exs# of physiology that emphasize specific organizational levels STRUCTURAL AND FUCTIONAL ORGANIZATION 6 STRUCTURAL LEVELS: 1.CHEMICAL involves interactions among atoms and their combination into molecules it determines structural and functional characteristics of all organisms 2.CELL are basic living units of all plants and animals molecules can combine to form $%&'()**)+ $%&'()**)+ , are small structures that make up cells 3.TISSUE is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them -$.% /'0$% 123)+ $- 1I++.)+4 1#epithelial 5#connective 6#muscle 7#nervous 4.ORGAN ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (Seely, Stephens and Tate)

5ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY HUMAN ORGANISM

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is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions (urinary bladder, skin, stomach, eye and heart

5.ORGAN SYSTEM is a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions 11 /'0$% $%&'( +2+1)/+4 1#integumentary 5#skeletal 6#muscular 7#lymphatic 8#respiratory 9#digestive :#nervous ;#endocrine <#cardiovascular 1=#urinary 11#reproductive 1.INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 3rovides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss ad produces vitamin > precursors# ?onsists of skin, hair, nails and sweat glands 2.SKELETAL SYSTEM 3rovides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells and stores minerals and fat# ?onsists of bones associated cartilages, ligaments and oints 3.MUSCULAR SYSTEM 3roduces body movements, maintains posture and produces body heat# ?onsists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons 4.LYMPHATIC SYSTEM %emoved foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance and absorbs fats from the digestive tract# ?onsists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs 5.RESPIRATORY SYSTEM )xchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air regulates blood pH# ?onsists of the lungs and respiratory passages 6.DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 3erforms the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes# ?onsists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs 7.NERVOUS SYSTEM ' ma or regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiologic processes and intellectual functions# ?onsists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors .ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ' ma or regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other functions# ?onsists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones !.CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1ransports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body@ plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of the body temperature# ?onsists of the heart, blood vessels and blood# 1".URINARY SYSTEM

ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (Seely, Stephens and Tate)

6ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY HUMAN ORGANISM

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%emoves the waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance and water balance# ?onsists of the kidneys, urinary bladder and ducts that carry urine#

11.FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 3roduces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development@ produces milk for the newborn@ produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors# ?onsists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands and associated structures 12.MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 3roduces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors# ?onsists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts and penis# ORGANISM is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as bacterium or trillions of cells such as a human H./'( $%&'(I+/ , is a complex of organ system that are mutually dependent o one another CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1he most common feature of all organism is LIFE )++)(1I'* ?H'%'?1)%I+1I?+ $- *I-)4 1#organization 5#metabolism 6#responsiveness 7#growth 8#development 9#reproduction 1.ORGANIZATION Is the condition in which parts of an organism have specific relationships to each other and the parts interact to perform specific functions# >isruption of this organized state can result in loss of functions and death 2.META#OLISM Is the ability to use energy to perform vital functions such as growth, movement and reproduction 3.RESPONSIVENESS Is the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the ad ustments that help maintain its life 4.GRO$TH %esults in an increase in size of all part of the organism# It can result from an increase in cell number, cell size or the amount of substance surrounding cells 5.DEVELOPMENT Includes the changes an organism undergoes through time@ it begins with fertilization and ends at death >I--)%)(1I'1I$( , is change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized 6.REPRODUCTION Is the formation of new cells or new organisms HOMEOSTASIS Is the existence and maintenance of relatively constant environment within the body# 1H%)) A'%I'B*)+4 1#temperature ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (Seely, Stephens and Tate)

7ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY HUMAN ORGANISM 5,volume 6#chemical content SET POINT Ideal normal value in homeostatic mechanisms

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NEGATIVE FEED#ACK -unction to maintain homeostasis /eans that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted 1H%)) ?$/3$()(1+4 1#%)?)31$% , monitors the value of a variable 5#?$(1%$* ?)(1)% , establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained 6#)--)?1$% , can change the value of the variable POSITIVE FEED#ACK 're not homeostatic ad are rare in healthy individuals Chen a deviation from a normal value occurs, the response of the system is to make the deviation even greater ?reates a cycle leading away from homeostasis in some cases results in death TERMINOLOGY AND THE #ODY PLAN ETYMOLOGY $rigin of new words (commonly &reek or *atin) PREFI% OR SUFFI% #EING USED IT IS , inflammation DIRECTIONAL TERMS %efer to the body in the anatomic position, regardless of its actual position ANATOMIC POSITION %efers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides and the palms of the hands facing forward# SUPERIOR & above INFERIOR & below ANTERIOR , front POSTERIOR , back TERMS %ight *eft Inferior +uperior 'nterior 3osterior >orsal Aentral 3roximal >istal *ateral /edial +uperficial >eep ETYMOLOGY *ower Higher 1o go before 3osterus, following >orsum, back Aenter, belly 3roximus, nearest >i D sto, to be distant *atus, side /edialis, middle +uperficialis, surface >eop, deep DEFINITION 1oward the body"s right side 1oward the body"s left side Below 'bove 1oward the front of the body 1oward the back of the body 1oward the back (synonymous with posterior 1oward the belly (synonymous with anterior) ?loser to a point of attachment -arther from a point of attachment 'way from the midline of the body 1oward the middle or midline of the body 1oward or on the surface 'way from the surface, internal

#ODY PARTS AND REGIONS ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (Seely, Stephens and Tate)

8ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY HUMAN ORGANISM

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UPPER LIM#: ARM & extends from shoulder to the elbow FOREARM , extends from elbow to the wrist LO$ER LIM#: THIGH , extends from the hip to the knee LEG , extends from the knee to the ankle CENTRAL REGION: Head (eck 1runk 1#1H$%'E , chest 5#'B>$/)( , region from the thorax and pelvis 6#3)*AI+ , inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips 'bdomen -$.% F.'>%'(1+4 1#right upper 5#left upper 6#right lower 7#left lower (I() %)&I$(+4 1#epigastric 5#right hypochondriac 6#left hypochondriac 7#umbilical 8#right lumbar 9#left lumbar :#hypogastric ;#right iliac <#left iliac PLANES SAGITTAL PLANE runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts Gthe flight of an arrowH %efers to the way that the body would be split by an arrow passing anteriorly to posteriorly MIDSAGITTAL 3lane divides eIual to left and right halves TRANSVERSE'HORIZONTAL PLANE %uns parallel to the surface of the ground and divides the body into superior and inferior parts FRONTAL'CORONAL PLANE %uns vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts LONGITUDINAL SECTION ?ut through the long axis of the organ TRANSVERSE OR CROSS SECTION ' cut at a right angle to the long axis O#LI(UE SECTION ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (Seely, Stephens and Tate)

9ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY HUMAN ORGANISM ?ut is made across the long axis at other than a right angle

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CEPHALIC: FRONTAL , forehead OR#ITAL , eye NASAL , nose ORAL , mouth OTIC , ear #UCCAL & cheek MENTAL , chin CERVICAL , neck CLAVICULAR , collar bone TRUNK: THORACIC , thorax PECTORAL , chest STERNAL , breastbone MAMMARY , breast A#DOMINAL , abdomen UM#ILICAL , naval PELVIC & pelvis INGUINAL , groin PU#IC & genital UPPER LIM# A%ILLARY & arm pit #RACHIAL , arm CU#ITAL , elbow ANTE#RACHIAL , forearm CARPAL , wrist PALMAR , palm DIGITAL , fingers MANUAL , hand LO$ER LIM# CO%AL & hip FEMORAL & thigh PATELLAR & kneecap CRURAL & leg TALUS & ankle DORSUM & top of foot DIGITAL & toes PEDAL & foot OCCIPITAL & base of the skull NUCHAL , back of the neck CRANIAL & skull DORSAL , back SCAPULAR , shoulder blade VERTE#RAL , spinal column LUM#AR & loin SACRAL , between hips GLUTEAL , buttock PERINEAL , perineum ACROMIAL & point of shoulder OLECRANON ) point of elbow DORSUM , back of the hand ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (Seely, Stephens and Tate)

:ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY HUMAN ORGANISM POPLITEAL , hollow behind knee SURAL , calf PLANTAR , sole CALCANEAL , heel #ODY CAVITIES

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3 CAVITIES OF THE TRUNK: 1.THORACIC CAVITY , surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm@ divided into right and left median structure /)>I'+1I(./ , is the partition containing the heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus and other structures 2.A#DOMINAL CAVITY , is bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas and kidneys 3. PELVIC CAVITY , is a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine and the internal reproductive organs# 'bdominal and pelvic cavities J 'B>$/I$3)*AI? ?'AI12 SEROUS MEM#RANES *ine the trunk cavity and cover the organs of these cavities AI+?)%'* , inner 3'%I)1'* , outer 1he cavity or space between the visceral and parietal serous membranes is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membrane THORACIC CAVITY , contains a pericardial cavity and two pleural cavities 3)%I?'%>I'* ?'AI12 , surrounds the heart AI+?)%'* 3)%I?'%>I./ , covers the heart, which is contained within a connective tissue sac lined with the parietal pericardium 3)%$?'%>I'* ?'AI12 , contains pericardial fluid, located between the visceral and parietal pericardia PLEURAL CAVITY & surrounds each lung which is covered by visceral pleura 3'%I)1'* 3*).%' , lines the inner surface of the wall, lateral surfaces of the mediastinum and superior surface of the diaphragm 3*).%'* ?'AI12 , located between the visceral and parietal pleurae and contains pleural fluid PERITONEAL CAVITY AI+?)%'* 3)%I1$()./ , covers many organs of the abdominopelvic cavity 3'%I)1'* 3)%I1$()./ , lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphragm 3)%I1$()'* ?'AI12 , located between visceral and parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid

MESENTERIES consist of 5 layers of peritoneum fused together, connect the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum o the body wall or to the visceral peritoneum of other abdominopelvic organs anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs RETROPERINEAL ORGANS *+,-./0,1 +/-.023/456 kidneys adrenal glands pancreas parts of the intestine and the urinary bladder

ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (Seely, Stephens and Tate)