Chapter 11: Urban Geography

Derrick Chung

Field Note: Changing Greens CBD in Detroit, Michigan is along Grand Circus Park and takes shape of a bike wheel The revitalization process in Detroit brings many buildings that were abandoned or sold to be made better and renovated - Kales building, old K-Mart HQ, is now an apartment complex - Adams theater was unable to be renovated but the faade is still kept up and a new building is being built up - Grand Park Centre went into renovation for more office space - Many former commercial buildings have been transformed into living spaces such as apartments People are interested in moving towards the CBD of Detroit because of the low crime rate and high gas prices Other neighborhoods of the city are not bouncing back as well as Grand Circus Park - Abandoned high-rise building are called the ghosts of Detroit - Many large buildings have once been active but the downturn of the automobile industry in Detroit caused them to abandon Run down parts of the city such as high-rise office buildings, apartments, government buildings, hotels, and train stations have been abandoned - Despite renovation attempts there was no growth and the funds that went to funding the renovation have led to financial woes Detroit announced a plan in 2010 to demolish 10,000 abandoned buildings and houses in Detroit by 2014 Synekism: The possibility of change that results from people living together in cities Figure 9.1

(Other parts of Detroit are riddled with high crime rates and remnants of a once bustling commercially successful place but now is a rust belt)

Figure 9.2

(Picture of Detroit, Michigan showing the West Adams Street and the buildings that reside on it) (Picture of the Lafayette Building in Detroit that once held the offices of the Michigan Supreme Court. You can see the boarded up windows and how it looks rundown)

When and Why Did People Start Living in Cities? Worldwide, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas today - China reached the point where more than 50% of its population lived in urban areas in 2010 but in 2000 only 36.1% lived in urban areas Urban: refers to the built up space of the central city and suburbs - Urban areas include the city and surrounding environs connected to the city - Non-rural and non-agricultural From the beginnings of human history, to about 3000 BC less than 1% of people lived in urban areas - Cities in Mesopotamia, Nile River, Mesoamerica, and Asia IR caused explosion in population growth in the mid-1700s in Great Britain western Europe, US, Canada, and Japan, 4/5 people lived in cities or towns - China 5/10 - India in 2011 7/10 living in RURAL AREAS The agglomeration of people, services, and goods in cities affords people in luxury of time to innovate - Cities are centers of political power and industrial might, higher education, and technological innovation, artistic achievement, and medical advances

(How much of the US is rural and do not live in urban areas? Are rural places in the US affected by urban areas?)

(The factories brought labor to that country which then paid the workers as they did not want to work the fields)

Chapter 11: Urban Geography

Derrick Chung

Great markets, centers of specialization and interaction, sources of news and information, suppliers of services, and providers of sports and entertainment City: is an agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics In the modern world, urbanization can happen quickly - Chinese government announced a major economic development project in Guangdong, a province in southern China which caused the small rural area turned into a special economic zone (SEZ) - Hundreds of industries moved from Hong Kong to Shenzhen because of cheap labor and the small fishing village experienced a population growth and saw urbanization Human communities have existed for over 1000,000 years, but more than 90,000 years passed before people began to cluster in towns - Archaeological evidence indicates that people established the first cities about 8000 years ago - Only last 200 years ago did cities begin to resemble their modern size and structure The Hearths of Urbanization Archaeologists agree that first cities came several millennia after the origins of agriculture Agricultural village: a relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture. Starting over 10,000 years ago, people began to cluster in agricultural villages as they stayed in one place to tend their crops - Populations were permanent, reflected in the dwelling units where people moved rocks in, built structures, and laid out floors made of plaster In cities, people generate personal wealth, trade over long distances, live in stratified classes that are usually reflected in the housing, and engage in diversity of economic activities not just agriculture Agricultural surplus: One of two components, together with social stratification, that enable the formation of cities; agricultural production in excess of that which the producer needs for his or her own sustenance that of his or her family and which is then sold for consumption Social stratification: One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige One theory maintains that advances in technology such as irrigation generated an agricultural surplus, and a leadership class formed to control the surplus and the tech that produced it - Another theory holds that a king or priest-king centralized political power and then demanded more labor to generate an agricultural surplus Leadership class: consisted of a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources, and often the lives of others - Controlled food supply, including its production, storage, and distribution - Did not work the fields but devoted time to other pursuits such as religion and philosophy which developed writing and recordkeeping - Built walls to protect themselves from the outside but still had power outside the walls Figure 9.4 Figure 9.5

(Did the idea of agglomeration appeal to humans because we are social creatures? Or did we see the benefits it gave us?)

(Do some agricultural villages exist in core countries? Or are they prevalent in periphery countries with subsistence agricultural practices?)

(Did early leadership classes face problems with corruption and the greediness of human beings?)

(Picture of Shenzhen, China and the huge skyscrapers that dominate the landscape) (A map or drawing of Catal Huyuk. It is an early city dated back to 12,000 years ago in the

Chapter 11: Urban Geography

Derrick Chung

Fertile Crescent) First urban revolution: The innovation of the city, which occurred independently in six separate hearths - in each urban hearths, people became engaged in economic activities beyond agriculture - specialty crafts, military, trade, and government Six urban hearths are tied closely to the hearts of agriculture - First hearth of agriculture, the Fertile Crescent is also evidence of first cities Mesopotamia: the region of great cities located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers - Social inequality in the city - The elite had very elaborate palaces with walls - Lots of arts - Elite and priest-king class developed a religious-political ideology - Taxes and harvest was asked for by the rulers of the cities Much has been discovered about the ancient cities of Mesopotamia - Usually was protected by mud walls which surrounded community, or sometimes a cluster of temples and shrines in the center - Temples dominated the urban landscape as they were built on artificial mounds up to 100 feet high Mesopotamian priest and other authorities lived in palaces - Ordinary citizens lived in mud-walled houses with no space Figure 9.6 Nile River Valley: second hearth of urbanization and dated back to 3200 BCE - Interrelationship between urbanization and irrigation in this region distinguishes it from other urban hearths. - Rulers of the valley reflected feats of architecture such as the great pyramids, tombs, and sphinx - It was thought that slaves built these building but in fact was ordinary citizens and it was their taxes Indus River Valley: third urban hearth and dated back to 2200 BCE - Another place where agriculture likely diffused from the Fertile Crescent - Scholars are still unable to translate the ancient Indus writing and the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro confuse us (first cities of the valley) - The planning of the city shows there was a leadership class present - All houses are equal in size and no palaces or monuments - All dwellings in cities had access to same infrastructure - Carefully maintained stone-lined wall Huang He and Wei Valleys: the fourth urban hearth dating back to 1500 BCE - Chinese purposefully planned their ancient cities to center on a vertical structure in the middle of the city with an inner wall around it - Within the inner walls resided the leadership class - Urban elite of the valley shows power by building big structures - Emperor Qin Xi Huang directed the building of the Great Wall of China - Created an elaborate tomb with his terracotta soldiers - 700k workers working on tomb and 40 years to make weapons and an army of 7k terracotta soldiers Mesoamerica: fifth urban hearth dating back to 1100 BCE - Ancient cities were religious centers - Olmec built cities and carved stone monuments from rocks believed to have been moved over 50 miles

(Map of the world showing the six hearths of urbanization)

(Why have we not been able to obtain and learn the writings of the ancient Indus people? Is it like no other language?)

(Was there an outer wall to protect the village as a whole?)

Chapter 11: Urban Geography

Derrick Chung

Olmec and Maya built cities in the same region also centered on religious temples Peru: the sixth urban hearth dating back to 900 BCE - Largest settlement, Chavin, was sited at an elevation of 10,530 feet in the Andean highlands Figure 9.7 The Role of the Ancient City in Society Ancient cities not only were centers of religion and power, but also served as economic nodes Cities were the chief marketplaces from which wealthy merchants, land and livestock owners, and traders operated Educational centers Anchors of culture and society By modern standards, ancient cities were not large - Cities of Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley may have had between 10,000 and 15,000 inhabitants after nearly 2000 years of growth - Maximum sustainable size based on existing systems of food production, gathering, distribution, and social organization Figure 9.8 Figure 9.9 Diffusion of Urbanization Urbanization diffused from Mesopotamia in several directions - Populations in Mesopotamia grew with steady food supply and sedentary lifestyle - People migrated from hearth and diffused knowledge of agriculture and urbanization - Urbanization diffused to the Mediterranean from Mesopotamia Greek Cities Greek is not an urban hearth because agriculture and urbanization diffused to Greece from Mesopotamia rather than being innovated in Greece Secondary hearth: an early adopter of a cultural practice or trait that becomes a central locale from which the practice or trait further diffuses Greek cities began more than 3500 years ago, when the city of Knossos on the island of Crete became the cornerstone of a system of towns in the Minoan civilization By 500 BCE, Greece had become one of the most highly urbanized areas on Earth - Ancient Greece ushered in a new stage of evolution of cities - It encompassed a network of more than 500 cities and town, not only on the mainland but also on the many Greek islands - Athens and Sparta became Greeces leading cities Acropolis: literally high point of the city. The upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city, usually devoted to religious purposes - Parthenon of Athens remains the most famous acropolis as it still remains through 2500 years of time SWA cities were crowded and small while Greeces cities were large and open - Square and open spaces invited Greeks to debate, lecture, judge, plan military campaigns, and socialize Agora: market

(Map of the Indus River Valley and showing the deserts and wetlands of the region)

(picture of the Terracotta warriors guarding the tomb of the Emperor Qin Xi Huang) (Map of Mesoamerican region and showing what was Mayan domain and Aztec domain)

(Did Greece have a bigger impact than Mesopotamia?)

(Did the cities surround this point?)

Chapter 11: Urban Geography

Derrick Chung

Greece also had excellent theaters - Aristocracy attended plays and listened to philosophical discourses - But for many people it was miserable to live in the city as there was not good housing No good housing, sanitation, and health conditions for the poor of the country Urbanization diffused from Greece to the Roman Empire and was heavily influenced from Greece culture Roman cities Majority of Greeces cities and towns were located near the Mediterranean Sea on peninsulas and islands - When Romans succeeded the Greeks as rulers of the region, their empire incorporated the Mediterranean shores but also a large part of interior Europe and North Africa Roman urban system was larger than Greeces domain Capital, Rome, served as the apex of hierarchy of settlements ranging from small villages to large cities - Romans linked these areas with transportation means through hundreds of miles of roads - There were also sea-routes along with trading ports along the roads, sea, and rivers - Roman regional planners displayed a remarkable capacity for choosing right site of cities, for identifying suitable locales for settlements A certain site may be chosen for a city as there will be advantages in trade or defense, or as a center for religious practice Situation: The external locational attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting Rome was the center of the Roman Empire but when empire fell Romes situation changed - Developed into the center of the Roman Catholic Church Figure 9.10

Figure 9.11

Figure 9.12

Urban morphology: The study of the physical form and structure of urban places - Romans were influenced heavily by Greeks and is seen in mythology of Romans Greeks planned colonial cities in grid pattern and so did Romans Figure 9.13

(Picture of the Parthenon in Athens, Greece. One can see the wear that 25 centuries has put on this structure) (Picture of Athens Greece looking down from the Acropolis and seeing the market area of the area below) (Map of the Roman Empire in 117 CE and showing the empire, walls, and trade routes)

Functional zonation: The division of a city into different regions or zones for certain purposes or functions - it reveals how different areas or segments of a city serve different purposes or functions within the city Forum: served as the focal point of Roman public life. Similar to the Greeks

(Picture of Rome, Italy in modern days and one can see the run down and wear of centuries. Despite the years it still holds up and you can see the shape and marvel it once held)

Chapter 11: Urban Geography

Derrick Chung

agora which was essentially the town square - The Forum includes the worlds first great stadium, the Colosseum The Colosseum was the counterpart to Greeks theaters - Roman gladiators fought each other or killed wild animals for entertainment - Before Christianity diffused into Rome, the Colosseum would hold Christians inside with hungry lions for entertainment - Is where competitions, war games, ceremonies, and other public events took place Had monumental buildings, impressive villas, spacious avenues, ingenious aqueducts and baths, and sewage systems built of stone and pipe Estimated are between 1/3 through 2/3 of the population were enslaved peoples - Poor were kept in poor conditions while the rich lived in luxurious environments Figure 9.14

Figure 9.15

(Picture in Nimes, France showing the aqueducts that were built during the Roman Empire about 2000 years ago) (Picture of a structure in Altun Ha, Belize. It was built between 300 and 900 CE and Altun Ha served as a thriving trade center)

Urban Growth after Greece and Rome Roman Empire fell in 496 CE - After the fall, Europe fell into the Middle Ages from 500-1300 During the first 2/3 of the period, Europe experienced very little urban growth - Urbanization was declining Urban growth started to happen during the time of the Silk Route between Europe and Asia In Asia, Chinese style city-building diffused into Korea and Japan, with Seoul becoming a full-fledged city by 1200 and Kyoto was growing rapidly after the turn of the 9th century During the Middle Ages in Europe, urban growth was every outside of Europe - West African trading cities developed such as Timbuktu in modern day Mali - Americas experienced urban growth during the Middle Ages especially in the Mayan and Aztec empires Largest pre-Columbian city in the Americas was in the Aztec Empire on the Mexican Plateau - The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan had nearly 100k inhabitants when many European cities lay in ruin Site and Situation during European Exploration Early Eurasian urban areas extended in a crescent shaped zone across Eurasia from England to Japan Before European exploration, most cites in the world were sited on trade routes in the interiors of continents - Not just in Eurasia but also in West Africa and indigenous America - Silk Route and the caravan routes of West Africa sustained these inland cities and in many cases helped them prosper As the European maritime exploration exploded the inland cities were not included and the cities on the coast benefited the most - European exploration took of during the 1400s - Asian coastal cities such as Bombay, Madras, Malacca, Batavia, and

(How did the Chinese come up with such a powerful house design?)

(Why is the Aztec doing so well but not the Europeans?)

(Was the Silk Route the favored route before maritime exploration?)

Chapter 11: Urban Geography

Derrick Chung

Tokyo came to the lead and fore The cites in Africa that were on the coast traded with the inland people instead of the opposite - Lead to the decline of interior cities Coastal cities remained crucial after exploration led to colonialism - Key cities in international trade networks included coastal cities of Cape Town, Lima-Callao, and NYC Trade networks European powers commanded brought unprecedented riches to Europes burgeoning medieval cities - Successful merchants built ornate mansions, patronized the arts, participated in city governance, and supported the reconstruction of city centers - Money started to become the center of the city as central square was the center of the city Figure 9.16

(Picture of Genoa, Italy in modern day. The old buildings of ancient Rome has been restored or the buildings are after the style of Roman architecture)

Second Urban Revolution During the last decades of the 18th century, the IR began in Great Britain - None of Europes cities were prepared for what lay ahead: an avalanche of changes that ripped the fabric of urban life Around 1800, w Europe was still very much rural but thousands migrated to the cities with industrialization and the cities adapted to become urban Second Agricultural Revolution Before the second urban revolution to take place, a second revolution in agriculture was necessary - During the late 17th century and into the 18th century, Europeans invented a series of important improvements to agriculture - Agricultural laborers migrated to the cities in hopes of obtaining jobs in the formal economy, which included wages, usable in the growing cashbased economies of Europe Not all mercantile cities turned into industrial cities - Many industrial cities grew from small villages or along canal and river routes - Primary determinant in the location of early industrial cities was proximity to power sources - For textiles, had to be near fresh water sources to power water loom Figure 9.17

(Map of industrialized region in Europe in the year 1914. It shows location of coal, iron, and industrial areas. The red lines are railroads)

Chaotic Industrial City With industrialization, cities became unregulated jumbles of activity - Factories engulfed private homes - Open spaces became garbage dumps - Urban dwellers converted elegant housing into overcrowded slums - Sanitation systems failed - Water supplies were inadequate and often polluted By the late 1800s, the IR had changed transportation and the development of the railroad gave cities not near coal a chance to industrialize Living conditions for workers were dreadful in cities - Kids work 12 hours shifts in textile mills six days a week

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- Health conditions are very bad - Air was polluted along with water - Not much safety in work places In the mid-1800s Karl Marx and Frederick Engels encouraged workers of the world to unite - This caused conditions to improve in European countries - Industrialist were forced to recognized workers rights - NA never suffered the same as Europeans as they learned from the past Growing too fast will cause the city to become slums and development of ghettos Companies simply abandoned large manufacturing plants making rust belts out of once thriving districts Figure 9.18

(Picture of Duisburg, Germany with a rusted old factory in the background. The factory is overgrown and not well maintained)

Where Are Cities Located and Why? Each place is where it is because of some decision with some perception of the site or its situation Site and situation help explain why certain cities were planned and why cities thrive or fail Figure 9.19

(Map of the US showing the regions of influence for cities in contiguous states)

Trade areas: adjacent to every town and city within which its influence id dominant - Every city and town has a trade area - Customers from smaller towns and villages come to the city to shop and to conduct other business Three key components for urban areas - Population, trade area, and distance - Example: if one looks at map you will see many small towns with unfamiliar names. Then a number of smaller towns along the highways and several medium-sized cities where transportation routes converge, and likely one familiar, dominant city - The largest city has the largest trade area and fewer rival places as a result Figure 9.20 Rank and Size in the Urban Matrix Rank-size rule: holds that in a model urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy - Thus, if the largest city has 12 million people, the second largest will have about 6 million (1/2) third about 4 mill (1/3) fourth about 3 mill so on Feilx Auerbach (German) - Suggested the rank-size rule in 1913 - (George Zipf credited with the math) Scholars across disciplines have tested the rule and questioned when the rule applies and when it does not - Studies in 1966, 1980, and 2002 found that majority of countries they tested had populations with more even distributions than the rank-size rule would predict

(Picture of a Green County Cycle City store in Broken Arrow Oklahoma. It is s trade area)

(How did he come up with this rule? Did he just observe urban cities?)

Chapter 11: Urban Geography

Derrick Chung

The rank-size rule does not apply in all countries, especially countries with one dominant city - A government might help the capital grow and will give an unfair advantage to other cities Mark Jefferson defined primate city in 1939 Primate city: a countrys leading city, always disproportionality large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling - Mark Jefferson saw the primate city as the largest and most economically influential within the state, with the next largest city in the state being much smaller and much less influential Many former colonies have primate cities, as the colonial powers often ruled from a single - Former colonies include Mexico City, Mexico and Manila, the Philippines Central Place Theory Walter Christaller wrote the classic urban geography study to explain where cities, towns, and villages are likely to be located - The Central Places in Southern Germany (1933) (book that he wrote) - He attempted to develop a model to predict how and where central places in urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed Walter Christallers assumptions - First, the surface of the ideal region would be flat and have no physical barriers - Second, soil fertility would be the same everywhere - Third, population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed - Region would have a uniform transportation network to permit direct travel from each settlement to the other - From any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance Ideal central place system - Largest central place provides the greatest number of functions to most of the region - Within the trade area of the largest central place, a series of larger towns would provide functions to several smaller places - Smaller places would then provide fewer central functions to a smalleryet service area Figure 9.21

(Would the government favor a city so much that it attracts more and more people in and less people are on the outside of the city?)

(Picture of the Christallers hierarchy of settlements and their service areas. It is a hexagon shaped chart that shows the service areas)

To determine location of central place, Christaller need to define the goods and services produced He studied the sale of goods and services and calculated the distance people would willingly travel to acquire them - Cities would be regularly spaced with central places where the same product was sold at the same price located a standard distance aprt - No one would travel long distance to buy one item Hexagonal Hinterlands Shape of central areas is hexagonal as circles would have to overlap to make boundaries between them - Geographers agreed with the hexagonal pattern of the chart - Christaller knew that his model would not be perfect as physical barriers, uneven resource distributions, and other factors all modify his hexagons

(Why not other shapes? Is the hexagonal shape superior to other shapes?)

Chapter 11: Urban Geography

Derrick Chung

Central Places Today When Christaller made his model the world was not at the level it is today - New factors have come into play Larry Ford says central place notions still have a role in explaining current developments Sun Belt phenomenon: movement of millions of Americans from northern and northeastern states to south and southwest states - As Americans moved south Middle and South American migrants moved northward into the same urban centers already growing for domestic reasons - This caused certain cities to become central cities as the population grew so high such as Atlanta, Dallas, and Phoenix How Are Cities Organized and How Do They Function? Regions of the world have their own distinct characteristics - Mumbai, India looks very different from Chicago, Illinois - Tokyo, Japan looks very different from Lagos, Nigeria - Cities in SA tend to be graced by often magnificent plazas not common in Australia or Russia Since 1920s, urban geographers have studied, charted, and mapped cities to create models that describe the urban morphology, functional zonation, and overall layout of cities in world regions Models of the City Functional zonation: the divisions of the city into certain regions for certain purposes Globalization has created common cultural landscapes in the financial districts of many world cities - Shanghai now is completely different from 30 years ago as now it is filled with skyscrapers and such - Same for Mumbai of India Cultural landscape is still visible in spite of globalization - In Shanghai, China the government chose to preserve the unique colonial riverfront architecture and develop around the colonial neighborhood and across the Huangpu River - SA cities protecting historic plazas against modernization - Paris protects old city from development of high rises Functional Zones Zone: typically preceded by a descriptor that conveys the purpose of that area of the city - key zones of a city might include the central business district (CBD) Central city: describes the urban area that is not suburban Suburb: outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area and is often adjacent to the central city - Not always homes, includes schools, malls, and office parks Suburbanization: the process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized - Transformation of rural land to urban land In Contemporary Suburban America (1981) P.O. Muller offered analysis of suburbanization - He says it evolved into a self-sufficient urban entity, containing its own major economic and cultural activates - No longer an appendage to the central city - Muller found that suburban areas ready to compete with central city for leading urban economic activities such as telecommunications, hi-tech industries, and corporate HQs - Residential zones are the most common in suburban areas

(Is the Sun Belt the most populated area of the US?)

(cultural landscape will make cities look different even though globalization has happened)

(Why did they choose to keep the colonial influence? Wont it make it look non-nationalistic?)

(Are there more people living in suburban areas than cities?)

Chapter 11: Urban Geography

Derrick Chung

2000 census state 50% of American population is in suburban areas and the other half are located in cities and rural areas(30.3% in central cities and 19.7% in rural areas) Modeling the North American City First model of NA cities was the concentric zone model Concentric zone model: divides the city into five concentric zones, defined by their functions 1. CBD 2. Residential deterioration and encroachment by business and light manufacturing 3. Homes occupied by blue-collar labor force 4. Middle-class residences 5. Suburban ring 1930s, Homer Hoyt published sector model to answer to the Burgess models limitations - Focused on residential patters and the where the wealthy choose to live - Hoyt argued city grows outward from center and low-rent area would extend creating a pie shaped sector Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman argued neither concentric circles nor the sector model adequately reflected city structure by mid-20th century. Thus, the nuclei model was born - The model recognizes that the CBD was losing its dominant position as the single nucleus of the urban area - Several urban regions shown the in the figure have their own nuclei Most urban geographers find the models to be too simplistic to describe modern cities - With easy transportation since the 1970s and 1980s, suburbanization exploded around new transportation corridors - Outer city grew rapidly and became more functionally independent of the central city Suburban areas usually located by highway intersections - Usually has downtowns, malls, parks, office complexes, hotels, restaurants, entertainment, and sports stadiums Edge cities: often located near key freeway intersections - Tysons Corner, Virginia (outside DC) - Irvine Cali (outside LA) - Successful and attract nearby peoples by offering work, shopping places, leisure activities, and all the other elements of a urban environment American suburbs surpassed the central cities in total employment as early as 1973 - By mid 1980s in some metropolises in the sun belt, the majority of jobs in the metropolis were in the suburbs Figure 9.23

(How different were North American cities from other countries?)

(Did the models change because they were wrong or were the cities just evolving?)

(Picture of Tysons Corner in Virginia and showing the suburbs of DC. The suburb developed as a major edge city with offices, retail, and commercial services)\

Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semi periphery In 1960s researchers classified colonial cities as urban areas where European transplants dominated the form of the city Rapid growth of population made it difficult to apply city models Megacities: a city with large population, a vast territorial extent, rapid inmigration, and a standard inadequate infrastructure - Mumbai, India has more people than the country of Australia - Sao Paulo, Brazil covers more land than the country of Belgium

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The Congo is the fastest growing city in Africa Indonesia is the largest city in the world without a subway or metro system The South American City In 1980, Ernst Griffon and Larry Ford studied South American city referred to as the Griffon-Ford model - South American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene, combining radial sectors and concentric zones The center of the model is the CBD - It is the citys primary business, employment, and entertainment focus - Divded into a market sector and a modern sector - From the CBD is the spine which is filled with offices, shopping, highquality housing for the upper and upper-middle classes, restaurants, theaters, and such amenities as parks, zoos, and golf courses The spine leads to the mall which is filled with high-priced residences The reaming parts of the model is filled with lesser off residents that make up much of the population The inside of the city is filled with the better off people and adjacent zones are filled with modest housing Outer most zones are hoem to the improverished and recent migrants who live in shantytowns Shantytowns: crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and pieces of cardboard that develop around cities Disamenity sector: The very poorest parts of cities than in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services - controlled by gangs and drug lords - contains slums such as barrios and favelas - worst of these areas are large numbers of poor people that are in the streets - little regular law enforcement - battle for control from drug lords happen for dominance - the periferico outside of the city is also the same condition The model shows the big spaces between the rich and poor The African City At the beginning of the century, Sub-Saharan Africa included countries with some of the worlds lowest levels of urbanization - Majority of the people were farmers in tropical areas of Africa and remained 40% urbanized - Outside the tropics, the regions were about 57% urbanized - Now, Africa has fastest growing cities in the world followed by South Asia and mainland East Asia and South and Middle America Imprint of European colonialism can still be seen in many African cities - Europeans laid out urban centers in Kinshasa (The Congo), Nairobi (Kenya), and Harare (Zimbabwe) along with the ports of Africa Africa has cities that are neither traditional nor colonial - The diversity of Africas cities makes it hard to make a model of cities in Africa - Studies of African culture indicates that the central cities often consist of not one but three CBDs and are colonial CBD, traditional CBD, and a market zone Figure 9.24 Figure 9.25

(Will there be any other models proving this wrong or will the cities evolve and change as humans do?)

(Why do the better off people live in the inside? Will traveling outside the city is harder as they are in the middle?)

Figure 9.26

(The Griffon-Ford model of South American cities) (Picture of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and shows the shantytown of Brazil) (The model of a sub-Saharan

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African city) The SEA city Some of the most populated cities in the world are in SEA Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is a complex of high-rise development including the 1483 feet tall Petronas Towers In 1967, TG McGee studied the medium sized cities of SEA and found that they exhibit similar land-use patterns, creating a model referred to as McGee model McGee Model: A cone shaped model to represent a typical southeast Asian city - the focal point of the cone is the old colonial port with the surrounding commercial district - McGee found no CBD but rather commercial markets and districts combined with the port - The government zone is next to the port and Western commercial zone is also next to it. Alien commercial zone is right next to the Western commercial zone - The AC is dominated by Chinese merchants whose residences are attached to their businesses. - Market-gardening zone at the outskirts of the urban area - Residential zones are similar to the Griffon-Ford model as elite residential zones includes suburbs, an inner-city zone of middle-income housing - Peripheral residences are lower income residents. - McGee model has middle-income housing in suburbs unlike the GriffonFord model Models do not explain how or why cities are organized the way they are - A model of a city shows us an end product, whether planned or not and suggests the forces that created that end product Figure 9.27

(Picture of the McGee model of SEA city. It is a cone shape with different little zones rather than sectors)

How Do People Shape Cities? Zoning laws: cities define areas of the city and designate the kinds of development allowed in each zone. Portland, Oregon is often described as the best planned city in NA - Has central city transportation to discourage use of cars - Office buildings and residences are close to each other to encourage walking or biking People shape cities by choosing to live in certain neighborhoods and by opening stores, houses of worship, and even sporting fields Comparing and contrasting the urban cultural landscapes of two cities help us understand the different social and cultural forces at play Figure 9.28

Figure 9.28

(Picture of Lome, Togo and shows the citys landscape reflects a clear dichotomy between the haves and have-nots. It shows multifamily houses and not a lot of vegetation) (Picture of Tokyo, Japan and shows a high percentage of middle class families and the housing is single family housing)

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Derrick Chung

Figure 9.30

(Picture of the Philippines and shows the trash and cultural landscape of the land)

One can observe how the city is laid out to see what types of people live in that certain area and what they might do for a living Shaping Cities in the Global Periphery and Semi-periphery Many of the worlds most populous cities are located in the less prosperous parts of the world including Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Mumbai, Dhaka, and Delhi People will be attracted to these cities and will move in but housing cannot keep up with the massive increase of population and shantytowns are created around the city - This results in shantytowns being built overnight and people living in unfavorable lands Cities in poorer parts of the world generally lack enforceable zoning laws - Without these laws periphery will have mixed lands across the city - Madras, India has open space between high-rise buildings is often occupied by squatter settlements - Bangkok, Thailand elementary schools and noisy factories stand side by side - Nairobi Kenya hillside villas look over some of worst slums in Africa Across global periphery, one trait sticks out, the contrast of the wealthy and the poor - Can be found in major cities such as DC and Cairo Shaping Cities in the Global Core One way people make cities is by remaking them, reinventing neighborhoods, or changing layouts to reflect current goals and aesthetics During segregation era, defined and segregated spaces in urban environment Redlining: A discriminatory real estate practice in NA in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. - Services would identify where the black neighborhoods were and would refuse to help them if their houses were in the red circle circled on the map around their neighborhoods - It is now illegal to do this - This caused poor neighborhoods to become rundown as funds were not available to keep up the house or to purchase homes on sale Blockbusting: when realtors would solicit white residents of the neighborhood to sell their homes under the guise that the neighborhood was going downhill because a black person or family had moved in - this led to significant turnover in housing, which of course benefited real estate agents through commissions they earned as representatives of buyers and sellers - it also prompted land owners to sell their properties at low prices to get out of the neighborhood quickly Developers and governments are also important actors in shaping cities - People are moving away from the CBD and towards suburbs but the city governments are encouraging commercialization of the CBD and gentrification of neighborhoods in and around the CBD - Government try to revive city but cleaning the city and removing old abandoned buildings and building up commercial and resident buildings Commercialization: the transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity - Usually happens in the CBD of a city to attract residents and tourists

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Figure 9.32

Figure 9.33

Figure 9.34

(Picture of Cairo, Egypts CBD and the globalized land scape it holds compared to the slums outside of the city) (Picture of Cairo, Egypt and shows the slums or rather the nonglobalized part of Cairo) (Picture of Fort Worth, Texas and how it has globalized and now a modern look rather than the rancher look from back in the days)

Beginning of 1960s, central-city neighborhoods located conveniently close to CBDs, but run down as a result of out-migration residents, began to attract buyers who were willing to move back into the city to rehabilitate run-down houses and live in central city neighborhoods Gentrification: rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned housing of low-income inner-city residents - in the US it began in cities with tight housing market and defined centralcity neighborhoods, including San Francisco, Portland, and Chicago - it slowed in the 90s but is growing again as governments are encouraging it through beatification programs and tax breaks for people to buy old housing - childless couples and singles choose not to live in suburbs and stick with central-city housing - central-city housing ins convenient as it will be walking distances away from workplaces, entertainments, nightlife, and restaurants - negative of gentrification is the rise in housing cost Figure 9.35 suburbs are not immune to gentrification - suburbs close to the city or connected to commuter rails will attract people to purchase smaller or older homes to tear down and build a larger home Teardowns: homes intended for suburban demolition are called teardowns McMansions: new mansions that are supersize and have a similar look In Hinsdale, 1/3 of the suburbs houses have been torn down since 1986 Urban Sprawl and New Urbanism Urban sprawl: unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning - Sun Belt and the West have this problem Figure 9.36

(A picture Hinsdale, Illinois house in a upscale suburb of Chicago.)

(Picture of Henderson, Nevada which is the largest suburb of Las Vegas and most of the houses are empty and are rented to people visiting Las Vegas)

Leon Kolankiewicz and Roy Beck used US Census data on urbanized areas and found that urban sprawl happened even in urban areas without significant population growth To counter urban sprawl, group of architects, urban planners, and developers outlined an urban design vision they call new urbanism. Forming the Congress for the New Urban in 1993 New urbanism: Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walk-able

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neighborhoods with diversity of housing and jobs - New urbanists want to create neighborhoods that promote a sense of community and sense of place with planning in order to prevent urban sprawl - New urbanist designs is to build housing more densely to take up less space and making walk-able distances from stores - Celebration, Florida is a very well planned town made by Disney by Disney World and is made to give a sense of community but is very expensive to live in Table 9.1

(A table showing top 20 urban sprawl cities in the US. The top 3 are Riverside in CA, Greensboro in NC, and Raleigh in NC)

Geographers Stuart Aitken, Don Mitchell, and Lynn Staeheli - Note new urbanism strives to turn neighborhoods back in time. Things such as parks or shopping districts - Houses with porches or community-friendly settings are becoming the norm as urbanism grows David Harvey offers one of the strongest critiques of new urbanism - Explains first that most new urbanists are greenfield projects designed for the affluent to make the suburbs more livable - New urbanism movement is kind of spatial determinism that does not recognize that the fundamental difficulty with modernism was its persistent habit of privileging spatial forms over social processes. Harvey and others who critique new urbanism, claim that new urbanism does nothing to break down the social conditions that privilege some while disadvantaging others Gated Communities Gated communities: fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people and automobiles - often have security cameras and forces keeping watch over - objective is to create a save environment in the uncertain urban world - secondary objective is to maintain or increase housing values in the neighborhood through enforcement of the neighborhood associations bylaws that control everything from the color of a house to the character and size of additions Figure 9.39

(The picture is of a gated community outside Guangzhou, China and is a gated community filled with apartments. The area is well maintained and there are nicer cars in the parking lot)

during the 80s and early 90s, developers in the US began building gated communities in urban areas around the country - 2001 census of housing, US gov reported 16 million people, or about 6% of Americans living in gated communities - Urban design of gating communities has diffused around the globe at record speed, with some in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America In poorer countries, where cities are divided between wealthy and poor, gated communities provide another layer of comfort for the citys wealthy - Large cities in Latin American and Africa, you commonly see walls around individual houses, walling in yards and pools and keeping out crime - Johannesburg, South Africa faces severe problems with division between the wealthy white residents and poorer residents as high crime rates scare

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people into having blocked 2500 streets and posting guard by 2004 - Many fear that gated communities is becoming segregation problems. Increase in gated communities in China and is crossing socioeconomic classes and creating a ubiquitous feature on the urban landscape - Gated communities in China privatize spaces and exclude outsiders with gates, security cameras, and restricted access - Gated communities in China are five to ten times more densely populated than gated communities Europe and NA Geographer Youqin Huang has found other differences between gated communities in China and those in NA and Europe - Huang argues that collective-oriented culture and tight political control in China explain why the Chinese government built gated communities during the socialist period - It also explains the proliferation of gated communities during Chinas housing reform in 1998 Figure 9.40

(Picture of St. Louis, Missouri in 1971 and shows the Pruitt-Igoe housing project)

Gated communities in Europe and NA not only for the wealthy - People want to have a safe place to live and is true in middle and lower classes as it is of the rich - Some urban planners encourage governments to recast low-income housing as small communities, gated from each other - Cities have torn down the enormous high rises, typically ridden tih crime and referred to as the projects such as Cabrini green in Chicago and Pruitt-Igoe in St. Louis, in effort to remake the spaces of the poor into defensible spaces Urban planners want to gate middle-income and low-income neighborhoods in order to create a sense of community and to make the spaces defensible from undesired activities such as drug dealing and prostitution - Five Oaks district of Dayton, Ohio has best-documented cases of gating a middle-income neighborhood. o 50% white and has high rate of rentals. Urban planner Oscar Newman encouraged planners in Dayton to divide the 2000 households in Five Oaks district into ten smaller gated communities with restricted access o The city turned most of the residential streets in each of these mini-neighborhoods into cul-de-sacs. They have experienced a serious reduction in crime, along with increase in housing sales and housing values Ethnic Neighborhoods in the European City Ethnic neighborhoods in European cities are typically affiliated with migrants from former colonies - Algeria was a colony of France, and now Paris and other French cities have distinct Algerian neighborhoods - London has a Jamican neighborhood - Spain has a Moroccan neighborhood - Germany invited young men from Turkey to migrate to Germany as guest workers and cities such as Frankfurt have distinct Turkish neighborhoods Migration to Europe is constrained by government policies and laws - Many western European cities have public housing zones that were built after WWII following the devastation of the war years - Governments in Europe are typically much more involved in the social rights of people, such as health care and housing than the US government

(Why arent other cities following suit and responding with their improvements with gated communities? Especially in high crime rate cities?)

(Who does London have a big Jamaican neighborhood)

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Derrick Chung

European cities are also older than American cities and are laid out for foot and horse traffic rather than automobiles - European cities also are compact and densely populated and walk-able than American cities - European cities are also historic city centers where much of the citys history took place and is preserved and to which tourists are attracted today - Development is usually reserved on the outskirts of town as the center are centers of history Government Policy and Immigrant Accommodation Immigration is changing the spatial-cultural geography of European cities - As immigrants have settled in large numbers in the zone of transition, locals have moved out - Walking from the city center of Paris out through immigrant neighborhoods, one can see the cultural landscape change to reflect the significant number of immigrants from Maghreb of Africa - The Maghreb community is filled with high crime and resentment festers Geographers Christian Kesteloot and Cees Cortie studied housing policies and zones in Brussels, Belgium and Amsterdam, the Netherlands - Found that Brussels has very little public housing and immigrants live in privately owned rentals throughout the city - Kesteloot and Cortie also found that immigrants in Brussels who came from distinct region of their home country, such as the Turks in Brussels, tend to cluster in ethnic neighborhoods (usually coming from rural) - People that come from cities tend to choose rental units scattered throughout the city and do not establish ethnic neighborhoods - Amsterdam has a lot of public housing and few ethnic neighborhoods within the public housing - Immigration to Amsterdam from former colonies (Indonesia, Surinam) and non-colonies (Morocco and Turkey) increased in the 1960s - Amsterdammers moved from transition zone of public housing to neighboring towns such as Almere - Dutch government then implemented a policy in the public housing zone that slowed the creation of ethnic neighborhoods - Dutch gov allots public housing to legal immigrants by assigning homes on a sequential basis in the citys zone of transition, where some 80% - If one walks through Amsterdam in public housing zone one will see many different ethnic groups and can see different local cultures such as prayer calls for Muslims Ethnic Neighborhoods in the Global Periphery and Semi-periphery City In cities of periphery and semi-periphery, a sea of slum and development typically begins where the permanent buildings end, in some cases engulfing and dwarfing the entire city Government control over the slums is impossible and counting population is impractical many people in Calcutta, India live on the streets rather than shelters Government does not have enough resources to provide these people with services People that live in shanty settlements are not really squatters as they have to pay rent - Former farmers that owned lots of lands moved to the city but kept their farmland and as people moved onto the farmland they had to pay rent and - shacks are destroyed if rent is failed to be paid

(Is it due to racism or just the fact that these new people are adjusting to the new environment and have to set their lives in order?)

(Are public housings free or does one pay rent or do they just pay normal taxes?)

(Why would they sleep on the streets rather than shacks? Because no rent? Or just not enough time?)

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Derrick Chung

Vast slums of cities in poorer parts of the world are typically ethnically delineated, with new arrivals precariously accommodated Ex. Nairobi, Kenya has a large slum area called Kibera and much of it is owned by Nubians who are of Sudanese descent - Sudanese Nubians settled in the area of Kibera during the colonial era - Many of the Nubians have become businesspeople in the city of Nairobi - The inhabitants of the slum were largely Luo from western Kenya and Luhya from NW Kenya and during 2001 some were not able to pay and the Nubians evicted them and conflict ensued Power and Ethnicity Study of Mombasa, Kenya, during the 1960s, H.j. de Blij found that central city, in effect the island on which Mombasa was built, was informally partitioned among major ethnic groups - The Kikyu workers and their families lived close to the port as colonial powers granted them power to do so - Asians, mainly Indians, control the opposite side of the central city - The Kamba occupies the zone farther outward from the port - Mijkenda migrated from off-island villages to work in Mombasa and live father away from the commercial center - Despite growth the spatial pattern still persists - Desperate people who wish to find a job live on slums outside of the central city Families continue to live in slums because they save their money very carefully - Also, salary jobs will keep a constant flow of money and is stretched across many members of the family - Jobs that are found in core countries help families out through remittances Informal Economy Informal economy: the economy that is not taxed and is not counted towards a countrys GNI - what is earned can add up to lots of money that is unaccounted for - it worries the government because it is a record-less economy and no taxes are paid Remittances are sent as cash or by people to smuggle in to avoid getting taxed on the money being sent From Colonial to Global CBD 2002, geographers Richard Grant and Jan Nijman documented this transformation in former colonial port cities including Mumbai, India - In this city formerly known as Bombay, it produced a urban landscape - It was also marked by strong segregation of foreign and local activities, commercial as well as residential - High levels of functional specialization and concentration - Adjacent to the port area was a well demarcated European business district containing mostly British companies - Most economic activities in this European commercial area involved trade, transport, banking, distribution, and insurance - European district were the traditional markets and bazaars of the socalled Native Town Figure 9.41

(Why do people have to always go into conflict about almost everything?)

(Will this one day become irrelevant as who has control over the area?)

(A map of Bombay and Mumbai (Bombay was the former name of Mumbai) and shows how the colonial city transformed into a contemporary city. It shows the European sectors turning into richer parts of the city)

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Derrick Chung

What Role Do Cities Play in Globalization? Globalization has caused more statistics about economy at the global scale to be gathered and disseminated by states World cities: function at the global scale, beyond the reach of the state borders, function as the service centers of the world economy Models of cities and hierarchies of cities within states no longer represent what is happening with the city, Taylor and Lang maintain that the city has become something else than a simple CBD tied into a hierarchy of other cities According to Felsenstein, Schamp, and Shachar, the world city is a node in globalization, reflecting processes that have redrawn the limits on spatial interaction Most lists of world cities agree that NY, London, and Tokyo are important world cities\ Geographer Jon Beaverstock and Peter J. Taylor and their Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network have produce nearly 200 research papers, chapters, and books on the geography of world cities over the past few years - Studied which cities provide producer services in the areas of banking, law, advertising, and accounting Cities as Spaces of Consumption Cities are products of globalization Spaces of Consumption: areas of a city, the main purpose of which is to encourage people to consume goods and services; driven primarily by the global media industry Global media giants such as Time Warner, Viacom, and Walt Disney use cross promotion to encourage consumption of their products In NYC the government tried to redevelop Times Square in the arly 80s which was known for adult entertainment at the time - Now, many spaces of consumptions are in place in Times Square because Disney worked to make the space Sex free and family friendly - Disney has a theater there and performs their shows - Time Square was more improved with the mayor in 2009 closing off the road and putting in more relaxing settings Figure 9.42 Figure 9.43

(Map of the world showing the world cities in the Alpha, Beta, and Gamma rating scale) (Shows pictures of New York, New York and the New Amsterdam Theater in Times Square and how it has changed)