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Division Gracilucutes (Gram-negative) Class Oxyphotobacteria aerobic photosynthesis (1 producers) Oscillatoria cyanobacteria Class Anoxyphotobacteria anaerobic photosynthesis Reduced

ced S compounds as e donor Chlorobium green Chromatium purple Non-sulfur Chloroflexus green Rhodospirillum purple Class Scotobacteria no photosynthesis, less Family Spirochaetaceae (Spirochetes) spiral, axial filament Treponema syphilis Borrelia Lyme disease Family Spirillaceae microaerophile, spiral, motile flagellum Helicobacter stomach ulcers Family Vibrionaceae facultative anaerobe, curved, motile flagellum Vibrio cholera Family Enterobacteriacieae (Enterics) facultative anaerobe, often inhabit colon, part of normal microbiota Escherichia (coli) food poisoning, research Salmonella food poisoning, typhoid fever Shigella dysentery Klebsiella pneumonia Serratia nosocomial infections Yersinia Black Death Obligate intracellular parasites Chlamydia STD Rickettsia Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Chemoautotrophs oxidize reduced S, Fe, & N compounds; live in muddy sediments Thiobacillus oxidize reduced S/Fe compounds Aerobic rods & cocci Pseudomonas ubiquitous, lives in soil & H 2 O, food spoilage, opportunistic infections Neisseria gonorrhea, diplococcus Bordatella whooping cough (pertussis) Rhizobium fixes N for plants

KINGDOM MONERA Division Firmicutes (Gram-positive) Division Tenericutes (Mycoplasmas) Class Firmibacteria rods & cocci Class Mollicutes Mycoplasmas (no cell Family Micrococcaceae grapelike wall) clusters Mycoplasma pneumonia Staphylococcus food poisoning, wound infections, boils, TSS Family Streptococcaceae linear chains Streptococcus sore throat, scarlet fever Family Bacillaceae endospore-forming Bacillus anthrax Clostridium botulism, tetanus Family Mycobacteriaceae acid-fast rods Mycobacterium TB, leprosy Class Thallobacteria Actinomycetes, filamentous (fungal type growth), live in soil Streptomyces produces antibiotics, including streptomycin Green nonsulfur bacteria Green sulfur bacteria Chlamydias

Division Mendosicutes (Archaebacteria) Class Archaebacteria strange cell walls w/o peptidoglycan Extreme halophiles salt lovers Halobacterium photosynthesizes w/ bacteriorhodopsin, req. hi salt conc. Extreme thermophiles heat lovers Sulfolobus & Thermococcus thrive @ 70-100C, live in volcanoes & deep sea vents/hot springs, respectively Thermoacidophiles heat & acid lovers Thermoplasma thrives @ pH ~2, 60C Methanogens CH 4 producers Methanobacterium turn organic wastes, CO 2 , & H gas into CH 4 ; used in sewage treatment plants

Spirochetes

Gram-positive & mycoplasma Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria

TREE OF BACTERIAL PHYLOGENY

Kingdom Euryarchaeota Methanobacterium Halobacterium Thermococcus

Kingdom Crenarchaeota

Sulfolobus

TREE OF ARCHAEABACTERIAL PHYLOGENY

Thermoplasma

Kingdom Protista (Paraphyletic: common ancestor) SEAWEED ALGAE plant-like (photosynthesize w/ chlorophyll; photoautotrophs), usually unicellular, live in & are important 1 producers in aquatic environment Division Phaeophytha brown algae or kelp, appear brown/tan b/c they contain accessory pigment fucoxanthin (algin, food thickener/emulsifier) Sargassum Division Rhodophyta red algae, appear reddish b/c they contain accessory pigment phycobilin (agar, bacterial media; carrageenan, food additive) Gelidium Division Chlorophyta green algae, cellulose cell walls, ancestors of modern terrestrial plants, contain many freshwater forms Spyrogyra pond scum Ulva multicellular seaweed PLANKTONIC floating ALGAE (photosynthetic) Division Chrysophyta diatoms, cell walls of SiO 2 , complex & beautiful shapes Division Dino/pyrrophyta dinoflagellates, produce neurotoxin during spring blooms (red tides) *Both are major 1 producers of marine world & produce majority of molecular oxygen on earth. Large percentage of fossil fuels constituted from their remains. PROTOZOA animal-like (chemoheterotrophs), unicellular, live in soil & H 2 O, often symbiotic w/ animals (termites), some are pathogens Phylum Sarcodina amoeba (pseudopods to move) Entamoeba dysentery Phylum Mastigophora flagellates (flagella to move) Giardia causes giardasis (beaver fever, severe GI tract distress) Phylum Ciliophora ciliates (cilia to move), not medically important Paramecium Phylum Apicomplexa obligate intracellular parasites Plasmodium malaria

Kingdom Fungi Fungi are: -Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic chemoheterotrophs -Usually decomposers in soil, some cause disease (many are plant parasites, ie chestnut blight) -Cell walls made of chitin -Multicellular (only yeast is unicellular, placed in fungi b/c of striking similarity to other fungi) -Spoilage of foods more common by mold than bacteria

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Platyhelminthes flatworms -Trematodes (flukes) attach to host tissue & suck tissue fluids for nutrition -Cestodes (tapeworms) generally exist in GI tract & eat most of hosts food, can get quite large (>20 ft.) Phylum Nematoda roundworms, not parasites (except pinworms & hookworms), ubiquitous in soil & H 2 O Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) wheel creatures, free-living freshwater organisms, not pathogenic Phylum Arthropoda (as vectors) Class Insecta Class Arachnida ticks (related to spiders)

Divisions based on type of sexual spore produced. Division Zygomycota conjugation fungi (produce zygospores through union of 2 compatible strands of the fungi, hyphae) Rhizopus common black bread mold Division Ascomycota sac fungi (ascospores enclosed in sac-like ascus) Neurospora mold Saccharomyces yeast (important commercially in making alcohol) Division Basidiomycota club fungi (includes mushrooms), sexual basidiospores present @ tips of stalklike appendage basidia, most are macroscopic (organism, not spores) Division Deuteromycota not observed to produce sexual spores, or else recategorized; penicillin

LICHENS: symbiotic relationship btwn fungus & algae (sometimes even cyanobacteria) -Are quite common -Are often pioneer species ecologically

Plasmodium Life Cycle -Grows by sexual reproduction in Anopheles mosquito; transmits sporozoites to humans (enter blood & travel to liver) -Multiply by schizogeny in liver (merozoites, which enter blood & infect RBCs) -As merozoites grow asexually, RBCs rupture & release more merozoites & toxin (fevers & chills) -Gametocytes (sexual cells) picked up by mosquito & cycle repeats -Mosquito: definitive host (sexual stage) -Humans: intermediate host (asexual reproduction)

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