TABLE 1

MANOMETRIC LEVELS(mm)

Rotameter Water Time(

(cm)
(kg) sec.)

No:

327

308

322

324

325

303

304

310

215

7,5

44

347

300

336

339

342

289

287

299

197

8,5

7,5

28

382

277

361

366

372

255

250

273

156

13,5

15

42

372

298

357

361

364

283

279

296

188

11

15

52

359

329

352

354

356

324

322

330

232

15

78

CALCULATIONS
1)For Venturi meter:
PA /(*g)+VA2/(2*g)+zA= PB /(*g)+VB2/(2*g)+zB
zA = zB
PA /(*g)=hA and PB /(*g)=hB
hA + VA2 / (2*g) = hB+ VB2 / (2*g)
(VB2-VA 2)/(2*g) = hA- hB
Q = VA *AA = VB*AB
VA = (VB*AB ) / AA
AA = (/4)*(0,026)2 = 5,309*10-4 m2
AB = (/4)*(0,016)2 = 2,011*10-4 m2
VA = 0,378*VB
(VB2 -(0,378*VB)2) / (2*g) = hA- hB
VB =( 22,891*( hA- hB ) )1/2
Q = 2,011*10-4 * ( 22,891*( hA- hB ) )1/2

m = * Q = 0,201* ( 22,891*( hA- hB ) )1/2

RUN NO
1
2
3
4
5

HA (mm)
327
347
382
372
359

HB (mm)
308
300
277
298
329

m (kg/s)
0,133
0,209
0,312
0,262
0,167

HF (mm)
303
289
295
283
324

m (kg/s)
0,126
0,195
0,235
0,241
0,151

2)For Orifice meter:

Q = VF *AF = VE *AE
VE = (VF*AF ) / AE
AE = (/4)*(0,051)2 = 2,043*10-3 m2
AF = (/4)*(0,020)2 = 3,142*10-4 m2
VE = 0,154*VF
(VF2 -(0,154*VF)2) / (2*g) =K2*( hA- hB )
VF = ( 7,26*( hE- hF ) )1/2
Q = 3,142*10-4 *( 7,26*( hE- hF ) )1/2
m = *Q = 0,3142 *( 7,26*( hE- hF ) )1/2
RUN NO
1
2
3
4
5

HE (mm)
325
342
372
364
356

3) For Rotameter:
Mass flow values taken from rotameter calibration curve, which is given with the
experiment sheets.
m (kg / sec)

RUN NO
1
2
3

Venturi

Orifice

0,133
0,209
0,312

0,126
0,195
0,235

Rotameter
0,135
0,220
0,311

Weight Tank
0,170
0,268
0,357

4
5

0,262
0,167

0,241
0,151

0,271
0,175

0,288
0,192

For each meter with weight of tank mass flow rate can be calculated from least square
method. With using the table in previous page.
y=ax+b
a = ( n * (xi * yi ) - (xi ) *(yi) ) / ( n * xi2 - (xi)2 )
b=( (yi) * (xi2) (xi * yi) * (xi) ) / (n*(xi2)-(xi)2)

1) For Venturi meter:

xi

yi

xi*yi

xi=1,191

yi=1,929

xiyi=0,283

a= 1,43
b= 0,025
y= 1,43x + 0,025

2) For Orifice meter:

(xi)2=0,177

xi2

Xi

Yi

Xi*Yi

Xi*Xi

0,092
0,116

0,061
0,076

0,005612
0,008816

0,008464
0,013456

0,149
0,181

0,099
0,122

0,014751
0,022082

0,022201
0,032761

0,217
0,24

0,13
0,148

0,02821
0,03552

0,047089
0,0576

0,257
0,301

0,155
0,192

0,039835
0,057792

0,066049
0,090601

0,323
1,876

0,208
1,191

0,067184
0,279802

0,104329
0,44255

xi=1,876
(xi)2=0,442
yi=1,191
xiyi=0,279
a= 0,6
b= 0,0065

y= 0,6x + 0,0065

3) For Rotameter:
Xi
0,061
0,076
0,099
0,122
0,13
0,148
0,155
0,192
0,208
1,191
xi=1.191
(xi)2=0.177
yi=2,035
xiyi=0.3

Yi
0,12
0,13
0,165
0,21
0,24
0,25
0,28
0,31
0,33
2,035

a= 1.58

Xi*Yi
0,00732
0,00988
0,016335
0,02562
0,0312
0,037
0,0434
0,05952
0,06864
0,298915

b= 0.0165

Xi*Xi
0,003721
0,005776
0,009801
0,014884
0,0169
0,021904
0,024025
0,036864
0,043264
0,177139

y= 1.58x + 0.0165

Head Losses
1) For Venturi meter:
PA / - PA / = hAC = hA- hC
VA =VC ; AA = AC
Inlet Kinetic Head: VA2 / (2*g)
VA2 / (2*g) = 0,167 * ( hA- hB )
hAC = hA- hC

hA
327
347
382
372
359

1
2
3
4
5

hC
322
336
361
357
352

hAC
5
11
21
15
7

2) For Wide angle Diffuser:

Q= VAAA =VCAC
AA= AC

VA= VC

Inlet kinetic head of diffuser is equal to inlet kinetic head of venturi.

hCD = hC- hD

1
2
3
4
5

hC
322
336
361
357
352

hD
324
339
366
361
354

hCD
-2
-3
-5
-4
-2

3)For Orifice meter:

PE /(*g)+VE2/(2*g)+zE = PF /(*g)+VF2/(2*g)+zF
zE = zF
PE /(*g) = hE and PF /(*g) = hF
VF *AF = VE *AE
VF = 6,494*VE
hE -hF = (6,494*VE) / (2*g) VE2 /(2*g)
hCD = hC- hD

1
2
3
4
5

HE
325
342
372
364
356

hF
303
289
255
283
324

hEF
22
53
117
81
32

4) For Right Angle Elbow:

Q= VEAE =VGAG
AE= AG ; VE= VG
Inlet kinetic head of elbow is equal to inlet kinetic head of orifice.
hGH = hG - hH

1
2
3
4
5

HG
304
287
250
279
322

hH
310
299
273
296
330

hGH
-6
-12
-23
-17
-8

1) For Venturimeter
PA / + VA2 / 2g = PB / + VB2 / 2g
PA / - PB / = HA HB
VA2 / 2g = VB2 / 2g - (HA HB)

VA * AA = VB * AB

VB = [( / 4)*(26)2 / ( / 4)(16)2] * VA
VB = 2.64 VA
VA2 / 2g = 6.973 VA2 / 2g (hA hB) = VA2 / 2g = 0.167(hA hB)
h= hA hB
h / KEA

1
2
3
4
5

hA
327
347
382
372
359

hB
308
300
277
298
329

hAB (mm)
19
47
105
74
30

KEA (m)

0,0032
0,0078
0,0175
0,0123
0,0050

h / KEA
5,9375
6,0256
6
6,0162
6

2) For Wide Angle Diffuser:

(PC/g) + (VC2/2g) = (PD/g) + (VD2/2g) + hloss
VD=VC/4
KEC=VC2/2g
VC = VA so

KEA = KEC

h= hC hD
h / KEC

1
2
3
4
5

hC
322
336
361
357
352

hD
324
339
366
361
354

hCD (mm)
-2
-3
-5
-4
-2

KEA (m)

KEC (m)

0,0032
0,0078
0,0175
0,0123
0,0050

0,0032
0,0078
0,0175
0,0123
0,0050

h / KEA
-0,625
-0,385
-0,286
-0,325
-0,4

4) For Orifice:
From the hint given in the sheet:
VF2 / 2g VE2 / 2g = K2 (hE hF) (K = 0.601)
KE = VE2 / 2g = VF2 / 2g - K2 (hE hF)
VE x ( * 512 / 4) = VF * ( * 202 / 4)

VE * AE = VF * AF
VE * 6.5 = VF

VE2 / 2g = 42.25VE2 / 2g 0.6012 (hE hF)

KEE = VE2 / 2g = 0.00855*(hE hF)
h = hE hF

h / KEE
hE
325
342
372
364
356

1
2
3
4
5

hF
303
289
295
283
324

hEF (mm)
22
53
77
81
32

KEE (m)

1,881E-4
4,532E-4
6,584E-4
6,926E-4
2,736E-4

h / KEE
116,96
116,95
116,95
116,95
116,96

For Right Angle Elbow:

KEG = VG2/2g
DC / DG = 26 / 51 = 0.51 VC / VG = 3.847 VG = 0.26VC VC = VA
KEG = 0.0676 VA2 / 2g = 0.0676 KEA
h = hG hH

1
2
3
4
5

h / KEG
hG

hH

hGH (mm)

KEA (m)

KEG (m)

h/

304
287
250
279
322

310
299
273
296
330

-6
-12
-23
-17
-8

0,0032
0,0078
0,0175
0,0123
0,0050

2,163E-4
5,273E-4
1,183E-3
8,315E-4
3,38E-4

KEG
27,739
22,757
19,442
20,444
1,6

For Rotameter:
Inlet kinetic head of rotameter is equal to inlet kinetic head of venturi meter.

(PH/g) + (VH2/2g) + ZH = (PI/g) + (VI2/2g) + ZI + hloss

hloss = k(VG2/2g)

k = 0,9 (for 900 elbow)

VH2/2g = (hG hH) + (VG2/2g) 0,9(VG2/2g) = (hG hH) + 0,1(VG2/2g)

KEH = VH2/2g = (hG hH) + 0,1(VG2/2g)

(VG2/2g) = 0.0676 KEA

KEH = VH2/2g = (hG hH) + 0.00676 KEA

h = hH hI

h / KEH
hH

hI

hHI (mm) hGH(mm) KEA (m)

KEH (m)

h/
KEG

1
2
3
4
5

310
299
273
296
330

215
197
156
188
232

95
102
117
108
98

-6
-12
-23
-17
-8

0,0032
0,0078
0,0175
0,0123
0,005

-5,9997
-11,9994
-22,9988
-16,9991
-7,9997

ANSWER 6

e%

mMETER mTANK

100
mTANK

mMETER
a
mTANK

which is calculated by least square method .

e% ( a 1)100
For Venturi meter:
Run no:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Venturi
0,117
0,128
0,16
0,2
0,215
0,235
0,258
0,297
0,319

Weight Tank
0,061
0,076
0,099
0,122
0,13
0,148
0,155
0,192
0,208

e%
47,8
68,4
61,61
64
65,38
58,78
66,45
54,7
53,36

For Orifice meter:

Run no:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Orifice
0,092
0,116
0,149
0,181
0,217
0,24
0,257
0,301
0,323

Weight Tank
0,061
0,076
0,099
0,122
0,13
0,148
0,155
0,192
0,208

e%
50,82
52,63
50,5
48,36
66,92
62,16
65,8
56,77
55,28

Rotameter
0,12
0,13
0,165
0,21
0,24
0,25
0,28
0,31
0,33

Weight Tank
0,061
0,076
0,099
0,122
0,13
0,148
0,155
0,192
0,208

e%
96,72
71
66,67
72,13
84,61
67
80,64
61,45
58,65

For Rotameter:
Run no:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

In this experiment we used different flow measurement devices. We also saw
that they dont indicate flow rate directly. After taking the manometer levels and time
we made some calculations, by using data to calculate flow rate, head losses and inlet
kinetic heads.
In this experiment we took weight tank as reference, because it gives exactly the
true value of flow rate due to calculation of mass/time. Other devices gives different
results. And we compared the results by drawing diagrams which includes flow rate of
each device and weight tank. These diagrams show that orifice meter gives best result
relative to the other devices excluding weight tank.
There is problem on the second reading. Second data differs too much from
others. So we didnt take into consideration when we are drawing the figures. In fact the
first data seems to wrong, but we cant neglect the first or last data point, because we
dont have any value which is including the first data point.
Finally we can use the weight tank or orifice meter. Because beside of being
applicable in practice easily, they give acceptable results. But if we had to do a choice
between these devices and if both of them is applicable in our job then we must choose
the weight tank. It is easy to use and only a stop watch is enough for measuring flow
rate.