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CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS


MODUL 3
2.1 CONCEPT MAP 2
2.2 GENERAL FORM 3
2.2.1 Identifying 3
Exercises 1 3
2.2.2 Recognising general form of quadratic equation 4
.ax
2
+ bx c = 0
Exercises 2 4
2.3 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 6
2.3.1 Factorisation 6
Exercises 1 6
2.3.2 Completing the square 8
Exercises 1 8
2.3.3 Quadratic formula 10
Exercises 1 10
2.4 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS 12
2.5 ASSESSMENT 13
ANSWERS 15
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CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
MODUL 3
2.1 CONCEPT MAP
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
ROOTS
x = o , |
GENERAL FORM
.ax
2
+ bx + c = 0
3
2.2 GENERAL FORM
2.2.1 Identifying
Example 1
4x + 3 = 2x
2x + 3 = 0
The highest power of variable x is 1
Therefore 4x + 3 = 2x is not a quadratic
equation
Example 2
x(x + 5) = 7
x
2
+ 5x -
5
5.
x
4
=
x
x

+
5
3 6. x
2
+ px = 2x - 6
7. px (2 x) = x 4m 8. (2x 1)(x + 4) = k(x 1) + 3
9. (7 2x + 3x
2
) =
3
1 + x
10. 7x 1 =
x
x x 2
2

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2.3. SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
2.3.1 Factorisation
Exercises 3
Solve the following quadratic equation by factorisation
1. x
2
+ 3x - 4 = 0 2. x
2
-2x = 15
3. 4x
2
+ 4x 3 = 0 4. 3x
2
- 7x + 2 = 0
Example 1
.x
2
+ 6x + 5 = 0 x + 3 3x
( x + 3)(x + 2) = 0 .x + 2 2x
.x + 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
.x = -3 x = - 2 .x
2
+ 6 5x
Therefore, The roots of the equation are
.x = -3 and -2
Example 2
4(x +3) = x(2x 1)
4x + 12 = 2x
2
- x
2x
2
- 5x - 12 = 0
(2x + 3)(x - 4) = 0
2x + 3 = 0 or x - 4 = 0
.x =
2
3
x = 4
Therefore, The roots of the equation
are
.x =
2
3
and 4
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5. x
2
= 3x 2 6. x(2x - 5) = 12
7. 8x
2
+ x = 21(1 x) 8. (2y 1)(y + 4) = -7
9. 4y -
y
1
= 3 10.
2 3
6 7

m
m
= m
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2.3.2. Completing the square
Example 1
.x
2
6x + 7 = 0
.x
2
- 6x = -7
.x
2
6x +
2
2
6
|
.
|

\
|
= - 7 +
2
2
6
|
.
|

\
|
.x
2
6x + (-3)
2
= -7 + (-3)
2
(x - 3)
2
= 2
.x 3 = 2
.x = 3 2
.x = 3 + 2 or 3 - 2
.x = 4.414 or 1.586
Example 2
2x
2
-5x 1 = 0
2x
2
5x = 1
.x
2
-
2
5
x =
2
1
.x
2
-
2
5
x +
2
4
5
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
+
2
4
5
|
.
|

\
|
2
4
5
|
.
|

\
|
x =
2
1
+
16
25
=
16
33
.x -
4
5
=
16
33
=
4
33

.x =
4
5
+
4
33
or
4
5
-
4
33
.x =
4
33 5 +
or
4
33 5
.x = 2.686 or -0.186
Exercises 4
Solve the following quadratic equation by completing the square
1. (x + 3 )
2
= 16 2. (5x - 4)
2
= 24
Rearrange in the
form
.x
2
+ px = q
Add
2
2
. ..
|
.
|

\
| x of t coefficien
To both sides
Change the
coefficient
of x
2
to 1
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3. x
2
- 8x + 12 = 0 4. 3x
2
+ 6x 2 = 0
5. 5x
2
7x + 1 = 0 6. 2x
2
3x 4 = 0
7. (x + 1)(x - 5) = 4
8. 1 -
x
1
=
2
2
3
x
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Quadratic formula
Example 1
.x
2
+ 5x + 2 = 0
.a = 1, b = 5, c = 2
Using the formula x =
a
ac b b
2
4
2

.x =
( )( )
( ) 1 2
2 1 4 5 5
2

.x =
2
8 25 5
=
2
17 5
.x =
2
17 5 +
or
2
17 5
= - 0.438 or - 4.562
Example 2
3x
2
= 4x + 2
3x
2
- 4x 2 = 0
.a = 3, b = -4 , c = - 2
Using the formula
.x =
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) 3 2
2 3 4 4 4
=
( )
6
24 16 4 +
=
6
40 4
.x =
6
40 4 +
or
6
40 4
= 1.721 and 0.387
Exercises 5
Solve the following quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula
1. x
2
11x + 28 = 0 2. x
2
3x + 5 = 0
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3. 2x
2
+ 11x + 9 = 0 4. 3x
2
+ 14x 9 = 0
5. 10x(2x 1) 8 = x(2x + 35) 6. (x 1)(4x 9) + 7 = 10x
7.
3
2 11
+

v
v
= 2v
8.
1
1 3
2
2

+
x x
x x
= 2
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9.
5
2 3 x
+
2
3

x
x
= 1 10.
x
x + 1
+ 3 =
5
7
+ x
2.4 PAST YEARS QUESTIONS
SPM 2001. PAPER 1 Question 3
1. Solve the quadratic equation 2x(x + 3) = ( x + 4)(1 - x). Give your answer
correct to four singnificant figures.
SPM 2003. PAPER 1 Question 3
1. Solve the quadratic equasion 2x(x 4) = (1 x)(x + 2)
Give your answer correct to four significant figures.
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2.5 ASSESSMENT ( 30 minutes)
1. Express 3x
2
2px = 5x - 7p in genegal from
2. Find the roots of the equation 2x
2
+ 5x = 12
3. Find the roots of
2
1
+ x
=
3
x
,
4. By using the quadratic formula, solve the equation 2x
2
5x 1 = x(4x - 2)
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5. Solve the quadratic equation (5x 3)(x + 1) = x(2x 5) .
Give your answer correct to four significant figures.
6. Given the equation x
2
+ 4x 5 = (x a)
2
+ b , find the values of a and b
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ANSWERS
Exercises 1
1. No 2. Yes
3. Yes 4. Yes
5. No 6. Yes
Exercises 2
1. 6x
2
5 = 0 a= 6, b = 0, c = -5
2. 2x
2
+ 5x 7 = 0 a = 2 , b = 5 , c = -7
3. x
2
+ 4x 3 = 0 a = 1, b = 4 , c = - 3
4. x
2
+ x 5 = 0 a = 1, b = 1, c = -5
5. x
2
+ 7x 20 = 0 a = 1, b = 7, c = -20
6. x
2
+ (p 2)x + 6 = 0 a= 1, b=(p 2), c= 6
7. px
2
+ (1 2p)x 4m = 0 a = p , b = (1 2p) , c = -4m
8. 2x
2
+ (7 - k) x + k 7 = 0 a = 2, b = (7 - k), c = (k 7)
9. 9x
2
- 7x + 20 = 0 a = 9, b = -7 c = 20
10. 6x
2
+ x = 0 a = 6, b = 1, c = 0
Exercises 3
1. 1, -4 2. 5, -3
3.
2
1
, -
2
3
4.
3
1
, 2
5. 1, 2 6. 4,
2
3
7.
2
7
,
4
3
7.
2
1
, - 3
9.
4
1
, 1 10. 1,
3
7
Exercises 4
1. 1, -7 2. 1.77, - 0.17
3. 2, 6 4. 0.457 , - 1.437
5. 0.161, 1.239 6. 2.351 , - 0.851
7. 5.60, -1.60 8. 1.823, -0.823
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Exercises 5
1. 4, 7 2. 1.191, - 4.191
3. -1,
2
9
4. 0.573 , -5.239
5. 2.667, - 0.169 6. 0.810, 4.94
7. 2,
2
1
8. 5.192, -1.925
9. 2.812, - 0.119 10. -0.403, -3.069
PAST YEARS QUESTIONS
1. 0.393, -3.393 2. 2.591, -0.2573
ASSESSMENT
1. 3x
2
(2p + 5)x + 7p = 0
2.
2
3
, 4
3. 3, 1
4. - 0.5, -1
5. 0.370, -2.70
6. a = 2, b = -9
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SPM
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
MODULE 4
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CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
MODUL 4
2.1 CONCEPT MAP 2
2.2 FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS
o and | 3
2.2.1 Form a quadratic equation with the roots 4
Exercises 1 4
2.2.2 Determine the sum of the roots and product of the roots of the 5
following quadratic equations.
Exercises 2 5
2.3. TYPES OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATION 6
2.3.1 Determine the types of roots for each of the following 6
quadratic equations
Exercises 3
2.4 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING (.b
2
- 4ac ) 7
2.4.1 Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic 7
equations which has two equal roots
Exercises 4 7
2.4.2 Find the range of values of h for each of the following 8
quadratic equations which roots are different
Exercises 5 8
2.4.3 Find the range of values of m for each of the following 9
quadratic equations which has no roots
Exercises 6 9
2.5 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS 10
2.6 ASSESSMENT (30 MINUTES) 12
ANSWERS 14
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CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
MODUL 4
2.1 CONCEPT MAP
S
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
ROOTS
.x = o and x = |
GENERAL FORM
The quadratic equation
FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATION
FROM GIVEN ROOTS
Sum of the roots
Product of the roots
The quadratic equation
TYPES OF ROOTS
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2.2 FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS o and |
Notes
If x
1
= a and x
2
= b
Then (x a) = 0 and (x b) = 0
(x a)(x b) = 0
.x
2
bx ax + ab = 0
.x
2
(a + b)x + ab = 0
The quadratic equation with roots
o and | is written as
.x
2
( | o + )x + o| = 0 .(1)
From general form ax
2
+ bx + c = 0
a
ax
2
+
a
bx
+
a
c
= 0
.x
2
+
a
bx
+
a
c
= 0 (2)
Compare with the equations (1) and (2) .x
2
( | o + )x + o| = 0 ..(1)
x
2
+
a
bx
+
a
c
= 0 (2)
( | o + ) =
c
b
( | o + ) = -
c
b
( The sum of the roots)
o| =
a
c
( The product of the roots)
Sum
of the
roots
Product
.of the
roots
Sum
of the
roots
Product
.of the
roots
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2.2.1 Form a quadratic equation with the roots
Exercises 1
Roots
o and |
Sum of
.the roots
( | o + )
Product of
.the roots
o|
The puadratic equation
.x
2
( | o + )x + o| = 0
Example 1
3 , 2 5 6 x
2
(5)x + 6 = 0
Example 2
4
1
, - 3
4
1
+ (-3)
=
4
12 1
=
4
11
|
.
|

\
|
4
1
(- 3) =
4
3
.x
2

|
.
|

\
|
4
11
x +
|
.
|

\
|
4
3
= 0
4x
2
+ 11x 3 = 0
a) 4 , -7
b)
2 ,
3
1
c)
3
1
,
2
1
d)
5
1
,
3
2
e)
3k,
5
6k
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2.2.2 Determine the sum of the roots and product of the roots of the following
quadratic equations.
Exercises 2
The puadratic equation Sum of
.the roots
Product of
.the roots
Example 1
.x
2
6x + 9 = 0 6 9
Example 1
.9x
2
+ 36x - 27 = 0
9
9
2
x
+
9
36x
-
9
27
= 0
.x
2
+ 4x 3 = 0
-(4) = -4 -3
a) .x
2
+ 73x - 61 = 0
b) 7x
2
- 14x - 35 = 0
c) 2x(x + 3) = 4x + 7
d) 2x +
x
2
=
4
1
e)
4x
2
+ kx + k 1 = 0
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2.3. TYPES OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATION
2.3.2 Determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic equations
Exercises 3
1. 2x
2
- 8x + 3 = 0 2. -2y
2
+ 6x + 3 = 0
3. 3x
2
= 7x - 5 4. 4x
2
= a(4x - a)
Example 1
a) . x
2
12x + 27 = 0
. a = 1, b = -12 , c = 27
.b
2
- 4ac = (-12)
2
4(1)(27)
= 144 108
= 36 > 0
Thus, x
2
12x + 27 = 0
Has two different roots
Example 2
b) .4 x
2
12x + 9 = 0
. a = 4, b = -12 , c = 9
.b
2
- 4ac = (-12)
2
4(4)(9)
= 144 - 144
= 0
Thus, 4x
2
12x + 9 = 0
Has two equal roots
Example 3
c) .2 x
2
7x + 10 = 0
. a = 2, b = -7 , c = 10
.b
2
- 4ac = (-7)
2
4(2)(10)
= 49 80
= - 31< 0
Thus, 2x
2
7x + 10 = 0
Has no real roots
.x =
( )
a
ac b b
2
4
2

.b
2
- 4ac
. b
2
- 4ac > 0
. Two different
. b
2
- 4ac = 0
. Two equal root
. b
2
- 4ac < 0
. No real roots
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2.4 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING (.b
2
- 4ac)
The discriminant b
2
- 4ac of the quadratic equation can be used to
a) find an unknown value in an equation
Example 1
The quadratic equation x
2
- 2px + 25 = 0
Has two equal roots. Find the value p
x
2
- 2px + 25 = 0
Thus, a = 1, b = -2p , c = 25
Using .b
2
- 4ac = 0
(-2p)
2
4(1)(25) = 0
4p
2
- 100 = 0
4p
2
= 100
p
2
= 25
p = 25
p = 5
Example 2
The quadratic equation x
2
2kx = -(k 1)
2
Has no roots. Find the range of values of k
x
2
2kx = -(k 2)
2
x
2
2kx + (k 2)
2
= 0
Compare with ax
2
+ bx + c = 0
Thus .a = 1, b = - 2k , c = (k 2)
2
Using b
2
- 4ac < 0
(-2k)
2
4(k
2
-2k + 1)< 0
4k
2
- 4k
2
+ 8k 4 < 0
8k 4 < 0
8k < 4
.k < 4
2.4.1 Find the values of m for each of the following quadratic equations which
has two equal roots
Exercises 4
1. mx
2
- 4x + 1 = 0 2. x
2
6x + m = 0
3. x
2
2mx + 2m + 3 = 0 4. x
2
- 2mx - 4x + 1 = 0
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5. x
2
+ 6x - 9 = m (2x - 3) 6. x
2
+ 2(x + 2) = m(x
2
+ 4)
2.4.2 Find the range of values of h for each of the following quadratic equations
which roots are different
Exercises 5
1. x
2
- 6x - h = 0 2. hx
2
4x 3 = 0
3. x
2
+ 6x + h + 3 = 0 8. 2hx
2
+ 4x + 1 = 0
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5. x(5 2x) = h + 2 6. 2(hx
2
1) = x(x 6)
2.4.3 Find the range of values of m for each of the following quadratic equations
which has no roots
Exercises 6
1. 2x
2
+ 2x - m = 0 2. mx
2
+ 3x - 3 = 0
3. x
2
+ 2x + m - 3 = 0 4. 3x
2
+ 1 = 2(m + 3x)
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5. (h + 1)x
2
+ 8x + 6 = 0 6. (m - 3)x
2
+ 2(1 m)x = -(m + 1)
2.5 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS
SPM 2001/P1 Question 4
1. Given that -1 and h are roots of the quadratic equation
(3x 1)(x 2) = p(x 1), where p is a constant, find the values of h and p
SPM 2002/P1 Question 4
2. Given that 3 and n are roots the equation (2x + 1)(x 4) = a(x 2),
where a and n are constants, find the values of a and n.
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SPM 2002/P1 Question 12
3. It is given that
3
o
and
3
|
are roots of the quadratic equation px(x 1) = 3q + x
If | o + = 12 and o| = 3, find the values of p and q
SPM 2004/P1 Question 4
4. Form a quadratic equation which has the roots 5 and
4
3
,
Give your answer in the form of ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 ,
Where a, b, and c are constans
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2.6 ASSESSMENT (30 MINUTES)
1. Form a quadratic equation which has the roots 3 and - 4
2. Given that -3 and 4 are roots of the quadratic equation x
2
+ ax = b
Find the values of a and b
3. The quadratic equation x
2
- kx + 2k = 4 has roots 2 and 6
Find the values of k
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.4 Find the values of h if the equation x
2
= 4hx - 36 has equal roots
5. The quadratic equation kx
2
- 2(3 + k)x = 1 k has no real roots.
Find the range of vales of k
6. The quadratic equasion x(x 2m) = - ( 3m + 4) has equal roots, find
a) the value of m
b) the roots
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ANSWERS
Exercises 1
a. -3, -28, x
2
+ 3x 28 = 0 b.
3
5
,
3
2
, , 3x
2
-5x 2 = 0
c.
6
5
,
6
1
, 6x
2
- 5x + 1 = 0 d.
15
7
,
15
2
, 15x
2
+ 7x 2 = 0
e.
5
21k
,
5
18
2
k
, 5x
2
- 21kx 18 k
2
= 0
Exercises 2
a. -73 , - 61 b. 2, - 5
c. -1,
2
7
, d.
8
1
, 1
e.
4
k
,
4
1 k
Exercises 3
1. Two different roots 2. Two different roots
3. No real roots 4. Two equal roots
Exercises 4
1. m = 4 2. m = 9
3. m = 3 and -1 4. m = - 3 and -1
5. m = 3 and 6 6. m =
2
3
and
2
1
Exercises 5
1. h > - 9 2. h >
3
4
3. h < 6 4. h < 2
5. h <
8
9
6. h >
4
7
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Exercises 5
1. m <
2
1
2. m <
4
3
3. m > 4 4. m < -3
5. m >
3
5
6. m >
3
1
PASS YEARS QUESTIONS
1. P = - 6 , h =
3
4
2. a = -7 n = 3
3. p =
3
1
, q =
27
1
4. 4x
2
+ 17x 15 = 0
ASSESSMENT
1. x
2
+ x - 12 = 0
2. a = -1, b = 12
3. k = 8
4. h = 3
5. k <
7
9
6. m = 4, -1
x = 4, -1
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