CVE3203(F) / Page 1 of 6 INTI INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS) IN CIVIL ENGINEERING CVE3203: ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY FINAL EXAMINATION:

AUGUST 2012 SESSION

Instructions: This paper consists of SIX (6) questions. Answer any FOUR (4) questions in the answer booklet provided. All questions carry equal marks. Question 1 (a) An annual water budget for a critical water supply basin is needed. During the year, the following data were collected for the 6200 km2 catchment: precipitation = 350 mm, inflow from sources of surface runoff = 76.67 m3/s, evaporation and transpiration = 350 mm, average annual streamflow leaving the basin (outflow) = 75.469 m3/s, and infiltration = 0.561 km3. Determine the change of storage in millimeter in the catchment. (6 marks) (b) Explain a procedure for checking rainfall data for consistency. (8 marks) (c) (i) For a catchment of 960 km2, the rainfall for a specific month and their areas of influence for the stations are given below. Determine the average rainfall over the catchment using the Arithmetic mean method and Thiessen polygon method. Stations H and F are located outside the catchment area, while the other stations are inside the catchment area. Station Rainfall (cm) Area (km2) A 9.3 170 B 10.5 165 C 10.9 156 D 12.2 150 E 13.5 116 F 14.0 36 G 14.2 125 H 12.8 42

(ii) For the catchment of 1015 km2, isohyetals drawn for a storm gave the following data: Isohyets (cm) Area (km2) 34 56 4-6 192 6-8 420 8-10 245 10-11 44 11-12 58

Estimate the average depth of precipitation over the catchment. (11 marks)

CVE3203(F) / Page 2 of 6 Question 2 (a) Define the following terms: (i) infiltration capacity, (ii) field capacity and (iii) infiltration index . A 16-hr storm occurred over 25 km2 basin, the time distribution of rainfall is given below: Time from start (hr) Cumulative rainfall (mm) 0 0 2 2 4 8 6 15 8 25 10 32 12 37 14 40 16 41

If the surface runoff was observed to be 30 ha-m, (i) sketch the rainfall hyetograph and (ii) determine the infiltration index . (9 marks) (b) (i) Define the terms of yield and flow-mass curve. (ii) The following table gives the mean monthly flows in a river during a year. Calculate the minimum storage (Mm3) required to maintain the variable demand given in the table below. Month Flow (Mm3) Demand (Mm3) Jan 135 60 Feb 23 55 Mar 27 80 Apr 21 102 May 15 100 Jun 40 Jul 120 Aug 185 30 Sep 112 25 Oct 87 59 Nov Dec 63 42 85 75

121 38

(7 marks) (c) The following are the data obtained in a stream-gauging operation. A current meter with a calibration equation V (m/s) = 0.32N + 0.05 where N = revolution per second was used to measure the velocity. Determine the discharge and mean velocity of the stream. Distance from bank Depth (m) (m) 0 0.0 3 1.4 6 3.3 9 12 15 18 21 24 5.0 9.0 5.4 3.8 1.8 0.0 Current meter depth 0.0 0.6 d 0.2 d 0.8 d 0.2 d 0.8 d 0.2 d 0.8 d 0.2 d 0.8 d 0.2 d 0.8 d 0.6 d No. of Revolution 0 12 38 23 40 30 48 34 34 30 35 30 18 Time (s) 0 50 52 55 58 54 60 58 52 50 52 54 50 (9 marks)

CVE3203(F) / Page 3 of 6 Question 3 (a) Define the following terms: (i) interception, (ii) depression storage, (iii) evaporation, (iv) transpiration, (v) permanent wilting point, (vi) evapotranspiration, and (vii) potential evapotranspiration. (7 marks) (b) Estimate the potential evapotranspiration in the month of August by Penman method. The following data are available: Latitude Elevation mean monthly temperature mean relative humidity mean observed sunshine hours wind velocity at 2 m height nature of surface cover maximum possible hours of sunshine : 28 N : 230 m (above sea level) : 25 C : 70% : 9 hr : 5.5 km/hr : water surface (r = 0.05) : 13.12 hr/day

PET

AH n A

Ea

where A = 1.40 mm/ C,

= 0.49 mm of Hg/ C

u2 )(e w e a ) where ew = 23.76 mm of Hg 160 n n 4 H n H a (1 r )(a b ) Ta (0.56 0.092 e a )(0.10 0.9 ) N N where a = 0.29 cos b = 0.52, = 2.01x10-9 mm/day, Ha = 15.3 mm/day. Ea 0.35(1

(9 marks) (c) (i) Define an S curve hydrograph. (ii) Using the ordinates of 4-hr unit hydrograph given below, obtain 2-hr unit hydrograph. Time (hrs) Flow (m3/s) 0 0 2 25 4 100 6 160 8 190 10 170 12 110 14 70 16 35 18 15 20 8 22 3 24 0

(9 marks)

CVE3203(F) / Page 4 of 6 Question 4 (a) (i) Define a unit hydrograph and write its important assumptions. (ii) Tabulated below are the flows on a stream draining 400 km2 due to a 3-hr storm. Using a constant base flow of 50 m3/s, derive the 3-hr unit hydrograph for the basin. State the peak of the 3 hr unit hydrograph and determine the rainfall excess for the storm.

Table: Stream flow data Time (hours) 0 3 Flow (m3/s) 50 60

6 75

9 120

12 225

15 290

18 270

21 145

Time (hours) 24 Flow (m3/s) 110

27 90

30 80

33 70

36 60

39 55

42 51

45 50

(12 marks) (b) Using the ordinates of 3-hr unit hydrograph given in Table 1, (i) calculate the area of the catchment represented by this unit hydrograph and (ii) derive the flood hydrograph due to the storm given in Table 2.

Table 1. Time (hr) 0 3-hr U.H. 0 3 ordinates (m /s) Time (hr) 33 3-hr U.H. 87 3 ordinates (m /s)

3 12

6 75

9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 132 180 210 183 156 145 114 96

36 66

39 54

42 42

45 33

48 24

51 18

54 12

57 6

60 0

Table 2. Time from beginning of storm (hr) Cumulative rainfall (cm)

0 0

3 3.5

6 5.0

9 8.5

The index for the storm can be assumed to be 0.167 cm/hr. Assume a constant base flow to be 25 m3/s. (13 marks)

CVE3203(F) / Page 5 of 6 Question 5 (a) Information on the 50-year storm is give below: Duration (min) Rainfall (mm) 15 40 30 60 45 75 60 100 180 120

Determine the 50-year peak flow over a downtown drainage area of 200 ha land with the length of water course as 1.25 km and a slope of 0.001. The land use of the area and the corresponding runoff coefficients are given as below: Land use Forest Pasture Cultivated land Use tc = 0.01947 L0.77 S-0.385. (8 marks) (b) Annual runoff data (m3/s) at a gauging station are given below. Estimate (i) the magnitude of floods with return periods of 50 years using Gumbels extreme value distribution, Log-normal and Log-Pearson Type III distributions. (ii) the recurrence interval of a flood magnitude of 300 m3/s using Gumbels distribution. Area (ha) 60 20 120 Runoff coefficient 0.25 0.16 0.4

106 91

65 78

100 93

135 75

86 107

15 83

116 109

65 38

284 223

99 321

87

Use K = (yT 0.5252)/1.0696 for Gumbels distribution and K values for Log-normal and Log-Pearson Type III distributions are given in the table below.

Cs 0 -0.5 -1.0 -2.0

Return periods 50 years 2.054 1.777 1.492 0.980

Use C S

(z z ) 3

( N 1)( N 2)( z ) 3

(17 marks)

CVE3203(F) / Page 6 of 6 Question 6 (a) (i) The Muskingum routing equation S = K(xI + (1 x)O) applies to a reach of a river. Explain how the constants x and K may be determined. (ii) If the values for a particular reach are K = 36 hr and x = 0.15, forecast the outflow hydrograph from the reach if the inflow hydrograph is as follows. Also determine the peak lag and attenuation. Assume initial outflow equals initial inflow. Hour 0 Inflow 42 (m3/s) Hour 132 Inflow 90 (m3/s) Use
C0 Kx 0.5 t K Kx 0.5 t

12 45

24 88

36 272

48 342

60 288

72 240

84 198

96 162

108 133

120 110

144 79

156 68

168 61

180 56

192 54

204 51

216 48

228 45

240 42

Q2 = C0I2 + C1I1 + C2Q1

C1 Kx 0.5 t K Kx 0.5 t C2 K K Kx 0.5 t . Kx 0.5 t

(18 marks)

(b) (i) A well taps a confined aquifer. Find its yield in litres per hour for a drawdown of 3 m when the diameter of the well is 20 cm and the thickness of the aquifer is 30 m. Assume the coefficient of permeability to be 35 m/day. (ii) If the diameter of the well is doubled, find the percentage increase in the yield, the other conditions remaining the same. Assume the radius of influence as 300 m in both cases. (7 marks)

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CVE3203/(F)/aug12/Drkhinmaungwin/aug12