Index

Pumping heterogeneous slurries (Type A Weir slurry clasification)

Application according Warmans empirical method [1]
Sheet N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Rev. cjc 30.01.2014
Pumping heterogeneous slurries (Type A Weir slurry clasification)
Application according Warmans empirical method [1]
Name
Resume. Resumed application of Weir method
" Weir type A " heterogeneous slurry. Definitions
Input data
Pressure losses (water as fluid)
Pressure difference betwen slurry and water as flow media
Theory of Warman's empirical method
Application
Limit deposition velocity
Resistance curves for different weight concentrations
The pressure correction indicated by Warman [1], has a real contribution when the
fluid velocity v > = v
L
and, in addition, when this fluid velocity is near this
limit deposition velocity.
According Warman, for v / v
L
> 1.3, the calculated pressure drop on
water has same value as the slurry pressure drop expressed in meters of slurry
column [1], page S6-3.
On the other hand, to avoid deposition, the system shal be designed for
v >= 1.1 v
L
Thus, the Warman application rage is
1.1 v
L
< v < 1.3 v
L
Note. From the theory, the maximum value is around 1.4 v
L
v
L
: limit deposition velocity
1.- Resume The slurry pressure drop is calculated,
according Weir [1], as the sum of the water
Weir empirical method for slurries type A pressure drop and the calculated pressure
difference. See below an explanation paragraph
Weir A-type slurries are defined by the following ranges from [1].
of the weight concentration "Cw" and average particle For a calculated water pressure drop
size "d
50
": (example)
0 % <= Cw <= 40 %
AP
w =
28.56
50 m < d
50
< 300 m the slurry pressure would be
AP
s =
AP
w
+ AP
s-w
The weir method gives the pressure difference "AP
s-w
" AP
w =
28.6
between the actual slurry pressure loss "AP
s
" and the AP
s_w
= 1.47
water pressure loss "AP
w
" for the the same flow rate. AP
S =
30.02
Pressure difference "AP
s-w
" The corecction factor has to be applied if
The calculation can be done by means of Q / Q
L
< 1.4
following Excel function The rage is also limited to
Q / Q
L
> 1.1
Required input data (Example. Note 1)) to ensure no deposition can occur.
Thus the application rage is
Input data for the function 1.1 < Q / Q
L
<
DeltaP = Slurry_Weir_A_DeltaP_d50_Cw_dn_Ss_Pw
d
50
= 145 m
For Q/Q
L
> 1.4, the value of the slurry pressure
Cw = 40 % drop in [mpc] has to be considered equal to
d
n
= 4 in
the value of the water pressure drop expressed
S
s
= 2.65 -
in [mwc]. (Ref. 1).
Q = 0.0104 m/s
P
w
= 28.6 mwc
Figure 2-6 [5] (below) shows the basics of
s
lining
= 9 mm
Warman method. For a flow rate Q > 1.4 QL
the slurry and water curves merge. For lower
AP
s_w
=Slurry_Weir_A_DeltaP_d50_Cw_dn_Ss_Pw flow rates, there is a difference, and the Weir
AP
s_w
= 1.47 msc method calculates it with an empirical method.
Note 1. The method will be explained in base of a numerical example, with a pipe of uniform size (for suction and discharge) and using carbon stell pipes
with standard shedule. If a different material is to be used, the values obtained (automatically) with the pipe dimension functions shall be replaced manually
by the values of the corresponding material and schedule.
[1]
4 . 1 ~
L
Q
Q
Rev. cjc 30.01.2014
The slurry pressure drop is calculated, d
50
: Average particle size [m]
according Weir [1], as the sum of the water Cw : Weight concentration [%]
pressure drop and the calculated pressure d
n
: Carbon steel pipe nominal diam. [in]
difference. See below an explanation paragraph (Standard shedule will be used)
S
S
: Solids specific gravity [-]
For a calculated water pressure drop Q : Slurry flow rate [m/s]
P
w
: Calculated pressure drop using
mwc water as fluid [mwc] (Ref. 1)
s
lining
: Lining (and deposition) thickness [mm]
Q
L
: limit deposition flow [m/s]
mwc Q
L
= v
L
* A
msc v
L
: Limit deposition velocity [m/s]
msc A : Area of interior pipe section [m]
The corecction factor has to be applied if
Index
s :solids
p . pulp
to ensure no deposition can occur. w : water
n : nominal
1.4 L : related to the limiting deposition velocity
For Q/Q
L
> 1.4, the value of the slurry pressure
drop in [mpc] has to be considered equal to Fig. 6.2, in sheet 7, (page 3) explains
the value of the water pressure drop expressed graphically the Weir method.
Figure 2-6 [5] (below) shows the basics of
Warman method. For a flow rate Q > 1.4 QL
the slurry and water curves merge. For lower
flow rates, there is a difference, and the Weir
method calculates it with an empirical method.
Note 1. The method will be explained in base of a numerical example, with a pipe of uniform size (for suction and discharge) and using carbon stell pipes
with standard shedule. If a different material is to be used, the values obtained (automatically) with the pipe dimension functions shall be replaced manually
To calculate the pressure drop of a "Weir type A slurry", the system is to be calculated as if the fluid were water. Sheet 3 presents a usual input data sheet and sheet 4 presents a usual water pressure
drop calculation. Finaly, sheet 5 presents the calculation of the pressure difference that in defined cases has to be added to the in sheet 4 calculated pressure drop.

2.- " Weir type A " heterogeneous slurry, by the Weir empirical method
Rev. cjc 30.01.2014
To calculate the pressure drop of a "Weir type A slurry", the system is to be calculated as if the fluid were water. Sheet 3 presents a usual input data sheet and sheet 4 presents a usual water pressure
drop calculation. Finaly, sheet 5 presents the calculation of the pressure difference that in defined cases has to be added to the in sheet 4 calculated pressure drop.

2.- " Weir type A " heterogeneous slurry, by the Weir empirical method
Rev. cjc 30.01.2014
To calculate the pressure drop of a "Weir type A slurry", the system is to be calculated as if the fluid were water. Sheet 3 presents a usual input data sheet and sheet 4 presents a usual water pressure

2.- " Weir type A " heterogeneous slurry, by the Weir empirical method

1.- Input data 2.- Help variables Volume concentration
Solids mass flow rate Internal diameter of CS pipe Cv = Cw*L*(s-((Cw/100)*(s-L)))
ms = 20 ton/h di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch(dn,sch) Cw = 40 %
Weight concentration of solids in slurry dn = 4 in L = 1000 kg/m
3
Cw = 40 % sch = STD S = 2650.0 kg/m
3
di = 102.3 mm Cv 20.1 %
Liquid density
L= 1000 kg/m3 Inside diameter with lining and depo- Pulp density (Index p: pulp)
Specific gravity of solids sition thicknesses p = L /(1-(Cw/100)*((s-L)/s)
Ss = 2.65 - slining = slng + sdep L = 1000 kg/m
3
Maximum allowed velocity slng = 9 mm Cw = 40.0 %
vmax = 4 m/s sdep = 0 mm s = 2650.0 kg/m
3
Minimum velocity (to avoid deposition) slining = 9 mm p = 1332 kg/m
3
vmin = 1.1 * vL m/s di = d - 2 * slining
(vL : Limit deposition velocity) d = 102.3 mm Pulp mass flow rate
Pipe nominal diameter (Note 1) slining = 9 mm Cw = ms / mp
dn = 4 in di = 84.26 mm mp = ms / Cw
Schedule di = 0.08426 m ms = 20 ton/h
SCH = STD - Cw = 0.4 -
Particle diameter d50 Pipe section mp = 50.0 ton/h
d50 = 145 m A = (t/4) * d^2
Slurry temperature d = 0.08426 m Pulp volumetric flow rate
t = 10 C A = 0.0056 m
2
QP mP / P m
3
/h
Pipe absolute rugosity mp = 50.0 ton/h
Rabs = 0.15 mm Water properties p = 1.33 ton/m
3
Pipe lengths t = 10 C QP = 37.55 m
3
/h
Lsucc = 5 m Absolute viscosity of water QP = 0.0104 m
3
/s
Ldisch = 400 m = SaturatedWaterAbsoluteViscosity_t QP = 10.43 L/s
Interior lining thickness = 1.3E-03 Pa s
slng = 9 mm Density of water
Deposition thickness L = SaturatedWaterDensity_t Pumping slurries [1], S6.2, see Note 1
sdep = 0 mm L = 1000 kg/m
3
Froth factor Kinematic viscosity of water Empirical method for Warman's "A" type
FF = 1 - v = / of slurries, defined as:
Security factor on pressure losses v = 1.3E-06 m/s
2
Particles essentially coarser than 50 m
SFlosses = 1.2 - and finer than 300 m and with a weight
Height above sea level Solids density concentration 0% < Cw <= 40%
HASL = 24 m.a.s.l. S = Ss * L
S = 2650 kg/m
3
g = 9.81 m/s
2
Note 1. For this method, only the discharge pipe is considered
Suction pipe can be changed, but it will afect only the suction
pressure drop
Cw <= 40%. Correct for this method
4.- Pressure loss calculation routine for water
Input data for pressure loss calculation routine
Particle diameter d
50
d
50
= 145
Volumetric concentration C
v
= 20.10
Pipe nominal diameter (CS) dn 4
Pipe schedule sch = STD
Solid's specific weight S
S
= 2.65
Lining and deposition thickness s
lining
9
Nominal diameter
Shedule dn in
Exterior diameter de mm
Pipe thickness s mm
Total lining thickness s
lining
mm
Interior diameter di mm
di m
Area A m
Absolute rugosity Rabs mm
Rugosidad relativa Rrel -
Extracted flow rate Q
extracted
m/h
Volumetric flow rate Q
i
= Q
i-1
- Q
extracted
Q m/h
Flow velocity v m/s
Limit deposition velocity v
L
m/s
Reynolds Re -
Friction coefficient (Darcy) f -
Velocitties ratio v/v
L
-
Kinematic pressure h
v
= v/(2*g) h
v
m
Unit pressure loss. Darcy. J = f*(1/d)*hv J m
Length L m/m
fFriction losses
AP
f m
Singularities K
Average friction factor
f
av
=
0.024
Standard straight tee [12] L/d = 20 0.484
Satandard tee (90) [12] L/d = 60 1.452
Curve 90 (5D) [12] L/d = 15 0.363
Curve 45(5D) [12] L/d = 7.5 0.181
Curve 90 (3D) [12] L/d = 11 0.266
Curve 45(3D) [12] L/d = 6.4 0.155
Elbow 90 standard [12] L/d = 30 0.726
Codo 45 estndar [12] L/d = 16.0 0.387
Reduction | = d
1
/d
2
(Nota 1) [12]
| =
0.75 0.42
Enlargement | = d
1
/d
2
(Nota 1) [12]
| =
0.75 0.60
Diaphragm valve (Weir K = f(dn) [6] dn = 4 2.35
Diaphragm valve (Thru) K = f(dn) [6] dn = 4 0.27
Pinch valve K = f(dn) [5] dn = 4 0.28
Gate/knife valve K = f(dn) [3] dn = 4 3.38
Vlvula de cono K = f(dn) [10] dn = 4 N/A
Ball valve K = f(dn) [1] dn = 4 0.05
Butterfly V. Bray 20/21 K = f(dn) [2] dn = 4 0.14
Butterfly V. Bray 30/31 K = f(dn) [2] dn = 4 0.33
Globe valve K = f(dn) [4] dn = 4 8.48
Angular valve (90) K = f(dn) [9] dn = 4 14.84
Check valve K = f(dn) [8] dn = 4 1.94
Y-filter K = f(dn) [11] dn = 4 2.92
Pipe inlet (r/D = 0) [12] - 0.50
Pipe outlet [12] - 1.00
Other 0.34
Other 0
Nota 1. d2 is the largest diameter
Total singular coefficient K
sing_tramo
=
Singular losses. AP
s_tramo
= K
sing_tramo
*h
v
= AP
s_tramo
Friction losses AP
f_tramo
Other losses (mca) AP
otras
Sum of losses AP
tramo
= EAP AP
tramo
Suction losses AP
succion
Discharge losses AP
impulsion
Total losses AP = APsuction + APdischarge
g = 9.80665 m/s
Constant of the water parabola
Ap =
C =
AP =
Q =
C =
60
70
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

h
e
a
d

l
o
s
s

H
f

[
m

]









Figure 6.2.- Heterogeneous slurry
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.00 0.01
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

h
e
a
d

l
o
s
s

H
f

[
m

]








B
A
Rev. cjc 30.01.2014
mm Pipe absolute rugosity Rabs = 0.15 mm
% Kinematic viscosity v = 1.3E-06 [m/s]
in Water flow rate Q = 37.5 m/h
- (In this method, slurry flow rate is usedin the initial calculation)
- Pipe lengths L
succ
= 5 m
mm L
disch
= 400 m
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4 4
STD STD
114.3 114.3
6.02 6.02
9.00 9.00
84.26 84.26
0.0843 0.0843
0.00558 0.00558
0.15 0.15
0.0018 0.0018
0 0
37.5 37.5
1.87 1.87
1.61 1.61
121,430 121,430
0.0242 0.0242
1.16 1.16
0.178 0.178
0.051 0.051
5.00 400.00
0.26 20.49
1 3

4 26
1
Discharge SUCTION
Number of singularities in each section
0
2 2
3

1
1
1
1
13.99 0 29.79 0 0 0 0
2.50 0.00 5.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.26 0.00 20.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.75 0.00 25.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.75 mwc
25.80 mwc
28.56 mwc
Constant of the water parabola
C * Q^2
Ap / Q
28.56 mwc
0.0104 m/s
262,505
Heterogeneous slurry
0.01 0.02
Flowrate Q [m
3
/s]
A
C
Input data for pressure difference A calculation resume is going to be made
calculation routine (Note 1) with the use of the function
From sheet 3 DeltaP = Slurry_Weir_A_DeltaP_d50_Cw_dn_Ss_Pw
Particle diameter d50 d
50
= 145 mm
Weight concentration C
w
= 40 % Input data for the function
Volumetric concentration C
v
= 20.10 % DeltaP = Slurry_Weir_A_DeltaP_d50_Cw_dn_Ss_Pw
Pipe nominal diameter
dn 4 in d
50
= 145 m
Pipe schedule sch = STD - Cw = 40 %
Solid's specific weight S
S
= 2.65 - d
n
= 4 in
Lining and deposition thickn. s
lining
9 mm S
s
= 2.65 -
Pipe absolute rugosity Rabs = 0.15 mm Q = 0.0104 m/s
Kinematic viscosity v = 1E-06 [m/s]
P
w
= 28.56 mwc
Water flow rate Q = 37.5 m/h
s
lining
= 9 mm
From sheet 4
Water pressure drop AP
w =
28.56 mwc DPs_w = Slurry_Weir_A_DeltaP_d50_Cw_dn_Ss_Q_Pw_Slining
AP
s_w
= 1.47 msc
The slurry pressure drop is the sum
of the water pressure drop, expressed in
meters of slurry column plus the
calculated difference APs-w [msc]
AP
s =
AP
w
+ AP
s-w
AP
w =
28.6 msc
Note 1 AP
s_w
= 1.47 msc
The routine calculates the presure difference
between the slurry and the water curves, AP
s =
30.0 msc
for a given flow rate, as described in [1].

OK. Cv within range
OK. d50 within range
5.- Pressure difference betwen slurry and water as flow media
Checking of ranges
Rev. cjc 30.01.2014

Range of application Internal diameter of CS pipe
When using the function DeltaP, the limit
d
i
= Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch(dn,sch)
flow "Q
L
" has to be calculated to know d
n
= 4 in
whether the correction factor has to be sch = STD
considered or not. d
i
= 102.3 mm
The corecction factor has to be applied if
Inside diameter with lining and depos.
Q / Q
L
< 1.4 di = d - 2 * s
lining
For heigher values of of the ratio Q/Q
L d = 102.3 mm
the slurry presure drop is the same as s
lining
= 9 mm
the water pressure drop, but expressed di = 84.26 mm
in meters slurry column.
di = 0.08426 m
To avoid deposition the minimum velocity Pipe section
shall be A = (t/4) * d^2
v
L_min
= 1.1 * v
L d = 0.08426 m
thus, the correction "AP
s-w
" is to be A = 0.0056
m
2
applied only if
1.1 < Q/Q
L
<= 1.4 Limit flow rate
Q
L
= v
L
* A
Limit deposition velocity v
L
= 1.61 m/s
This velocity is calculated according A = 0.0056
m
2
JRI [3] Q
L
= 0.0090 m/s
v
L
= Slurry_Limit_Deposition_Velocity_Lining_JRI_Imp_d50_Cv_dn_Ss_Slining
d
50
= 145
m
Ratio Q/QL
C
v
= 20.1 % Q = 0.0104
m
3
/s
d
n
= 4 in Q
L
= 0.0090
m
3
/s
S
S
= 2.65 - Q / Q
L
= 1.16 -
s
Lining
=
9.00 mm
v
L
= 1.61 m/s Q/Qc< 1.4. Correction shall be applied
5.- Pressure difference betwen slurry and water as flow media

Curves construction
Determination of the pulp resistance The water curve, shown in sheet 4,
curve
The limit flow rate is (sheet 5)
The pulp friction height in [mpc],
will be numerically greater than the
Q
L
= 0.0090
m
3
/s
water friction loss [mwc] for the same
flow. [1], p. S6-3 and [2], page 59 Point "A" of the water resistance
curve
In this development it will be asumed that
the static height is zero. Draw a vertical line Q = QL until it
Z = 0.0 m cust the water resistance curve. This
point in the curve is the point "A"
If "Z" is positive (or negative), a parallel Q
A
= Q
L
line to the graphic base shall be drawn, Q
A
= 0.009
m
3
/s
at a distance "Z" above (or below) of this
base.
The pressure drop at this point is
So, the left most point of the curve will Ap
A
= C * Q
A
^2
start at this line and not in the origin. C = 262505
Q
A
= 0.009
m
3
/s
Ap
A
= 21.21 mca
First, calculate the pressure losses as
the fluid were water (done in sheet 4) From point "A" draw an horizontal line
The water resistance curve has been until it cuts the ordinate axe. This point
claculated in sheet 3. is the pressure corresponding to the
The parabel has the form limit flow QL.
Ap = C * Q^2
and the "C" value is
C = 262,505 Sheet 4)
Points "A", "B" and "C" of the curves
Pulp resistance curve Point "B"
Point "B" isdefined with a pressure
equal to the pressure at point "A" and
Water resistance curve with a flow equal to 70% of the limit flow
6.- Theory of Warman's empirical method
Pumping heterogeneous slurries
t Q s Q r P + + =
2
Pressure at point "B"
Punto "A" P
B
= P
A
P
A
= 21.2 m ca
Point "A" is defined as a point of the P
B
= 21.2 m ca
water curve, where the flow has the value
of the limit flow
Flow at point "B"
Flow at point "A"
Q
A
= Q
L
Experience data indicates that the pulp
Q
L
= 0.009
m
3
/s
resistance curve has his minimum at a
Q
A
= 0.009
m
3
/s
point determined by a value

Pressure at point "A" C
b
= 0.7
where
P
A
= C * Q
A
^2 Q
b
= C
b
* Q
L
C = 262505 C
b
= 0.7
Q
A
= 0.009
m
3
/s
Q
L
= 0.009
m
3
/s
P
A
= 21.2 m ca Q
b
= 0.006
m
3
/s
The system is defined by four equations. b) Tangente de la curva de
These equations allow the three curve resistencia del agua en el punto "c"
parameters (r, s and t) of the slurry
curve and the flow at point "C" to be Water resistance curve
determined.
Pulp resistance curve The pressure derivative is

Evaluationg the slope at point "C"
a) Tangente nula en "b"
(Ec. b1)
The pulp resistance curve is defined
with an horizontal tangent in point "B"

The pressure derivative is
s Q r
dQ
dp
+ = 2
t Q s Q r P + + =
2
2
Q C P =
2
Q C P
w
=
Q C
Q
P
w
=
c
c
2
C
C
w
Q C
Q
P
=
c
c
2
t Q s Q r P
P
+ + =
2
C
P
C
w
Q
P
Q
P
c
c
=
c
c
Condition for tangent zero at point "b"
(Ec. a)
(Ec. a) From equations (a) y (b)
(Ec. b)
Replacing (a) in (c)
(Ec. c)
Replacing (a) in (d)
(Ec. d)
.(e)
(f)
(g)
s Q r
dQ
dp
+ = 2
b
Q r s = 2
c c
Q r Q C s = 2 2
c c c
Q s Q r Q C t =
2 2
b
Q r s = 2
) ( 2 r C Q s
c
=
t Q s Q r p
b b b
+ + =
2
b c
Q r r C Q = 2 ) ( 2
( ) t Q Q r Q r p
b b b b
+ + = 2
2
( )
c b c c
Q Q r Q r Q C t = 2
2 2
( )
c b c
Q Q r r C Q t + = 2
2
t Q r p
b b
+ =
2
b c
Q r r C Q = 2 ) ( 2
2
b b
Q r p t + =
( )
c b c
Q Q r r C Q t + = 2
2
0 =
B
dQ
dp
0 2 = + = s Q r
dQ
dp
B
B
0 2 = + s Q r
B
C
P
C
w
Q
P
Q
P
c
c
=
c
c
s Q r Q C
C C
+ = 2 2
.(e)
Replacing (e) en (h), one obtain a 3th degree equation, that enables to obtain "Qc"

This equation is solved with the function Function Qc_C_Qb_Pb(C,Qb,Pb)
Checking the required slopes
Slope at point "B" (must be equal zero)

dP/dq|b = 2 r * Q
b
+ s
r = 514,716
Q
b
= 0.006
s = -6477.3
dP/dq|b = 0 OK
Checking of slopes at point "C", that shall be equal for both curves
Slurry curve slope at point "C" Water curve slope at point "C"
Ap = C * Q^2
2* r * Q
c
+ s 2 * C * Q
C
r = 514,716 C = 262,505
Q
c
= 0.013 m/s Q
c
=
0.0128 m/s
s = -6477
6742 6742
b c
Q r r C Q = 2 ) ( 2
b c c
Q r r Q C Q = 2 2 2
b c c
Q r r Q C Q = 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
0 2
2 2
=
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

b b
b c
c
b
b c
c
c
b c
c
c
p Q
Q Q
C Q
Q
Q Q
C Q
Q
Q Q
C Q
C Q
t Q s Q r P
P
+ + =
2
s Q r
Q
P
P
+ =
c
c
2
0 =
c
c
Q
P
P
s Q r
Q
P
C
C
P
+ =
c
c
2
=
c
c
C
P
Q
P
=
c
c
C
P
Q
P
C
C
w
Q C
Q
P
=
c
c
2
=
c
c
C
w
Q
P
=
c
c
C
w
Q
P
=
c
c

c
c
C
P
C
w
Q
P
Q
P
t Q s Q r P
P
+ + =
2
0 OK
=
c
c

c
c
C
P
C
w
Q
P
Q
P
Rev. cjc 30.01.2014
1
A simple way to solve the problem is to
provide a "Cc value" taken from the
Point "B" of the resistance curve experience, which is known to originate
results, very similar to those obtained in
Experience data indicates that the pulp the real life.
resistance curve has its minimum at Warman uses the value
approximately a value C
c,W
= C
c,Warman
C
B
= 0.7 C
c,W
= 1.43
where Using this value, the two curves
Q
B
= C
B
* Q
L intersect at point "C", with very similar
C
B
= 0.7
slopes (no tangency).
Q
L
= 0.009
m
3
/s The flow corresponding to this point is
Q
B
= 0.006
m
3
/s
Q
c,W
= C
c,W
* Q
L
C
c,W
= 1.42857203
The pressure loss corresponding to this Q
L
= 0.009
m
3
/s
point is Q
c,W
= 0.0128
m
3
/s
AP
B
= AP
A
AP
A
= 21.21 mca The pressure loss corresponding to this
AP
B
= 21.21 mca point is
Ap
c,W
= C * Q
c,W
^2
Thus, point "B" is defined by C = 262505
Q
B
= 0.006
m
3
/s
Q
c,W
= 0.0128
m
3
/s
AP
B
= 21.21 mca Ap
c,W
= 43.3 mca
When enforced the requirement
Point "C" of the resistance and water of tangency (indicated by Warman),
curves point "C" scrolls as shown
Experince data indicates that these in the following table
two curves merge from a point "C" to Q H
be determined. m
3
/s
m ca
The flow at point "C" will be "A" 0.009 21.21
Q
C
= C
C
* Q
L
"B" 0.006 21.21
with "Cc" a value to be determined. "C" 0.0128 43.29
2
Point "C"
Point "C" is defined as the point where
both curves have a common point and
where they ar tangent as well.
6.- Theory of Warman's empirical method
Pumping heterogeneous slurries
Flow at point "C"
Flow at point "C" is defined as
Q
C
= C
C
* Q
L
where C
C
is a value determined by the
conditions impose to the system.

Pressure at point "C"
Point "C" is determined as follow
3
c) Tangente de la curva de e) Curvas de resistencia se cortan
resistencia de la pulpa en punto "c" en "C"
Pulp resistance curve
The pressure derivativeis
(Ec. c1)
Evaluating at point "C" Water resistance curve
(Ec. b2)
(Ec. c2)
d) Condition of common tangent at Equating equations c1 y c2
point "c"
2
Q C p =
t Q s Q r p
c c c
+ + =
2
t Q s Q r p + + =
2
2
c c
Q C p =
t Q s Q r Q C
c c c
+ + =
2 2
t Q s Q r P
P
+ + =
2
s Q r
Q
P
P
+ =
c
c
2
s Q r
Q
P
C
C
P
+ =
c
c
2
C
P
C
w
Q
P
Q
P
c
c
=
c
c
(Ec. c)
f) Pulp resistance curve
goes through point "b"
Curva de resistencia de la pulpa
(Ec. b)
(Ec. d)
4
.(e)
(g)
(f)
Equating equations (g) y (f)
(h)
(f)
(g) (h)
c c
Q r Q C s = 2 2
) ( 2 r C Q s
c
=
t Q s Q r p
b b b
+ + =
2
t Q s Q r p + + =
2
t Q s Q r Q C
c c c
+ + =
2 2
c c c
Q s Q r Q C t =
2 2
( ) t Q Q r Q r p
b b b b
+ + = 2
2
( )
c b c c
Q Q r Q r Q C t = 2
2 2
t Q r Q r p
b b b
+ =
2 2
2
t Q r p
b b
+ =
2
( )
c b c
Q Q r r C Q t + = 2
2
( )
2 2
2
b b c b c
Q r p Q Q r r C Q + = +
( ) 0 2
2 2
= +
b b b c c
p Q r Q r Q r C Q
C
P
C
w
Q
P
Q
P
c
c
=
c
c
s Q r Q C
C C
+ = 2 2
.(e)
(i)
5
Results for the pulp resistance
curve
r = 514,716
s = -6,477
t = 42
Flows
Q
A
= 0.009 m/s
Q
B
= 0.006 m/s
Q
C
= 0.0128 m/s
b c c
Q r r Q C Q = 2 2 2 ( )
b c c
Q Q r C Q =
( )
b c
c
Q Q
C Q
r

=
( ) ( ) ( )
0 2
2 2
=
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

b b
b c
c
b
b c
c
c
b c
c
c
p Q
Q Q
C Q
Q
Q Q
C Q
Q
Q Q
C Q
C Q
Water and slurry curves. Durand limit velocity
According Weir empirical method [10]

For validity range, see Note 1
Mc Ewans and Cave correction factor
F
L
= Pipe_Fl_McElvain_d50_Cv(d50,Cv)
Input data d
50
= 145 m
Following data is required to draw the
curves
C
v
= 20.1 %
dn 4 in
sch = STD - Limit deposition velocity according JRI [3]
d
50
= 145 mm d
50
= 145 m
C
v
= 20.1 % C
v
= 20.1 %
S
S
= 2.65
-
dn 4 in
s
lining = 9 mm Ss = 2.65 -
Q =
0.0104
m/s
s
lining
= 9 mm
AP = 28.56 mwc
v
L
= Slurry_Limit_Deposition_Velocity_Lining_JRI_Imp_d50_Cv_dn_Ss_Slining
v
max
= 4 m/s v
L
= 1.61 m/s
Inside diameter with lining Slurry flow velocity
di = d - 2 * s
lining
v = Q
P
/ A
m
3
/s
where s
lining
is the sum of the lining pipe Q
P
= 0.0104
m
2
and the deposition film
A = 0.0056 m/s
Inside pipe diameter
v = 1.87
d = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch
d = 102.3 mm
s
lining
= 9 mm
di = 84.26 mm Limiting flow rate
di = 0.08426 m Q
L
= v
L
* A
v
L
= 1.612 m/s
Area of pipe section A = 0.0056
m
2
A = (t/4)*di^2 Q
L
= 0.0090
m
3
/s
di = 0.08426 m
A = 0.005576129 m Note 1. The method is valid for the Weir defined type-A fluids. See sheet Ref. 10 & 11
Water system curve constant From pages 3 to 5, sheet 6, [3]
The system curve for water is the pulp curve is
for H
estat.tot
= 0
H = r*Q^2 + s*Q + t
AP = C * Q^2 with
Velocity enough to avoid settlement
7.- Weir method for slurry pump selection for A-type fluids
OK. d50 within range
OK. Cv within range
OK. v < vmax
( )
(

=
b c
c
Q Q
C Q
r
thus, the water system constant is
C = AP / Q^2
From input data, the water pressure drop is r = C * Qc / (Qc - Qb)
Ap = 28.56 mwc C = 262,505
and the flow rate (Q
P
= Q
w
) is Qc = 0.0128410
Q
P
= 0.0104
m
3
/s
Qb = 0.006
then r = 514,716
C = 262,505 -
From page 4 of Sheet 6, the flow rate at point "c" is s = - 2 * r * Qb
calculated from equatio (i)
[3]
r = 514716
(Ec. i) Qb = 0.006
s = -6477
This equation is solved with the function
Function Qc_C_Qb_Pb(C,Qb,Pb) t = Qc^2*(C - r) - s*Qc
Using an auxiliar variable Qc = 0.0128410
z = (Qc*C)/(Qc-Qb) C = 262505
The equation to be solved is r = 514716
Zero = Qc^2*(C-z) +2*Qc*Qb*(z) - Qb^2*(z)-Pb s = -6477
The equation is solved using the function t = 41.6
Qc = Qc_C_Qb_Pb(C,Qb,Pb)
C = 262,505 Thus, the parabola constants for the
Q
b
= 0.0063
m
3
/h
slurry curve are:
P
b
= 21.2 mca r = 514,716
Qc = 0.0128
m
3
/h
s= -6,477
t = 41.6
( ) ( ) ( )
0 2
2 2
=
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

b b
b c
c
b
b c
c
c
b c
c
c
p Q
Q Q
C Q
Q
Q Q
C Q
Q
Q Q
C Q
C Q
( )
(

=
b c
c
Q Q
C Q
r
b
Q r s = 2
c c
Q s r C Q t = ) (
2
40
50
60
70
F
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Figure 6.2.- Heterogeneous slurry
Pulp resistance curve [mpc]
H = r*Q^2 + s*Q + t

C = 262505 C = 262505
Limiting flowrate
Q
a
= Q
L
Q Ap Q Ap Ap
m
3
/s
m fc
m
3
/s
m fc m fc
0 0.00 0.0090 0.00 0.00
0.001 0.26 0.0090 10.00 0.00
0.002 1.05 0.0090 20.00 20.00
0.003 2.36 0.0090 24
0.004 4.20 0.0090 28
0.005 6.56 0.0090
0.006 9.45 0.0090
0.007 12.86 0.0090
0.008 16.80 0.0090
0.009 21.26
0.01 26.25
0.012 37.80
0.014 51.45
0.016 67.20
C = 262505
r = 514716
s= -6477
t = 42
Limiting flow rate
Q
L
= v
L
* A
Water curve QL * 1.1
Ap = C * Q
0
10
20
30
40
0.00 0.01
F
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Flowrate Q [m
B
A
Minimum pressure
v
L
= 1.61 m/s
A = 0.01
m
2
Q
L
= 0.00899
m
3
/s
1.1 * Q
L
= 0.0099 m/s
Subroutine for the pressure loss, for the actual flow in metres of pulp column

For Q < 1.1 * Q
L
,

deposition will occur Q
L
= 0.0090
m
3
/s
For 1.1 * Q
L
< Q <= Q
c
Pulp curve is to be used P = r * Q^2 + s * Q + t

For Q > Q
c
Water curve is to be used P = C * Q^2

Flow "1.1 * Q
L
"
1.1 * Q
L
= 0.0099
m
3
/s
Q >= 1.1 *QL
Flow at point "c"
Q
c
= 0.0128
m
3
/s
Actual flow
Q = 0.0104
m
3
/s
Slurry curve
P =
r * Q^2 + s * Q + t, C *Q^2
r = 514,716
s = -6,477
t = 42
C = 262,505
P = SI( Q<=Q
c
, r * Q^2 + s * Q + t, C *Q^2)
P = 30.02 mpc
Flow enough to avoid deposition
1.1*QL < Q < Qc. Flow to be calculated
using the slurry curve
Ratio Q
P
/Q
L
Q
B
= C
B
* Q
L
whith C
B
= 0.7
Q
P
= 0.0104
m
3
/s Thus, with
Q
L
= 0.0090 m
3
/s
C
B
= 0.7
Q /Q
L
= 1.16 Q
L
=
0.0090
the value of the limit flow is
Q
L
= 0.0090
and Q
B
= 0.006
Points "A" y "B"
Pressure in point "B"
Flowe rate and pressure in point "A" According "Weir" asumption, it should be
Point "A" is defined as the point in the
P
B
= P
A
Water curtve, where the flow rate
coincides with the limiting flow rate. If the total static height is not zero, the
v
L
= Slurry_Limit_Deposition_Velocity_Lining_JRI_Imp_d50_Cv_dn_Ss_Slining
Thus parabola equation shall be
Q
A
= Q
L
P = H
stat_tot
+ C * Q^2
.
Q
L
=
0.0090 m/s
Q
A
=
0.0090 m/s
Total static height
Since the water curve is a parabola EL
suc
= 0.0
and in this case the total static E
lpump
= 0.0
height has been defined as zero, the EL
disch
= 0.0
parabola equation is
H
stat.tot
= EL
desc
- El
suc
. P = C * Q^2 H
stat.tot
= 0.000
For the point "A"
P
A
= C * Q
A
^2
Weight concentration
Cw = Ss*Cv / ( 1 + Ss*Cv - Cv )
Flow rate in point "B" S
s
= 2.65
Experience data indicates that the pulp C
v
= 0.20
resistance curve has its lowest point at Cw = 0.40
a flow rate defined by a value "CB",
Cw = 40
Note 1. The method is valid for the Weir defined type-A fluids. See sheet Ref. 10 & 11
From pages 3 to 5, sheet 6, [3] Pressure at point "A" The ratio Q
c
/ Q
L
is
Q
A
= Q
L
Q
c
/ Q
L
=
Q
A
= 0.0090
m
3
/s
Q
c
=
P
A
= C * Q
a
^2 Q
L
=
C = 262,505 Q
c
/ Q
L
=
7.- Weir method for slurry pump selection for A-type fluids
No settling, but increase diameter if possible
Q
A
= 0.0090
m
3
/s
P
A
= 21.2 m Warman indicates a value
Q
c
/ Q
L
=
C * Qc / (Qc - Qb) Pressure at point "B" as an approximate value
P
B
= P
A
=
The reason being that up a value of 1.3,
P
A
= 21.2 m ca
both water and slurry curves are
P
B
= 21.2 m ca practically the same (see Fig. 6.2)

The constant "C
c
" For this application, the ratio Q / Q
L
is
Relating the flow at point "C" to the Q / QL =
limiting flow "Q
L
" with the pameter "C
C
" Q =
Q
c
= C
c
* Q
L
QL =
C
c
= Q
c
/ Q
L
Q / QL =
Q
c
= 0.0128
m
3
/s
Q
L
= 0.009
m
3
/s
According Weir, at flows over "Qc" the
C
c
= 1.43 slurry curve and the water curve should
be similar. Thus, for Q > Q
C
, the pressure
Qc^2*(C - r) - s*Qc Pressure at point "C" can be calcualted using the water curve,
P
C
=
r*Q^2 + s*Q + t expressed in metres of slurry column and
Q
c
= 0.0128
m
3
/s no correction is required.
r = 514716
s= -6477 On the other hand, the flow should not
t = 42 be lower than the limiting value "1.1*QL"
P
C
=
43.29 m to ensure no deposition will occcur.
Thus, the parabola constants for the
Thus, a correction will be only required
in the range
1.1 * Q
L
< Q < 1.4 * Q
L
c c
Q s r C Q t = ) (
2
Heterogeneous slurry
Qa= QL
DP=C*Q
Qb=Cb*QL
Qc=Cc*QL
C
Water
resistance curve
2
Q C P
w
=
Actual flow rate
Graphic is for static height equal zero

C = 262505
Flow rate at point"B" Actual flow rate
0.0104
QL * 1.1 Q Ap Q Ap

m
3
/s
m fc
m
3
/s
m fc
0.0099 0.0063 0.00 0.0104 0.00
0.0099 0.0063 10.00 0.0104 25.00
0.0099 0.0063 20.00 0.0104 50.00
0.0099 0.0063 0.0104 75.00
0.0099 0.0104 100.00
0.0099 0.0104 125.00
0.0099 0.0104 150.00
0.0099 0.0104 175.00
0.0099 0.0104 200.00
0.0104 225.00
0.0104 250.00
0.0104 275.00
0.0104 800.00
Minimum pressure drop
Ap = Apa
Q P
a
Q Pactual
m
3
/s
mpc
m
3
/s
mpc
0.000 21.2 0.000 30.02
0.010 21.2 0.010 30.02
0.015 21.2 0.015 30.02
0.020 21.2 0.020 30.02
QL * 1.1
Q
b
=C
b
* Q
L
Actual pressure drop
0.01 0.02
Flowrate Q [m
3
/s]
Qb=Cb*QL
Qc=Cc*QL
Slurry resistance
Q
QL*1.1
Pa
Pactual
C
Limiting flowrate Q
L
Flowrate Q
b
= 0.7 * Q
L
Q = 1.1 * Q
L
Q
c
= 1.43 * Q
L
Actual flow rate
Actual pressure
0.025 21.2 0.025 30.02
0.030 21.2 0.030 30.02
0.035 21.2 0.035 30.02
0.040 21.2 0.040 30.02
0.042 21.2 0.042 30.02
0.045 21.2 0.045 30.02
0.050 21.2 0.050 30.02
Slurry_Weir_A_DeltaP_d50_Cw_dn_Ss_Pw_Slining(d50, Cw, Dn, Ss, Q, P, Slining)
Use of function DeltaP
The shown subroutine calculation can be repalced by the function DeltaP
Input data for the function DeltaP The slurry pressure is then,
DeltaP = Slurry_Weir_A_DeltaP_d50_Cw_dn_Ss_Pw_Slining(D368, D369, D370, D371, D372, D373,D374)
. P = P
w
+ DeltaP
d
50
= 145 m with
Cw = 40 % P
w
: the pressure calculated as the fluid
d
n
= 4 in
was water
S
s
= 2.65 - P
w
= 28.56
Q = 0.01043
m
3
/s and
P
w
= 28.56 mwc
DeltaP: the difference between the
s
lining
= 9 mm pressures for slurry and water,
measured in metres of pulp column,
Function result (Note 1) corresponding to the actual flow
DeltaP = 1.47 msc DeltaP = 1.47
Note 1. Correction "DeltaP" required Thus, the slurry pressure is
to be applied only if P = 30.02
1.1 * Q
L
< Q <= 1.4 * Q
L
Checking of ranges:
This condition is equivalent to
1.1 < Q/Q
L
<= 1.4
These ranges correspond to the by Weir
In this application defined type-A fluid
Q = 0.0104 m/s
Q
L
= 0.0090 m/s Note.
Q/Q
L
=
1.16 When using the standard method (sheet 2)
the pressure head is
P = 29.23
Between both methods there is a difference of
AP
difference
= 0.791
2.6
OK. Cv within range
Correction is to be applied
OK. d50 within range
Rev. cjc 30.01.2014
1
and
m/s
m
3
/s
m
3
/s
According "Weir" asumption, it should be
If the total static height is not zero, the
H
stat_tot
+ C * Q^2

m
m
m
m
Ss*Cv / ( 1 + Ss*Cv - Cv )
-
-
-
%
2
The ratio Q
c
/ Q
L
is
0.0128
0.0090
1.43
7.- Weir method for slurry pump selection for A-type fluids
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.00
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Figure 6.2.
B
Warman indicates a value
1.3
as an approximate value
The reason being that up a value of 1.3,
both water and slurry curves are
practically the same (see Fig. 6.2)
For this application, the ratio Q / Q
L
is
0.0104
m
3
/s
0.0090
m
3
/s
1.16
m
3
/s
According Weir, at flows over "Qc" the
slurry curve and the water curve should
be similar. Thus, for Q > Q
C
, the pressure
can be calcualted using the water curve,
expressed in metres of slurry column and
no correction is required.
On the other hand, the flow should not
be lower than the limiting value "1.1*QL"
to ensure no deposition will occcur.
Thus, a correction will be only required
3
1.1 * Q
L
< Q < 1.4 * Q
L
Qa= QL
DP=C*Q
Qb=Cb*QL
Qc=Cc*QL
Graphic is for static height equal zero
C = 262505 4
Q
c
=C
c
* Q
L
262505
Q Ap
m
3
/s
m fc
0.0128 0.00
0.0128 10.00
0.0128 20.00
0.0128 30.00
0.0128 35.00
0.0128 40.00
0.0128 45.00
Q H
m
3
/s
m cf
0.002 30.69
0.004 23.91
0.006 21.25
0.008 22.71
Flow rate at point"c"
Slurry resistance curve
H = r*Q^2 + s*Q + t
Qb=Cb*QL
Qc=Cc*QL
Slurry resistance
QL*1.1
Pactual
0.010 28.29
0.012 37.98
0.014 51.79
0.016 69.72
cjc.Rev. 1213.11.2012
5
P
w
: the pressure calculated as the fluid
mwc
DeltaP: the difference between the
pressures for slurry and water,
measured in metres of pulp column,
corresponding to the actual flow
msc
msc
These ranges correspond to the by Weir
When using the standard method (sheet 2)
msc
Between both methods there is a difference of
msc
%
OK. Cv within range
OK. d50 within range
0.01 0.02
Flowrate Q [m
3
/s]
Figure 6.2.- Heterogeneous slurry
B
A
C
8.- Depositation limit velocity, according JRI
1. JRI Formula [1] [Eq. b] 2. JRI Formula
For coarse-grained solids with wide d50 >= 200 m For coarse-grained solids with wide
particle size range and small diameter particle size range and large diameter
tubes d, cualquiera tubes
[Ec.1]
v
L
= F
L
* (2* g * d * (S
S
-1))^0.5 v
L
= 1.25 *F
L
* (2* g * d * (S
S
-1))^0.25
Applicacin Applicacin
d
50
= 250
m d50 >= 200 m
d
50
= 150
C
v
= 20.1 % C
v
= 20.1
d
n
= 200 mm d, cualquiera d = 200
S
S
= 2.65 - S
S
= 2.65
Mc Elvain y Cave correction factor Mc Elvain y Cave correction factor
F
L
= Slurry_Fl_McElvain_d50_Cv(E19;E20) F
L
= Slurry_Fl_McElvain_d50_Cv(E19;E20)
d
50
= 250
m
10 <= d
50
<= 3000 d
50
= 150
C
v
= 20.10 % 5% <= C
v
<= 40% C
v
= 20.1
F
L
= 1.089 - F
L
= 0.988
Limit deposition velocity Limit deposition velocity
v
L
= F
L
* (2* g * d * (S
S
-1))^0.5 v
L
= 1.25 *F
L
* (2* g * d * (S
S
-1))^0.25
F
L
= 1.089 - F
L
= 1.005
g = 9.81 m/s
2
g = 9.81
d
n
= 200 d
n
= 200
Sch = STD Sch = STD
d
i
= 202.74 d
i
= 202.74
d
i
= 0.20274 m d
i
= 0.203
S
S
= 2.65 - S
S
= 2.65
v
L
=
2.790 m/s
v
L
=
2.011
v
L
= Slurry_Limit_Deposition_Velocity_JRI_Imp_d50_Cv_dn_Ss Also, there is a function that allows consideration of a
d
50
= 250
m
lining thickness.
C
v
= 20.1 %
d
n
= 8 in v
L
= Slurry_Limit_Deposition_Velocity_JRI_Imp_d50_Cv_dn_Ss_Slining
S
S
= 2.65 -
v
L
= 2.790 m/s
) 1 ( 2 =
S L L
S d g F v | |
25 . 0
) 1 ( 2 25 . 1 =
S L L
S d g F v
19
[1] [Eq. c] 3. JRI Formula [1] [Eq. a]
For coarse-grained solids with wide d50 < 200 m For fine-grained solids with narrow d50 < 200 m
particle size range and large diameter particle size range and small diameter
d >= 150 mm tubes d < 150 mm
[Ec.2]
1.25 *F
L
* (2* g * d * (S
S
-1))^0.25 v
L
= 1.1 *F
L
* (2* g * d * (S
S
-1)^0.6)^0.5
Applicacin
m d50 < 200 m
d
50
= 100
m d50 < 200 m
% C
v
= 20.1 %
mm d >= 150 mm d = 100 mm d < 150 mm
- S
S
= 2.65 -
Mc Elvain y Cave correction factor Mc Elvain y Cave correction factor
Slurry_Fl_McElvain_d50_Cv(E19;E20) F
L
= Slurry_Fl_McElvain_d50_Cv(E19;E20)
m
10 <= d
50
<= 3000 d
50
= 100
m
10 <= d
50
<= 3000
% 5% <= C
v
<= 40% C
v
= 20.1 % 5% <= C
v
<= 40%
- F
L
= 0.920 -
Limit deposition velocity
1.25 *F
L
* (2* g * d * (S
S
-1))^0.25 v
L
= 1.1 *F
L
* (2* g * d * (S
S
-1)^0.6)^0.5
- F
L
= 0.920 -
m/s
2
g = 9.81 m/s
2
d
n
= 100
Sch = STD
d
i
= 102.26
m d
i
= 0.102 m
- S
S
= 2.65 -
m/s
v
L
=
1.665 m/s
Also, there is a function that allows consideration of a
v
L
= Slurry_Limit_Deposition_Velocity_JRI_Imp_d50_Cv_dn_Ss_Slining
6 . 0
) 1 ( 2 1 . 1 =
S L L
S d g F v | |
25 . 0
) 1 ( 2 25 . 1 =
S L L
S d g F v
10.- Water un pulp resistance curves
Warman's empirical method
Application range
50 m < d < 300 m
% < C
w
<= 40 %
The graphic represents the case of a
solids mass flow rate
m
s
= 40 ton/h
with four different weight concentrations

C
w 15 %
C
w 20 %
C
w 30 %
C
w 40 %
To each concentration corresponds
a specific pulp mass flow rate and
a pulp volumetric flow rate
The table shows a resume of the
four cases
C
w % 15 20 30 40
m
p ton/h 267 200 133 100
Q
P m
3
/s 0.0672 0.0486 0.0301 0.0209
The curves for cases with water as fluid, are the four parabolas that start from the
origin of coordinates. This is because it is considered the case in which the height
difference between the suction and the discharge is zero.
If this difference were not zero, the origin of these curves would move upwards or
downwards.
The four curves for the case of pulp, are the four parabolas with minimum flow rates
corresponding to the limit deposition flow rate QL for each case.
[1] Slurry pumping manual
Warman International Ltd.
1st edition, 2002
[2] Warman Slurry Pumping Handbook - AU
Warman International Ltd.
Feb. 2000
[3] JRI
'Curso de transporte hidrulico de slidos
'Tecnex. Ingenieros ltda. (JRI)
'Octubre 1993
'pginas 20 y 21
[4] Slurry systems handbook
[5] Warman slurry pumping handbook
http://www.pumpfundamentals.com/slurry/Warman_slurry_pumping.pdf
1.- Ball valves
http://info.jamesbury.com/public/publicdocs/Docs/T120-1.pdf
2.- Butterfly valves Bray 2021
http://www.bray.com/docs/brochures/20.pdf
2.- Butterfly valves Bray 3031
http://www.bray.com/docs/brochures/30.pdf
3.- Knife valves
http://www.sureflowequipment.com/pdf/Knife-Gate-Valves-Catalog-2008-SureFlow.pdf
4.- Globe valves
http://www.fnwvalve.com/FNWValve/assets/images/PDFs/FNW/FlgGGC_tech-Cv.pdf
5.- Pinch valves
http://www.jecwoodland.com/pinch_valve_CV.html
6.- Diaphragm valves
http://www.thevalveshop.com/pdf/saunders9.pdf
6.- Diaphragm valves
http://www.thevalveshop.com/pdf/saunders9.pdf
6.- Diaphragm valves
http://www.thevalveshop.com/pdf/saunders17.pdf
6.- Diaphragm valves
http://www.thevalveshop.com/pdf/saunders17.pdf
7.- Round plug valve
http://www.gaindustries.com/MProducts/Bulletins/EccentricPlugValves/GAI_PV517.pdf
7.- Rectangular plug valve
http://www.gaindustries.com/MProducts/Bulletins/EccentricPlugValves/GAI_PV517.pdf
8.- Check valves
http://www.acuster.com/files/documentos/FC-69-PVV-10_es.pdf
9.- Angle valves
http://www.controlvalves.com/series/125/125_sizing.html
10.- Cone valve
http://www.detroitcontracting.com/documents/Cone-Valve-1.pdf
11.- Strainers
http://www.coltonind.com/file_library/products/33_STR990-1_Pressure%20Drop%20Data%20Y.pdf
12.- Expansion/reduction, fittings
Crane A-46 [1]
[2], 57-59
Cw
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Particles essentially
all finer than 50 m
[1], page S6-3
Homogeneous slurries
At sufficiently low concentrations Hf will be close to that for clear water and may be estimated by the empirical method as applied to Category "A" Heterogeneous slurries
At sufficiently high concentrations, The Yield Stress characteristic largely influernces the value of Hf.
A Heterogeneous slurries Category "A"
Particles essentially all coarser than 50 m and finer then 300 m, and with Cw from Zero to 40%
Head losses can be calculated by means of the empirical method propossed by Warman in [2]
The most economical slurry velocity is a velocity a little in excess of the limit velocity " v
L
"
This is an empirical method, that provide estimates considered to be rasonable accurate for many practical slurry pimping applications.
B Heterogeneous slurries Category "B"
Particles essentially all coarser than 50 m and finer then 300 m, and with Cw greater than 40%
Generally, friction losses for this category are much higher than for Category "A" due largely to the increased friction effect of the more closed-packed solids content upon
the pipe wall. This effect generally increases with increasing Cw and is so greatly influenced by a number of variables, for example, Cw, S
s
, S
Liq
, d
50
and actual sieve analysis
of solids present that is not possible to provide a simple empirical method of estimating slurry Hf.
See [2], 59
C Heterogeneous slurries Category "C"
Particles essentially all coarser than 300 m, and with Cw from Zero to 20%
Generally, friction head losses for Category "C" slurries are also much higher than for Category "A"
See [2], 59
D Heterogeneous slurries Category "D"
Particles essentially all coarser than 300 m, and Cw greater than 20%
Generally, friction head losses for Category "D" slurries are also much higher than for Category "A"
See [2], 59
Homogeneous slurries
Heterogeneous
slurries
Weir slurry clasification
A-type 0 % <= Cw <= 40 %
50 m < d
50
< 300 m
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
At sufficiently low concentrations Hf will be close to that for clear water and may be estimated by the empirical method as applied to Category "A" Heterogeneous slurries
At sufficiently high concentrations, The Yield Stress characteristic largely influernces the value of Hf.
Particles essentially all coarser than 50 m and finer then 300 m, and with Cw from Zero to 40%
Head losses can be calculated by means of the empirical method propossed by Warman in [2]
The most economical slurry velocity is a velocity a little in excess of the limit velocity " v
L
"
This is an empirical method, that provide estimates considered to be rasonable accurate for many practical slurry pimping applications.
Particles essentially all coarser than 50 m and finer then 300 m, and with Cw greater than 40%
Generally, friction losses for this category are much higher than for Category "A" due largely to the increased friction effect of the more closed-packed solids content upon
the pipe wall. This effect generally increases with increasing Cw and is so greatly influenced by a number of variables, for example, Cw, S
s
, S
Liq
, d
50
and actual sieve analysis
of solids present that is not possible to provide a simple empirical method of estimating slurry Hf.
Generally, friction head losses for Category "C" slurries are also much higher than for Category "A"
Generally, friction head losses for Category "D" slurries are also much higher than for Category "A"
Heterogeneous
slurries
B
0 % <= Cw <= 40 %
50 m < d
50
< 300 m
150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220
Heterogeneous
slurries
230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
Heterogeneous
slurries
D
310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380
Heterogeneous
slurries
C
390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460
Heterogeneous
slurries
470 d [m]
Heterogeneous