TURBOCHARGER

The main objectives of turbocharger is To increase the volumetric efficiency of an engine for that power output will increase by pressure charging. To reduce Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide exhaust emissions. To achieve better fuel economy

Increased air mass allows more fuel to be burnt, for that bmep will increase and finally increases power output Air charging is achieved by pre-compression of intake charge by some type of compressor. Turbocharging can be done only in CI engines Supercharger(race cars) Power determined by Rate of mass flow of air

A turbocharger is increases the pressure or density of air supplied to an IC Engine. This gives each cycle of the engine more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more work, thus increasing power output.
Turbocharger - Runs at high speed(75,000rpm 100000rpm)

A turbocharger is a small radial fan pump driven by the energy of the exhaust gases of an engine. A turbocharger consists of a turbine and a compressor on a shared shaft. Important Parts of Turbocharger: Turbine, compressor, Ball bearings & Fluid Bearings - Intercooler The turbine converts exhaust to rotational force, which is in turn used to drive the compressor. The compressor draws in ambient air and pumps it into the intake manifold at increased pressure, resulting in a greater mass of air entering the cylinders on each intake stroke. An intercooler is any mechanical device used to cool the air between stages of a multi-stage turbocharger, typically a heat exchanger

Turbocharger

FIG.3

Battle tank Aircraft

Figure 1

A Turbocharger consists of a compressor and a turbine connected by a common shaft. Centrifugal compressors and centripetal turbines are most popular types used in automotive applications and form the basis for most turbochargers today.

Constant Pressure Turbocharging Pulse Turbocharging

The kinetic energy of the exhaust gas exiting from the cylinders is mostly recovered. The exhaust manifold will be bifurcated to join the cylinders, which do not interfere during gas exchange process. Turbine housing is divided to accept the exhaust pulse from each branch of the exhaust manifold. Better low speed engine performance

The pressure pulsation is smoothened out by relatively large exhaust manifold. Large marine engines, Gensets and Industrial engines use this type.

Types of supercharger

Positive displacement blowers - fixed volume of air per revolution at all speeds Non-Positive displacement blowers - volume of air per revolution at all speeds is not constant

ENGINE MATCHING OF EXHAUST GAS TURBOCHARGER

Although the installation of a turbocharger on the engine is quite simple, the engine must fulfill certain pre-requisites. These are: Thermodynamic compatibility of the engine and the turbocharger over the complete operational range of the engine. Based on the application of the engine the majority of the operating points (load speed characteristics) should lie in the efficient operating range of compressor and turbine characteristics.

Mechanical integrity of the engine:

The engine components must be able to withstand the thermal and mechanical stresses which are likely to be higher than the naturally aspirated engine. The objective in matching the turbocharger to an engine is to find the right combination of turbocharger compressor and turbine to suit the engine and its application. The pre-requisite for a successful matching needs development of a number of compressor & turbine modules to cover all intended applications. This matching requires very close co-operation between the engine and turbocharger manufacturers.

Thermodynamic analysis of naturally aspirated engine cycle

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Thermodynamic analysis of turbocharged engine cycle

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4 1

PV Diagram of turbocharged Four-stroke engine

VTG allows the turbine flow cross section to be varied in accordance with the engine operating point. VTG has variable guide vanes. As a result of continuous turbine cross section adjustment to the engine airflow requirements, SFC and emissions are reduced. High engine torque at low speeds and with adequate control strategy ensures a significant improvement of dynamic performance.
Guide vane control is mostly electronic through a vacuum regulated actuator and a proportional valve. Electric actuators with position feed back are also used for vane control.

Torque-motor

DC motor

ADVANTAGES OF THE EXHAUST GAS TURBOCHARGER : The turbocharged engine has a number of advantages over naturally aspirated engine. No gearing is required between the gas turbine and compressor Power to - weight ratio of the turbocharged engine is higher than with a naturally aspirated engine. Its suitable for high speed engine and it require limited space Its increase the pressure of the intake air above the local atmospheric pressure for that maximum power is produced The size of the turbocharged engine is smaller than that of naturally aspirated engine of equal output. The high altitude power loss of turbocharged engine is significantly less than that of naturally aspirated engine. The turbocharged engine has a reduced specific fuel consumption since part of the exhaust gas energy is utilized in the turbocharger. The turbocharged engine is quieter than a naturally aspirated engine for the same power.

Cost and complexity Run at high speeds difficult to stop suddenly Detonation - Extreme temperatures - summer Turbo lag which is a serious problem in Turbocharger Turbo lag - is the time required to change power output in response to a throttle change Exhaust back pressure on engines Installing a turbocharger requires extensive modification of the exhaust system Air flow rate is proportional to engine load and speed

Turbo-charging is an acceptable method of increasing its performance of an engine if carried out within manufacturers specifications. Utilizing the waste exhaust energy More power output Lower engine operating temperatures result which can be beneficial. Since the engine lubricating oil is subjected to high temperatures as it passes through the turbocharger the correct oil must be used as specified for turbocharged engines.

Advantages of Superchargers Over a Turbocharger: Supercharger do not suffer lag which is a serious problem in Turbocharger . Modification of the exhaust system:-, but superchargers can be bolted to the top or side of the engine , that makes them cheaper to install and easier to service and maintain. Shutdown procedure:-No special shutdown procedure is required with superchargers as they are not lubricated by engine oil . They can be shut down normally. Turbochargers must idle for about 30 seconds or so prior to shutdown so the lubricating oil has a chance

Disadvantages of Superchargers: It derives power from the engine itself: Crankshaft drives superchargers so they steal some of the engine's horsepower. A supercharger can consume as much as 20 percent of an engine's total power output An added strain on the engine: Supercharging puts an added strain on the engine, which needs to be strong to handle the extra boost and bigger explosions Since some of the superchargers are larger in size the efficiency of the engine decreases as it is the additional component bolted on to it. Detonation is serious problem