CHAPTER 2 types of biodiversity CHAPTER 5 resource limitations CHAPTER 7 interdependence between species CHAPTER 8 india as a me adiversity nation CHAPTER

!" loss of biodiversity P#EA$E RE%ER T& RE'($(&) *+E$T(&)$ ,('E) #A$T T(-E %&R THE$E 5 CHAPTER$ CHAPTER !! $TRATE,(E$ %&R C&)$ER'AT(&) &% .(&/('ER$(T0 1 NEED FOR CONSERVATION 2points iven in class3 )EE/ %&R E45$(T+ C&)$ER'AT(&): 1. To transfer desired traits into high yielding varieties hi!h !an then "e released into their nat#ral ho$es to restore their d indling %o%#lations. &. 'el%s to $aintain %o%#lations of ild s%e!ies "y: a. For$ing ne generations

". S#%%lying s#r%l#s %lants and ani$als to other %la!es !. Reintrod#!ing the$ in s#ita"le ild ha"itats A/'A)TA,E$ &% E4$(T+ C&)$ER'AT(&): 1. It hel%s ani$als in getting %ro%er !are and $edi!al fa!ilities ith in!rease in life s%an. &. (eneti! e)%eri$ents for the "enefit of ani$als and also to #nderstand the nat#re of s#!h s%e!ies "y $onitoring the$ !losely and there"y ado%ting a "etter te!hni*#e for their !onservation hi!h s#its the$ the "est. +. After "reeding the ani$als, a n#$"er of the s%e!ies !an "e sent to the ild again, th#s in!reasing the total n#$"er of that s%e!ies hi!h as threatened or endangered. -. S#ita"le hen the n#$"er of s%e!ies in nat#re has "een !riti!ally red#!ed /($A/'A)TA,E$ &% E4$(T+ C&)$ER'AT(&): 1. It does not %rovide an original.nat#ral ha"itat and ani$als are "o#nd to #ndergo stress of "eing resettled or re%la!ed and so$eti$es they do not get ad/#sted to their ne ha"itat. &. It is also o"served that $ost ani$als do not re%rod#!e in !a%tivity or in other ha"itats, hi!h again does not solve the %ro"le$ of in!reasing of in!reasing the n#$"er of that threatened s%e!ies.

+. The nat#ral %ro!ess of evol#tion $ay get dist#r"ed hi!h is ne!essary to give rise to ne s%e!ies. -. Those s%e!ies that are "orn in !a%tivity $ay not s#rvive in the ild as they are not trained for h#nting. 0. After "eing introd#!ed into the ild, they are s#s!e%ti"le to diseases. 1. E)%ensive as !reating an artifi!ial ha"itat is e)%ensive.

A/'A)TA,E$ &% ()$(T+ C&)$ER'AT(&): 1. It %rovides an original, nat#ral ha"itat and ani$als do not #ndergo the stress of "eing relo!ated. &. It is a !hea%er and !onvenient $ethod than e)sit# !onservation as it does not re*#ire a large infrastr#!t#re or reso#r!es. +. Ani$als are al ays in their nat#ral ha"itat, so they ad/#st ell to their s#rro#ndings and are less %rone to diseases that reintrod#!ed s%e!ies fa!e. -. 2east h#$an interferen!e 0. Conservation of "oth 3no n and #n3no n s%e!ies o!!#rs 1. The entire nat#ral ha"itat is !onserved. /($A/'A)TA,E$ &% ()$(T+ C&)$ER'AT(&)1 1. &. +. -. It is diffi!#lt to $anage s#!h large areas and reg#lar $onitoring of ani$als is not %ra!ti!ally %ossi"le. '#nting and %oa!hing !annot "e overr#led as these areas are *#ite "ig and %ro%er vigil is not easy d#e to la!3 of reso#r!es and $an %o er. So$eti$es these areas are o%en to to#rists hi!h !a#se stress to ani$als. Not s#ita"le hen the n#$"er of e)isting s%e!ies is very s$all.

/(%%ERE)CE$ .ET6EE) () $(T+ A)/ E4 $(T+ C&)$ER'AT(&) In sit# !onservation of s%e!ies in its nat#ral ha"itat 4rote!ts s%e!ies as ell as the e!osyste$ 4rovides o%%ort#nity for living organis$s to evolve Diffi!#lt to !ontrol an in!iden!e of disease & E) sit# Conservation of endangered s%e!ies a ay fro$ their nat#ral ha"itat 4rote!ts only s%e!ies at ris3 #nder h#$an s#%ervision Ne life for$s !annot evolve

Diseases !an "e !ontrolled and gives

o#t"rea3.e%ide$i! Diffi!#lt to $aintain a large area or to al ays s#%ervise it 5ore e!ono$i!al $ethod (eneti! transfor$ation not %ossi"le .(&$PHERE RE$ER'E$:

longer life s%an and "reeding !han!es Ani$als are #nder h#$an !are "#t it is not %ossi"le to $aintain favo#ra"le env. Conditions al ays (ene "an3s , !a%tive "reeding and !ryo%reservation $ethods are e)%ensive (eneti! te!hni*#es !an "e #sed to transfor$ the$

The !on!e%t of "ios%heres as initiated #nder 5A6 %rog in 1780 It is #s#ally a large %rote!ted area "y la They are not $eant to %reserve any s%e!ies in %arti!#lar "#t are intended to %reserve the entire "ioti! s%e!tr#$ of the lo!ality Ea!h 6.R has a !ore 9one, here no h#$an a!tivity is allo ed. It is #ndist#r"ed and legally %rote!ted. The "#ffer 9one s#rro#nds the !ore 9one, here a!tivities li3e reso#r!e #se strategies, resear!h and ed#!ation are !arried o#t The o#ter$ost 9one is the transition 9one, here lo!al %eo%le are allo ed a!tivities li3e settle$ents, !ro%%ing, forestry, et!. in !oo%eration ith reserve $g$t., itho#t dist#r"ing the e!ology 6R hel% in the restoration of degraded e!osyste$s It is a $eans of !onserving geneti! reso#r!es, s%e!ies, e!osyste$s itho#t #%rooting the lo!als S#%%orts ed#!ation and resear!h ADVANTA(ES OF NATIONA2 4AR:S: 1. No e)ternal infl#en!e on ildlife &. 4ro$otes to#ris$ +. 2arger in area -. Inter"reeding is feasi"le 0. 2ess e)%ensive to $aintain 1. S%e!ies gro in their nat#ral ha"itat 8. 5any s%e!ies !an "e !onserved in one area

CHAPTER !2 -(T(,AT(), PE&P#E 6(#/#(%E C&)%#(CT CHAPTER !7 )EE/ %&R E)'(R&)-E)TA# /E'E#&P-E)T CHAPTER !8 A$PECT$ &% E)'(R&)-E)TA# -A)A,E-E)T 2E-31 E4TE)/E/ PR&/+CER REP&)$(.(#(T0 2EPR31 is a strategy designed to %ro$ote the integration of environ$ental !osts asso!iated ith %rod#!ts thro#gho#t their life !y!le into the $ar3et %ri!e of the %rod#!ts ;OECD 1777< E4R i$%oses a!!o#nta"ility over the entire life !y!le of %rod#!ts and %a!3aging introd#!ed in the $ar3et. This $eans that fir$s, hi!h $an#fa!t#re, i$%ort and. sell %rod#!ts and %a!3aging are re*#ired to "e finan!ially and %hysi!ally res%onsi"le for s#!h %rod#!ts after their #sef#l life. They $#st either ta3e "a!3 s%ent %rod#!ts and $anage the$ thro#gh re#se, re!y!ling or in energy %rod#!tion, or delegate this res%onsi"ility to a third %arty, a so !alled %rod#!er res%onsi"ility organisation ;4RO<, hi!h is s%ent "y the %rod#!er for s%ent=%rod#!t $anage$ent. In so$e !o#ntries, the Ni!3el=Cad$i#$ ;Ni=Cd< "attery $an#fa!t#rers ta3e "a!3 and re!y!le the #sed "atteries at ind#stry e)%ense. There are n#$ero#s !ases of individ#al !o$%anies ta3ing "a!3 their %rod#!ts at the end of their #sef#l life. EC&)&-(C A$PECT$ &% EADO4TION OF ENVIRON5ENTA2 RESO>RCE ACCO>NTIN(= ERA is done to 3no the develo%$ental "enefits of a %ro/e!t. It $#st "e !al!#lated to 3no the !ost of reso#r!e de%letion, degradation and re%lenishing in ter$s of !ost. The total !ost of a reso#r!e !an a!!o#nt for the de%letion, da$age, !ost and "enefit o"tained "y enhan!ed environ$ental *#ality. This o#ld ena"le a fir$ to vie the i$%a!t of its e!ono$i! a!tivities on the nat#ral env and aids in red#!ing %oll#tion. ?>A2IT@ OF 2IFE: !ondition of life in ter$s of ha%%iness STANDARD OF 2IVIN(: reso#r!es availa"le at hand are #sed to %rovide a high standard of living ETH(CA# A$PECT$ &% E9-1 I. INTRA(ENERATIONA2 E?>IT@: It is i$%ortant for !#rrent generations to ens#re that o#r finite reso#r!es are s%ent sensi"ly in solving environ$ental %ro"le$s, ta3ing into a!!o#nt the relative s!ale of %otential i$%a!ts and the distri"#tion of ris3s and "enefits. It involves: a. Reg#lating health ris3s to !#rrent %o%#lations ". S%atial distri"#tion of "#rdens and "enefits !. 4#"li! involve$ent d. 4oll#ters %ays %rin!i%le: %oll#ters sho#ld not "e in!l#ded in the s#"sidies idely a!!e%ted II. INTER(ENERATIONA2 E?>IT@: involves ens#ring fairness a!ross generations and is dire!tly related to s#staina"ility. The "asi! tenets are that e do not %ass -

on "#rdens #nne!essarily and that e leave f#t#re generations ith the sa$e freedo$ and !hoi!es that e have. (eologi!al dis%osal is re!ognised as "eing the only s#staina"le sol#tion to $anaging long=lived astes, "e!a#se it does not %ass on %ro"le$s to f#t#re generations ho $ay have neither the reso#r!es nor the !a%a"ility to handle the$. The arg#$ent a%%lies in any !o#ntry and to any si9e of %rogra$. It involves: a. 5ini$ising ris3s to f#t#re generations ". 5ini$ising "#rdens and in!reasing "enefits for f#t#re generations !. Red#!ing finan!ial ris3s to f#t#re generations d. 5a)i$ising freedo$ of !hoi!e e. 4re!a#tionary %rin!i%le; this !alls #%on so!iety to ta3e %r#dent %reventive a!tions to deal ith ris3s ith %otentially very serio#s !onse*#en!es, even if there are do#"ts and s!ientifi! !ontroversy s#rro#nding the eviden!e< III. (ENDER E?>IT@: in the 17ABs, govern$ents and develo%$ent agen!ies "e!a$e $#!h $ore a are of the need to !onsider gender iss#es in their environ$ental and nat#ral reso#r!es $anage$ent %rogra$s. 4oli!y $a3ers first !a$e to a%%re!iate that o$en %lay an essential role in the $anage$ent of nat#ral reso#r!es, in!l#ding soil, ater, forests and energyCand often have a %rofo#nd traditional and !onte$%orary 3no ledge of the nat#ral orld aro#nd the$ ; Dorld 6an3 1771<. The e)!l#sion of o$en fro$ environ$ental %ro/e!ts= thro#gh negle!t in "elief in gender ne#trality of %ro/e!ts o#ld res#lt in %ro/e!t fail#re. Do$en ere seen as assets to "e harnessed in the interest of "etter E5. SOCIA2 AS4ECTS: 1. Cons#$er ed#!ation s%reading litera!y and a areness &. Cons#$er rights to safety, to "e infor$edand to "e heard hi!h hel% %eo%le to 3no their li$itations +. Co$$#nity %arti!i%ation -. E*#ity "et een haves and havenots 0. So!ial /#sti!e no one sho#ld "e de%rived of their f#nda$ental rights 1. Do$en %o er CHAPTER !55 #E,A# PR&'($(&)$ %&R EEC&-AR:= To in!rease !ons#$er a areness, the (ovt of India la#n!hed the e!o=la"elling s!he$e 3no n as e!o$ar3in 1771 for easy identifi!ation of environ$entally friendly %rod#!ts. Any %rod#!t hi!h is $ade, #sed or dis%osed of in a ay that signifi!antly red#!es the har$ it o#ld other ise !a#se the env !o#ld "e !onsidered an env friendly %rod#!t. The !riteria follo s a !radle= to=grave a%%roa!h i.e., fro$ ra $aterial e)tra!tion to 0

$an#fa!t#ring and dis%osal. The e!o$ar3 la"el is a arded to !ons#$er goods hi!h $eet the s%e!ified environ$ent !riteria and the *#ality re*#ire$ents of Indian Standards. Any %rod#!t ith the e!o$ar3 ill "e the right environ$ental !hoi!e. A(-$ &% EC&-AR:1 1. To %rovide an in!entive to $an#fa!t#rers and i$%orters to red#!e adverse environ$ental i$%a!ts of %rod#!ts. &. To re ard gen#ine initiatives "y !o$%anies to red#!e adverse environ$ental i$%a!t of their %rod#!ts. +. To assist !ons#$ers to "e!o$e environ$entally res%onsi"le in their daily lives "y %roviding infor$ation to ta3e a!!o#nt of environ$ental fa!tors in their %#r!hase de!isions. -. To en!o#rage !iti9ens to %#r!hase %rod#!ts hi!h have less har$f#l environ$ental i$%a!ts. 0. >lti$ately to i$%rove the *#ality of the env and to en!o#rage the s#staina"le $anage$ent of reso#r!es.

E(A: is a tool #sed for de!ision $a3ing regarding develo%$ent %ro/e!ts and %rogra$s 5ain o"/e!tive is to a!hieve s.d ith $in env degradation It eval#ates the %ositive or negative i$%a!ts of %ro/e!ts on the env It s#ggests s#ita"le $itigation $eas#res to "e in!or%orated d#ring %lanning of the %ro/e!t so as to avoid env da$age It is #nderta3en for very large s!ale %ro/e!ts and is $andatory for $ost %arts of the orld It involves as%e!ts li3e air *#ality, ater *#ality, solid astes and even "iologi!al and e!ologi!al fa!tors, o!!#%ation , health and safety CHAPTER !; APPR&ACHE$ %&R E)'(R&)-E)TA# -,-T9 APR&ACHE$1 1. E!ono$i! %oli!ies: %oll#ters %ay, 2CA,ERA,NRA &. Environ$ental indi!ators: %hysi!al, "iologi!al and !he$i!al fa!tors that indi!ate so$e !hange in the env they are sensitive to !hanges in the env. It is #sed to see if env o"/e!tives are "eing $et to !o$$#ni!ate the state the env to the general %#"li! and de!ision $a3ers. It hel%s in dete!ting trends in the env for eg. 6y !o#nting the no of rare s%e!ies of "irds in a to n

Con! of o9one in the stratos%here indi!ates the effe!t of CFCs and in!iden!e of #v rays In!reased 6OD of ter and %resen!e of t#"ife) or$s are indi!ative of %oll#ted a*#ati! syste$s +. Setting of standards: 4rod#!t standards, e$ission standards, dis!harge standards, 6S,ISO 1-BBB -. Infor$ation e)!hange and s#rveillan!e ()%&R-AT(&) E4CHA),E A)/ $+R'E(##A)CE ENVIS realising the i$%ortan!e of environ$ental Infor$ation, the (ovt of India, in De! 177& "egan an Environ$ental infor$ation syste$ as a %lan %rog. The fo!#s of ENVIS sin!e its in!e%tion has "een on %roviding environ$ental info to de!ision $a3ers, %oli!y %lanners, s!ientists and engineers, or3ers, et!. all over the !o#ntry. ENVIS is a de!entralised syste$ ith a net or3 of distri"#ted s#"/e!t oriented !entres ens#ring national efforts in environ$ental info !olle!tion, !ollation, storage, retrieval and s%reading. O6EECTIVES: 1. 2ON( TER5: a. To "#ild a re%ository and s%reading !entre in environ$ental s!ien!e and engineering. ". To gear #% the $odern te!hnologies of a!*#isition, %ro!essing, storage, retrieval and info of env nat#re !. To s#%%ort and %ro$ote resear!h, devl and innovation in env te!hnology &. S'ORT TER5: a. To %rovide national environ$ental info servi!e relevant to %resent needs and devl to $eet the f#t#re needs of #sers, originators, %ro!essors and disse$inators of info ". To "#ild #% storage, retrieval and disse$ination !a%a"ilities ith the #lti$ate o"/e!tives of disse$inating info s%eedily to #sers !. To %ro$ote national and international !oo%eration and liaison for e)!hange of env info d. To %ro$ote, s#%%ort and assist ed#!ation and %ersonnel training %rogra$$es designed to enhan!e environ$ental info %ro!essing and #tilisation !a%a"ilities e. To %ro$ote e)!hange of info a$ong develo%ing !o#ntries. RO2E 42A@ED 6@ ENVIS: 1. It %rovides i$%ortant info to hel% ta3e de!isions

&. It hel%s in develo%ing resear!h or3 "y %roviding an i$%ortant data "an3 +. It hel%s organisations to #nderstand the %resent state of the env -. It hel%s to %ro$ote national and international !oo%eration 0. It serves as a #sef#l data "an3 on the env to hi!h one !an easily refer to in !ase of any *#eries. #(%E C0C#E A$$E$$-E)T 2#CA3The !o$%le) intera!tion "et een a %rod#!t and the env is dealt ith in the 2CA $ethod. Also 3no n as 2IFE C@C2E ANA2@SIS or ECO6A2ANCE it syste$ati!ally des!ri"es and assess all flo s to and fro$ nat#re. STE4S: 1. (oals and s!o%e= o"/e!tives of the st#dy of the %rod#!t is deter$ined.

&. Des!ri"e hi!h e$issions ill o!!#r ie env effe!t and !ost of ra $aterials #sed d#ring the life of a %rod#!t. This is referred to as the life !y!le Inventory ste%. +. Assess hat the i$%a!ts of these e$issions and ra $aterial de%letions are. Called the I$%a!t assess$ent ste% -. Inter%retation: an analysis is $ade hether the goals set in the first ste% !an "e $et or not. (ovts and the !#sto$ers si$%le e)%e!t that !o$%anies %ay attention to the environ$ental %ro%erties of all %rod#!ts. E5AS, 6S and ISO 1-BBB series de$and !ontin#o#s i$%rove$ent in the E5 syste$ .2CA and its #tili9ation for %rod#!t.%ro!ess i$%rove$ent is the ay to $eet this de$and. CHAPTER !7 A)/ !8 $+$TA()A.#E /E'# A)/ C&)$+-PT(&) S>STAINA62E DEVE2O45ENT: develo%$ent that $eets the need of the %resent generation itho#t !o$%ro$ising the a"ility of f#t#re generations to $eet their o n needs. FEAT>RES OF S>STAINA62E CONS>54TION: 1. Satisfying "asi! needs ie. Not the desire for l#)#ries &. Favo#ring *#ality of life over $aterial standards of living +. 5ini$ising reso#r!e #se, aste and %oll#tion -. Ta3ing a life !y!le %ers%e!tive in !ons#$er de!ision $a3ing A!ting ith !on!ern for the f#t#re generation CHAPTER !< )EE/ %&R $+$TA()A.#E /E'# 1. To %rolong lifes%an of reso#r!es availa"le till a feasi"le alternative develo%s

&. E*#ita"le distri"#tion of reso#r!es A

+. To %revent environ$ental da$age -. For e!ono$i! via"ility 0. To enhan!e *#ality of life. to !#r" %overty 1. To 3ee% %o%#lation in !he!3 8. To %reserve "iodiversity and the earths life s#%%ort syste$ A. 6ring an ethi!al attit#de in %eo%le to !onserve the env This !an "e a!hieved "y: 1. >se of "iodegrada"le %rod#!ts.e!o=friendly %rod#!ts &. Re!y!ling of $aterials +. Change lifestyles fro$ !ons#$eristi! to s#staina"le !ons#$%tion to save reso#r!es and red#!e %oll#tion -. 2ess and /#di!io#s of fossil f#els and ado%ting alternate energy 0. S it!hing to !leaner te!hnology 1. Daste red#!tion, re!y!ling and aste #tilisation to solve %ro"le$s of aste dis%osal, and aste treat$ent 8. Te!hnologi!al !hanges and innovations for higher effi!ien!y, red#!ed !ons#$%tion and enhan!ed %rod#!tivity follo ing environ$ental la s, standards and reg#lations hel%s to %rote!t the env A. Cons#$%tion of nat#ral %rod#!ts is good for the env as ell as for health CHAPTER 2" CHA##E),E$ %&R $9/ $&C(A# CHA##E),E$1 1. So!ial in!l#sion, de$ogra%hy and $igration &. 4overty +. 4o%#lation e)%losion -. Illitera!y 0. >ns#staina"le %rod#!tion and !ons#$%tion "y a large no of %eo%le 1. (a% "et een ri!h and %oor %eo%le 8. So!il evils=!orr#%tion, riots, stri3es A. (lo"alisation 7. (ender ine*#ity, e!ono$i! ine*#ity 7

1B. Sanitation and hygiene, %rovision of !lean ater 11. >ns3illed la"o#r 1&. >nhealthy and #nsafe inh#$ane or3ing !onditions 1+. 5aln#trition P&#(T(CA# CHA##E),E$ 1. A%%ro%riate %oli!y for$#lation and %oliti!al ill to i$%le$ent it &. Environ$ent !on!ern to "e a %art of strategi! %lanning and %oliti!al dialog#e +. 4arti!i%ation of general %#"li! in legislation -. Involve$ent of yo#th and o$en in devel %rogs 0. Contri"#tion of %rivate se!tors and la"o#r #nions, N(Os in the nation "#ilding %ro!ess 1. (ovt s#%%ort to develo% s3illed $an%o er 8. 4ea!e and sta"ility in the !o#ntry A. (ender and ra!ial e*#ality

EC&)&-(C CHA##E),E$ 1. Drafting national and international e!ono$i! %oli!ies &. 4ro$oting s.d thro#gh trade li"eralisation +. 5a3ing trade and env $#t#ally s#%%ortive -. Finan!ial reso#r!es to "e %rovided to develo%ing nations CHAPTER 2! $+PP&RT .A$E %&R $+$TA()A.#E /E'E#&P-E)T /ECCA) /E'E#&P-E)T $&C(ET01 DDS in A4 is the N(O hi!h %ro$otes self=s#stenan!e in r#ral !o$$#nities thro#gh develo%ing seed "an3s, !#ltivation of $illets and thro#gh $i!rofinan!e in the (ra$een 6an3 5odel. They have ta3en strategies to evolve a self=s#ffi!ient far$ for a s$all fa$ily of 0 %ersons, to %rovide $a) food, f#el and fodder. They de$onstrate vario#s f#n!tions %ertaining to gro ing soil, harvesting rain ater, arresting soil erosion, the role of trees, ind"rea3s and leg#$e s%e!ies and a %oly!#lt#ral %attern of food !ro%s and horti!#lt#ral s%e!ies. There is a green s!hool in 5an!har village in the %ro/e!t area, started and $anaged "y the DDs. Different $i!ro %ro/e!ts li3e soil !onservation and ater harvesting are ta3en #% "y the DDS. It also started !o$$#nity gene f#nd %rog hi!h e$%hasi9es "iodiversity in agri!#lt#re and the restoration of traditional !ro% varieties. The (ra$een "an3 $odel as a!!e%ted "y the DDS. It has so$e i$% feat#res= a%art fro$ its !on!entration on the %oor as 1B

!lientsF it involves lending in gro#%s ho are /ointly res%onsi"le for the loan. It is leant not only to far$ers "#t also to r#ral la"o#rers, %etty traders and $ost i$%ortantly to o$en. DDS has "ro#ght %ros%erity in A4 'as %ro$oted far$ers seed "an3s 'as %ro$oted !#ltivation of $illets 'as %ro$oted $i!rofinan!e thro#gh (ra$een "an3 $odel DDS has %ro$oted !o$$#nity %arti!i%ation To se!#re !ro% "iodiversity in the area and ens#re a safety net for o$en ho are de%endent on s#"sisten!e far$ing. To e$%o er ($C 2"!! 1. 5ention one legislation in India that is in for!e for $anaging the env. &. Dhat 3ind of so!iety !a#ses e)tre$e stress on the envG !ons#$eristi! +. Dhat is $eant "y intra generational e*#ityG -. E)%lain the role of "ios%here reserves in !onserving "iodiversity. 0. Dhat are the different $ethods of !onserving "iodiversityG Dhi!h of the a"ove $ethods of !onservation %reserves the nat#ral ha"itatsG E)%lain ho . 1. Dhat role does %oliti!al and ad$inistrative ill %lay in a!hieving s#staina"le develo%$entG It is the d#ty of the govt and other %oliti!al fra$ers to %resent the la s and %oli!ies and standards that o#ld lead to the goal of s.d #sing $any $onitoring $ethods. The $ain e$%hasis is on %rote!tion of the env, afforestation and regeneration of divided lands, !ontrol and %revention of %oll#tion, !onservation of ildlife, forests, flora and fa#na. these goals !an "e easily a!hieved "y $ethods s#!h as a areness at lo!al, state, national and international levels "y: a. S%reading info as done "y ENVIS ". 4ro$oting forest and env reso#r!es !. Training and i$%le$entation d. I$%le$entating ildlife and forestry %rogra$s e. Assisting environ$ental organisations f. S#rveillan!e te!hni*#es and $onitoring s#!h as EIA o$en to develo% into seed entre%rene#rs and enter agri"#siness

8. E)%lain ho te!hnologi!al $odifi!ations have hel%ed in "etter environ$ental $anage$ent. 11

A. Dhat is s#staina"le !ons#$%tionG E)%lain any fo#r $ethods "y hi!h e a!hieve s#staina"le !ons#$%tion. A !ons#$%tion %attern that has the follo ing *#alities: a. S#staina"le i.e., itho#t $ortgaging the !hoi!es of the f#t#re generations ". Strengthening i.e., "#ilding h#$an !a%a"ilities !. Shared: ens#ring "asi! needs for all d. So!ially res%onsi"le: striving for the !ons#$%tion s#!h that it does not !o$%ro$ise the ell"eing of others 7. Dhat is a%%ro%riate te!hnologyG Dis!#ss the role of a%%ro%riate te!hnology in s#staina"le develo%$ent. A%%ro%riate te!h involvesF 9ero %oll#tion, 9ero aste %rod#!tion, 9ero health ha9ards to or3ers and effi!ient #se of reso#r!es It develo%s %rod#!ts that are $ade of rene a"le or re!y!la"le $aterials These %rod#!ts do not %oll#te the env They have lo !ons#$%tion of energy

It a"sor"s traditional %rod#!tion $ethods ith $odern s!ien!e and %rovides e$%loy$ent o%%ort#nity to the !o$$on $an It hel%s to "ring for ard lo!al talent for its develo%$ent It fo!#ses on red#!ing i$%a!ts along the entire life of the %rod#!t, fro$ e)tra!tion of ra $aterials to the dis%osal of the %rod#!t Red#!es ris3 to h#$an "eings and env 1B. E)%lain the role of E4R in environ$ental $anage$ent. 11. Dis!#ss the !ontri"#tion of DDS in Andhra 4radesh in %ro$oting self=s#stenan!e in r#ral !o$$#nities. 1&. E)%lain ho environ$ental indi!ators hel% in %rote!ting the env. ($C 2"!" 1. Na$e the N(O or3ing in Andhra 4radesh hi!h %ro$oted $i!rofinan!e on the (ra$een 6an3 $odel. De!!an Develo%$ent So!iety &. Define the ter$ E)tended %rod#!er res%onsi"ility. 4rod#!er is res%onsi"le for a %rod#!t after its life !y!le for safe dis%osal.

1&

+. Na$e one govt organisation in India hi!h is e$%o ered to set environ$ental %rote!tion standards. C4C6: Central %oll#tion !ontrol "oard 6IS: 6#rea# of Indian Standards -. S#ggest one $eas#re to red#!e the h#$an=ani$al !onfli!t. Creation of "#ffer 9ones, 4rovision of ater holes, fen!ing aro#nd national %ar3s and forest areas, %rovision of reso#r!es for residents aro#nd forested areas, !o$%ensation, %roviding food for ani$als d#ring %eriod of dro#ght, involving lo!al %eo%le in !onservation of s%e!ies. 0. 5ention any t o $ethods of in sit# !onservation. San!t#aries, national %ar3s, "ios%here reserves, reserve forests, nat#re reserves 1. Dis!#ss the role of e)sit# !onservation in %rote!ting "iodiversity. (ive s#ita"le egs. 4rote!ts endangered %lants and ani$als, 4rote!ts s%e!ies fro$ #nfavo#ra"le !onditions, Ca%tive "reeding hel%s %rod#!e healthy offs%ring, red#!es !o$%etition for reso#r!es, !reates a areness in %eo%le "y ay of 9oos, reha"ilitation of s%e!ies and traslo!ation of s%e!ies is done #nder e)sit# !onservation giving s%e!ies an alternative ha"itat, seed "an3s and gene "an3s hel% in ti$es of dro#ght and disease. eg. !ro!odile "reeding far$s, seed "an3s and tiger !onservation. 8. E)%lain the vario#s %oliti!al !hallenges fa!ed in the %ro!ess of a!hieving s#staina"le develo%$ent in a !o#ntry li3e India. Re*#ire$ent of %oliti!al ill to a!hieve s.d, %ea!e and sta"ility in develo%ing nations, environ$ent degradation and %oor e!ono$i! %oli!ies, %o%#lation e)%losion in develo%ing nations, strategi! %lanning and %oliti!al dialog#e, fo!#s on s#"sidies and develo%$ent "#dget, !o$%rehensive %rogra$$e for reha"ilitation and e!ono$i! develo%$ent, !orr#%tion. A. Drite in "rief on the ethi!al as%e!ts to "e !onsidered for $anaging the environ$ent. Intergenerational e*#ity, intragenerational e*#ity, $oral relations "et een h#$ans, non h#$ans and nat#ral environ$ent, rights for ani$als, %lants and other s%e!ies for !lean env, r#ral #r"an e*#ity, gender e*#ity. 7. Dis!#ss any five e!ono$i! %oli!ies hi!h !an "e i$%le$ented for "etter $anage$ent of the env. E4R to "e i$%le$ented stri!tly, s#"sidies for e!ofriendy te!hnology, %enalties for defa#lters, environ$ent reso#r!e a!!o#nting and nat#ral reso#r!e a!!o#nting to "e done on a reg#lar "asis, trada"le %oll#tion %er$its. !ar"on !redits, ta)ation 1B. E)%lain the role of the 6arefoot College in Tilonia in %ro$oting s.d.

1+

(ro#nd ater s#rvey and $eas#res to re!harge gro#nd ater, "#ilt in health %rogra$$e, ed#!ation %rog, o$en e$%o er$ent %rog, agri!#lt#ral e)tension, r#ral ind#stry, alternate rene a"le te!h, ani$al h#s"andry. 11. Dhat is ENVISG Dis!#ss the i$%ortan!e of infor$ation e)!hange and s#rveillan!e .r.t ENVIS. Environ$ental infor$ation syste$ info e)!hange hel%s to foster !oo%eration hi!h hel%s to find sol#tions in a "etter and faster ay, it hel%s to %lan and $a3e %oli!ies that hel% in env !onservation, ho$ogeneity of data is $aintained, hel%s to find data ro#nd the orld fro$ one %la!e, s#rveillan!e;re$ote sensing< hel%s to ta3e a sto!3 of the !#rrent stat#s and e)tent of reso#r!es. 1&. Drite short notes on: a. Environ$ental indi!ators: are varia"les or $eas#res li3e glo"al ar$ing. rise in sea level that s#%%ly info a"o#t hat is ha%%ening in the env, nor$ally in!l#de %hysi!al, "iologi!al and !he$i!al $eas#res, they indi!ate the *#ality of the env, indi!ate %ress#res on the env, they are sensitive to !hanges in the env. ". >se of ind energy in TN: is the front r#nner in the !o#ntry in the #se of ind energy for %o er generation, 118 ele!tri! generators ith a total !a%a!ity of 175D. 1BH of the nations installed !a%a!ity of ind energy is fro$ TN, there is a govt f#nded and state s#%%orted ind energy harnessing in TN, all these ind %o er #nits are lo!ated along the !oast of TN. ($C 2""< 1. Dhat is !a%tive "reedingG the %ro!ess of !a%t#ring ani$als fro$ their nat#ral env and "reeding the$ in restri!ted !onditions li3e 9oos, en!los#res, et!.This is done generally in s%e!ies hi!h are either endangered or on the verge of e)tin!tion. &. Na$e the N(O that is or3ing in A4 to %ro$ote self s#stenan!e in the region. +. Na$e a national %ar3 in India ai$ed at the %rote!tion of ild life. Cor"ett, Ra/a/i, 6andhavgarh, :anha, 5anas -. Dhat is an e!o$ar3 s!he$eG An e!ola"elling s!he$e la#n!hed "y the govt of India. It is a la"el sho ing an earthen %ot. This is given to any %rod#!t hi!h is $ade, #sed or dis%osed of in a ay that signifi!antly red#!es har$ to the env and th#s "e!o$ing $ore e!ofriendly %rod#!ts, It ai$s to en!o#rage !ons#$ers to "#y $ore e!ofriendly %rod#!ts. 0. 5ention one legislation in India that is in for!e for $anaging the env. 'a9ardo#s aste ;$anage$ent and 'andling< r#les 17A7 Re!y!led %lasti! $an#fa!t#re and #sage r#les 1777 The ha9ardo#s "io$edi!al aste ;5anage$ent and handling< r#les 177A 1-

The o9one de%leting s#"stan!es ;reg#lations< r#le &BBB The environ$ent %rote!tion a!t 17A1 The air ;4revention and !ontrol of %oll#tion< a!t 17A1 The ater ;%revention and !ontrol of %oll#tion< a!t 178The "io$edi!al aste ;$anage$ent and handling< r#les177A 1. Define s#staina"le develo%$ent 8. E)%lain the role of ildlife san!t#aries in !onservation of "iodiversity. San!t#aries are ha"itats to several endangered and threatened s%e!ies They %rovide a safe ha"itat for vario#s s%e!ies of %lants and ani$als Sin!e no logging, h#nting or %oa!hing is allo ed, s%e!ies of %lants and ani$als are %rote!ted fro$ e)ternal interferen!es. San!t#aries are ell $aintained and %rovides an a areness and ed#!ational o%%ort#nity for visitors they are a%art of the insit# !onservation %ro!ess all fa!tors har$f#l to the e)isten!e of the s%e!ies are eli$inated. they a!t as gene %ools $aintain geneti! diversity less e)%ensive or !ost effe!tive A. Dhat is a "#ffer 9oneG E)%lain its role in $itigating the %eo%le= ildlife !onfli!t. these are %la!es hi!h 3ee% t o or $ore areas se%arate fro$ ea!h other area in a national %ar3 or a san!t#ary here h#$an interferen!e is allo ed it is the 9one after the !ore 9one !ontrolled or li$ited interferen!e of h#$ans role: to#ris$ is allo ed in this area, gra9ing is allo ed in this area th#s %reventing en!roa!h$ent in to the area, !olle!tion of fodder and forest %rod#!ts is allo ed in this area, ed#!ational val#e, !reates a areness 7. Dis!#ss the vario#s so!ial as%e!ts of environ$ent $anage$ent De sho#ld develo% a $ind set that sees the env ith !o$%assion so!ial e*#ity and e$%loy$ent for all sho#ld "e ens#red the lo!al %eo%le sho#ld "e %art of the de!ision $a3ing %ro!ess 10

lo!al "odies sho#ld "e for$ed fro$ the !o$$#nities to ta3e !are of the forests, ildlife and env re%resentation and %arti!i%ation in the lo!al governing "odies is essential for %ro%er environ$ental $g$t sensiti9e so!iety and $a3e the$ a are of env iss#es fair sharing of !o$$on reso#r!es gender e*#ity and e$%o er$ent of o$en %ea!e and har$ony 1B. E)%lain in "rief the !on!e%t of s#staina"le !ons#$%tion ith s#ita"le e)a$%les it is !ons#$ing reso#r!es /#di!io#sly, 3ee%ing in $ind the %resent and f#t#re generation de$ands h#$ans sho#ld red#!e their !ons#$%tion and sho#ld strive to a!hieve e*#ity in !ons#$%tion eg. #ns#staina"le !ons#$%tion %attern of ind#striali9ed !o#ntries is res#lting in the ina"ility of %oorer !o#ntries to $eet their needs s#!h as food, shelter and health !are #se of $ass trans%ort syste$s for s#staina"le !ons#$%tion of fossil f#els !ons#$e less and re#se reso#r!es 11. Dhat are the different as%e!ts to "e !onsidered in %roviding a s#%%ort "ase for s#staina"le develo%$entG E)%lain any t o in detail. 4oliti!al and ad$inistrative ill Dyna$i! and fle)i"le %oli!ies A%%ro%riate te!hnologies Co$%rehensive revie '#$ane a%%roa!h 1&. E)%lain the role of alternative te!hnology in environ$ental $g$t. (ive any & egs. it is $ore e!ofriendly than the !onvenient.reg#lar te!h e)erts less %ress#re on nat#ral reso#r!es !hea%er and easily availa"le non %oll#ting or less %oll#ting eg. solar !oo3er, solar !ar, hydrogen !ell.f#el !ell, "iogas. ethane. "iof#els. "iodiesel 11 and revision $e!hanis$

1. Dhat are e$ission standardsG are re*#ire$ents that set s%e!ifi! li$its to the a$o#nts of %oll#tants that !an "e released into the env.

18