A.

Basic Theory
In both males and females, PGCs undergo further mitotic divisions within the gonads and then commence gametogenesis, the process that converts them into mature male and female gametes (spermatozoa and definitive oocytes, respectively). However, timing of these processes differs in the two sexes. In males, PGCs (usually now called gonocytes) remain dormant from the 6th week of embryonic development until puberty. At puberty, seminiferous tubules mature and PGCs differentiate into spermatogonia (Mader, 2005). Successive waves of spermatogonia undergo meiosis (the process by which the number of chromosomes in the sex cells is halved; see following section) and mature into spermatozoa. Spermatozoa are produced continuously from puberty until death. In contrast in females, PGCs (again, usually now called gonocytes) undergo a few more mitotic divisions after they are invested by the somatic support cells. They then differentiate into oogonia, and by the 5th month of fetal development all oogonia begin meiosis, after which they are called primary oocytes. However, during an early phase of meiosis all sex cells enter a state of dormancy, and they remain in meiotic arrest as primary oocytes until sexual maturity (Mader, 2005). Starting at puberty, each month a few ovarian follicles resume development in response to the monthly surge of pituitary gonadotropic hormones, but usually only one primary oocyte matures into a secondary oocyte and is ovulated. This oocyte enters a second phase of meiotic arrest and does not actually complete meiosis unless it is fertilized. These monthly cycles continue until the onset of menopause at approximately 50 years of age. The process of gametogenesis in the male and female (called spermatogenesis and oogenesis, respectively) is discussed in detail later in this chapter (Mader, 2005). 1. Spermatogenesis describe and compare the specific processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. At puberty, the testes begin to secrete greatly increased amounts of the steroid hormone testosterone. This hormone has a multitude of effects. In addition to stimulating development of many secondary sex characteristics, it triggers growth of the testes, maturation of seminiferous tubules, and commencement of spermatogenesis. Under the influence of testosterone, Sertoli cells differentiate into a system of seminiferous tubules. The dormant PGCs resume development, divide several times by mitosis, and then differentiate into spermatogonia. These spermatogonia are located immediately under the basement membrane surrounding the seminiferous tubules, where they occupy pockets between Sertoli cells. Each spermatogonium is connected to the adjacent Sertoli cells by specialized membrane junctions (see next section). In addition, Sertoli cells are joined to each other by dense bands of intercellular membrane junctions that surround each Sertoli cell and thus isolate spermatogonia from the tubule lumen (Mader, 2005). Cells that will undergo spermatogenesis arise by mitosis from the spermatogonia. These cells are gradually translocated between the Sertoli cells from the basal to the luminal side of the seminiferous epithelium while spermatogenesis takes place. During this migratory phase, primary spermatocytes pass without interruption through both meiotic divisions, producing first two secondary spermatocytes and then four spermatids. The spermatids undergo dramatic changes that convert them into mature sperm while they complete their migration to the lumen. This process of sperm cell differentiation is called spermiogenesis (Mader, 2005).

2. Oogenesis Oogenesis begins in the female embryo with the production of oogonia from primordial germ cells. The oogonia divide mitotically to form cells that begin meiosis, but stop the process at prophase l. Contained within small follicles (cavities lined with protective cells), these primary oocytes arrest development before birth. Beginning at puberty, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) periodically stimulates a small group of follicles to resume growth and development. Typically, only one follicle fully matures each month, with its primary oocyte completing meiosis L The second meiotic division begins, but stops at metaphase. Thus arrested in meiosis II, the secondaryoocyte is released at ovulation, when its follicle breaks open. Only if a sperm penetrates the oocyte does meiosis 11 resume. (In other animal species, the sperm may enter the oocyte at the same stage. earlier, or later (Campbell, 2008). Each of the two meiotic divisions involves unequal cytokinesis, with the smaller cells becoming polar bodies that eventually degenerate (the first polar body mayor may not divide again). Thus, the functional product of complete oogenesis is a single mature egg already containing a sperm head; fertilization is defined strictly as the fusion of the haploid nuclei of the sperm and secondary oocyte, although we often use it loosely to mean the entry ofthe sperm head into the egg. The ruptured follicle left behind afterovulation develops into the corpus luteum. If the released oocyte is not fertilized and does not complete oogenesis. the corpus luteum degenerates. It was long thought that women and most other female mammals are born with all the primary oocytes they will ever have. In 2004. however, researchers reported that multiplying oogonia exist in the ovaries of adult mice and can develop into oocytes. Scientists are now looking for similar cells in human ovaries. It is possible that the marked decline in fertility that occurs as women age results from a depletion of oogonia in addition to the degeneration of aging oocytes (Campbell, 2008).

B. Purpose
To learn about spermatogenesis and oogenesis by using object histologys

C. Work Procedure
1. observed under a microscope preparations of testicular enlargement by using weak and strong magnification 2. draw a seminiferous tubule cells along Germa growing in it, the image also contained interstitial cells between the tubules 3. observe ovarian preparations under the microscope with magnification using weak and strong magnification 4. images each developing egg follicles mentioned therein and complete parts parts

D. Observation result
spermatogenesis

oogenesis

E. Discussion

In this lab we will observe the formation of gametes or prose that spermatogenesis in animals jantandengan observed testicular histological preparations and oogenesis in female animals by observing preparations preserved ovaries . 1. The testes of mice ( Mus musculus ) Observation of the histological preparations testy mice , we can observe which parts of the seminiferous tubules . Where in the seminiferous tubules of the observable part of the lumen , spermatocytes cells and sperm . Spermatogenesis in the testes takes place exactly on the wall of the seminiferous tubules . The process of spermatogenesis takes place from the edge to the inside ( lumen ) . The stages of the process are as follows : a. spermatogonia : The size is relatively small , somewhat oval shape , core less bright colored , lined located near / attached to the basement membrane . b. spermatocytes I: most large size , round shape , color strong core , lies a short distance away from the basement membrane . c. spermatocytes II : The size is rather small ( half- times of spermatocytes I) , spherical shape , color core stronger , getting away from the location of the basement membrane (near lumen ) . d. spermatids : Small size , slightly oval shape , color strong core , sometimes piknotis , lies near the lumen . e. Spermatozoid : young sperm clustered embedded in Sertoli cells , which are young in the lumen . f. Sertoli cells : role in preparing the walls of the seminiferous tubules and nutritive function , protection , and regulators . g. Interstitial Cells : terleak between the seminiferous tubules are the main cellular component that serves Leydig cells to synthesize androgens , such as testosterone . 2. The ovaries of mice ( Mus musculus ) Oogenesis is the process of formation of female gametes or eggs takes place in the female gonads or ovaries . At first oogenia undergo proliferation by mitosis , then grew into a primary oocyte then entered the stage of maturation ( meiosis ) . The first meiotic division produces a secondary spermatocyte cells , and a cell polosit or the first polar body . In the second meiotic division , a secondary oocyte divides and produces a single cell ootid first polar body or polosit . Polar bodies often experience denegenrasi before entering the second meiotic division . In oogenesis , Germa cells develop in the egg follicles . Egg follicles divided into two types : a. primordial follicles , the follicles contained a prenatally covered by a single layer of a flat-shaped cells . b. growing follicles , growing follicles consisting of follicle cells , stroma yag primary oocytes and follicles. Where the follicles grow consists of : a. primary follicles : consists of an oocyte that is coated by a layer of follicle cells that are separated by a zone pellusida . b. secondary follicles : the first consists of an oocyte that is coated by some granulosa cells

c. tertiary follicles : the volume of the stratum granulosum lining or oocytes I grew a lot . There is some gap between the granulosa cells . Connective tissue stroma located outside the stratum granulosum arrange themselves to form the theca interna were instrumental in the inner connective tissue and theca externa act as the outer connective tissue . d. mature follicles ( follicles Graff ) : big size , antrum into a large cavity containing follicular fluid . Oocytes surrounded by granulosa cells called the corona radiate that serves as a protective oocytes at the time of ovulation , fertilization moments , and while on the move in the fallopian tube , then connected by granulosa cells but by connecting stalk called Cumulus ooforus .

F. Conclusion
1. The stages of spermatogenesis are spermatogonium, primary spermatocyts, secondary spermatocyts, spermatid dan spermatozoa. 2. The stages of oogenesis there are oogonium, secondary oocyts , primary oocyts , ootid an ovum G. Suggestion Practitioner is expected to be more scrupulous in observing that the results obtained in accordance with the practical goal that you want to accomplish.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Mader SS. 2005. Human Reproductive Biology. New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education. Campbell. 2008. Biology Eight Edition. San Fransisco : Pearson Education, inc. Adnan. 2013. Penuntun Praktikum Perkembangan Hewan. Faculty of Mathematics and Science Makassar State University: Makassar.