What is the difference between tender and Bid in contract?

Tender is a formal invitation to suppliers/contractors to make an offer to the buyer for the supply of goods and services as set out in the specification document within the formal tender document. Contract is the formal agreement between the buying organization and the supplier setting out what services and products the supplier is contracted to deliver and within the time line and contract prize.

A bid is usually restricted to making a financial offer eg: at an auction you might make a bid of a certain price for a painting. A tender means that you will offer a service/item at a certain price. So it's a lot more complex than just dealing with a price.

A contract is a binding agreement which is legally enforceable by law if it is not fulfilled. Under one project there will be different contracts entered at different periods as per the requirement of the work to be done. Contract as per the Indian Contract 1872 means agreements are enforceable as such having been made by free consent of parties, by persons competent to contract for a lawful consideration, lawful objects and which are not expressly declared not to be void of any statue. From the definition, we can infer the criteria required for contract to be valid. The required criteria are. 1) There must be a mutual agreement between the parties. 2) There must be an offer made by one party called promise. 3) The other party called the promise must the accept the offer. 4) There must be a consideration, which is usually payment in the form of money for doing of an act or abstinence from doing particular act for promise by promise. 5) The offer and acceptance should be related to something that it is not prohibited by law. 6) The offer and acceptance constitute an agreement that when enforceable by law it becomes contract. 7) The contracting parties entering into agreements should be competent, not disqualified by either infancy or insanity for making such contract. Theoretically speaking, there could be an oral contract. However it is virtually impossible to enforce it in the context of construction since keeping track of the scope of agreements reached between the parties is very difficult. The purpose of construction contract essentially is to help achieve the quality construction project within the stipulated time and cost while adhering all the safety norms. Various types of contracts have been evolved to suit the various subject matter of construction contract complying with the legal requirements. The construction contracts are invariably in the written form. The construction contract also have many variants and these vary from vary from country to country. People are often mixed up about the difference between bids and tenders. They are two separate elements, actually; a number of people state that tenders fall under bids since theyre vital documents that secure the bids. Essentially, a bid is the presentation of how much an organization is willing to charge for the project to be accomplished and a tender, by contrast, is actually the document that shows how the project will be executed depending on the project specifications provided by the clients. They operate together in persuading the clients that a certain business will get the work done in a fashion that fits their liking. Generally, a bid is supported by a tender documentthis is the best method of distinguishing bids and tenders. Lately, however, people liberally interchange these two words due to the general nature of how bids and tenders are executed. The bid for important projects commonly comes in three forms; an IFB or an Invitation for Bid, an RFP or Request for Proposal and the RFQ or Request for Quote. The IFB is a contract also known as the Sealed Bid, which is a complete bid package which contains all of the general requirements of the contract or project. For this, theres no more room for negotiation as all its components already are fixed. The RFP, however, is a negotiable contract; there may be adjustments with regards to the certain standards along with the pricing; this is a more flexible agreement for bidders.

Finally, the RFQ allows bidders a chance to ask for certain details about the contract, including the cost; its not a binding document, which naturally means that its also negotiable. Every bid package comes at a conventional budget range but this might differ according to how high-profile the project is or the location where the project will be executed. In America, $100,000.00 is the common range but in other areas, the range may be so much higher or lower. A tender in comparison is either open or closed. An open tender means any group can take part if they can make a tender document that is compliant to the conditions of the project. Open tender is often advertised in daily periodicals. For a closed or limited tender, only invited groups can bid for the contracts or projects. Usually, the invited groups are the ones that have already proven themselves in the field that the project falls under

Quantity Surveyors have usually completed an appropriate tertiary degree course and undertaken work experience which qualifies them for membership of the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors. They work on projects ranging from office blocks, schools, hospitals, factories to bridges, railways, oil and mining development, shipbuilding and large process engineering works such as oil refineries. Anywhere, indeed, that major construction work is carried out. The Quantity Surveyor, also known as a Construction Economist, or Cost Manager, is one of a team of professional advisers to the construction industry. As advisers they estimate and monitor construction costs, from the feasibility stage of a project through to the completion of the construction period. After construction they may be involved with tax depreciation schedules, replacement cost estimation for insurance purposes and, if necessary, mediation and arbitration. Quantity Surveyors work closely with architects, financiers, engineers, contractors, suppliers, project owners, accountants, insurance underwriters, solicitors and Courts and with all levels of government authorities. Quantity surveyors get their name from the Bill of Quantities, a document which itemizes the quantities of materials and labour in a construction project. This is measured from design drawings, to be used by the contractors for tendering and for progress payments, for variations and changes and ultimately for statistics, taxation and valuation. At feasibility stage quantity surveyors use their knowledge of construction methods and costs to advise the owner on the most economical way of achieving his requirements. Quantity surveyors may use techniques such as Cost Planning, Estimating, Cost Analysis, Cost-in-use Studies and Value Management to establish a project budget. During design the quantity surveyor ensures that the design remains on budget through Cost Management. Essential additions are offset by identified other savings. On completion of design and drawings, the quantity surveyor may prepare a Bill of Quantities, which is issued with the specification, for use by contractors in submitting tenders. The contractors quantity surveyors/estimators generally prepare tenders, and may price alternatives for consideration. During construction the quantity surveyors are called on to fairly value progress payments at regular intervals. They will also value changes to design or quantities which may arise by reference to appropriate Bill of Quantities rates. The

contractors quantity surveyor/contract administrator will have prepared claims for progress payments and additional work. When construction is complete the quantity surveyor can produce depreciation schedules of the various project components and advise on realistic insurance replacement costs. In the case of construction disputes the quantity surveyor is often called on as an expert witness, and some quantity surveyors act as arbitrators. Both the contractors and owners quantity surveyors will be involved in this. In addition to new projects, quantity surveyors also use their skills in refurbishment of old buildings, alterations to existing buildings and insurance replacement estimates. In public authorities they maintain cost statistics on a state or nation-wide basis, and there are opportunities for academic careers in the building disciplines. Quantity surveyors must have orderly and analytical minds and be prepared to work to very rigid time schedules. As decisions involving large sums of money are often made using information produced by them they must be accurate in all aspects of their work. Quantity surveyors work in the private sector with consulting firms, in the public sector mainly with the State Government Departments/Authorities and the Australian Construction Service, and increasingly with building contractors, financiers, property developers, project managers and universities.

Rolling margin is percentage of deviation in Sectional weight of Reinforcement steel allowable as per IS codes. Reinforcement steel is extruded from a mould which is made for a particular size e.g 8mm Dia. When the mould is brand new, the sectional weight of 8mm steel extruded through mould would exact as per IS standard of lower than that .i.e. 0.395Kg per Metre or lesser. Mould gets little bigger after certain period of time or after certain quantity of production is taken from a particular mould. Now same 8mm dia bars extruded from the same mould will have more weight per Metre say 0.400Kg per Metre insted of 0.395 as per IS. That is more mass per Metre/Length is required for same length. This deviation in weight is defined in IS codes for different dia which is as under :8mm to 10mm +_ 7% 12mm to 16mm+- 5%. 20mm and above+ -3%. Rolling Margin is calculated as under :Total Weight of Bars (Dia wise ) / Total Running Metre of Bars = Actual Sectional Weight of bars. Compare sectional weight with Standard IS Weight. Weight as per IS Standard.= Dia X Dia / 162.

Bend allowance is a measure of how much extra material is required to accommodate a bend in sheet metal. This is a function of the bend angle, bend radius, thickness of the material, and a variable called the K-factor. Bend allowances vary based on the angle of the bend, the type and thickness of the material, and the method used to create the bend. Calculating the bend allowance is necessary to create a finished product of the correct size.

When a piece of sheet metal is bent, the overall length of the piece changes because of compression on the inside of the bend and tension on the outside. A line through the thickness of the bend, called the neutral axis, does not change in length when the part is bent. Material to the inside of this line is in compression, while material on the outside of this line is in tension. The location of the neutral axis varies based on the angle of the bend and the radius of the bend

The K-factor is a ratio of the distance of the neutral line from the inside edge of the material to the thickness of the material. Generally, the K-factor is not less than 0.25, and it cannot be greater than 0.5 because it is not physically possible for the compression on the inside of the bend to be greater than the tension on the outside. Essentially, the K-factor is an indirect measure of the ratio of compression to tension in the bend the higher the K-factor, the greater the compression. The K-factor is dependent on the material used and the type of bend being created. To calculate bend allowance, the K-factor is multiplied by the thickness of the material; that number is then added to the bend radius. This number is multiplied by the angle of the bend times pi over 180. The formula is bend allowance = (K-factor x thickness + radius) x angle x (pi/180). Once bend allowance is calculated, it is added to the required finished length to obtain the material length required to create the bent piece. Machines commonly used to bend sheet metal include brake presses also known as press brakes and box-andpan brakes. There are multiple methods for creating bends on each kind of brake. Materials commonly bent using brakes include aluminum and mild steels; some types of ductile plastics may also be bent using these machining methods.

Definition: When the sheet metal is put through the process of bending the metal around the bend is deformed and stretched. As this happens you gain a small amount of total length in your part. Likewise when you are developing a flat pattern you will make a deduction from your desired part size to get the correct flat size. Bend allowance is defined as the material you will add to the sum of the finished leg lengths of the part in order to determine the flat patterns length. It is important to distinguish between the leg and flange length. The leg length is the dimension outside of the bend radius while the flange length is the overall finished size of the piece. Formula: The Bend Allowance (BA) formula takes into account the geometries of bending and the properties of your metal to determine the bend allowance. You will need to know your Material Thickness (MT), the Bend Angle (B<), the Inside Radius (IR), and the K-Factor (K). The material thickness will be measured in decimal form, not by the gauge number. It is important to convert from the included angle to the complimentary angle before performing any calculations. Another way of looking at bend allowance is how it relates to the Flat Pattern Length (FPL) and the Leg Length (LL) as shown in the second equation.

Visual: Shown below a part with flange lengths of 2 and 3 with an inside radius of .250 at 90 will have leg lengths of 1.625 and 2.625 respectively. The material thickness is .125 and we are assuming a k-factor of .33. Using the above

formula we can calculate the bend allowance to be .457. In order to develop the flat pattern we add .457 to 1.625 and 2.625 to arrive at 4.707. The bend deduction can be determined easily by subtracting the finished flange lengths from this flat pattern

What is an Integrated Management System (IMS)?

An Integrated Management System is a single integrated system used by an organization to manage the totality of its processes, in order to meet the organizations objectives and equitably satisfy the stakeholders.
Definition of IMS An integrated management system (IMS) combines all related components of a business into one system for easier management and operations. Quality (QMS), Environmental (EMS), and Safety (OHS) management systems are often combined and managed as an IMS. These are not separate systems joined together, rather they are integrated with linkages so that similar processes are seamlessly managed and executed without duplication. IMS components common to all the systems include the resources (people, facilities & equipment, etc.) and processes (documented in the QMS/EMS/OHS and applied throughout the organization). Advantages of IMS The main advantage of having a truly integrated system is that there are elements of all three Standards that are similar or the same:

All three Standards have a document control requirement The control of records is specified in all three Training, competence and awareness is seen in all three All three have a requirement for internal auditing Management review is seen as critical for all three Standards Monitoring and measuring devices are referred to in each Continual improvement is key to all three Corrective and Preventative Action are major requirements An IMS can therefore reduce the auditing time on site because some elements only need to be verified once rather than for each separate management system. BY avoiding duplication of systems it should also lead to a more efficient management process. Principal Characteristics of an Integrated Management System An integrated management system results when an organization uses one single management system to manage multiple aspects of organizational performance. It is characterized by:

Its scope will cover the totality of the organizations processes and systems and embrace health, safety, environment, security, human resource, finance, marketing, public relations, etc as relevant to the organizations values, operations and objectives. Management Reviews will consider the overall business strategy and plan. Internal audits will be conducted for the whole business not separately for each of the management standards It is formally defined in a harmonized and consistent style appropriate for its purpose. Replication of documentation is minimized while ensuring the effectiveness and efficiency of the IMS. It is structured to control and guide the organizations processes in the most effective and efficient way and does not slavishly follow that of a specific management standard or item of legislation.

Each component of the management system takes account of all of the other components as appropriate. It addresses all relevant stakeholder requirements defined via standards, legislation or other defined requirements. An integrated approach to planning, with good use of business wide risk management approaches. Unified management support and responsibilities

! !

.! !

! !

! ? ? !

. . ,

 , , , . , .

. . , . . . , ,https://www.google.com/history . , Account Settings , . . , . all Web History . , . , , . , Remove , "Go to web history" , , . , Services ,

Read more at: http://tamil.gizbot.com/computer/google-browser-history-deleting-options007189.html

. . . , , . . (Information Era) .

. .

. .

, . .

-1

1944-

1946-

, (ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Interpreter And Calculator) . 1949, (EDSAC -

Electronic Delayed Storage Automatic Computer)

(EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) . . 1951-

, Universal Automatic Computer 1)

1 (UNIVAC 1: , . . -650

1955) -70, (1956-1963) (Transisters) (Vacuum Tubes) -5000, .

. -635

(1944-

. .

(Integrated Circuits - IC) . 360/370, -70 (Keyboard), . 1971(Microprocessor) . Processing Unit), (Memory), , (1972) . (Central (Input-Output Control) . (Monitor), . (Operating System) (1964-1971)

, , . . (Parallel Processing) (Artificial Intelligence)

1981-

, . , , .

(Personal

Computers - PC)

(DOS)

, ++ . , (Software Packages) Programming Languages) ,

. (Computer ,

. . . (Icons) . (Desktop), (Notebook), . (Palmtop) (Cellphone) (Laptop), (Mouse) .

(GUI - Graphical User Interface)

. .

(Cental . , ) / (Hertz) (Transisters) ( (nm . 1971 108 . . . 2300 . 0.1 (bit .

Processing

Unit) (Processor) .

. . ) ) 4004 / . 10 .

. . , , . . , : . , . , , , . 1965, , , ,

4004 8008 8080 8086

48816-

108 KHz 500 KHz 2 MHz 5 MHz

2,300 3,500 4,500

10 1971 10 1972 10 1974

29,000 6 1978

8088 80286 80386 80486

16163232-

5 MHz 6 MHz 16 MHz 25 MHz 32-

29,000 3 1979 1,34,000 3 1982 2,75,000 1.5 1985 12,00,000 1 1989 31,00,000 0.8 1993 55,00,000 0.6 1995 75,00,000 0.25 1997 95,00,000 0.18 1999 4,20,00,000 0.18 2000 5,50,00,000 90nm 2002 22,00,00,000 0.13 2002 29,10,00,000 65nm 2005 29,10,00,000 65nm 2006

66 MHz 32-

200 MHz 300 MHz 500 MHz 1.5 GHz 1.7 GHz 1 GHz 3.2 GHz 2.93 GHz

-II 32-III 32-4 3232-2 642 -2 642 2 32323232-

1.66 GHz 2.66 GHz

172,00,00,000 90nm 2006 58,20,00,000 65nm 2007

>3 GHz

82,00,00,000 45nm 2007

. (Operating System) , / . . . (Mainframe) . . . . . ,

(CP/M - Control Program for Microprocessor) .

(Mini)

 . 1995 95 . 90

. , ,

. . 98, , . 2007. (Word (Spreadsheet), . . , , , ( ), . , , , ( . , , ( - Presentation), ), ( ( 2007 , ), ) , . . (Office Suite) , Processor), (Database) , 952000,

. . . .

. (Source Code)

. . . . 1990 . . , , . . , . . (Open . , , . . . . (GNU - GNU Not Unix)

Source

Software) ,

. , . . / (Machine Language) (Binary Language) . . 0, 1 .

. (mnemonic codes) (Instruction Set) (Assembly Language) . . (Assembler)

. , (High Leval Languages)

(Computer Programming Language) . (Interpreter), (Compiler) .

. (Special Purpose) 1954. Purpose) . (1960). 1964. , . , (General (Non-Structural Languages) . (Procedures) (Functions) . . . , . . . , , . , (Structural Languages) (1970). , 1972,

Languages) ++ . (OOP) 1983-

(Object Oriented Programming

1991.

. , ++

. . . (Platform Independent Language)

. Independent Platform) . . # . (Components) .

. . (.NET)

(Language

2000-

. , .

(Component Oriented Programming Language) # .

(Computer Networks)

(Network Technology)

(Personal Area Network - PAN) .

(Local Area Network - LAN)

(Metro Area Network - MAN) .

(Wide Area Network - WAN)

. . , of Networks) . (Network

. , , . (Wires) (Cables) , (Gateway) / Network Technologies) . , (Bridge), (Hub), (Router), . (Wireless (Switch) ,

. , (Wireless LAN): . . (Wireless WAN): . (Wireless MAN): (Wireless PAN):

: , , . (Wi-Fi) ,

(WiMax)

, , .

(Internet) .

 . .

. . 1957 . . (ARPA - Advanced Research Project Agency) .

. . ,

. . , , .

1969 .

(Nodes)

. , . . . , (Hyper Text Technology) , (Hyper Links) . . .

, , . . , (Animation) . . (Website) (Web Pages) (Internet Browser) (Search Engines) (URL - Universal Resource Locator) . . , . , , , . . (Graphics), (Multimedia) (Audio),

(Video),

. , , , , , , . , . , , . / / , , , , , , ,

. , . (Paperless Office) , ,

. , ,

. ,

, ,

(Folders) . , ,

. . . ?

? ,

. . (Password) . . . (User Name)

(Cheques), .

(Demand Drafts) , (Internet Banking) . .

, , ,

(Electronic Fund Transfer)

(Debit

Card), . .

(Credit

Card)

(Officialless Office) . , , . ,

. . . , . . . . ; , , . (ATM) , , . (Touch Screen)

. (Officeless Office)

. , , . ? . . . . . , .

. .

. (Download) (Upload) . . , . . .

. . . , . . . . . , , . . . , , , ,

. . . , . (E-mail). .

. . . . . . . (Instant Messenger) . , . . , . . , . . , .

. . . (Internet Telephone) (VoIP - Voice over Internet Protocol)

. . , (Virtual Classroom) (Assignments) , , , , . , (Virtual Universities) , . , ,

, . , (Tution) (E-Commerce)

, . : (Business to Business - B2B). , (Business to Consumer - B2C). (Consumer to Consumer - C2C). , , (Quotation) , , , (Delivery Challan) . . . , . , , , , . , , , , , , , , (Purchase Order) (Business Internal).

. (Outsourcing) (Information Technology - IT) . . (IT . (Call Centres): . (Back Office , / Operations): , . , : Enabled Services ITES)

(Documentation / Translation): , , . ,

(Content

Development): . (Network Consultancy / Management):

. . (Business Process Outsourcing) . .

. .

, . .

, . , .

(Blogs) (Internet Chat) : (News (Mailing Groups) Lists)

, . )

(Blog - Web log

. .

, .

, , , . , , , ,

. . . 2.0 (Web 2.0) . , . , . . . (Telemedicine)

. (Online) .

. . .

. . (E-Governance) , . . , , , (Gezette Notifications), .

. . , , , . , . . . . . . (Biotechnology) . (Red Tapism) . ,

, .

, .

. . . . . (Bio-fuel)

(Biological Weapons)

. . informatics) .

(Bio, ,

(Nano Technology) , 1 100 .

, . , ,

. , .

. (RAM - Volatile Memory) (Non-volatile Memory) ,

. (Optical . , . , . . , (Wi-Fi, WiMAX) (qubit) Signals)

. . . ,

. . . .

, ,

(Smart Cards) , , , . (Microchip) . . . , . , , . ,

. , , , , (DVU - Digital Value Units)

(e-cash) . . . : .

. . . . .

. (Cyber Space) . (E-State) . . . (E-Life) . (E-Community), , . (Netizens) (E-Culture)

. .