Department of Agric Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka

Prepared by

KT Ariyawansha
B.Sc (Ruhuna), M.Sc (Peradeniya)

Students should gain knowledge about Indicated power Break power Drawbar power Engine performance curves Testing and evaluation methods

Test An examination, experiment, or trial, as to prove the value or ascertain the nature of something Evaluation Evaluation is systematic determination of merit, worth, and significance of something or someone using criteria against a set of standards Performance The way in which someone or something functions

Checking of specification Power testing The fuel consumption Power lift & hydraulic performance test Brake test Noise measurement Air cleaner oil pull over test Mechanical vibration measurement Location of centre of gravity

Turning ability
Visibility Field tests
Mould board/Disc ploughing Disc harrowing Cultivation/dry rotavation Puddling under actual field condition and followed by Water Proof Test.

Haulage test with 2/4 wheel trailers and the recommended Evaluation of adjustments, breakdown & repairs during Test Components & assembly inspection

1. Overall dimensions 2. Type of engine 3. Control systems 4. Type of PTO 1. Ground PTO 2. Independent PTO 1. 540rpm 2. 1000rpm

2. Draw bar 6. Steering system 7. Wheel 8. Seating arrangement 9. Lighting 10.Vision 11.Others

5. Linkage mechanism
1. 3point linkage (Category I,II,III)

Indicated power Brake Power

Drawbar pull and power

P.T.O. power Specific fuel consumption Thermal efficiency Engine performance curve

Fuel energy

Useful mechanical power

E kJ

<0.5E kJ

>0.5E kJ

Pfe

Pi

Pb

Pf
Rejected heat

The fuel is the source of the engine power. The power embodied in the fuel is called fuel equivalent power , Pfe ,

Pfe

mf Hg 3600

Pfe = fuel equivalent power,( kW ) mf= fuel consumption rate, (kg/h ) H g = gross (higher) heating value of the fuel,( kJ/kg )

1. A two wheel tractor engine(435cc, 4 stork, one cylinder) operate at 2000 rpm and Your Index number , the fuel consumption and torque at the flywheel of the engine was reported as 798ml/hr and 16.5Nm , the gross heating value of diesel was 43MJ/Kg, the specific gravity of diesel is 0.85, indicated mean effective pressure was 700kPa, 1. Find the fuel equivalent power 2. 3. 4. Fined the indicated power Find the break horsepower Calculate the friction power

Answer send to - ary.ruh@gmil.com before 30th Sept 2011 at 11.59 pm

If the fuel consumption is measured volumetrically, the following equation is used to calculate fuel equivalent power:

Pfe
where

qf f Hg 3600

qf = fuel consumption rate, L/h f = fuel density, kg/L

Burning of the fuel produces high pressure on each piston Variation of this pressure with cyliner volume called P-V diagram

To day several equipments

The imep is the average height of the p-v diagram. That is the area within the p-v diagram divided by the displacement volume of one cylinder.
Use of a pressure/volume diagram to determine indicated mean effective pressure.

PLANn Pi 60
where
Pi = indicated power in W P = indicated mean effective pressure in Pa (Nm -2)

A = area of the top of each piston in m2

L = stroke length in m n = Number of cylinders N = engine speed in r/min (rpm) If engine 2 Stork N = rpm If engine 4 Stork N = rpm/2

The power at the head of the pistons. These are: Increase the engine size Increase the engine speed Increase the internal pressure and consequently the stress on the engine increasing the compression ratio increasing the fuel delivery rate or by other techniques

The indicated power is not immediately available for useful work

Must first be transmitted to the flywheel of the engine.

Some of the indicated power is absorbed within the engine to overcome friction and to run such accessories

as the oil pump, fan, alternator, and so on.

All such power is lumped together into a category called friction power (Pf ) By definition

Pf Pi Pb

Pb- Brake Power

Torque can be described as a turning effort

L1

L2

F1

F2

T = F.L

Engines must produce torque in order to rotate the drive wheels when a tractor is pulling a load

Work Vs Torque
Work was defined as a force acting through a distance In contrast, torque is a force acting perpendicular to a distance, the distance being measured from a center of turning to the point of application of the force

Work(W) = Force x Distance

Distance = 2r
W = F x 2r

W= F x 2 L
T= FL

2NT Pb 60000
where
Pb = brake power in kW T = engine torque in N.m

N = engine rotational speed in rpm

bmep is the average pressure on the piston during the power stroke, derived from the measurement of brake power output No direct method to measure can be calculated from the Equation

60Pb bmep ALN

Wher, Pb berak power(W) A cross sectional area of piston(m2) L stork length (m) N rpm of engine

Engine torque varies directly with bmep. For a given size of engine, torque can be increased only by increasing the bmep. The bmep can be increased by increasing the imep and/or by reducing the fmep.

1000bmepAL T 2

The fmep is a loss caused by the

oil pump, fan,

alternator and
so on, and increases with engine speed, as shown in Figure. Thus, both fmep and friction power can be reduced by reducing engine speed.
Friction mean effective pressure in a typical diesel engine

Several efficiency terms have been used for describing how well engines convert fuel energy into useful power. Indicated thermal efficiency (eit ) Mechanical efficiency (em ) Brake thermal efficiency (ebt )

Indicated thermal efficiency (eit )

The fraction of fuel equivalent power that is converted to indicated power

Mechanical efficiency (em )

The fraction of the newly created indicated power that is delivered as useful power from the engine:

Brake thermal efficiency (ebt )

The overall efficiency of the engine in converting fuel power into useful power

An indication of the fraction of the energy in the fuel that is converted to power at the flywheel

The brake thermal efficiency can also be calculated using the following equation:

For good overall efficiency, an engine must be mechanically efficient and have an efficient combustion process

The mechanical and overall efficiencies of an engine vary with load

The reason becomes clear when we get the following equation for mechanical efficiency

Tractor Power
1. Indicate power 2. Friction power -

3. Brake power 4. Power Take Off power 1. The power delivered by a tractor through its PTO shaft. 5. Drawbar power 1. The power of a tractor measured at the end of the drawbar.

Dynamometer
A dynamometer is an instrument for measuring engine power, usually by the independent measure of force, time, and distance through which the force is moved.

Classification of dynamometer

According to the working procedure

According to the disposition of the energy

Brake

Drawbar

Torsion

Absorption

Transmission

Absorption Dynamometer
Prony Brake A prony brake is the simplest type of dynamometer. Measures the power applied and at the same time converts it to some other forms of energy, usually heat.

Hand knob

L
Lever arm

Brake shoes

Drum

Scale

The drum (a) is connected to the crankshaft of the engine and rotates at engine speed. Surrounding the drum are brake shoes (b) that create a torque drag on the drum. The torque is controlled by tightening or loosening hand knob (c). The torque is measured by a scale (d) located at the end of a lever arm (e). A tachometer also must be provided for measuring the engine speed. After the torque and speed are measured, the power can be calculated using following equation

=
=

c
a
b

e d

Prony brakes have been replaced by more modern dynamometers.

Electric generator being used as a dynamometer.

When an electrical load is applied to the generator the housing attempts to rotate, but it is restrained by a load arm. A scale on the end of the load arm measures the torque.

Use same dynamometer used in brake power test,

Drawbar dynamometers are commonly employed to determine the drawbar pull of power units or to ascertain the draft of field implements. Drawbar pull = Directs reading from dynamometer Draft = Pull x cos is the angle between ground and pull Drawbar power = Draft x Speed Types; Spring Dynamometer Hydraulic Drawbar Dynamometer Strain gage Dynamometer

The simplest and most obvious type of drawbar unit consists of a spring that elongates under tension or shortens under compression. Such a dynamometer is suitable for rough measurements of forces - because of rapid variations in load such as are commonly found in connection with agricultural implements ,

It uses a hydraulic cylinder to transmit the drawbar farce to the dynamometer car. The pressure is measured by a pressure transducer, A hydraulic cylinder for measuring drawbar pull has an advantage over a spring dynamometer in that the fluctuations can be reduced by a throttling valve.

One method of measuring the drawbar pull is by means of a dynamometer that uses electrical resistance strain gages to sense the strain.

Strain gage force transducer Digital recorder

With the advent of machinery operated by tractor power-take-off shafts a great deal of interest has been displayed in devices for the measurement of power as transmitted by rotating shafts.

The development of the electrical resistance strain gage has made practical the measurement of torque and force on farm tractors and machines. Many torque meters employing strain gages have been developed.

Torque meter using electrical resistance strain gages and slip rings to measure pto torque

Specific Fuel Consumption

Fuel consumption It varies with;
its efficiency its size and load, - a large, heavily loaded engine will always consume more fuel than a small, lightly-loaded one.

The rate at which an engine consumes fuel (in kg/h or lb/h)

Although engine efficiency affects fuel consumption, fuel consumption alone is not a good indicator of engine efficiency

The term Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), has been developed to indicate fuel consumption in relation to the amount of work that is being done by the engine
SFC is defined as;

mf SFC = P
Where; SFC = specific fuel consumption in kg/kW.h Mf = fuel consumption rate in kg/h P = power in kW

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC).

Brake power is measured in engine tests, Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption (ISFC) The indicated power was measured. There are not widely accepted terms for SFC to be reported relative to PTO power or drawbar power.

Volumetric efficiency is a measure of the air-pumping efficiency of an engine.

The theoretical air-pumping capacity of an engine is expressed as follows:

Mt = 60NALa
Mt -theoretical air consumption of engine in kg/hr D - engine displacement in m3 N = engine speed in r/min (rpm) a = air density in kg/m3

Where; M- Mass of dry air /second, kg A- Area of orifice, m2 C- Orifice coefficient

w-density of water kg/m3

a-Density of air kg/m3 h- Pressure drop across orifice mm H2O

The theoretical air consumption rate is the amount of air the engine would consume if each combustion chamber were completely filled with atmospheric air during each intake stroke. In a naturally aspirated engine (an engine without a turbocharger or supercharger), the pistons create a partial vacuum during each intake stroke, and the combustion chambers do not completely fill with atmospheric air .

Therefore, the volumetric efficiency is defined as follows:

Ma = Mt
ev = volumetric efficiency (a decimal) Ma = actual air consumption rate in kg/h Mat = theoretical air consumption rate in kg/h

The volume of air entering to cylinder depends on, The pressure, temperature and proportional volume of the residual gases left in the cylinder when the inlet valve opens. Efficiency of the induction and exhaust system. Engine speed Valve timing and No. of cylinder

Torque Curve: Breke power curve Specific Fuel Consumption curve In desirable torque curve; Torque increased significantly as speed decrease & after that it stable Low speed are better for getting more torque from engine

A diesel tractor engine normally have less speed variation for a given change in torque than a comparable gasoline engine

Lugging ability is used for torque curve as it combines the performance of the transmission and engine and to the users of tractors it is more easily understood than a torque curve

Tractors and their power units Fourth edition

John B. Liljedahl, Paul K. Turnquist, David W. Smith, Makoto Hoki (629.255)

Engineering Principles of Agricultural Machinery

Ajit K. Srivastava, Carroll E. Georing, Roger P. Rohrbach

Some publication from the technical library of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (ASABE)

1. A single-cylinder four-stroke motorcycle engine with bore and stroke of 88.9 mm is coupled to a prony brake dynamometer when running at 4800 rpm. The mechanical efficiency is 91%. The break load is 160 N. Find (i) Break Power (ii) Indicated Power (iii)Break Mean Effective Power

2) Following result are give from tractor brake power testing,

rpm 1000.00 1500.00 2000.00 2500.00 Balance reading(kg) 1.26 1.84 1.96 1.64 SFC(kg/kW/hr) 680.76 396.07 331.62 338.41
1. Draw the engine performance curves
I. Torque curve II. Brake power curve

III. Specific fuel consumption curve

2. Find the optimum engine speed range

3. A six cylinder petrol engine of 60 mm bore 100 mm stroke, consumes 1.4 m 3 of air/min when running at 2000 rpm and developing 17.15 kW. Fuel is consumed at the rate of 0.146 l/min. (Relative density of petrol 0.731 and dry air has a density of 1.2754 kg/m3) (i) Volumetric Efficiency (ii) Specific Fuel consumption kg/kWh