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Term Paper On Spread Spectrum Multi Carrier Multiple Access SS-MC-MA BY ROHIT KUMAR 11004379 (A 21) email: rohitkumar221092@gmail.com Introduction The mentioned multiple access technique is actually extension of OFDMA by code division multiplexing which applies OFDMA for user separation and additionally uses CDM on data symbols belonging to the same user. We begin with brief description of the different spread spectrum techniques, multi carrier techniques, multiple access technique. The multi-carrier modulation and spread spectrum techniques recognized as the most promising modulation methods for 4thgeneration (4G) of mobile communication system as they provide higher flexibility, higher transmission rates and frequency usage efficiency. This term paper is all about principles through definitions of basic technologies and the multipath channel over which the signals are transmitted. Our aim is to first describe and analyse the basic concepts of the combination of multi-carrier transmission with spread spectrum. Then we examine other derivatives of MC-SS (e.g. OFDMA,SS-MC-MA and etc). SS-MC-MA Since in SS-MC-MA there is involvement of three techniques i.e 1] Multi-Carrier Transmission , 2] Spread Spectrum , and 3] Multiple Access. We begin our discussion with multi-carrier transmission. Multi Carrier Transmission The principle of multi-carrier transmission is to convert a serial high-rate data stream onto multi parallel low rate data substreams. Each sub-stream is modulated on another sub-carrier.

Figure : Multi-Carrier Modulation with 4 sub channels Since the symbol rate is much less than the initial serial data symbol, the effects of delay spread i.e ISI significantly decreases, reducing the complexity of equalizer. OFDM is low complex technique to efficiently modulate the multiple subcarriers by using digital signal processing. However there are also some disadvantages of OFDM discuss below:

Advantages 1] High spectral efficiency 2] Simple digital realization 3] Low complex receivers due to the avoidance of ISI and ICI ith a sufficiently long guard interval. 4] Flexible spectrum adaptation can be realized Disadvantages 1] Multi carrier signals with high peak to peak average power ratio require high linear amplifiers. 2] loss in spectral efficiency due to guard interval 3] More sensitive to Doppler spreads then single carrier modulated system 4] Accurate frequency synchronization is required Spread Spectrum Techniques A Spread spectrum system is one in which the transmitted signal is spread over wide frequency band, much wider than the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the information being sent. Band spreading is accomplished by means of a code which is independent of data also called as pseudorandom noise (PN) codes with good autocorrelation properties. A PN code is made up from a number of chips for mixing the data with the code. In order to recover the received signal, the code with which the signal was spread in the transmitter is reproduced in the receiver and mixed with the spread signal. There are two spread spectrum concepts for multiple access: and time

1] Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA), and 2] Frequency Hopping Code Multiple Access (FH-CDMA). DS-CDMA In this technique the bandwidth of the information signal (Bs) is spread over bandwidth (B) such that B>>Bs.

Figure : Principle of DS-CDMA FH-CDMA It is similar to direct sequence spreading where a code is used to spread the signal over a much larger bandwidth and is hopped over a number of channels, each having the same bandwidth as the transmitted signal. For detection , the receiver must know the hopping pattern. Application Anti-jamming, Multiple access, Multipath reception high resolution ranging, Accurate universal timing, Low probability of intercept, Interference rejection, and Diversity reception.

Frequency Division Multiplexing It is carried out by assigning each and every stream a certain fraction of frequency bandwidth for the transmission purpose. If the different data streams belong to different users the scheme is known as frequency division multiple access (FDMA) .

Figure : Power spectral density after direct sequence spreading The success of the spread spectrum techniques for second generation mobile radio and OFDM for digital broadcasting and wireless LAN forced us to make further research to extract the combination of both techniques. Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes The simultaneous transmission of multiple data streams over the same medium can be achieved with different multiplexing schemes. Most communication system uses multiplexing based on either time division, frequency division or combination of both. Space division multiplexing is also used. Time Division Multiplexing In this multiplexing each stream is assigned exclusively certain period of time in other words time slots for the transmission of data. If the different strems belong to different users, the access schemes is called time division multiplexing schemes (TDMA).

Code division Multiplexing In such type, multiplexing is carried out by multiplying the data symbols of a data stream with a spreading code assigned to this data stream. All data streams use the same bandwidth at the same time in code division multiplexing.

Hybrid Multiplexing Schemes The different multiplexing techniques can combined to hybrid schemes in communication system.

For example: In GSM, TDMA and FDMA are used.In UMTS, CDMA and TDMA/FDMA are used. The concept of the combination of spread spectrum and frequency hopping with multi-carrier transmission results in hybrid multiple access schemes such as: OFDMA, OFDMA with CDM which is also termed as SS-MC-MA and interleaved FDMA.

The basic components of OFDMA transmitter at the terminal station are FEC channel coding, mapping, sub-carrier assignment , and single carrier modulator. OFDMA is generally used for the uplink in a multiuser enviroment, low order modulation such as QPSK with gray mapping is preferred. However , basically high-order modulation ( 16 or 64-QAM ) can also be employed. OFDMA With Code Multiplexing SS-MC-MA Division

OFDMA Orthogonal frequency division multiple access involves assigning one or several sub-carrier frequencies to each user with the constraints keeping in mind that the sub-carrier spacing is equal to the OFDMA frequency spacing.

The extension of OFDMA by code division multiplexing (CDM) results in a multiple access scheme referred to as spread spectrum multi-carrier multiple access. It applies OFDMA for user separation and additionally uses CDM on data symbols belonging to the same user. The CDM component is introduced in order to achieve additional diversity gains. Like MC-CDMA, SS-MC-MA exploits the advantages given by the combination of the spread spectrum technique and multicarrier modulation. In SS-MC-MA systems, one user maps L data symbols to one sub-system, which this user exclusively uses for transmission. Different users use different sub-systems in SS-MC-MA systems. The principle of SS-MC-MA for donlink transmitter is shown below:

Figure : Principle of OFDMA To understand the principle of OFDMA, usually we make some useful assumptions that are given below : One sub-carrier is assigned per user The only source of disturbance present is AWGN

Figure: SS-MC-MA downlink transmitter SS-MC-MA Principle With MCCDMA, resource sharing is realized by the assignment to each user of one or more codes, which are transmitted all over the available bandwidth. Thus, all subcarriers of the whole allocated spectrum transmit the symbols of all users differentiated by their individual code. Then, MCCDMA can be view as a monoblock system. In a multi-block system, spectrum is divided into blocks of many subcarriers. Among the possible combinations, the SSMCMA solution, illustrated in figure given below, consists in assigning to each user a specific block of subcarriers according to a Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) scheme. Code dimension can then be exploited for an adaptive resource optimization and sharing (modulation type, data rate.). Spreading in the frequency domain leads to diversity gain and, as it is the case for a MCCDMA signal, improves the UWB signal robustness against narrowband interferers. With a SSMC MA signal, symbols are transmitted simultaneously on a specific subset of subcarriers by the same user and undergo the same distortions. Self-interference (SI), which then replaces the multiple access interference (MAI) obtained with MC CDMA signals, can be easily compensated by mono-user detection with only one complex coefficient per subcarrier .

Similarities Between MC-CDMA and SS-MC-MA Both systems uses frequency diversity by spreading each data symbol over L sub-carriers Per sub-systems same data detection technique can be applied with SS-MC-MA and MC-CDMA ISI and ICI both avoided in SSMC-MA and MC-CDMA

Differences Between MC-CDMA and SS-MC-MA In SS-MC-MA systems, CDM is used for the simultaneous transmission of the data of one user on the same sub-carriers, whereas in MC-CDMA systems, CDM is used for the transmission of the data of different users on the same sub-carriers. Therefore, SS-MCMA is an OFDMA scheme on the sub-carrier level whereas MCCDMA is a CDMA scheme. MC-CDMA systems deals with multiple access interference, which is not present in SS-MC-MA systems. Instead of multiple access interference, SS-MC-MA systems deals with self-interference caused by the superposition of signals from the same user. In SS-MC-MA systems, each subcarrier is exclusively used by one user, enabling low complex channel estimation, especially for the uplink. In MC-CDMA systems, the channel estimation in the uplink has to cope with the superposition of signals from different users,

Figure: Principle of SS-MC-MA

which are faded independently on the same sub-carriers, increasing the complexity of the uplink channel estimation.

separation is considered as a good candidate for future cellular systems. It benefits from the diversity gain due to spread spectrum techniques (SS) and high spectral efficiency due to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). References Multi Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems by K. Fazel and S Kaiser S. Kaiser "Analytical performance evaluation of OFDM-CDMA mobile radio systems Research paper on combination of both CDMA and OFDM for high data rate UMB by Institute of Electronic and Telecommunication of Rennes, france.

SS-MC-MA Transmitter

Figure: SS-MC-MA Transmitter

SS-MC-MA Receiver

Figure : SS-MC-MA Receiver

Why SS-MC-MA ? To overcome the limitations of uplink airinterfaces where the different user signals propagate through different channels resulting in a high multiple access interference (MAI) at the base station. spread spectrum multi-carrier multiple access (SS-MC-MA) that use frequency division multiple access (FDMA) for user