560

INDEX

Transients----C ontinued iron unsaturated-C ontinu.ed magnet with shunt condenser, 353356 magnet with shunt condenser and lag coils, build-down, 356-359 normal [unction, 340 simple magnet build-down, 342~44 build-up, 339-342 saturation present current-time characteristics, 369. 372, 382-384 flux-time characteristic, 366-369, 382-384 general, 331Hl39 magnet with shunt condenser, 393399 space-time characteristic, 373-390 Truncated conical plunger magnet characteristics, 237 effect of gap eccentricity, 237, 242 effect of saturation, 237 force formula, derivation, 205-206 force-stroke characteristic. 237 useful work-stroke .characteristic, 237 weight economy. 237 Tungsten, physical properties. 485 Tungsten steel, 45 demagnetization curve. 67 external energy curve, 67 general data, 70 magnetization curve. 68 normal permeability curve, 68 Turn density of coils. 162. 168, 169, 170, 172 U Underhill, Charles R.. 151, 170, 240 Units, system of. 531, Useful work . computed. lor different experimental magnets. 239 general, 80, 228, 400 long-stroke magnet, 235 Unsymmetrical hysteresis cycles for d-e. magnets, 32-35 . Unsymmetrical hysteresis loops in a-e. apparatus, 35

v
Vacuum tubes for quick release. 391-392 operated relay, 521-530 Vanadium. addition to Ierrocobalt, 8 "elocity, unit, 532 Voltage. unit, 532 Voltage regulator, 114 Volt-ampere consumed in iron core approximate method, 454 exact method, 459-461 efficiency in a-c. magnets, 430, 431, 461 example, 436 excitation of an air gap, 452 limitation, a-e. magnets, check, 129431, 437; 461-462 Volume, unit, 532

W Watson, E. A. 61 Wave form effect on depth of penetration, 416 .

415-

importance in designating incremental permeability, 19-20 of exciting current of a-c. magnet derivation, 44H44 illustrative example, 459-460 Wave-shape distortion in polarized apparatus, .19-20 Webb, C. E., 7 Wedge-shaped gap and plug, axial force, 210-211 Weight economy, see particular magnet tllPe as affected. by index number, 242 size, 244 temperature. 243-244 cornpr risonof various pole-face types: 239-241 'Weightlimitation in a-e. magnets, 431 Wire aluminium. wire table, 157, 158 areas, 157, 158 copper, wire table, 151. 158

558
Thermal capacity, 178 data for various magnetic

INDEX
Time-delay magnel<r-Continued soiution of differential equations--,

materials,

188
of coils and iron parts, 187-190 Thermal conductivity of contacting materials, 485 Thermal time constant, 180 illustrative problem, method of computation, 277-278. Time for flux to rise to a given value, 372373 illustrative example, 384-385 unit, 532 Time constant 'magnet with lag coils, approximate, 352-353 simple inductive circuit, 342 simple magnet, approximate, 360 Time-delay action, 8l Time-delay magnets, 336-362 condenser and resistance, 337-338, 353356 electronic, 337-338 experimental check magnet with lag .coil, build-down, 349-350 magnet with shunt condenser, builddown, 355-356 magnet 'with shunt condenser and lag coils, build-down,350-359 simple magnet, build-down, 343-344 general, 5, 336: lag coil, general, 336 . linearity, 339 mechanical devices, 337-338 method of computing solution, general scheme, 338-339 selector magnet, 361-362 series inductance, general, 337 solution of differential equations magnet with lag coil approximate solution, 351-353 build-down, 348:-351 . 'build-up, 345-348 magnet with series inductance,' 342 magnet with shunt condenser, builddown, 353-356 magnet with shunt condenser and lag ccils.tbuild-dcwn, 356-359

Continued
simple magnet build-down, 312-344 build-up, 339-342 Time of action and motion computation of, see Space-time characteristics of magnet defined, 399 leakage flux magnet, 415' Time of excitation, method of determining actual time for intermittent excitation, 277-278 Time-temperature rise computation, illustrative problem, \90:-\92, 277-278 Torque magnetic coaxial cylindrical surfaces, 204 general case, flux proportional to current, 216 general magnetic torque formula, \98, 199 in terms of air-gap. quantities, \98 inductance, 216 total magnet quantities, \99 unit, 532 ' Tractive effects in commercial soft mag. netic materials, 8 Tractive magnets, see also Direct-current magnets a-c., see Alternating-current magnets air-gap magnetom6tive force as function of stroke.. 221-225, 300-305 bipolar, see Bipolar magnets 'coil magnetomotive force in terms of magnetic efficacy and work, 293-295 comparison of different types, 239, 242 cylindrical plunger magnet, see Cylindrical-faced plunger magnet design, see -particular magnet type fOT details brass . tubes, sizes commercially available, 239 check of final design, 249-250 optimum, 251-253

556
Spooner's Square

INDEX
formula of incremental permeability, 21 plunger magnet, calculation of fringing and leakage perI1)eances, 406-408 Stepped-eylindrical-faced plunger mag-

net-Continued
force-stroke characteristic, 224, 235, 33~ graphical evaluation of force, 221-226 loss due to magnetizing plunger, 223225 method of force-stroke calculation, 221-226 plunger leakage flux pull, 223-225, 234replacing by tapered plunger, 242 'useful work-stroke characteristics, 235 weight economy, 236 Stock dimensions in tractive magnet, design, 248-249 Stop, magnetic use in cylindrical-faced plunger magnet, 234 use in stepped-cylindrical-faced plunger magnet, 235 use in tapered plunger magnet, 236, 307 Stored energy of magnet, effect on quick release, 392 Strap-wound coils, see Coils Stroke, value for optimum magnetic conditions, 251-252 Structure of magnetic materials, 11 Swedish charcoal iron coercive intensity, 55 demagnetization curve, 9 energy returned to electric circuit, 56 energy to demagnetize, 56 general,40 general data, 69 hysteresis energy loss, 56 hysteresis loops data, 50 magnetization curve, 48 permeability-flux density curve, 508 residual flux density data, 55 residual force effects, 9 tractive effort' curve, 8 T Tabular computation; see also S~p-hystep calculations force-stroke curve of tapered plunger magnet, 305 force-stroke curve of steppcd-cylindrical-faced plunger magnet, 225

Steel carbon, 45 cast, 40 chrome, 45 cobalt, 45 coballchrome, 45 cold-rolled, 39 density, 188 electrical sheet, 41 ground bars, sizes commercially available, 249 S.A.E. 10-10, 39 S.A.E. 10-20, 40 S.A.E. 11-12, 40 S.A.E. 18-8, 44 silicon, 41 thermal capacity, 188 tungsten, 45 Steinmetz, C. P., 23, 361 Steinmetz's equation for normal hysteresis loss, 29 Step-by-step calculations current-time characteristics-no motion general derivation, 369-372 illustrative example, 382-384 flux distribution in long plunger, 316320 flux-time characteristic-no motion general derivation, 366-369 illustrative example, 382-384 quick-release magnet with condenser general derivation, 393-395 illustrative example, 395-399 . space-time characteristics , experimental check, 390 general derivation, 373-380 , illustrative example, 385-391 short-stroke tractive magnet, 409413 Stepped-cylindrical-faced plunger mag., ~et ' characteristics, 235-236 effect of magnetic stop, 235-236 effect of saturation, 235'

554

INDEX
Separation ot eddy-current teresis Joss, 31 Series magnetic circuit, 87 Shaded-pole magnets, 463-480 and hys-

Resislivity-C onLinued silver, 485 softmagneuc materials, 69 tungsten, 485 unit, 532 Revenrible permeability definition, 18 hard magnetic materials, 70 Ribbon-woUild coils, see Calls . Ring sample, 85 Rising magnetization curve; 15 Rivets in high-speed magnets, 364-366 . placementof', 433, 446, 4.47 Rcot-rrrean-square exciting current, method of determination, 444, 459-460 Rouault, Charles, 20 Rules for wire gauge use, 156 Russell, H. W., 43

analysis ol magnetic circuit, 464-468

average force, 469, 479

S
Sandford and Cheney, 25 Saturation, 23 effect in bipolar magnet, 230-231 cylindrical-faced-plunger magnet, 234 flat-faced armature magnet, 229-230 Bat-faced plunger magnet, 232 leakage flux magnet, 238 stepped-cylindrical-faced plunger magnet, 235 tapered plunger magnet, 236 truncated conical plunger magnet, 237 effect on depth of penetration, 4i5-416 speed in plung'in' type magnets, 414 Saturation curve for magnets, see Magnetic circuit calculations Saturation density iron-cobalt alloys, 42 soft magnetic materials, 69 Saturation flux density, 23 .Sensi tlve rela ys annealing,521 effect ofgrain direction, 38 50% nickel iron, use of, 42 Permalloy, use of, 42 sample design, 504-521

cri terion for ideal shading, 464, 469 criterion Cor opt.imum shading, 471 flux of shaded pole, 467, 478 flux of unshadecl pole, 477 general, 6, 427, 463 instantaneous force relation, 468-469 leakage coefficicnt calculations, 476477 length of gap under unshaded pole, 472, 475-476 magnetomotive force across main gap, 479-480 mathematical analysis of flux relation, 464-468 optimum conditions [or mrmmum force variation, 469-471 optimum design, 464, 471-472 optimum design conditions, 471--472 phase-angle lag of shaded-pole flux, 466, 467, 478 power loss in shading coil, 472, 478 preliminary design procedure, 473-476 pulsation of force, 469. 479 total flux, 468, 478 . Shading coils for a-C. magnets, 6, 427, 463 for a-C. relays. 501-502 for polyphase magnets, 428 for single-phase .mngnets design, 472-480 theory, 463-472 Shaping of force-stroke characteristic, 240-24.1 Shaping of pole faces, 79; see also Paleface shape Short-time excitation design of magnet for, 266 determination temperature rise, 277-278 general, 187

or

pull in conical plunger magnet, 334 Side pull in plunger magnets, 212-213 . Silicon, addition to iron, 10, II

Side

552

INDEX
Relay steels, 41 comparison of three types, 520 permeability-flux density curves for, 508 use of, 498, 505 Relays, 483-530 a-c., 501-502 annealing relay steel, 521 arc suppression, 488 classification of, 184 coils, 496 condenser Cor arc suppression, 488 contact deflection, 488-489, 491 contact follow-through, 488-490 contact materials, 485-487 molybdenum, 485, 486 platinum, 485, 487 silver, 485, 486 tungsten, 485, 486 contact pressure, 487, 490-491 contact size and shape, 489-490 delayed action, 495, 499-501. ' design air-gap length, 491-493, 506, 523 coil design, 517-518 comparison of results for three relay steels, 520-521 flux density of working gap, 507 force, closed gap, 514-515 leakage coefficient calculation, 509510,514 magnetization curve Calling, closed gap, 515-517 rising closed gap, 514 open gap, 511-513 operate ampere-turns, 513, 517 optimum air-gap considerations, 507, 518-520 pemieance of fixed-hinged joint, 510-511 polar enlargements, 506-507 check for optimum, 518-520 pole core size, 507-509, 524 release ampere-turns, 517 design factors, 83 design for operation' from vacuum tubes, 521-530 choice of tube, 525-526 coil design, 525

Polarizing flux density. 19-20 in a-c. apparatus, 37 method of determination, 22 Pole-face shape effect on force-stroke characteristic, 4. 231-243 optimum, 242-243 Polyphase magnet arrangements, 425428 Potential work ability of an electromagnet, 77 Power, unit, 532 Power density, unit, 532 Power factor of a-c. magnet, 462 Pure iron. 10

Q
Quick-acting magnets, see High-speed magnets Quick-release magnets calculations of release time for magnet shunted by condenser, 393-399 general derivation, 393-395 illustrative problem, 395-399 effect of stored energy, 392 elimination of eddy-current effects, 391-392 general, 391-392 method of demagnetizing, 391-392 'methods of breaking circuit, 391-392 Quick-release relay, 521-530

R Rapid-acting magnets, 80; see also High-speed magnets Rate of change of permeance, method of determination. 222, 224 .Reactanee voltage, 420-422 Reactive power change of, in a-c. magnets, 429-431 total, in a-c. magnets, 430 Reactor, variable, 102, 113, 114 Rectangular-shaped gap and plug, axial force, 212 Rectifiers for a-c. magnets, 6, 431 half-wave, 102

550

INDEX
Paper-section coils, see Coils . Paraffin density, 188 thermal capacity, 188 Permalloy, 7, 42 general data, 69 magnetization curves, 49 Pennarient magnet materials, see Hard magnetic materials Permanent magnets demagnetization curve calculations, 100-111 effect of periodic cycle, 110;-111 energy available in air gap, 44; 67, 70 general, 105 incremental permeability calculations, 110-111 materials for, 44-47 optimum proportions, 110 steels for criterion of usefulness, 44 demagnetiza tion curves, 67' .general data, 70 Permeability differential, definition, 23 .effective in polarized cores, 105 ferric, 24 . incremental definition, .17 general, 17-23 initial, definition, 16 maximum; definition, 16 normal definition, 16 effect of superposed a-c. fields, 22. of vacuum, 532 . reversible, definition, 18.. unit, 532 Permeance, unit, 532 ... .. Permeance calculations, 116-149 bipolar relay,' 527-528 estimation of permeance, 126-130 field mapping, 127 . .. . . fixed-cylindrical gap, 222,273, 286, 299,3.15 . fixed-hinged joint of relay, 510-511 generalvS, 116 methods employing functions of a complex variable, 129, 130 methods of estimating, 121-130

Mechani.",,} power output of a magnet, 400, 401, 407 Mechanical work, 4.00, 4.06 available, computed for different experimental magnets, 239 of a-c. magnet by change of reactive power, 461 of electromagnet, 7&-77 Melting point of contacting materials, 485 .Miearta, 162 M.K.s. I!}"6tem, conversion fa~tors to joule-inch- second system, 532 Moisture, effect on coils, 496 Moisture-resisting coils, 153, 496 Moisture-resisting wire insulation, 161 Molybdenum, physical properties, 485 Moore, A. D., 127, 194, 253

N
Nicaloi,42 Nickel critical temperature, 43 general data, 69 Nickel alloys, general data, 69 Nickel-cobalt alloys, general data, 69 Nickel-iron alloys, magnetization curves, 49 Nipermag, 13, 47 demagnetization curve, p7 external energy curve, 67 .general data, 70 Niwa and Asami, 37 Non-magnetic steels, 44.

o
Optimum magnetic conditions in tractive magnets, 251-252 in tapered plunger magnet, 292, 304,
306

Orthogonal fields, 127 .p Paper density, 188 thermal capacity, 188 Paper-margin, coils, 152, 164,165 .

548 M
Machining strains annealing to remove, 38, 40 importance of removing, 39, 42 Magnet for short-time excitation, 266 Magnet types, see particular type a-c. magnets bipolar cylindrical-faced plunger cylindrical rotary armature flat-faced armature flat-faced plunger full conical plunger horseshoe ironclad solenoid 'Ieakage flux lifting .

INDEX
Magnetic

circuit calculations-Con-

193,

tinued flux distribution in a long plunger, step-by-step method. 316-320 flux given, 85, 87, ss, 99-102 flux limited by saturation, 90-94 flux-linkage of an a-c. solenoid and plunger. 441-142 full conical plunger magnet, 287-288. 290 general, 2, 84 graphical; see Graphical magnetic circuit calculations importance of computing sufficient points on magnetization curve, 88-89 .incremental permeability, 102-105 interpolation of magnetization curve,

89
iron of different cross sections, 86 uniform cross sections, 85 . leakage flux magnet, 309-310, 316-320 leakage flux of a-c. solenoid aD,1 plunger magnet; 439-440 magnetization loop for magnet, 459 magneto, 109-111 . parallel circuit symmetrical, 59 unsymmetrical, 90-94 permanent magnets, tOO-Ill polarized filter choke, 102-105 residual flux of soft steel magnet, 107109 rising magnetization curve of relay, 511-514 series circuit no leakage, 94-97 . with distributed leakage, 99-102 stepped-cylindrical plunger magnet, 221-224 tabular methods, see Tabular- magnetic circuit calculations tapered plunger magnet, 3()()..3oo variable cross section, 89 Magnetic cycle of relay, 502-504 Magnetic data coercive intensityvs. magnetizing intensity, 55 demagnetization cun'es,. 67

shaded pole solenoid and plunger stepped-cylindrical-faced plunger tapered plunger truncated conical plunger Magnet with' shunt condenser-saturated flux-time characteristic, 393-399 release characteristic, 393-:,99 Magnetic circuit calculations bipolar magnet, 328-331 current given, 86, 88, 96, 221-224, 3()()" 305 cyclic variation 10 permanent magnets, 111 equivalent length of butt joint, 86 exciting current of air gap derivation, 452 illustrative exarnples, 454, 455, 459460 exciting current of a-c. magnet or transformer illustrative example, 453-455, 459460 method, 443-444 falling magnetization curve of magnet, 106-109 relay, 515-517 flat-faced armature magnet, 90-102, 260-254 flat-Faced plunger magnet, 274-275

546

INDEX
Iron loss effect of, on performance of electromagnet, 78 total. 30-32 Iron magnetomotive force in tractive magnets. 2,18 Iron-nickel alloys. 42 lron-nickel-chromium-silicon alloys, 43 Iron-nickel-cobalt alloys, 43 Ironclad solenoid, see Leakage flux magnet

Incremental permeability data, 64, 65, 66 definition, 17, 20 discussion, 17-22 importance of wave shape, 19 iron-cobalt alloys, 42 permanent magnets, III Index number computed for different experimental magnets, 239 definition, 241 dependence of air gap flux density on, 247-248 pole-face shape as function of, 243 various types of tractive magnets, 243 weight economy as function of, 242 Inductance effective, saturation present.. 370 of coil, 103 unit, 532 Inductive circuit build-down of current, 342-344 build-up of current, 339-342 time constant, 342 Initial permeability, 16 of soft magnetic materials, 69 Instantaneous force of a-c. magnets single-phase, 423-424 three-phase, 427-428 two-phase, 425 Insulation, coils, 162 Insulation, wires, see Wire insulation Intermittent duty magnets choice of temperature rise, 244 illustrativeezamples, 193,266 Intermittent excitation, maximum permissible duration, 277-278 Interpolar leakage, 97-99, HI, 144, 146 Iron American ingot, 39 cast, 40, 45 critical temperature, 43 density, 188 grain size, 11 magnetization curves, 48 malleable cast, 40

J
Jackson, L. R., 43 Joule-inch system of units, 531

K
Kennelly, method of .extrapolating saturation density, 23, 25 Kirchhoff's second law, 338 Kraft paper, 163, 164 for

L
Lag coils for relays, 500 for time delay, 337 approximate solution, 351-353 build-down of m.m J., 348-351 build-up of m.mJ., 345-348 Lamellar field, 127. Laminated mica, 162 Laminating a-c. magnets, 433-435 Leakage. plunger effect in stepped cylindrical plunger magnet, 223-225, 234 force effect in all plunger magnets, 234-237 tapered plunger magnet, 205, 293 Leakage coefficients definition, 100

in

derivation
bipolar magnet with polar enlargements, 142-1-14
flat-faced armature magnet, 14.4-147

Swedish charcoal, 4().

thermal capacity, 188 effective in a magnet, 187~190 Iron-cobalt alloys, 42

flat-faced cylindrical plunger magnet, 139-142 full conical plunger magnet, 207208, 279-280 tapered plunger magnet, 302-303

544
Graphical magnetic

INDEX
circuit calculations Hard magnetic materials-Continued effect of temperature. 12 effect of vibration, 12

--Continued

flux given, 96
force at end of stroke, 390 force for any plunger position and flux, 376 force of relay at operate a-t., 529 at release a-t., 529-530 force-stroke characteristic, 221-226 force-stroke curve of tapered plunger magnet, 300-306 incremental inductance, 103 method of determining optimum magnet design bipolar magnet, 330-331 flat-faced armature magnet, 263, 265 flat-faced plunger magnet, 274 full conical plunger magnet, 288289

external energy curves, 67

general, 12 general data, 70 hysteresis loops, 54 magnetization curves, 68 normal permeability curves; 68 Nipermag, 46-47 tungsten steel, 45 Hard rubber, 162 Hazeltine, L. A., 102, 240, 241, 309 Heat-dissipation capacity, definition, 178 coefficient, 184-186 Heating equation applied to tractive magnets, 247-248 equation for coils, 186-187 general,82 large magnets, 253 magnet coils, see also Temperature rise exact; 192-194 experimental, 181-181 final value, 186 ideal, 178-181 High-speed magnets alternating current, 6, 432 current-time characteristic, no rnotion, derivation, 369-372 eddy currents, 364-366 effect of index numbe~ on dynamic characteristic, 413

generalized scheme, 252-253 tapered plunger magnet, 306 operate current of a relay, 513 optimum gap length for polarized apparatus, 105 parallel unsymmetrical circuit, 90-91 . release current of a relay, 517. residual flux of soft steel magnet, 107-109 series circuit iron only, 83-89 iron plus air, 9&-97 variable air gap, 104 Graybill, K. W., 487 Guillemin, E., 339 Gumlich, E., 45

nux-time characteristic-no

mot.ion

II
Hard magnetic materials Alnico, 46 carbon steel, 45 cast iron, 15 chrome steel, 45 cobalt-chrome steel, 45 cobalt steel, 45 demagnetization curves, 67 dispersion-hardened alloys, 46 displacing electromagnets, 13

general derivation, 366-369 illustrative example, 382-384 general, 5, 363-364 placement of rivets, 364, 366 quick release, see Quick-release magnets . rational design-short stroke check of illustrative design, 409-413 design procedure, 403-404 effect of change of speed; 401-403 change of stroke, 403 power output, 401 saturation, 401-402

542

INDEX
Force-CO'IlLinued graphical calculation-Continued general, illustrative problem, 221226 tapered plunger magnet, 300-306 graphical determinat.ion from 11,,)(current loop, 79 high momentary values, 308, 414 leakage flux magnet, 316, 319 magnetic circular parallel plane surfaces, 202 coaxial cylindrical and conical surfaces, 209-210 coaxial cylindrical surfaces, 203 coaxial full conical surfaces, 206-209 coaxial truncated conical surfaces, 205-206 current-carrying conductor in independent magnetic field, 216-218 cylindrical-shaped gap and plug, 212 eccentric cylindrical surfaces, 212213 . effect of fringing flux, 213-214 of residual flux, 196, 199 flux constant during motion, 196-199 general, 196 general case, flux proportional to current, 214-215 general magnetic force formula, 196-200 graphical evaluation of, 221-226 in terms of _ air-gap quantities, i96-198 inductance, 214-215total magnet quantities, 198, 200 leakage flux irom plunger, 218-225 Joss due to magnetizing plunger, 200-201, 219-220 magnetomotive force constant dur. ing motion, 199-200 non-coaxial cylindrical surfaces, 212-213 parallel plane circular faces, 202 parallel plane surfaces, 201 rectangular-shaped gap and plug, 212 solenoid and plunger, 218-220 wedge-shaped gap and plug, 210-212 wire in magnetic field, 216-218

Flal-faced phmger- magnelr-Continued preliminary design procedure, 268-270 temperature rise, 273 time-temperature nse calculations,
277-278

useful work-st.roke characteristic, 232 weight, computation, 276-277 weight economy, 232, 277 weight economy vs. index number, 242, 269 Flux as function of time, saturation presen t, 366-369 general equation and discussion, 338-339 Flux-current loop of d-e, magnet, 73-n Flux density, effect on depth of penetration, 365, 416 Flux distribution in plunger of leakage /lux magnet, 317, 320 Flux produced by a given magnetomotive force, see Magnetic circuit calculations Flux-lime characteristic iron core saturated general derivation, 366-369 illustrative example, 382-384 time for definite flux change, 372373 illustrative example, 384-385 magnet shun led by condenser, saturated general derivation, 393..:l95 illustrative example, 395..:l99 Force a-c. magnets, 423-428 at end of stroke, -estimation of, 390, 405 effect of air gap on residual, 106-109 error produced by neglecting fringing and leakage, 102 from energy stored in air gap bipolar magnet, 332 flat-faced armature magnet; 265 fiat-faced plunger magnet, 276 fui! conical plunger magnet; 289 graphical calculation bipolar magnet, 330, 332 fiat-faced armature magnet, 265 fiat-faced plunger magnet, 276 full conical plunger magnet, 288-289

540
Distributed leakage flux-Co1ltinued

INDEX
Enamel insulation, 159 Energy basis for system of units, 531 changes during a normal magnetic cycle, 27-29 changes during unsymmetrical hyssteresis cycles, 32-35 conversions in an electromagnet, 7317 density, unit, 532 in air gap, 33, 78, 251 optimum condition, 252 losses during normal hysteresis cycles, 28 losses during unsymmetrical hysteresis cycles, 35 required to demagnetize iron, 28, 3334,56-57 returned to electric circuit from iron, 33,56,57 stored by iron, 33 stored in air gap by hard magnetic material, 70 of electromagnet, 251 unit, 532 Equation for normal hysteresis energy loss, 29 Equipotential lines, 118, 121, 124, 125, 127 Evaluation of areas of unsymmetrical hysteresis loops for d-e, apparatus, 34 Evershed, S., 47 Exciting current of a-c. magnet or transformer, 443-444, 453-455, 459460 External energy curves, data, 67 Ewing, J. A., 86 F Ferric flux density, 23 Ferric permeability, 24 Ferric reluctivity, 24. Ferrocobalt demagnetization curve, 9 general, 7, 42-43 general data, 69 hysteresis loops, 53 magnetization curves, 49

effective magnetomotive force, 222

general deviation, 97-99 illustrative problems [or bipolar magnet, 144 for flat-faced armature magnets, 101, 146 for flat-faced 'plunger magnets, 141 for plunger magnets, 222-;224, 303 method of accurate solution for leakage flux magnet, 316-320 method of approximate solution for leakage flux magnet, 309-310 Dust in relay contacts, 487-488

E
Eccentric cylindrical surfaces, radial side pull, 212-213 Eddy-current loss, 30-32 effect of grain size, 31 Eddy currents effect on d-e. magnets, 80 exciting current of a-c. magnets or transformers, 444 high-speed magnets, 364,.366 relay operation, 494, 498 limitation in a-c. magnets, 432 method of minimizing a-c.' magnets; 433-435 high-speed magnets, 364-366 quick-release magnets, 391-392 . mitigation of, 41 Edgar, h. F., 36-37 Electric intensity, unit, 532 Electric quantity, unit, 532 Electrical bar steel, 4.1 Electrical sheet steel, 41 Electrodynamic problems, see Spacetime characteristics or Highspeed magnets Electrolysis, effect on coils, 496 Electromagnetic hammers, 6 Electromagnets, see Alternating-rorrent magnets o~ Direct-current mag. nets . . Electonic means of time delay, 331--338 Elmen, G. W., 43 . Empire cloth, 162

538
Cotton insulation, 159-160
breakdown temperature,
162

INDEX
Cylindrical-rotary. armature magnet, torque formula, derivation, 204-

density, 188
thermal capacity, 188 Cotton-interwoven coils, see Coils Coupled circuits, 345-353; .356-359, 361362 .Critical temperature, definition, 43 Curie point, definition, 43 Current, unit, 532 Current-carrying conductor, force due to independent field; 216-218 Current density, unit, 532 Current-stroke characteristics, a-c. solenoid and plunger, 435-437 Current-time characteristic iron core with saturation general derivation, 369-372 illustrative example, 382-384 iron core without saturation, see Time-delay circuits magnet with motion, see High-speed
magnets

205
Cylindrical-shaped force, 212 gap

and

plug.

axial

D Demagnetization curves, see also Hysteresis loops discussion of properties, 44 graphical calculations, 107-111 hard magnetic materials, 67 of relay, 517 soft magnetic alloys, 9 soft steel magnet. 107, 108 Demagnetizing iron, process, 14 Density coil materials, 188 contacting materials, 485 hard magnetic materials, 70 metals, 188 soft magnetic materials, 69 Depth of penetration, 364-365 effect of iron saturation, 415-416 wave form, 415 Design data, empirical bipolar magnet, 323 flat-faced armature magnet, 255 fiat-faced plunger magnet, 269 full conical plunger magnet, 282 Design factors .d-e, magnets, 82 relays, 83 Design of a-c. magnets, see Alternating-current magnets d-e. magnets, see particular type high-speed magnets, see High-speed magnets relays, see Relays time-delay magnets, see Time-delay magnets tractive magnets, see Tractive magnets Dielectric strength chromoxide insulation, 161 enamel insulation, 159 glass insulation, 161

Curvilinear squares, 127-128 "Cut and try" method, magnetic circuit calculation, so "Cut and try" solutions flux distribution in "long plunger, 316320 tapered plunger magnet, 293-295 Cycle of d-e, electromagnet, 73-77 Cyclic state, definition, 16 Cylinder and cone, coaxial. axial force, 209-210 .. Cylinders. coaxial axial force, 203 Cylindrical-faced plunger magnet characteristics, 233-234 . effect of fringing flux, 203 magnetic stop, 234 radial leakage flux from plunger, 204 saturation, 234 force formula, derivation, 203-204 force-stroke characteristics, 233-234 plunger leakage flux pull. 234 replacing by tapered plunger, 242 useful work-stroke characteristic, 234 weight economy, 235

536
Coballr-C ontinued

INDEX
Coildesign-e-Continued illu:3trative problem:;-Conlinued flat-faced armature magnet, 251-259 lIat-faced plunger magnet, :271~27J

critical temperature, 43 general data, 69 Cobaltchrome steel demagnetization curve, 61 external energy curve, 61 general, 45 general data, 70 Cobalt-iron alloys, see Ferrocobalt Cobalt steel coercive intensity data, 26, 55 demagnetization curve, 67 external energy curve, 61 general, 45-46 general data, 70 magnetization curve, 68 normal permeability curve, 68 residual flux density-data, 26, 55 Coercive intensity data, see also hysteresis loop. [or particular matenaL definition, 15 hard magnetic materials, 55, 70 method of extrapolating for saturation value of, 25-26 soft magnetic materials, 55, 69 variation with maximum magnetizing intensity, data, 26,55 Coil calculations ampere-turns method, 171, 173 sample problems, 115 resistance method, 171 sample problem, 175-171 'space factor, see Space factor of coils method, 167 sample problem, 175 turns method, 171 sample problems, 174 voltage required, 173 wire diameter method, 173, 174 sample problem, 175-1n Coil design , a-c. magnet, 455 high-speed magnet, 407 illustrative problems, bipolar magnet, 326-328

full conical plunger magnet, 284-286

leakage flux magnet, 314~15 tapered plunger magnet, 297-299 splitting the wire size, 297 two wire sizes, 286 Coil insulating materials, 162 Coil redesign to give required temperature rise, 298, 327-328 Coil shape for tractive magnets, 248, 255, 269, 282, 311, 323 Coils, 151-177 'bobbin wound bobbin of brass tube with iron end flanges, 271-273, 297-299, 3I4c 315 coil insulation, 168, 169 fabricated brass bobbin, illustrative design, 257-259 general; 153, 155 molded spool type, 154 resistance density, 170-172 space factor, 170, 172 turn density, 170, 172 wire insula.tion, 168 changing dimensions to secure required temperature rise, 298 classifications, 151 cotton-interwoven, 153 effect of change of one wire size; 219 Corm wound coil insulation, 168-170 electrolysis, 496 general, 155 resistance density, 170, 172 space factor, 170, 172, turn density, 170, 172 wire insulation, 168 general, 3, 151 heat-dissipation capacity definition, 178 dependence on final temperature, 182 heat-dissipation coefficient data, 185 dependence on .final temperature, 184-186 moisture' resisting, 153

534
Alteroating-Clurcnt magnets -

INDEX ConAltemating-current magnets - Continued wave form of exciting current, 443444, 459-460 weight limitation, 431 Alternating-current relays, 6, 501-502 A\I'!m~ting-current vs. direct-current magnets effective use of iron, 424-428 single-phase, 424 three-phase, 428 two-phase, 425-426 Aluminum density, 188 resistivity, 155 temperature coefficient of resistance, 156 thermal capacity, 188 wire' resistance, f58 American ingot iron . general, 39 general data, 69 magnetization curves, 48 American wire gauge, 156, 157 Anhysteretic magnetization curves, 22, 62,63 use of, in polarized apparatus, 104 Angle, unit, 532 Angular velocity, unit, 532 Annealing importance in relays, 521 to remove machining strains, 38, 40, 42 Arc suppression, relays, 488 Area, unit, 532 . Asbestos insulation, 160-161, 162 Atkinson, F. W., 161 Attraction between magnetized faces, 196-200 Audio-frequency transformers, 102 hysteresis cycle, 35 Average force, 423-424 single-phase, 423-421 three-phase, 427-428 two-phase, 425 B Bakelit.e.162 Bensin, Igor, 21 Bipolar magnet characteristics, 230-231

tinued
phase

relation between flux and cur-

rent, 420 polyphase magnet arrangement, 425428 pulsation of force, 423-428 single-phase, 423-424 three-phase,. 427-428 two-phase, 425-427 with shading coils, 427,.469, 479 reactance voltage, 420-422 reactive power, total, 430 shading coils, see Shading coils; Shaded-pole magnets single-phase operation, 423-425 solenoid and plunger type, 433-445 current at minimum force position, 440 current-stroke characteristics, 435437 design, 438-445 design procedure, 444-445 force at the beginning of the stroke, 442 force-stroke characteristic, 435-437 general design basis, 438-439 laminated construction, 433, 435 minimum force throughout stroke, 439-440 minimum iron flux density at beginning of stroke, 441-442 slotted construction, 433-434 vol t-am peres at beginning of stroke, 442-443 at end of stroke, 443-444 speed of action, 432 steel for, 41 stipulations regarding mathematical derivations, 420 three-phase operation, 427-428 two-phase operation, 425-427 use of rectifiers, 431 volt-ampere efficiency, 430, 436, 461 volt-ampere limitation, check, 437, 461-462 constant-current operation, 430-431 constant-voltage operation, 429-430 experimental, 437 general, 423, 431

~-.--- --.--

- -

--.-

~ .. -.- ~.-

TABLE I
UNITS OF THE CO~!MON SY8TEMS AND TREIR CONVERSION FACTORS TO THE JOULl!:INCfI-SECONt Syaltm SY8TEM
UNIT

Facton lor Converting Iroa. COClruea Sy,t to Ih,.30ul rech.S.coed N am. 01 Quaeti Iy Symbol DeBnieg EqualioD Eoglilh Sy.tem Fundlmen/al Unit, M.lerKl1oiT&m-Second Syatem I joule ~ I I meler '" 39.37 1 lee. 0 1 1 coulomb 0 1 I d.g. ceDt: ~ I

IrraUon.1 C.O.S. EI""troClaitl.t.ie Bya\<m I erg 10-1 1em. '" 0.3937

1.00. CO 1

J oul,.Iech-Seoond

S>:,um

r~~G:::::::::::::::: Time . , ...........

D;\t.:rE::'U::rj~i;;' .
Electrio Quantity ...

e or

I or , I Q

w
e

........ ,. ............
.,

............ ............

............

I ia-lb . 0.112& Ile.o I I e. 01 1 ooulomb "" I I d.g. F.hr .o 1/9

I abooulomb '" 10 I deg, cent, "" I I erg/cu. cm. 0 .2.W X 10-1 1 erg/,eo. 0;> 10-l I (trg/."" )/cu.clll.o2.&4'XIO-T I sq. ~"" c 0.3.1.371 1 cu. cal. 0 0.3U71 I em./.,c. "" 0.3937 I cer,/.ec.' <> 0.3937 1 dyne "" 2.S4 X 10-1 , I gram c 6.H X 10l I ndiao." I I O1~/nd. 0;> 10-' 1 n ./oee. "" I I.hamp. "" 10 I abvoll "" 10-' 1 abohm "" 10-' 1 abamp/'IQ. om.O 2,64' X 10 I abvolt COl. "" 2.S( X 10-' I abohm cm. 0;> 0.3937 X 10-' 1 abCorad '" 10' 1 maxw,ll "" 10-1 I silberl '" 10/4~ I max"ell/gilbert X 10-1 I K'U" "" 2.S4' X 10-' 1 oersted <> 2.02 I "' uss /o"'led 0::> 3.11 X 10-1 . 1 .bbe",y <> '10-'

inch ..eoed coulomb d"" centigrad. Joul./eubi. ".tl nil/oubi. Inch Inch

leule

D!I~:fJ~~~~' ti;ii,' .
Aceelentloll ....

~~:e~~.~~~i.t:::::::::

"
~. V

.., - dW/dV P - dWj.dl p - dP dV 8-1' V-I' - dr/dl 0- d' e /dl' ~ - dW;'d.

1 iolb'/eu. ie. "" 0.1128 1 joul./cu. m, 0 206(1 X 10-1 1 h,,,. !>OW" .,. 746 1 ,It 0;> I I watt/cu. m .,. 205(1 X 10-1 "., ".

.... .........

~1~;::::::::::::::: V.locity ........

s"

*~~~~~:: ::::::::::::::
D,~~I~I:I~l~c~~i;;
Cw!'t:lt .....

t'1'~::::::::::::::::::
...

~
..,
I B R
/
p

-go

ij'';''diVid9'
.., - dl/d, 1- d?ld' E - d ,dQ 1- d.d, - d /dJ

I.q.lo.ol I cu. I 0 I 11 /500. "" 1. 110';." . <> I lib. '" 0.1128 Ilbi(in./ICc")Q 0.1128 lh. 'ano 1 I inlb./rad . .,. 0.1123 I lId./I"'. 0 1

I m. 39.372 I cu. m. <> 39.37" 1 11I./.". "" 39.37 1111./.ec.' 0 39.37 I o."too ' <> 1/39.37 I kg. '" 6.44 X 10-' 1dian <> 1 I joule/rac!. 0 I I rod.! ee ." I
1amper. 0 I 1 volt "" I 1 ohm"" I I .mp./IQ. m. 0 1:39.371 I fOil/III. "" 1/39. 7 1 ohm m. <> 39.37 ll.rod"" 1

'Q.

&Quau lo.h cubic loch inch/,ocond ineh/.eoond' loul'6",ch GouJ.(lDoh)/ .ch;'ooond%) ra.diaG Joule/radi ...di ./."'.d a.rnpuo .011 obm ItIlP""'ft,guar.lnch . .0 t/meh ohm inch brad

I
I

Voltage .. , .......... R esislane ......... Currenl d.!l.!ilr.: ...... EI.~t~c .Int e..,tty .... R IlVlty ......... Capacitaec .... Dtrl"d M.on'l~ Unii, Magoetic flux...... Magcetomotive lorce., . Perm eaac ......... M.gnetic flux d.euily . Masnetl, lote!l.!ily .... PermeebiUly; .. Inductanoo .......... Nons:

R- Ef

C:d~/dE
A'" - fwEdJlN F - W/d~ P- (l' . B - d./d.

r 'P "

H-dp/dJ

~I

iB6f I - d Q)/dl

..................... .................... ............... ... .............. , ..... ... ...... . . ~ . . . .... . , ... .... .... ..... ........... ....... ....... .... , ....... ..... , .............. ................... ............ ......., ................... ..... .............. ....................
" ' , ' " , , , ,

1 ",b.r <> 1 I &Olp.-turn <> I 1 ber /ampAurn 1 weber/aq. m .,. I .mpAUln/lII. '" t w.ber/ampAuni 1 beory 0 1 I Th. ~

I 1/39.371 1/39.37 m .,. 1(39.37

0

".bet ampu"\ure "ebet /aqua" incb .i!lpu . turn/ineb ....bet/amper.tUln inch h.nry

,m!:tr&-t

",ber
UOl

I i

'I n.wion - 1 joul. per m,t". t Acceleration of if,vity i. 386io./.ee.la~!e&

... I,vel.od

45'llilu<\

I This" tbe norm,1 pormeabitily.

bmty of a ncuum

i. p - 3.192 X 10-' ".ber per omp.turn I &I,onl Dlher pOl'lll.bilili" . defined. ~

Arl s. 21.ed

22

530

HELAYS

[CHAP.

XIV

point is 2.01 krnax. then be: F

= ~

The force, with 17.3 ampere-turns

applied, will

72S

(<t c)2
p

'2
72 X 0.0625

"pc

(~)2
1.059

= 1 7SIb
.

As this is well below the load force of 5.0 lb., there will be no difficulty in releasing with 0.1 normal current.
FINAL RESULTS

Tube.= 6J7. Plate supply voltage = 125 volts. Screen voltage = 100 volts. Relay coils = 12,020 turns No. 40 enameled wire, per cuil. Relay resistance = 4,500 ohms at 20 C. Operation data = 7.2 milliamperes at zero grid bias; 10.8 lb. closed and L09 lb. open gap. Release data = 0.72 milliampere at -4.1 volts grid bias; 1.75 lb. at closed gap.

528

RELAYS

[CHAP. XIV

The fringing permeances from the pole cores to the armature will be p,
= 0.26~ p.l ( =

0.26 X 3.19 X 0.75 2 = 2/) + -;

=

0.31
( log, 1 0.5 ) + 0.001
=

PSb = ;- log. 1 Pu = O.5'lpl = . 2Jll -log.

11"

3.19 X 0.75
211"

2.37 021
.

0.52 X 3.19 X 0.25 2

PI2b

( 1

+g

t)

2X3.19XO.251
211"

og, (1+0.18)_132 - . 0.001 __ Total = 4.21

The distributed permeances are:

JlS Pi
=

T
pl

3.19 X 1.16 X 0.25 0.5625

=

1.61 1.96 ( log, 1

P7 = 0.26pl = 0.26 X 3.19 X 1.16 X 2 PSb

= ;-

log,

(. 1

+;

2/)
=

3.19 X 1.16 X 2
11"

+ 0.56

0.5 )

1.18

Total = 5.08 As the distributed permeance is only one-half effective as regards the

leakage flux produced, the effective distributed permeance is 2.54. The leakage coefficients will then be:
v
a

99.6 + 4.21 99.6 99.6

99.6.

= 1.042
=
.
1.06

vv =
Vpc

+ 4.21 + 2.54

1.042

+ 1(1.068

- 1~042) = 1.059

The length, areas, and relative flux densities of the various parts of the iron circuit are tabulated below. A stacking factor, K. = 0.9, has been used in computing the area of the laminated iron parts.
Length,
in. Area, sq. in. Relative Flux Rela.tive Flux Densities

Part

Armature ................ Pole cores ............... yoke .............. "'" Air gap ..... "'" .......

1.06 2.68 1. .06

0.0562 0.0562 0.0562

..........

vo<!>u vP<'/>v
"II<PU

0.98581'< 8pe
1.008

s.;

..--.- .....

- -., .... _-

526

RELAYS

[CHAP. XIV

having an effeclive internal resistance of about 1.800.000 ohms should be used. k3 the resistance of the relay will then be small compared to that of the tube, inaxinmIDpower output will be obtained with the highest possiblerelay resistance. For any selected a I I I I 8 tube the lowest possible plate voltage -"'\ 01 should be used. did Volts / The 6J7 pentode, operating with the 6 1.11 t> screen at 100 volts, is about the best ~R 4soofl.1 suited. It Will have a plate current of ~5 1.5 E about 7 milliamperes with a plate voltage ~4 2.0 of 100 volts, and zero grid bias. Using 7 s ..... ""2.lmilliamperes plate current instead of 5, the wound length of the coil can be re3.0 2 duced from Ii in., as in the tentative 4.iJ.. Ee, design, to Ii X t = 0.98. Letting this 15. 0be 1 in., the resistance of both coils will o be 3,090 X 2 X l/1.375 = 4,500 ohms. o 100 200 Plate Volts In Fig. 24.are shown the average plate characteristic curves for a 6J7 tube. The FIG. 24. Family of plate current-plate voltage characteristics load line for 4,500 ohms is drawn from a for a 6J7 pentode with the screen battery supply voltage of 125 volts: This at 100 volts. showing the operatvoltage is chosen because it is the lowest ing line for a load of 4500 ohms value which will put the operating point and a battery supply voltage of 'at zero grid bias, point (a) well beyond 125 volts. the knee of the curve. In order to reduce the current to 0.1 normal for release, the grid bias must be raised to -4.2 volts. During the grid swing, while the plate current is changing from 7 to (}.7 milliampere, the effective plate resistance will be over 1,500,000 ohms. The time constant will therefore be of the magnitude of about

..

--- fF
L

373 X ( 1.00)2 1.375 1,.500,000

130 X 10-6 second .

will

This is so short that the release time currents in the Iaminations,

probably be limited by eddy

The number of turns on each coil will be 16,580 X _1_ = 12,020 . 1.375 . (e) FinalDeeiqn. In Fig. 25 is shown the final circuit arrangement, and in Fig. 26, the final relay design.
11 A 14-mil iron h33 been selected because it is the thinnest stock available, A6-mil iron is to be preferred.

commercial sheet

524

RELAYS

ICHAP. XIV

armature equals <t,zj72Sv2 the ratio of the forces In the closed- and open-gap positions will be Force Force and
2

(cP2vl)2
</11"2

Assuming that

"1

1.25and
cP2 </11

"2

1.05, we have

= 1.05 Vlo = 2.66

1.25

Because the ratio of the open- to closed-gap lengths is 11 to 1, the only way that the flux ratio can be held to 2.66 is by saturation of the magnetic circuit at closed gap. (c) Design Procedure for Deiermininq the Approximate Size of Pole Core, Ampere-Turns, and Exciting CUTTent. No set procedure can be outlined at this point owing to many possible ways of handling the problem. Because of the saturation requirement noted in (b), it seems logical to start with the pole core. H there were no polar enlargement.P the required size of pole core, assuming a saturation density of 80 kmax, per sq. in. in the air gap, would be 72P 72 X 5.0 . S = B2 = 802 = 0.056 sq. ill. where 5.0 lb. is taken as the force of one pole of the bipolar magnet. This would represent a size of about 0.236 in. square. "Therefore let us try a stack of laminations in, by in. in the form of a U. Allowing a stacking factor, K., equal to 0.9, the net area will be 0.0562 sq. in. The required ampere-turns can be determined from the open-gap requirements. The flux density in the working gap necessary to produce a force of 0.5 lb. per pole is

B:
=

"\Is =

fi2F

\j 0.25 X 0.25 = 24 kmax. per sq.

72 X 0.5

.
Ill.

10 A polar enlargement is not desirable in this design because laminating is necessary. If used it will necessitate two joints in the magnetic circuit which would probably more than offset the possible gain. Because of the relatively Iarge foree and short gap length the optimum can be approached quite closely without apolar enlargement.

522

RELAYS

[CHAP, XIV

an electromechanical device for controlling the operation of a machine, It has been assumed that it is desired to operate this relay device in response to a.train of fast impulses received by either radio or telegraph, In order to be effective, the relay must develop a relatively large holding force and be capable of releasing its load practically instantaneously, The method followed in this example would be equally applicable to any, relay, The particular requirements of the design are set forth below:
1, Normol Load: The relay is normally actuated and must hold an actual load on its armature of 5 lb. 2, Factor of Safety: To provide a factor of safety, it must develop a holding force of not less than 10 lb. with normal excitation, S. Release Current: While holding the load of 5 lb. it must be capable of releasing on not less than 0,1 normal excitation, following the application of nmmal excitation;' "" 4, Time of Release: 'Its time of release, following normal excitation, must" not be greater ~han O'()002 second -" " 6, Open-Gap Force: It should be capable of producing a minimum force cf lib, through" a working stroke of 0"01 in" with normal excitation, 6. Signal Voltage: There is no restriction on the magnitude of the signal voltage required to operate the relay, otherthan that it must not be necessary for the "grid of the relay tube to go positive to produce operation, 7. Other Restrictions: It is desired to keep the weight of the over-all unit, including the power supply for the relay tube, at a minimum, 8, Circuit Arrangement: The type of circuit arrangement desired is shown in Fig, 23 belo .. "

L Analysis of Problem. a, As the over-all weight is to be kept at a minimum, there must be a compromise between relay weight and sensitivity. High sensitivity requires a heavy relay "but Sign. I Mec~~ic31 only a. s tall power input, lnput load A small input will allow a lighter weight power supFIG, 23, Diagrammatic circuit arrangement of a ply, On the other hand, bipolar relay operating from the plate circuit of a" a lower relay" sensitivity high-vacuum tube, will make the relay lighter " and require a larger power input: A reasonable way to handle this situation is to design the relay entirely on a magnetic basis to meet the force requirements. The coil can then be designed to give the required ampere-turns and maximum over-all weight economy in conjunction with a selected tube and the necessary power supply.

520

RELAYS

[CnAr. XIV

In the table below a. comparison is made o the actual polar enlargement and the optimum in regard to the available work.

Actual
'Diameter of Polar Enlargement, in.

Optimum

Diameter of Polar Enlargement, in. Ingot iron ............. High-silicon steel ....... Ferronickel. ..........

Operating Point

Useful Work, in-lb.'

Operating Point

Useful Work, in-lb.

1.00 1:00 1.00

c
h

0.00446 0.00457 0.00439

1.00 0.936 1.020

d e i

0.00446 0.00461 0.00439

21. Comparison of Design Results for the Three Materials. tabulation below is a summary of the final design results.
Ingot Iron High-Silicon Steel

In the

Ferro nickel

1.5 Volts Applied

at ZOo C.

Per; centage

oC
Normal Normal current, ma ...... Operate IWl. current, Force 2 oz. at open gap Force at open gap with no~mal current, OZ~ Force at closed gap with current, operate oz. Force at closed gap with "normal' current, oz. IDa. Release current, Force 2 oz. at closed gap

Perrentage oC Normal

Percentage oC Normal

23.1

]00 .

23.1

100

15.1

100

19.3

83.5

.'

18.6

80.5

12.5

82.5

3.25

162'

3.35

167

3.23

161 ..

5.3

132t

4.9

122

5.1

127

6.25 156t 5.61 140 5.72 143 4.05 17.5 6.98 30.2 5.15 34.1

The DormaJ or specified

force .~ opeD gap ia 2 05. force at

t The llormaJ or epecified

eloeed asp ia 4

O~.

518

RELAYS

[CHAP. XIV

The mean length of a turn will then be ')1"(0.282

+ 2 X 0.04 + 2

X 0.003

+ 0.304)

11"

X 0.672

:z:

2.11 in.

Coil for 17UJot Iron. The required wire resistance at 20 G., ohms per inch, will be E 1.5 . 1 h Ri = -= = 0.0131 0 un per mc PmNI 2.11 X 54.2 Referring to Table II, Chapter VI, the nearest size of wire is-No. 32 (diameter = 0.009 in. over enamel), which has 0.01368 ohm per inch. From Table IV of Chapter VI, the minimum paper margin, interlayar paper thickness, and turns per inch are 3/32 in., 0.0013 in., and 103, respectively. Then 0.304 Coil layers = = 29.5, sa.y 30 0.009+ 0.0013 Turns per layer
=

(0.938 - 2 X 3/32 :....0.02)103

= 75

where 0.01 in. has been allowed at each end of the coil for a washer of insulating material to protect the coil leads. Coil turns = 30 X 75 = 2,250 Length of wire = 2,250 X 2.11 = 4,750 in. Resistance at 20 C. = 4,750 X 0.01368 = 65 ohms Current at 20 C. = 1.5/65 = 0.0231 ampere Ampere-turns at 20 C. = 2,250 X 0.0231 = 52
0

This will be satisfactory. Coil for High-Silicon Steel. The required ampere-turns for this design are 52.3. Therefore the coil design for the ingot iron core will be satisfactory. Coii for Ferronickel. Designing this coil in the same manner as that for the ingot iron, the following results are obtained: WIre size No. 33; layers = 33; turns per layer = 83; turns = 2,740; length of wire = 5,780 in., resistance at 20 C. = 99.5 ohms; current at 200 c. = 0.0151 ampere; and the ampere-turns = 41.4.. 20. Check of Optimum Size of Polar Enlargement. In order to check how close the final design approaches optimum conditions, it is necessary plot the magnetization curve of the iron parts and fixed air gap in the open-gap position. The data for this may be obtained directly from Sec. 10 by omitting the ampere-turns across the useful gap. These curves are shown plotted in Fig. 22. Following the method of Art. 85, the line a-b is the air-gap permeance

to

516

RELAYS

(CHAP. XIV

,.

The demagnetization curves, corresponding to the values of H m listed above, are most easily constructed from the falling branches of the hysteresis loops for the different materials. These demagnetization curves may be constructed from the loop data of Figs. 12a, 12/, and 12g, and the residual flux and coercive intensity data or Figs. 13a and 13b of Chapter II. In order to change the loop coordinates from kilornaxwells per square inch and ampere-turns per inch to total flux and magnetomotive force for the entire iron circuit of the relay, the ordinates must be multiplied by the area of the iron circuit 8 0.0625 sq. in., and the abscissas by 3.63 in., which is the length of the total iron circuit. The resulting demagnetization curves for the iron only are shown in Fig. 21. The demagnetization curves of the entire magnetic circuit of the relay in the closed-gap position may now be computed by adding to the iron magnetomotive force of Fig. 21, for each value of useful flux, the magnetomotive force for the effective permeance of the working air gap (closed position) and the fixed-hinge air gap. This permeance will be from Sees. 9 and 12, Po = 1 -:- (1(389 + 1/402) = 197.5 n:tax. per ampere-turn. The computations, shown below in tabular form, are self-explanatory:
Magnetornotive Ingot Iron Force Ferronickcl

High-Silicon Steel

--4.23
3.70

Iron Flux

Useful Flux 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.0

Air
Gaps 21.2 18.6 15.9 13.3 10.6 8.0 5.3 2.7 0.0

Iron +0.6 -2.7 -4.3 -'-5.3 -6.0 '-,6.5 -6.8 -7.1 -7.3

Total Coil 21.8 15.9 11.6 8.0 4.6 1.5 -L3 -4.4 -7 .. 3

Iron +11.8 + 6.5 + 3.1 + 0.6 - 0.9 -1.9

Total Coil 33.0 25.1 19.0 13.9 9.5 6.1 2.8 .-0.2 -3.3

Iron +6.0

Total Coil .?:l.2 20.1 16.1 13.15 10.3 7.65 4.9 2,3 -0.4

-i-i.s
+0.2 -0~15 -0.3 -0.35 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4

3.n
2.64 2.12 1.59 1.06 0.53 0.0

2.5 - 2.9 - 3.3

The results of the tabular computation, columns 1 and 5, 1 and .7,

This simple treatment which considers all the iron parts as one is possible only because their various areas and leakage coefficients are such that the flux density is substantially the same in all parts, When this is not the case the method of Prob-. lem 11, Art. 49 must be followed.

514

RELAYS

ICnAP. XIV

12. Leakage Coefficient, Closed Gap.

PI = -

p.S 3.19 X 0.785 = = 368 max, per ampere-turn 1 0.007

Pn = same as [or open gap = 2.6 P12b = .-Iog,

11"

21'l

+g
=

l)

2 X 3.19 X
1("

7r

X 1

log. -

84 = 15.6 7

v
4

= 368

+ 18.2 368

386 = 1.050 368

The interpolar leakage perrneance will be the same as for the open gap. 8.5 and 368 18.2 X ~ X 8.5 389 JIll = 368 = -36-8 = 1.058

+~

These leakage coefficients are so nearly equal that the armature, pole core, and yoke may be considered as one piece when the rising and falling magnetization curves at closed gap are computed. . 13. Rising Magnetization Curve, Closed Gap. A portion of this curve must be computed in order to find out the flux and force in this position. A sample point is computed below in tabular form. The three curves are shown plotted in Fig. 20.
Ingot'
Iron

High-Silicon
. Bteel

47%
Ferroniekel

Effective
"0"

1.050 Length,

Flux

flux.
kmax,

'. = 1.058

in. Armature pole

Area, eq. in.

B. kmax. per

11.
a-t, per F.

H.
a-to
a-to per

H.

r,
a-t,

a-to per

r,
e-t,

eq.Ia,

in ..

in.

in.

-----1----1----1--tore Rod yoke 3.63 0.0625 Pised Air gap. _ J> = 402 maa; pera-t.,
)tv

------</)u 5.0 5.0 80 "vu

-7.6 27.6 12.4 12.9 52.9 11:3

-41.0 12.4 12.9 66.3

---7.0
25.4 12.' 12.9 50.7

Uselu! air gap .. P = 363 max. per a-to

4.13

14. Flux and Force in the Closed-Gap Position, Operate AmpereTurns. With the ampere-turns held at the operate value, the relay magnet must develop a force of 4 oz. in the closed-gap position. The useful flux in this position is determined by the intersection of the vertical lines drawn from points C, B, and A, with the rising magnetization curves in the closed-gap position, for the ingot iron, silicon steel, and ferronickel, respectively. The force will then be (4)u)2/72S lb.