Chapter 10 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

10-1
Chapter 10
VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES
Carnot Vapor Cycle
10-1C Because excessive moisture in steam causes erosion on the turbine blades. The highest moisture
content allowed is about 10%.
10-2C The Carnot cycle is not a realistic model for steam power plants because (1) limiting the heat
transfer processes to two-phase systems to maintain isothermal conditions severely limits the maximum
temperature that can be used in the cycle, (2) the turbine will have to handle steam with a high moisture
content which causes erosion, and (3) it is not practical to design a compressor that will handle two phases.
10-3 A steady-flow Carnot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conditions. The
thermal efficiency, the amount of heat rejected, and the net work output are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) Noting that TH = 250°C = 523 K and TL = Tsat @ 20 kPa = 60.06°C = 333.1 K, the thermal
efficiency becomes
TL 333.1 K
η th,C = 1 − = 1− = 0.3632 = 36.3% T
TH 523 K
(b) The heat supplied during this cycle is simply the
enthalpy of vaporization , 1 2
250°C
q in = h fg @ 250oC = 1715.3 kJ/kg qin
Thus, 20 kPa
T ⎛ 333.1 K ⎞
q out = q L = L q in = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟(1715.3 kJ/kg ) = 1092.3 kJ/kg 4 qout 3
TH ⎝ 523 K ⎠ s
(c) The net work output of this cycle is
wnet = η th q in = (0.3632 )(1715.3 kJ/kg ) = 623.0 kJ/kg
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10-2
thermal efficiency, the amount of heat rejected, and the net work output are to be determined.
Analysis (a) Noting that TH = 250°C = 523 K and TL = Tsat @ 10 kPa = 45.81°C = 318.8 K, the thermal
efficiency becomes
TL 318.8 K
η th, C = 1 − =1− = 39.04% T
TH 523 K
(b) The heat supplied during this cycle is simply the
enthalpy of vaporization , 1 2
250°C
q in = h fg @ 250°C = 1715.3 kJ/kg qin
Thus,
10 kPa
T ⎛ 318.8 K ⎞
q out = q L = L q in = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟(1715.3 kJ/kg ) = 1045.6 kJ/kg 4 qout 3
TH ⎝ 523 K ⎠ s
(c) The net work output of this cycle is
wnet = η th q in = (0.3904 )(1715.3 kJ/kg ) = 669.7 kJ/kg
thermal efficiency, the pressure at the turbine inlet, and the net work output are to be determined.
Analysis (a) The thermal efficiency is determined from
TL 60 + 273 K T
η th, C = 1 − =1− = 46.5%
TH 350 + 273 K
(b) Note that 1 2
350°C
s2 = s3 = sf + x3sfg
= 0.8313 + 0.891 × 7.0769 = 7.1368 kJ/kg·K
Thus , 60°C
4 3
T2 = 350°C ⎫ s
⎬ P2 ≅ 1.40 MPa (Table A-6)
s 2 = 7.1368 kJ/kg ⋅ K ⎭
(c) The net work can be determined by calculating the enclosed area on the T-s diagram,
s 4 = s f + x 4 s fg = 0.8313 + (0.1)(7.0769 ) = 1.5390 kJ/kg ⋅ K
Thus,
wnet = Area = (TH − TL )(s 3 − s 4 ) = (350 − 60 )(7.1368 − 1.5390 ) = 1623 kJ/kg
10-3
The Simple Rankine Cycle
10-6C The four processes that make up the simple ideal cycle are (1) Isentropic compression in a pump,
(2) P = constant heat addition in a boiler, (3) Isentropic expansion in a turbine, and (4) P = constant heat
rejection in a condenser.
10-7C Heat rejected decreases; everything else increases.
10-8C Heat rejected decreases; everything else increases.
10-9C The pump work remains the same, the moisture content decreases, everything else increases.
10-10C The actual vapor power cycles differ from the idealized ones in that the actual cycles involve
friction and pressure drops in various components and the piping, and heat loss to the surrounding medium
from these components and piping.
10-11C The boiler exit pressure will be (a) lower than the boiler inlet pressure in actual cycles, and (b) the
same as the boiler inlet pressure in ideal cycles.
10-12C We would reject this proposal because wturb = h1 − h2 − qout, and any heat loss from the steam will
adversely affect the turbine work output.
10-13C Yes, because the saturation temperature of steam at 10 kPa is 45.81°C, which is much higher than
the temperature of the cooling water.
10-4
10-14 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits. The thermal efficiency of the cycle and the net power output of the plant are to be determined.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6)
h1 = h f @ 50 kPa = 340.54 kJ/kg
T
v 1 = v f @ 50 kPa = 0.001030 m 3 /kg
3
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) 3 MPa
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
= 0.001030 m 3 /kg (3000 − 50 ) kPa ⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟
⎟ 2
qin
= 3.04 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠
50 kPa
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 340.54 + 3.04 = 343.58 kJ/kg 1 4
qout
P3 = 3 MPa ⎫ h3 = 2994.3 kJ/kg s
⎬
T3 = 300 °C ⎭ s 3 = 6.5412 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 50 kPa ⎫ s4 − s f 6.5412 − 1.0912
⎬ x4 = = = 0.8382
s 4 = s3 ⎭ s fg 6.5019
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 340.54 + (0.8382)(2304.7 )
= 2272.3 kJ/kg
Thus,
q in = h3 − h2 = 2994.3 − 343.58 = 2650.7 kJ/kg
q out = h4 − h1 = 2272.3 − 340.54 = 1931.8 kJ/kg
wnet = q in − q out = 2650.7 − 1931.8 = 718.9 kJ/kg
and
q out 1931.8
η th = 1 − = 1− = 27.1%
q in 2650.7
(b) W& net = m& wnet = (35 kg/s )(718.9 kJ/kg ) = 25.2 MW
10-5
10-15 A steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle is considered. The quality of
the steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the mass flow rate of the steam are to
be determined.
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
v1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg T
w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 ) 3
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( 3
)
= 0.00101 m /kg (10,000 − 10 kPa )⎜⎜ ⎟
1 kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎟⎠
10 MPa
= 10.09 kJ/kg ⎝ 2
qin
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 10.09 = 201.90 kJ/kg 10 kPa

1 4
P3 = 10 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3375.1 kJ/kg qout
⎬
T3 = 500 °C ⎭ s 3 = 6.5995 kJ/kg ⋅ K s
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫ s 4 − s f 6.5995 − 0.6492

⎬ x4 = = = 0.7934
s 4 = s3 ⎭ s fg 7.4996
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.81 + (0.7934)(2392.1) = 2089.7 kJ/kg
(b) q in = h3 − h2 = 3375.1 − 201.90 = 3173.2 kJ/kg

q out = h4 − h1 = 2089.7 − 191.81 = 1897.9 kJ/kg
and
wnet 1275.4 kJ/kg
η th = = = 40.2%
q in 3173.2 kJ/kg
W& net 210,000 kJ/s

(c) m& = = = 164.7 kg/s
wnet 1275.4 kJ/kg
10-6
10-16 A steam power plant that operates on a simple nonideal Rankine cycle is considered. The quality
of the steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the mass flow rate of the steam are
to be determined.
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
T
v 1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) / η p 3
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞ 10 MPa
( )
= 0.00101 m /kg (10,000 − 10 kPa )⎜
3
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟ / (0.85)
⎟ 2
2 qin
= 11.87 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠
10 kPa
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 11.87 = 203.68 kJ/kg
1 qout 4 4
P3 = 10 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3375.1 kJ/kg s
⎬
T3 = 500 °C ⎭ s 3 = 6.5995 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 s = 10 kPa ⎫ s 4s − s f 6.5995 − 0.6492
⎬ x 4s = = = 0.7934
s 4s = s3 ⎭ s fg 7.4996
h4 s = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.81 + (0.7934)(2392.1) = 2089.7 kJ/kg
h3 − h4
ηT = ⎯→ h4 = h3 − η T (h3 − h4 s )
⎯
h3 − h4 s
= 3375.1 − (0.85)(3375.1 − 2089.7 ) = 2282.5 kJ/kg
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫ h4 − h f 2282.5 − 191.81
⎬ x4 = = = 0.874
h4 = 2282.5 kJ/kg ⎭ h fg 2392.1
(b) qin = h3 − h2 = 3375.1 − 203.68 = 3171.4 kJ/kg

qout = h4 − h1 = 2282.5 − 191.81 = 2090.7 kJ/kg
wnet = qin − qout = 3171.4 − 2090.7 = 1080.7 kJ/kg
and
wnet 1080.7 kJ/kg
ηth = = = 34.1%
qin 3171.5 kJ/kg
W&net 210,000 kJ/s

(c) m& = = = 194.3 kg/s
wnet 1080.7 kJ/kg
10-7
10-17 A steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits is considered. The minimum turbine inlet temperature, the rate of heat input in the boiler, and the
thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are T
negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, 3
A-5, and A-6) 9 MPa
·
h1 = h f @ 15 kPa = 225.94 kJ/kg Qin
2
3
v 1 = v f @ 15 kPa = 0.001014 m /kg 15 kPa
1 · 4
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) Qout
x4 = 0.9
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
= 0.001014 m 3 /kg (9000 − 15 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟
⎟
s
= 9.11 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 225.94 + 9.11 = 235.05 kJ/kg
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 225.94 + (0.9 )(2372.3) = 2361.1 kJ/kg

s 4 = s f + x 4 s fg = 0.7549 + (0.9 )(7.2522) = 7.2819 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P3 = 9 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3934.2 kJ/kg

⎬
s3 = s 4 ⎭ T3 = 724.0°C
(b) Q& in = m& (h3 − h2 ) = (35 kg/s )(3934.2 − 235.05) = 129,471 kW
(c) Q& out = m& (h4 − h1 ) = (35 kg/s )(2361.1 − 225.94 ) = 74,729 kW
Q& 74,729 kW
η th = 1 − out = 1 − = 0.423 = 42.3%
Q&
in 129,471 kW
10-8
10-18 A steam power plant operates on a simple nonideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits. The minimum turbine inlet temperature, the rate of heat input in the boiler, and the thermal
efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. T
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and
A-6)
3
h1 = h f @ 15 kPa = 225.94 kJ/kg 9 MPa
·
v 1 = v f @ 15 kPa = 0.001014 m 3 /kg 2 Qin
2s
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) 15 kPa

⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( ) 1 · 4s 4
= 0.001014 m 3 /kg (9000 − 15 kPa )⎜ ⎟ / 0.85 Qout
x4 = 0.9
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎟
= 10.72 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠ s
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 225.94 + 10.72 = 236.66 kJ/kg
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 225.94 + (0.9 )(2372.3) = 2361.1 kJ/kg
P3 = 9 MPa ⎫ h3 =
⎬
T3 = ⎭ s3 =
P4 = 15 kPa ⎫
⎬ h4 s =
s 4s = s3 ⎭
h3 − h4 h − 2361.1
ηT = → 0.85 = 3
h3 − h4 s h3 − h4 s
Solving the above equations simultaneously using EES we find
T3 = 514.8°C
h3 = 3424.7 kJ/kg
A hand solution would require a trial and error approach. Try different turbine inlet temperatures until you
find a turbine isentropic efficiency of 85%.
(b) Q& in = m& (h3 − h2 ) = (35 kg/s )(3424.7 − 236.66 )kJ/kg = 111,582 kW
(c) Q& out = m& (h4 − h1 ) = (35 kg/s )(2361.1 − 225.94 ) = 74,729 kW
Q& 74,729 kW
η th = 1 − out = 1 − = 0.330 = 33.0%
Q&
in 111,582 kW
10-9
10-19 A 300-MW coal-fired steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the
specified pressure limits. The overall plant efficiency and the required rate of the coal supply are to be
determined.
h1 = h f @ 25 kPa = 271.96 kJ/kg T
v 1 = v f @ 25 kPa = 0.001020 m 3 /kg

3
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) 5 MPa
·
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
= 0.00102 m 3 /kg (5000 − 25 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟
⎟
2
Qin
= 5.07 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠
25 kPa
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 271.96 + 5.07 = 277.03 kJ/kg 1 · 4
Qout
P3 = 5 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3317.2 kJ/kg s

⎬
T3 = 450°C ⎭ s 3 = 6.8210 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 25 kPa ⎫ s 4 − s f 6.8210 − 0.8932
⎬ x4 = = = 0.8545
s 4 = s3 ⎭ s fg 6.9370
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 271.96 + (0.8545)(2345.5) = 2276.2 kJ/kg
The thermal efficiency is determined from
qin = h3 − h2 = 3317.2 − 277.03 = 3040.2 kJ/kg
qout = h4 − h1 = 2276.2 − 271.96 = 2004.2 kJ/kg
and
q out 2004.2
η th = 1 − = 1− = 0.3407
q in 3040.2
Thus,
η overall = η th ×η comb ×η gen = (0.3407 )(0.75)(0.96 ) = 24.5%
(b) Then the required rate of coal supply becomes
W& net 300,000 kJ/s
Q& in = = = 1,222,992 kJ/s
η overall 0.2453
and
Q& 1,222,992 kJ/s ⎛ 1 ton ⎞
m& coal = in = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.04174 tons/s = 150.3 tons/h
C coal 29,300 kJ/kg ⎜⎝ 1000 kg ⎟⎠
10-10
10-20 A solar-pond power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle with refrigerant-134a as
the working fluid is considered. The thermal efficiency of the cycle and the power output of the plant are to
be determined.
Analysis (a) From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-11, A-12, and A-13)
h1 = h f @ 0.7 MPa = 88.82 kJ/kg
v 1 = v f @ 0.7 MPa = 0.0008331 m 3 /kg T
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 )
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
= 0.0008331 m 3 /kg (1400 − 700 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟
⎟ 1.4 MPa 3
⎝ ⎠ qin
= 0.58 kJ/kg 2 R-134a
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 88.82 + 0.58 = 89.40 kJ/kg 0.7 MPa

1 qout 4
P3 = 1.4 MPa ⎫ h3 = h g @ 1.4 MPa = 276.12 kJ/kg s
⎬
sat.vapor ⎭ s 3 = s g @ 1.4 MPa = 0.9105 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 0.7 MPa ⎫ s 4 − s f 0.9105 − 0.33230
⎬ x4 = = = 0.9839
s 4 = s3 ⎭ s fg 0.58763
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 88.82 + (0.9839)(176.21) = 262.20 kJ/kg
Thus ,
q in = h3 − h2 = 276.12 − 89.40 = 186.72 kJ/kg
q out = h4 − h1 = 262.20 − 88.82 = 173.38 kJ/kg
and
wnet 13.34 kJ/kg
η th = = = 7.1%
q in 186.72 kJ/kg
(b) W& net = m& wnet = (3 kg/s )(13.34 kJ/kg ) = 40.02 kW
10-11
10-21 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits. The thermal efficiency of the cycle, the mass flow rate of the steam, and the temperature rise of the
cooling water are to be determined.
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
v 1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg T
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 )
3
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (7,000 − 10 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟
⎟
7 MPa
qin
⎝ ⎠ 2
= 7.06 kJ/kg 10 kPa
1 qout 4
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 7.06 = 198.87 kJ/kg
s
P3 = 7 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3411.4 kJ/kg
⎬
T3 = 500°C ⎭ s 3 = 6.8000 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫ s 4 − s f 6.8000 − 0.6492
⎬ x4 = = = 0.8201
s 4 = s3 ⎭ s fg 7.4996
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.81 + (0.8201)(2392.1) = 2153.6 kJ/kg
Thus, q in = h3 − h2 = 3411.4 − 198.87 = 3212.5 kJ/kg

q out = h4 − h1 = 2153.6 − 191.81 = 1961.8 kJ/kg
wnet 1250.7 kJ/kg
and η th = = = 38.9%
q in 3212.5 kJ/kg
W&net 45,000 kJ/s

(b) m& = = = 36.0 kg/s
wnet 1250.7 kJ/kg
(c) The rate of heat rejection to the cooling water and its temperature rise are
Q& out = m& q out = (35.98 kg/s )(1961.8 kJ/kg ) = 70,586 kJ/s
Q& out 70,586 kJ/s
ΔTcooling water = = = 8.4°C
(m& c) cooling water (2000 kg/s )(4.18 kJ/kg ⋅ °C )
10-12
10-22 A steam power plant operates on a simple nonideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits. The thermal efficiency of the cycle, the mass flow rate of the steam, and the temperature rise of the
cooling water are to be determined.
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
T
v 1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) / η p 3
7 MPa
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (7,000 − 10 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟ / (0.87 )
⎟ 2
2 qin
⎝ ⎠
= 8.11 kJ/kg 10 kPa
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 8.11 = 199.92 kJ/kg 1 qout 4 4
P3 = 7 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3411.4 kJ/kg s

⎬
T3 = 500°C ⎭ s 3 = 6.8000 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫ s 4 − s f 6.8000 − 0.6492
⎬ x4 = = = 0.8201
s 4 = s3 ⎭ s fg 7.4996
h4 s = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.81 + (0.820)(2392.1) = 2153.6 kJ/kg
h3 − h4
ηT = ⎯→ h4 = h3 − ηT (h3 − h4 s )
⎯
h3 − h4 s
= 3411.4 − (0.87 )(3411.4 − 2153.6) = 2317.1 kJ/kg
Thus, qin = h3 − h2 = 3411.4 − 199.92 = 3211.5 kJ/kg
qout = h4 − h1 = 2317.1 − 191.81 = 2125.3 kJ/kg
wnet = qin − qout = 3211.5 − 2125.3 = 1086.2 kJ/kg
wnet 1086.2 kJ/kg
and η th = = = 33.8%
q in 3211.5 kJ/kg
W&net 45,000 kJ/s

(b) m& = = = 41.43 kg/s
wnet 1086.2 kJ/kg
(c) The rate of heat rejection to the cooling water and its temperature rise are
Q& out = m& q out = (41.43 kg/s )(2125.3 kJ/kg ) = 88,051 kJ/s
Q& out 88,051 kJ/s
ΔTcooling water = = = 10.5°C
(m& c) cooling water (2000 kg/s )(4.18 kJ/kg ⋅ °C)
10-13
10-23 The net work outputs and the thermal efficiencies for a Carnot cycle and a simple ideal Rankine
cycle are to be determined.
Analysis (a) Rankine cycle analysis: From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6)
h1 = h f @ 20 kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg
v1 = v f @ 20 kPa = 0.001017 m 3 /kg
T Rankine
cycle
w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 )
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
= 0.001017 m3 /kg (10,000 − 20 ) kPa ⎜⎜
1 kPa ⋅ m
⎟
3⎟ 3
= 10.15 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 251.42 + 10.15 = 261.57 kJ/kg 2
P3 = 10 MPa ⎫ h3 = 2725.5 kJ/kg 4
⎬ 1
x3 = 1 ⎭ s 3 = 5.6159 kJ/kg ⋅ K s
P4 = 20 kPa ⎫ s4 − s f 5.6159 − 0.8320
⎬ x4 = = = 0.6761
s 4 = s3 ⎭ s fg 7.0752
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 251.42 + (0.6761)(2357.5)
= 1845.3 kJ/kg
q in = h3 − h2 = 2725.5 − 261.57 = 2463.9 kJ/kg
q out = h4 − h1 = 1845.3 − 251.42 = 1594.0 kJ/kg
q out 1594.0
η th = 1 − = 1− = 0.353
q in 2463.9
(b) Carnot Cycle analysis:
T Carnot
P3 = 10 MPa ⎫ h3 = 2725.5 kJ/kg cycle
⎬
x3 = 1 ⎭ T3 = 311.0 °C
T2 = T3 = 311.0 °C ⎫ h2 = 1407.8 kJ/kg 2 3
⎬
x2 = 0 ⎭ s 2 = 3.3603 kJ/kg ⋅ K
s1 − s f 3.3603 − 0.8320
x1 = = = 0.3574 4
P1 = 20 kPa ⎫ s fg 7.0752 1
⎬h = h +x h s
s1 = s 2 ⎭ 1 f 1 fg
= 251.42 + (0.3574)(2357.5) = 1093.9 kJ/kg

q in = h3 − h2 = 2725.5 − 1407.8 = 1317.7 kJ/kg
q out = h4 − h1 = 1845.3 − 1093.9 = 751.4 kJ/kg
q out 751.4
η th = 1 − = 1− = 0.430
q in 1317.7
10-14
10-24 A binary geothermal power operates on the simple Rankine cycle with isobutane as the working
fluid. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine, the net power output, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle
are to be determined.
Properties The specific heat of geothermal water is taken to be 4.18 kJ/kg.ºC.
Analysis (a) We need properties of isobutane,
which are not available in the book. However,
we can obtain the properties from EES. Air-cooled
condenser
Turbine: 4 1
P3 = 3250 kPa ⎫ h3 = 761.54 kJ/kg
⎬ Turbine
T3 = 147°C ⎭ s3 = 2.5457 kJ/kg ⋅ K Pump
P4 = 410 kPa ⎫
⎬h4 s = 670.40 kJ/kg 3 2
s 4 = s3 ⎭
P4 = 410 kPa ⎫ Heat exchanger
⎬ h4 = 689.74 kJ/kg
T4 = 179.5°C ⎭
Geothermal Geothermal
h3 − h4 761.54 − 689.74
ηT = = = 0.788 water in water out
h3 − h4 s 761.54 − 670.40
T
(b) Pump:
h1 = h f @ 410 kPa = 273.01 kJ/kg 3
3.25 MPa
v1 = v f @ 410 kPa = 0.001842 m3 /kg
2 qin
2s
w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 ) / η P
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
= 0.001842 m3 /kg (3250 − 410 ) kPa ⎜⎜ ⎟ / 0.90
1 kPa ⋅ m3 ⎟⎠
1
410 kPa
4s 4
= 5.81 kJ/kg ⎝ qout
s
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 273.01 + 5.81 = 278.82 kJ/kg
W& T,out = m& (h3 − h4 ) = (305.6 kJ/kg)(761.54 − 689.74)kJ/kg = 21,941 kW
W& P,in = m& (h2 − h1 ) = m& wp,in = (305.6 kJ/kg)(5.81 kJ/kg) = 1777 kW
W& net = W& T,out − W& P,in = 21,941 − 1777 = 20,165 kW

Heat exchanger:
Q& in = m& geocgeo (Tin − Tout ) = (555.9 kJ/kg)(4.18 kJ/kg.°C)(160 − 90)°C = 162,656 kW
W& net 20,165

(c) η th = = = 0.124 = 12.4%
&
Qin 162,656
10-15
10-25 A single-flash geothermal power plant uses hot geothermal water at 230ºC as the heat source. The
mass flow rate of steam through the turbine, the isentropic efficiency of the turbine, the power output from
the turbine, and the thermal efficiency of the plant are to be determined.
Analysis (a) We use properties of water for
geothermal water (Tables A-4 through A-6)
T1 = 230°C⎫
⎬ h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg
x1 = 0 ⎭
P2 = 500 kPa h2 − h f 3
⎫ 990.14 − 640.09
⎬x2 = = = 0.1661
Steam
h2 = h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg ⎭ h fg 2108
turbine
The mass flow rate of steam through the turbine is Separator 4
m& 3 = x 2 m& 1 = (0.1661)(230 kg/s) = 38.20 kg/s
2
Condense
(b) Turbine: r
6
P3 = 500 kPa ⎫ h3 = 2748.1 kJ/kg 5
⎬ Flash
x3 = 1 ⎭ s 3 = 6.8207 kJ/kg ⋅ K chamber
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫
⎬h4 s = 2160.3 kJ/kg Production 1 Reinjection
s 4 = s3 ⎭ well well
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫
⎬h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.81 + (0.90)(2392.1) = 2344.7 kJ/kg
x 4 = 0.90 ⎭
h3 − h4 2748.1 − 2344.7
ηT = = = 0.686
h3 − h4 s 2748.1 − 2160.3
(c) The power output from the turbine is
W& T,out = m& 3 (h3 − h4 ) = (38.20 kJ/kg)(2748.1 − 2344.7)kJ/kg = 15,410 kW
(d) We use saturated liquid state at the standard temperature for dead state enthalpy
T0 = 25°C⎫
⎬ h0 = 104.83 kJ/kg
x0 = 0 ⎭
E& in = m& 1 (h1 − h0 ) = (230 kJ/kg)(990.14 − 104.83)kJ/kg = 203,622 kW
W& T,out 15,410

η th = = = 0.0757 = 7.6%
&
E in 203,622
10-16
10-26 A double-flash geothermal power plant uses hot geothermal water at 230ºC as the heat source. The
temperature of the steam at the exit of the second flash chamber, the power produced from the second
turbine, and the thermal efficiency of the plant are to be determined.
Analysis (a) We use properties of water for geothermal water (Tables A-4 through A-6)
T1 = 230°C⎫
⎬ h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg
x1 = 0 ⎭
P2 = 500 kPa ⎫
⎬ x 2 = 0.1661
h2 = h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg ⎭
3 Steam
m& 3 = x2 m& 1 = (0.1661)(230 kg/s) = 38.20 kg/s turbine
m& 6 = m& 1 − m& 3 = 230 − 0.1661 = 191.80 kg/s
8
P3 = 500 kPa ⎫ Separator 4
⎬ h3 = 2748.1 kJ/kg
x3 = 1 ⎭
2
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫ 7
⎬h4 = 2344.7 kJ/kg 6 Condenser
x 4 = 0.90 ⎭ Separator
P6 = 500 kPa ⎫ Flash Flash 5

⎬ h6 = 640.09 kJ/kg chamber chamber 9
x6 = 0 ⎭
P7 = 150 kPa ⎫ T7 = 111.35 °C
⎬ Production
h7 = h6 ⎭ x 7 = 0.0777 well 1 Reinjection
well
P8 = 150 kPa ⎫
⎬h8 = 2693.1 kJ/kg
x8 = 1 ⎭
(b) The mass flow rate at the lower stage of the turbine is
m& 8 = x7 m& 6 = (0.0777)(191.80 kg/s) = 14.90 kg/s
The power outputs from the high and low pressure stages of the turbine are
W&T1, out = m& 3 (h3 − h4 ) = (38.20 kJ/kg)(2748.1 − 2344.7)kJ/kg = 15,410 kW
W&T2, out = m& 8 (h8 − h4 ) = (14.90 kJ/kg)(2693.1 − 2344.7)kJ/kg = 5191 kW

(c) We use saturated liquid state at the standard temperature for the dead state enthalpy
T0 = 25°C⎫
⎬ h0 = 104.83 kJ/kg
x0 = 0 ⎭
E& in = m& 1 (h1 − h0 ) = (230 kg/s)(990.14 − 104.83)kJ/kg = 203,621 kW
W& T, out 15,410 + 5193

η th = = = 0.101 = 10.1%
E&
in 203,621
10-17
10-27 A combined flash-binary geothermal power plant uses hot geothermal water at 230ºC as the heat
source. The mass flow rate of isobutane in the binary cycle, the net power outputs from the steam turbine
and the binary cycle, and the thermal efficiencies for the binary cycle and the combined plant are to be
determined.
Analysis (a) We use properties of water for geothermal water (Tables A-4 through A-6)
T1 = 230°C⎫
⎬ h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg
x1 = 0 ⎭
P2 = 500 kPa ⎫
⎬ x 2 = 0.1661
h2 = h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg ⎭
m& 3 = x2 m& 1 = (0.1661)(230 kg/s) = 38.20 kg/s

m& 6 = m& 1 − m& 3 = 230 − 38.20 = 191.80 kg/s
P3 = 500 kPa ⎫
⎬ h3 = 2748.1 kJ/kg
x3 = 1 ⎭ 3 Steam
Separator turbine
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫ Condenser
⎬h4 = 2344.7 kJ/kg 4
x 4 = 0.90 ⎭
Air-cooled 5
P6 = 500 kPa ⎫ condenser
⎬ h6 = 640.09 kJ/kg 6
x6 = 0 ⎭ 9
Isobutane 1
T7 = 90°C ⎫ turbine
⎬ h7 = 377.04 kJ/kg 2 BINARY
x7 = 0 ⎭ CYCLE
8
The isobutene properties Pump
are obtained from EES:
Heat exchanger 1
P8 = 3250 kPa ⎫ Flash
⎬ h8 = 755.05 kJ/kg chamber
T8 = 145°C ⎭ 7
1
P9 = 400 kPa ⎫
⎬ h9 = 691.01 kJ/kg Production Reinjection
T9 = 80°C ⎭ well well
P10 = 400 kPa ⎫ h10 = 270.83 kJ/kg

⎬ 3
x10 = 0 ⎭ v 10 = 0.001839 m /kg
w p ,in = v10 (P11 − P10 ) / η p
( ) ⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
= 0.001819 m3/kg (3250 − 400 ) kPa ⎜ ⎟ / 0.90
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m3 ⎟
= 5.82 kJ/kg. ⎝ ⎠
h11 = h10 + w p ,in = 270.83 + 5.82 = 276.65 kJ/kg
An energy balance on the heat exchanger gives

m& 6 ( h6 − h7 ) = m& iso ( h8 − h11 )
( 191.81 kg/s)(640.09 − 377.04)kJ/kg = m& iso (755.05 − 276.65)kJ/kg ⎯
⎯→ m& iso = 105.46 kg/s
(b) The power outputs from the steam turbine and the binary cycle are
W&T,steam = m& 3 (h3 − h4 ) = (38.19 kJ/kg)(2748.1 − 2344.7)kJ/kg = 15,410 kW
W& T,iso = m& iso (h8 − h9 ) = (105.46 kJ/kg)(755.05 − 691.01)kJ/kg = 6753 kW

W& net,binary = W& T,iso − m& iso w p ,in = 6753 − (105.46 kg/s)(5.82 kJ/kg ) = 6139 kW
10-18
(c) The thermal efficiencies of the binary cycle and the combined plant are
Q& in, binary = m& iso (h8 − h11 ) = (105.46 kJ/kg)(755.05 − 276.65)kJ/kg = 50,454 kW
W& net, binary 6139

η th,binary = = = 0.122 = 12.2%
Q& in, binary 50,454
T0 = 25°C⎫
⎬ h0 = 104.83 kJ/kg
x0 = 0 ⎭
E& in = m& 1 (h1 − h0 ) = (230 kJ/kg)(990.14 − 104.83)kJ/kg = 203,622 kW
W& T,steam + W& net, binary 15,410 + 6139

η th,plant = = = 0.106 = 10.6%
E&
in 203,622
The Reheat Rankine Cycle
10-28C The pump work remains the same, the moisture content decreases, everything else increases.
10-29C The T-s diagram of the ideal Rankine T

cycle with 3 stages of reheat is shown on the
side. The cycle efficiency will increase as the 3 5 7 9
I II III
number of reheating stages increases.
4 6 8
1 10
s
10-30C The thermal efficiency of the simple ideal Rankine cycle will probably be higher since the average
temperature at which heat is added will be higher in this case.
10-19
10-31 A steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The turbine
work output and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6)
h1 = h f @ 20 kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg T
v1 = v f @ 20 kPa = 0.001017 m3 /kg 3 5
w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 ) 8 MPa

⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
= 0.001017 m3 /kg (8000 − 20 kPa )⎜⎜ ⎟
1 kPa ⋅ m3 ⎟⎠
4
= 8.12 kJ/kg ⎝ 2
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 251.42 + 8.12 = 259.54 kJ/kg 20 kPa

1 6
P3 = 8 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3399.5 kJ/kg s
⎬
T3 = 500°C ⎭ s3 = 6.7266 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 3 MPa ⎫
⎬ h4 = 3105.1 kJ/kg
s4 = s3 ⎭
P5 = 3 MPa ⎫ h5 = 3457.2 kJ/kg
⎬
T5 = 500°C ⎭ s5 = 7.2359 kJ/kg ⋅ K
s6 − s f 7.2359 − 0.8320
P6 = 20 kPa ⎫ x6 = = = 0.9051
⎬ s fg 7.0752
s6 = s5 ⎭
h6 = h f + x6 h fg = 251.42 + (0.9051)(2357.5) = 2385.2 kJ/kg
The turbine work output and the thermal efficiency are determined from
wT,out = (h3 − h4 ) + (h5 − h6 ) = 3399.5 − 3105.1 + 3457.2 − 2385.2 = 1366.4 kJ/kg
and
q in = (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) = 3399.5 − 259.54 + 3457.2 − 3105.1 = 3492.0 kJ/kg
wnet = wT ,out − w p ,in = 1366.4 − 8.12 = 1358.3 kJ/kg
Thus,
wnet 1358.3 kJ/kg
η th = = = 38.9%
q in 3492.5 kJ/kg
10-20
10-32 EES Problem 10-31 is reconsidered. The problem is to be solved by the diagram window data
entry feature of EES by including the effects of the turbine and pump efficiencies and reheat on the steam
quality at the low-pressure turbine exit Also, the T-s diagram is to be plotted.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Input Data - from diagram window"

{P[6] = 20 [kPa]
P[3] = 8000 [kPa]
T[3] = 500 [C]
P[4] = 3000 [kPa]
T[5] = 500 [C]
Eta_t = 100/100 "Turbine isentropic efficiency"
Eta_p = 100/100 "Pump isentropic efficiency"}
"Pump analysis"
function x6$(x6) "this function returns a string to indicate the state of steam at point 6"
x6$=''
if (x6>1) then x6$='(superheated)'
if (x6<0) then x6$='(subcooled)'
end
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS'
P[1] = P[6]
P[2]=P[3]
x[1]=0 "Sat'd liquid"
h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
v[1]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
T[1]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
W_p_s=v[1]*(P[2]-P[1])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
W_p=W_p_s/Eta_p
h[2]=h[1]+W_p "SSSF First Law for the pump"
v[2]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
"High Pressure Turbine analysis"
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
v[3]=volume(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
s_s[4]=s[3]
hs[4]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=s_s[4],P=P[4])
Ts[4]=temperature(Fluid$,s=s_s[4],P=P[4])
Eta_t=(h[3]-h[4])/(h[3]-hs[4])"Definition of turbine efficiency"
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4])
v[4]=volume(Fluid$,s=s[4],P=P[4])
h[3] =W_t_hp+h[4]"SSSF First Law for the high pressure turbine"
"Low Pressure Turbine analysis"
P[5]=P[4]
h[5]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[5],P=P[5])
s_s[6]=s[5]
hs[6]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
Ts[6]=temperature(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
10-21
vs[6]=volume(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
Eta_t=(h[5]-h[6])/(h[5]-hs[6])"Definition of turbine efficiency"
h[5]=W_t_lp+h[6]"SSSF First Law for the low pressure turbine"
x[6]=QUALITY(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
"Boiler analysis"
Q_in + h[2]+h[4]=h[3]+h[5]"SSSF First Law for the Boiler"
"Condenser analysis"
h[6]=Q_out+h[1]"SSSF First Law for the Condenser"
T[6]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
s[6]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
x6s$=x6$(x[6])
"Cycle Statistics"
W_net=W_t_hp+W_t_lp-W_p
Eff=W_net/Q_in
7 00
Id e a l R a n k in e c yc le w ith re h e a t
6 00
5 00 3 5
4 00
T [C]
4
3 00 8 0 0 0 kP a
3 0 0 0 kP a
2 00
1 00
1 ,2
2 0 kP a
6
0
0.0 1.1 2 .2 3 .3 4.4 5 .5 6 .6 7.7 8.8 9 .9 1 1.0
s [k J /k g -K ]
SOLUTION
Eff=0.389 Eta_p=1 Eta_t=1
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS' h[1]=251.4 [kJ/kg] h[2]=259.5 [kJ/kg]
h[3]=3400 [kJ/kg] h[4]=3105 [kJ/kg] h[5]=3457 [kJ/kg]
h[6]=2385 [kJ/kg] hs[4]=3105 [kJ/kg] hs[6]=2385 [kJ/kg]
P[1]=20 [kPa] P[2]=8000 [kPa] P[3]=8000 [kPa]
P[4]=3000 [kPa] P[5]=3000 [kPa] P[6]=20 [kPa]
Q_in=3493 [kJ/kg] Q_out=2134 [kJ/kg] s[1]=0.832 [kJ/kg-K]
s[2]=0.8321 [kJ/kg-K] s[3]=6.727 [kJ/kg-K] s[4]=6.727 [kJ/kg-K]
s[5]=7.236 [kJ/kg-K] s[6]=7.236 [kJ/kg-K] s_s[4]=6.727 [kJ/kg-K]
s_s[6]=7.236 [kJ/kg-K] T[1]=60.06 [C] T[2]=60.4 [C]
T[3]=500 [C] T[4]=345.2 [C] T[5]=500 [C]
T[6]=60.06 [C] Ts[4]=345.2 [C] Ts[6]=60.06 [C]
v[1]=0.001017 [m^3/kg] v[2]=0.001014 [m^3/kg] v[3]=0.04177 [m^3/kg]
v[4]=0.08968 [m^3/kg] vs[6]=6.922 [m^3/kg] W_net=1359 [kJ/kg]
W_p=8.117 [kJ/kg] W_p_s=8.117 [kJ/kg] W_t_hp=294.8 [kJ/kg]
W_t_lp=1072 [kJ/kg] x6s$='' x[1]=0
x[6]=0.9051
10-22
10-33 A steam power plant that operates on a reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The quality (or
temperature, if superheated) of the steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the
mass flow rate of the steam are to be determined.
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
T
v 1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.001010 m 3 /kg
3 5
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) / η p
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (10,000 − 10 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟ / (0.95)
⎟
10 MPa
4s 4
= 10.62 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠
2
2
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 10.62 = 202.43 kJ/kg
10 kPa
P3 = 10 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3375.1 kJ/kg 1 6 6
⎬
T3 = 500°C ⎭ s3 = 6.5995 kJ/kg ⋅ K s
P4 s = 1 MPa ⎫
⎬ h4 s = 2783.8 kJ/kg
s4 s = s3 ⎭
h3 − h4
ηT = ⎯→ h4 = h3 − ηT (h3 − h4 s )
⎯
h3 − h4 s
= 3375.1 − (0.80 )(3375.1 − 2783.7 ) = 2902.0 kJ/kg
P5 = 1 MPa ⎫ h5 = 3479.1 kJ/kg

⎬
T5 = 500°C ⎭ s5 = 7.7642 kJ/kg ⋅ K
s 6 s − s f 7.7642 − 0.6492
P6 s = 10 kPa ⎫ x 6 s = = = 0.9487 (at turbine exit )
⎬ s fg 7.4996
s 6s = s5 ⎭
h6 s = h f + x 6 s h fg = 191.81 + (0.9487 )(2392.1) = 2461.2 kJ/kg
h5 − h6
ηT = ⎯→ h6 = h5 − ηT (h5 − h6 s )
⎯
h5 − h6 s
= 3479.1 − (0.80)(3479.1 − 2461.2)
= 2664.8 kJ/kg > h g (superheated vapor )
From steam tables at 10 kPa we read T6 = 88.1°C.

(b) wT, out = (h3 − h4 ) + (h5 − h6 ) = 3375.1 − 2902.0 + 3479.1 − 2664.8 = 1287.4 kJ/kg
qin = (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) = 3375.1 − 202.43 + 3479.1 − 2902.0 = 3749.8 kJ/kg
wnet = wT, out − wp,in = 1287.4 − 10.62 = 1276.8 kJ/kg

Thus the thermal efficiency is
wnet 1276.8 kJ/kg
η th = = = 34.1%
q in 3749.8 kJ/kg
(c) The mass flow rate of the steam is
W& 80,000 kJ/s
m& = net = = 62.7 kg/s
wnet 1276.9 kJ/kg
10-23
10-34 A steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The quality (or
temperature, if superheated) of the steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the
mass flow rate of the steam are to be determined.
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
T
v 1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg
3 5
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 )
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞ 10 MPa
( )
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (10,000 − 10 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟
⎟ 4
= 10.09 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠
2
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 10.09 = 201.90 kJ/kg
10 kPa
P3 = 10 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3375.1 kJ/kg 1 6
⎬ s
T3 = 500°C ⎭ s3 = 6.5995 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 1 MPa ⎫
⎬ h4 = 2783.8 kJ/kg
s4 = s3 ⎭
P5 = 1 MPa ⎫ h5 = 3479.1 kJ/kg
⎬
T5 = 500°C ⎭ s5 = 7.7642 kJ/kg ⋅ K
s6 − s f 7.7642 − 0.6492
P6 = 10 kPa ⎫ x6 = = = 0.9487 (at turbine exit )
⎬ s fg 7.4996
s6 = s5 ⎭
h6 = h f + x6 h fg = 191.81 + (0.9487 )(2392.1) = 2461.2 kJ/kg
(b) wT, out = (h3 − h4 ) + (h5 − h6 ) = 3375.1 − 2783.7 + 3479.1 − 2461.2 = 1609.3 kJ/kg
qin = (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) = 3375.1 − 201.90 + 3479.1 − 2783.7 = 3868.5 kJ/kg
wnet = wT, out − w p ,in = 1609.4 − 10.09 = 1599.3 kJ/kg

Thus the thermal efficiency is
wnet 1599.3 kJ/kg
η th = = = 41.3%
q in 3868.5 kJ/kg
(c) The mass flow rate of the steam is
W& 80,000 kJ/s
m& = net = = 50.0 kg/s
wnet 1599.3 kJ/kg
10-24
10-35 A steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The pressure at
which reheating takes place, the net power output, the thermal efficiency, and the minimum mass flow rate
of the cooling water required are to be determined.
h1 = hsat @ 7.5 kPa = 168.75 kJ/kg
T
v 1 = v sat @ 7.5kPa = 0.001008 m 3 /kg
3 5
T1 = Tsat @ 7.5 kPa = 40.29°C 6 MPa
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) 4
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
= 0.001008 m 3 /kg (6000 − 7.5 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟
⎟
2
= 6.04 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠
7.5 kPa
1 6
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 168.75 + 6.04 = 174.79 kJ/kg s
P3 = 6 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3423.1 kJ/kg

⎬
T3 = 500°C ⎭ s 3 = 6.8826 kJ/kg ⋅ K
s 4 = s3 ⎫ h4 = h g @ s g = s4 = 2739.8 kJ/kg
(sat.vapor ) ⎬⎭ P4 = Psat @ sg = s4 = 416 kPa (the reheat pressure)
P5 = 416 kPa ⎫ h5 = 3378.8 kJ/kg
⎬
T5 = 450°C ⎭ s 5 = 8.0329 kJ/kg ⋅ K
s6 − s f 8.0329 − 0.5763
P6 = 7.5 kPa ⎫ x 6 = = = 0.9717
⎬ s fg 17.6738
s6 = s5 ⎭
h6 = h f + x 6 h fg = 168.75 + (0.9717 )(2405.3) = 2505.9 kJ/kg
(b) q in = (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) = 3423.1 − 174.79 + 3378.8 − 2739.8 = 3887.3 kJ/kg
q out = h6 − h1 = 2505.9 − 168.75 = 2337.2 kJ/kg

Thus,
q out 2337.2 kJ/kg
η th = 1 − = 1− = 0.399 = 39.9%
q in 3887.3 kJ/kg
(c) The mass flow rate of the cooling water will be a minimum when it is heated to the temperature of the
steam in the condenser, which is 40.29°C,
Q& out = Q& in − W& net = (1 − η th )Q& in = (1 − 0.399 )(60,000 kW ) = 36,074 kW
Q& 36,074 kW
m& cool = out = = 259.2 kg/s
cΔT (4.18 kJ/kg ⋅ °C )(40.29 − 7 )°C
10-25
10-36 A steam power plant that operates on an ideal reheat Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits is considered. The pressure at which reheating takes place, the total rate of heat input in the boiler,
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
h1 = hsat @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg T
v 1 = v sat @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg 3 5
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) 15 MPa

⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( 3
)
= 0.00101 m /kg (15,000 − 10 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟
⎟
4
= 15.14 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠ 2
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 15.14 = 206.95 kJ/kg 10 kPa

1 6
s
P3 = 15 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3310.8 kJ/kg
⎬
T3 = 500°C ⎭ s3 = 6.3480 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P6 = 10 kPa ⎫ h6 = h f + x6 h fg = 191.81 + (0.90 )(2392.1) = 2344.7 kJ/kg

⎬
s6 = s5 ⎭ s6 = s f + x6 s fg = 0.6492 + (0.90 )(7.4996) = 7.3988 kJ/kg ⋅ K
T5 = 500°C ⎫ P5 = 2161 kPa (the reheat pressure)
⎬
s5 = s6 ⎭ h5 = 3466.53 kJ/kg
P4 = 2.161 MPa ⎫
⎬ h4 = 2817.2 kJ/kg
s4 = s3 ⎭
(b) The rate of heat supply is
Q& in = m& [(h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 )]
= (12 kg/s )(3310.8 − 206.95 + 3466.53 − 2817.2 )kJ/kg = 45,038 kW
(c) The thermal efficiency is determined from
Q& out = m& (h6 − h1 ) = (12 kJ/s )(2344.7 − 191.81)kJ/kg = 25,835 kJ/s
Thus,
Q& out 25,834 kJ/s
η th = 1 − = 1− = 42.6%
Q& 45,039 kJ/s
in
10-26
10-37A steam power plant that operates on a reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The condenser pressure,
the net power output, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
P3 = 12.5 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3476.5 kJ/kg
⎬
T3 = 550°C ⎭ s3 = 6.6317 kJ/kg ⋅ K 3
Turbine
Boiler
P4 = 2 MPa ⎫
⎬ h4 s = 2948.1 kJ/kg 4
s4 s = s3 ⎭ 6
h3 − h4
ηT = 5
h3 − h4 s Condenser
2 Pump
→h4 = h3 − ηT (h3 − h4 s ) 1
= 3476.5 − (0.85)(3476.5 − 2948.1)
= 3027.3 kJ/kg
T
P5 = 2 MPa ⎫ h5 = 3358.2 kJ/kg
⎬ 3 5
T5 = 450°C ⎭ s5 = 7.2815 kJ/kg ⋅ K
12.5 MPa
P6 = ? ⎫ 4s
4
⎬ h6 =
x6 = 0.95⎭ 2
2s
P6 = ? ⎫
⎬ h6 s = P=?
s6 = s5 ⎭ 1 6s 6
s
h −h
ηT = 5 6 ⎯ ⎯→ h6 = h5 − ηT (h5 − h6 s )
h5 − h6 s
= 3358.2 − (0.85)(3358.2 − 2948.1) = 3027.3 kJ/kg
The pressure at state 6 may be determined by a trial and error approach from the steam tables or by using
EES from the above equations:
P6 = 9.73 kPa, h6 = 2463.3 kJ/kg,
(b) Then,
h1 = h f @ 9.73 kPa = 189.57 kJ/kg
v1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.001010 m3 /kg
w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 ) / η p
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
= 0.00101 m3 /kg (12,500 − 9.73 kPa )⎜⎜ ⎟ / (0.90 )
3⎟
1 kPa ⋅ m ⎠
= 14.02 kJ/kg ⎝
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 189.57 + 14.02 = 203.59 kJ/kg

Cycle analysis:
qin = (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) = 3476.5 − 3027.3 + 3358.2 − 2463.3 = 3603.8 kJ/kg
qout = h6 − h1 = 3027.3 − 189.57 = 2273.7 kJ/kg
W& net = m& ( qin − qout ) = ( 7.7 kg/s)(3603.8 − 2273.7)kJ/kg = 10,242 kW

(c) The thermal efficiency is
q 2273.7 kJ/kg
η th = 1 − out = 1 − = 0.369 = 36.9%
q in 3603.8 kJ/kg
10-27
Regenerative Rankine Cycle
10-38C Moisture content remains the same, everything else decreases.
10-39C This is a smart idea because we waste little work potential but we save a lot from the heat input.
The extracted steam has little work potential left, and most of its energy would be part of the heat rejected
anyway. Therefore, by regeneration, we utilize a considerable amount of heat by sacrificing little work
output.
10-40C In open feedwater heaters, the two fluids actually mix, but in closed feedwater heaters there is no
mixing.
10-41C Both cycles would have the same efficiency.
10-42C To have the same thermal efficiency as the Carnot T

cycle, the cycle must receive and reject heat isothermally. Boiler
Thus the liquid should be brought to the saturated liquid inlet
state at the boiler pressure isothermally, and the steam must qin
Boiler
be a saturated vapor at the turbine inlet. This will require an exit
infinite number of heat exchangers (feedwater heaters), as
shown on the T-s diagram.
qout
s
10-28
10-43 A steam power plant that operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with an open feedwater
heater is considered. The net work output per kilogram of steam and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are
to be determined.
h1 = h f @ 20 kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg T
v 1 = v f @ 20 kPa = 0.001017 m 3 /kg 5

w pI ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) qin
6
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
= 0.001017 m 3 /kg (400 − 20 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟
⎟
4 MPa
= 0.39 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠ 3 0.4 MPa y

2 6
h2 = h1 + w pI ,in = 251.42 + 0.39 = 251.81 kJ/kg 1-y
20 kPa
P3 = 0.4 MPa ⎫ h3 = h f @ 0.4 MPa = 604.66 kJ/kg 1 7
⎬ 3
qout
sat.liquid ⎭ v 3 = v f @ 0.4 MPa = 0.001084 m /kg s
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
w pII ,in = v 3 (P4 − P3 ) = 0.001084 m 3 /kg (6000 − 400 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟ = 6.07 kJ/kg
⎟
⎝ ⎠
h4 = h3 + w pII ,in = 604.66 + 6.07 = 610.73 kJ/kg
P5 = 6 MPa ⎫ h5 = 3302.9 kJ/kg

⎬
T5 = 450°C ⎭ s 5 = 6.7219 kJ/kg ⋅ K
s6 − s f 6.7219 − 1.7765
P6 = 0.4 MPa ⎫ x 6 = = = 0.9661
⎬ s fg 5.1191
s 6 = s5 ⎭
h6 = h f + x 6 h fg = 604.66 + (0.9661)(2133.4) = 2665.7 kJ/kg
s7 − s f 6.7219 − 0.8320
P7 = 20 kPa ⎫ x 7 = = = 0.8325
⎬ s fg 7.0752
s7 = s5 ⎭
h7 = h f + x 7 h fg = 251.42 + (0.8325)(2357.5) = 2214.0 kJ/kg
The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the
feedwater heater. Noting that Q& ≅ W& ≅ Δke ≅ Δpe ≅ 0 ,
E& in − E& out = ΔE& system ©0 (steady) = 0
E& in = E& out
∑ m& h = ∑ m& h
i i e e ⎯ ⎯→ yh6 + (1 − y )h2 = 1(h3 )
⎯→ m& 6 h6 + m& 2 h2 = m& 3h3 ⎯
where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = m& 6 / m& 3 ). Solving for y,
h3 − h2 604.66 − 251.81
y= = = 0.1462
h6 − h2 2665.7 − 251.81
Then,
q in = h5 − h4 = 3302.9 − 610.73 = 2692.2 kJ/kg
q out = (1 − y )(h7 − h1 ) = (1 − 0.1462)(2214.0 − 251.42 ) = 1675.7 kJ/kg
And wnet = q in − q out = 2692.2 − 1675.7 = 1016.5 kJ/kg
(b) The thermal efficiency is determined from
q 1675.7 kJ/kg
η th = 1 − out = 1 − = 37.8%
q in 2692.2 kJ/kg
10-29
10-44 A steam power plant that operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with a closed feedwater
heater is considered. The net work output per kilogram of steam and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are
to be determined.
h1 = h f @ 20 kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg T
v 1 = v f @ 20 kPa = 0.001017 m 3 /kg 5

w pI ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) qin 6
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( 3
)
= 0.001017 m /kg (6000 − 20 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎟
⎟ 2
84
9 MPa
= 6.08 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠ 0.4 MPa y

3 6
h2 = h1 + w pI ,in = 251.42 + 6.08 = 257.50 kJ/kg 1-y
20 kPa
P3 = 0.4 MPa ⎫ h3 = h f @ 0.4 MPa = 604.66 kJ/kg 1 qou 7
⎬ 3
s
sat. liquid ⎭ v 3 = v f @ 0.4 MPa = 0.001084 m /kg
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
( )
w pII ,in = v 3 (P9 − P3 ) = 0.001084 m3/kg (6000 − 400 kPa )⎜⎜
1 kPa ⋅ m
⎟ = 6.07 kJ/kg
3⎟
⎝ ⎠
h9 = h3 + w pII ,in = 604.66 + 6.07 = 610.73 kJ/kg
h8 = h3 + v 3 (P8 − P3 ) = h9 = 610.73 kJ/kg
Also, h4 = h9 = h8¸ = 610.73 kJ/kg since the two fluid streams which are being mixed have the same
enthalpy.
P5 = 6 MPa ⎫ h5 = 3302.9 kJ/kg
⎬
T5 = 450°C ⎭ s 5 = 6.7219 kJ/kg ⋅ K
s 6 − s f 6.7219 − 1.7765
P6 = 0.4 MPa ⎫ x 6 = = = 0.9661
⎬ s fg 5.1191
s 6 = s5 ⎭
h6 = h f + x 6 h fg = 604.66 + (0.9661)(2133.4) = 2665.7 kJ/kg
s 7 − s f 6.7219 − 0.8320
P7 = 20 kPa ⎫ x 7 = = = 0.8325
⎬ s fg 7.0752
s 7 = s5 ⎭
h7 = h f + x 7 h fg = 251.42 + (0.8325)(2357.5) = 2214.0 kJ/kg
The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the
feedwater heater. Noting that Q& ≅ W& ≅ Δke ≅ Δpe ≅ 0 ,
©0 (steady)
E& − E& = ΔE&
in out system =0
E& in = E& out
∑ m& h = ∑ m& h
i i e e ⎯→ m& 2 (h8 − h2 ) = m& 6 (h6 − h3 ) ⎯
⎯ ⎯→ (1 − y )(h8 − h2 ) = y (h6 − h3 )
where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = m& 6 / m& 5 ). Solving for y,
h8 − h2 610.73 − 257.50
y= = = 0.1463
(h6 − h3 ) + (h8 − h2 ) 2665.7 − 604.66 + 610.73 − 257.50
q in = h5 − h4 = 3302.9 − 610.73 = 2692.2 kJ/kg
Then,
q out = (1 − y )(h7 − h1 ) = (1 − 0.1463)(2214.0 − 251.42) = 1675.4 kJ/kg
And wnet = q in − q out = 2692.2 − 1675.4 = 1016.8 kJ/kg
(b) The thermal efficiency is determined from
q 1675.4 kJ/kg
η th = 1 − out = 1 − = 37.8%
qin 2692.2 kJ/kg

Chapter 10 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

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Chapter 10 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

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10-1

Carnot Vapor Cycle

The Simple Rankine Cycle

10-7C Heat rejected decreases; everything else increases.

10-8C Heat rejected decreases; everything else increases.

h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 10.09 = 201.90 kJ/kg 10 kPa

P4 = 10 kPa ⎫ s 4 − s f 6.5995 − 0.6492

(b) q in = h3 − h2 = 3375.1 − 201.90 = 3173.2 kJ/kg

W& net 210,000 kJ/s

(b) qin = h3 − h2 = 3375.1 − 203.68 = 3171.4 kJ/kg

W&net 210,000 kJ/s

h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 225.94 + (0.9 )(2372.3) = 2361.1 kJ/kg

P3 = 9 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3934.2 kJ/kg

w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) 15 kPa

h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 225.94 + (0.9 )(2372.3) = 2361.1 kJ/kg

v 1 = v f @ 25 kPa = 0.001020 m 3 /kg

P3 = 5 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3317.2 kJ/kg s

h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 88.82 + 0.58 = 89.40 kJ/kg 0.7 MPa

(b) W& net = m& wnet = (3 kg/s )(13.34 kJ/kg ) = 40.02 kW

Thus, q in = h3 − h2 = 3411.4 − 198.87 = 3212.5 kJ/kg

W&net 45,000 kJ/s

P3 = 7 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3411.4 kJ/kg s

W&net 45,000 kJ/s

= 251.42 + (0.3574)(2357.5) = 1093.9 kJ/kg

W& T,out = m& (h3 − h4 ) = (305.6 kJ/kg)(761.54 − 689.74)kJ/kg = 21,941 kW

W& net = W& T,out − W& P,in = 21,941 − 1777 = 20,165 kW

W& net 20,165

W& T,out 15,410

P6 = 500 kPa ⎫ Flash Flash 5

W&T2, out = m& 8 (h8 − h4 ) = (14.90 kJ/kg)(2693.1 − 2344.7)kJ/kg = 5191 kW

W& T, out 15,410 + 5193

m& 3 = x2 m& 1 = (0.1661)(230 kg/s) = 38.20 kg/s

P10 = 400 kPa ⎫ h10 = 270.83 kJ/kg

An energy balance on the heat exchanger gives

W& T,iso = m& iso (h8 − h9 ) = (105.46 kJ/kg)(755.05 − 691.01)kJ/kg = 6753 kW

W& net, binary 6139

W& T,steam + W& net, binary 15,410 + 6139

The Reheat Rankine Cycle

10-29C The T-s diagram of the ideal Rankine T

v1 = v f @ 20 kPa = 0.001017 m3 /kg 3 5

w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 ) 8 MPa

h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 251.42 + 8.12 = 259.54 kJ/kg 20 kPa

"Input Data - from diagram window"

P5 = 1 MPa ⎫ h5 = 3479.1 kJ/kg

From steam tables at 10 kPa we read T6 = 88.1°C.

qin = (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) = 3375.1 − 202.43 + 3479.1 − 2902.0 = 3749.8 kJ/kg

wnet = wT, out − wp,in = 1287.4 − 10.62 = 1276.8 kJ/kg

qin = (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) = 3375.1 − 201.90 + 3479.1 − 2783.7 = 3868.5 kJ/kg

wnet = wT, out − w p ,in = 1609.4 − 10.09 = 1599.3 kJ/kg

P3 = 6 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3423.1 kJ/kg

(b) q in = (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) = 3423.1 − 174.79 + 3378.8 − 2739.8 = 3887.3 kJ/kg

q out = h6 − h1 = 2505.9 − 168.75 = 2337.2 kJ/kg

v 1 = v sat @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg 3 5

w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) 15 MPa

h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 15.14 = 206.95 kJ/kg 10 kPa

P6 = 10 kPa ⎫ h6 = h f + x6 h fg = 191.81 + (0.90 )(2392.1) = 2344.7 kJ/kg

h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 189.57 + 14.02 = 203.59 kJ/kg

qout = h6 − h1 = 3027.3 − 189.57 = 2273.7 kJ/kg

W& net = m& ( qin − qout ) = ( 7.7 kg/s)(3603.8 − 2273.7)kJ/kg = 10,242 kW

Regenerative Rankine Cycle

10-38C Moisture content remains the same, everything else decreases.

10-41C Both cycles would have the same efficiency.

10-42C To have the same thermal efficiency as the Carnot T