Northwest-Semitic Names in a List of Egyptian Slaves from the Eighteenth Century B. C. Author(s): W. F.

Albright Source: Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 74, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1954), pp. 222233 Published by: American Oriental Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/595513 . Accessed: 20/02/2014 07:18
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222

SMALLEYSre Phonemesand Syllables

becausethere is parallel to them in /2y/, tively is thus considerably the chartingof phonemes and However, pattern pressureis not as simplified. here as in the cases above because otherstrong only nasals precedestops in consonantcluswise ters. The constructionof consonant clusters is thusslightly more complicatedfor this decision. Ananalysis as unit phonemeswould be equally to us. satisfactory [ph, th, ch, kh] are consideredCC rather than aspiratedstops becauseof parallelsin single-unit lh, rh/: /mharg ' quickly,'/nhap/ nh, nh, /mh, tX ' asleep,' 'coveredj'/lnhat/ ' drop (n),' Xlha interpretation, this With /rhya/ ' one hundred.' enterperfectlyinto canonicalCCC phonemes these combinations. in the glottal stop is represented Syllable-initial occurits that fact the of spite (in transcription between or vowel any before predictable is rence anyvowels22) becauseI) there are contrastssuch as the following: /ya?/ ' kind of low jar ' vs. / vya7?/' happy'; 2 ) no medial syllable begins languages where such 20 Cf. some American Indian witha vowel; 3) the canonicalpatternof syllable/h/. voiceless vowels are phonemic and contrast with is therebynot broken;and 4) all Coof Analyses initial consonant Venda Riggs, " Alternate Phonemic Osborn Henry occurin initial position. otherconsonants manche,"IJAL 15 (1949), 229-231; and with them.20However,in this case as in tribution case of /w/ and /y/, structuralcriteria call the the uniting of the voiceless vowels into one for which has the place of a consonantin phoneme pattern. the as consistingof two Cw and Cy are interpreted each (CC) ratherthan as of single comphonemes becausethey parallel phonemes*Cwand *CY plex syllable structure: the in closely and Cr very C1 ' hail,' /byaplan/ Xmiwpyar; support,' 4 /pwal/ ' dry season.' 'a wild edibleplant,' /nhaypra77/ are analyzedas stops 21 Nasals plus homorganic complexphosingle than of CC rather consisting as combinations such parallel they because nemes /nti7?/ /nk/: /ns,nh, nr, nw,ny/ and contrastwith 'bone,'/nsehpisX 'knife sheath,' /nha/ 'leaf of tree,'/nravko/ 'rack for holding jars upright in ' good,well,' thehouse,'/nwat/ ' be cold,'XnyamZ rice.' the of hull ' /nkarkoy/ [ vb b ] and [ vd d ] are interpretedas a sequenceof two phonemes/9b/ and /9d/ respecStem and William A. Smalley " Formulae for Comanche 93-99. (1949), 15 IJAL and Word Formation,' same point of articula21 I. e., voiced stop made at the tion as the nasal in question: /mb nd/. The same statement could be made about any consonant (but of only one) !
22

EGYPTIAN SLAVES FROM NORTHWEST-SEMITICNAMES IN A LIST OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY B. C.1 W. F. AI.BRIGE:T
U}aVBB8ITY TEB JORN8HOP:EINS

and ThirteenthDynasties (cir. 1991Semitic personal names the Twelfthaside from the ExecrationTexts listC.), B. 1685 have hithertobeen found in Egyptian recordsof
SURPRISINGLY FEW

Research; Burchardt = Die altkanaanarschen FreqndimzSgyptischen (Leipzig, 19091 Note the following abbreviations: Aechtung = iEZurt und toorte 56ndEigennaqnen of the Phoenwian A Graqnqnar Sethe, Die Johtt6ng feindlicher Fisrsten, Volker Harris, Z. = GPL lo); des qnitt= Journal of the JAOS 1936); Dinge auf altagyptischen Tongefassscherben Haven, (New Ranke, Die Language of Btblical Journal = JBL Society; leren Rewhes (Berlin, 1926); AePN = EI. AqnericanOrrental AJSL = of ClbnerforqnStudies; Journal = agyptischen Personennaqnen (Hamburg, 1935); JES Ltterature; = J. J. = Aqnerican Journal of Setnitic Languages; ANG JNIfS = Journal of Near lfastern Studres; JPOS Stamm, Die akkadische Natnengebung (lJ{itt. d. Vorderas.- Journal of the Palesttne Oriental Society; JS = Jaussen Archaeology archeologrqueen Arabre (Paris, aeg. Ges., 1939); ARI = W. F. Albright, ); and Savignac, Mrssron 1942-1953 Les noqnspropres sudRyckmans, G. and the Religion of Israel ( Baltimore, = NPSS 1909ff.); AT 1934-35); OK = Theo Bauer, Dre ARM = Archives royales de Mari (Paris, 1950-); (Louvain, seqntttqt4es 1953); Sue= D. J. Wiseman, The Alalakh Tablets (London, Ostkanaanaer (Leipzig, 1926); OS = Orrentalia
of Oriental BASOR = Bulletin of the Atnericon Schools

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ALBRIGHT:

Northwest-Semitic l7Vames in a List of Egyptian Slaves

223

ing potebntial rebels in the external provincesof the Egyptian Empire.2 We now possessa notable exceptionto this rule, thanks to the discoveryby Dr. William C. IIayes of the MetropolitanMuseum in New York, of a Thirteenth Dynasty papyrus in the Brooklyn Museum containing a list of slaves, among which are many Semitic names.3 Owing to the generouscollaboration of Dr. Hayes, it has been possible for me to study these names well in advanceof publication. His admirabletranscriptionfrom hieratic into hiero glyphic,given herewith,has been checkedwith the original or with photographsby both of us repeatedly. Needlessto say, extremelyfew modifications have emerged in the course of our study,
cana; PPAN = G. Posener, Princes et pays d'Asie et de Nubie ( Brussels, 1940 ); RA = Revue d'Assyriolopie; SI= E. Littmann, Safaitic Inscripttons (Leyden, 1943); SM = Studta Mariana, ed. A. Parrot (Leyden, 1950); TRSU = R. de Langhe, Les tesstes de Ras ShaqnraUgarit et leurs rapports avec le qnilieu biblique de l'Ancien Testaqnent (Gembloux, 1945); UE= C. E. Gordon, Ugaritic Eandbook (Rome, 1947); VIfSO= W. F. A1bright, The Vocalization of the lSgyptian Syllabic Orthography (New Eaven, 1934). 2 On the Exeeration Texts published by Sethe and Posener see my artieles in JPOS 8 (1928), 223-256, BASOR 81 (1941), 16-21, and 83, 30-36. The dates whieh I now favor (the Sethe texts between e. 1925 and e. 1875, and the Posener texts in the seeond half of the 19th eentury B.C.) are substantially the same as those adopted in 1941. Posener has urged that the Sethe texts be lowered to a generation before the statuettes whieh he published (PPAN 34 ); this is possible, but very unlikely in view of the tremendous difference between the stage of settlement refleetedby the Palestinian data in the two series ( cf. my Peliean Archaeology of Palestine [19493, 80ff.; A. Alt, Zeits. Deutsch. Palastina-Vereins, 64 [1941], 21-39, and Palastina jahrbuch, 37 [1941], 34 ff.) . Moreover, the argument based on the possible identity of the fathers of two Nubian prinees in the Posener texts with ehieftains of the same lands mentioned in the Sethe texts, is far from being eonelusive, sinee rather foreed assumptions must be made in both cases. The distance between Sethe's 'w'w and Posener's 'w,' is really considerable when one bears in mind that ' probably represents R or L, as in Asiatic names. Moreover, B. van de Walle's suggestion that Sethe's Stqtnkh (whieh the latter regarded as " sicher ") should be read St'kh in the light of hieratic writings of this group listed by Moller, is more than problematical, since the supposed t' (my ti ) does not really look like any of the forms given by Moller, and the occurrence of the group in the Sethe texts is improbable a priori (see below). 3 Pap. Brooklyn 35. 1446. M. G. Posener called my attention to the fact that Hayes was preparing this papyrus for publication, and the latter then placed the material at my disposal for study (letter of February 28th, 1953) .

and these are all cases wherewe are dealing with hieratic signs closely resemblingone another.4 The papyrusin questionis nearlycontemporary with PapyrusBulaq, No. 18; its verso containsa long list of slaves with statementsthat they are to becomethe propertyof their new owner'swife, in the same hand as the namesthemselves. These statementsare datedin the first and secondregnal years of Sekhemre'Sewadjtawi SebekhatpeIII, about 1740 B. C:.5 There are 95 slave names, 37 of which are labeledas Semitic (though a few of these are really Egyptian, as we shall see). In each case the namesare preceded by the Egyptian "m . w, " maleAsiatic,"or"m . t, " femaleAsiatic," and they are alwaysfollowedin a secondcolumn by an Egyptian name (e. g., ddw n. f Rs-snb, " who is called Res-seneb ") . Over half of these namesare ordinaryEgyptiannamesof the period, and wherechildrenof the Asiatic slaves are mentioned, most of them bear Egyptiannames. Since at least twenty-eightof the nameson this list are female and since women'snamesare quite rare in any period of Northwest-Semitic history, the task of interpreting thesenameshas beenmore difficultthan anticipated. On the other hand, the precisionwith which we can date them and the clarity of the script (which contrastsso strikingly with the uncertaintyof many names in the Execration Lists) make the list exceptionallyimportant. The new phonetic informationhelps materially to clear up hitherto insoluble problemsin our onomasticon.Since the Egyptian consonantal structure enables us to distinguish between the laryngal and guttural sounds 'aleph, 'aytn, gain (written as g or q in hieroglyphic),he, heth, and ha, which are not distinguished in cuneiform(ex4 In eases where two or more transeriptions are theoretieally possible we have adopted the one whieh fits in best with Semitie parallels, but attention is always called to the fact that such uncertainty exists. s See Hayes, JNEJS12 ( 1953), 38 f., and W. K. Simpson, JAOS 73 ( 1953), 87, for some details. For the date cf. my discussion of the ehronology of the Thirteenth Dynasty in BASOR 99 (1945), 13ff.; I followed Edgerton for the relative date of the end of the Twelfth Dynasty (based on a beginning in 1991 B.C.), but it is not likely that acceptance of Parker's date for the end of the dynasty (1786 instead of 1778 B.C.) requires us to push back the date of Sebekhatpe III, since the new regnal year (sixth) for an immediate predecessor of his is higher than anything we should have inferred on the basis of previous data (in other words, my estimate for the length of time covered by the first 19 kings of the Thirteenth Dynasty was several years too low in any ease ) .
.

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224

Narnes Northwest-Sernitic ALBRIGHT:

Slaves in a List of EgyptwFn

for ha part of the time, Egyptian transcripcept the mass of are of great valuein interpreting tions the other On available. now spellings cuneiform in most better is transcription cuneiform hand, distinit since respects than Egyptian, other and stops Semitic between more clearly guishes esand rule) a (as consonants double indicates combine to vowels. When we are able pecially and cuneiform transcriptions of the Egyptian name or word,we can generallyreconstruct same correctly. it Particularlyinterestingresultsmay be obtained of of the orthography systematiccomparison from the of that with tests Posener and Sethe the material, since the three lots of material Hayes be dated about 50-100 years apart in estabmay order. We turn first to the chronological lished interesting item, the Semitic sound R(L), most into Egyptian in was regularlytranscribed which as ', but in the li:ingdom Middle Old and early the by Eg. represented normally was :liingdom New and 1925 cir. In the Sethe texts (between .6 legible of 10So just in 1875 B. a.) R (L) appears personalnames and in the same proporSemitic (between In the Posenerte2rts place-names. of tion in about appears cir.1850 and 1800 B. a.) R(L) though names, personal Semitic of all legible 31So apthe names; place the of 10% about in only by may easily be explained the discrepancy parent factthat Semitic personalnames were very numerousand seldom achieved fi2redorthographic were restatusin Egyptian,whereasplace-names rather spelled been lativelyfew and must have reprowhich archives, royal consistentlyin the the In orthography. historical approved the duced Hayes list (about 1740 B. a.) R(L) appearsin some 44So of the Semitic personal names. In only two cases of B(L) in fact there are probably by ', and both thesenameswhich are reproduced "lady," ba'alot, reflectthe element ba'al,"lord," to have enough common which was presumably centuries. earlier in spelling fixed a achieved Turning to Y, we note that the Sethe texts write it regularly (always, in my opinion) with three reed leaves, whereasboth the Posener and agreein writing only two reed-leaves, Hayes te2rts names. The just as in Hyksosand New Wingdom in comparholds relationship chronological same ing the use of syllabicgroupsformedof consonant plus vowel; we find the Sethe texts employing

of the later syllabic groups, but using liv none and to write the vowelql,both separately regularly The dw. sw, nw, mw, 'w, signs the biliteral in texts employ both W by itself and the Posener signs containing W (particularlythose biliteral sw) morethan we find mentionedand rmv, already syllabic groups tz the te2rts; Sethe of the true (loafof bread), 'a, and ra (mouth) begin to appear.In the Hayes list we find W still used by to indicatethe vowel ql,but of the biliteral itself W we find only rw, sw (and percontaining signs nw) in use; it can scarcely be accidental haps these are the only such signs that continued that form a regularpart of the syllabicgrouplist of to we find the later theNew li:ingdom. Moreover, whereasin the use, in groupsa, ta, ti, ra also all and in the at appear not do Setheseries they 'a, ra, and ti. rarely very have we tests Posener In addition to these two sets of syllabic groups wehave at least three alphabeticsequences(PW pu, TW- tqz,and DW du) which survive asnormal syllabic groups in later times.7 Since themaximalnumberof syllabic groups employed most of was about si2rty,in the New lE:ingdom a writing in used be not probably would which which of list of only thirty-sevennames (several arefragmentary),it is evidentthat Egyptianwas alreadywell on the way toward developing an system of indicating vowels in foreign adequate present evidence suggests that the Our names.

of the ayllabic 7 Elmer Edel haa preaented a view 44-47) orthography (eapecially in JNBS 8 [1949], chief which ia very close to mine (VEJSO, 1934). Hia PW= divergence, that he regarda groupa auch aa my than rather pqz, TW= tqx, etc., aa alphabetic (p-qz,t-q$) conaa ayllabic, ia quite correct inaofar aa origin ia New cerned. However, the syllabic orthography of the reRingdom ia too obvioualy patterned in important apects on cuneiform spelling (aa Mas Miiller recognized long ago ) to be analyzed into ita formative elementa; ita it haa become a definite ayatem, however diverae aourceamay have been. I have not yet had opportunity in colto publiah my projected aupplementary paper ( acorea laboration with Dr. T. O. Lambdin) containing last of new or corrected equationa, but the publication Northaummerby Donald Wiaeman of a large numberof Syrian place-namea in cuneiform tableta from Alalakh Over haa confirmed my equationa moat atrikingly. apellthirty new equationa of Egyptian and cuneiform ( fifinga of the aame non-Semitic namea in the aame concluaive aa juat are that reaulta yield century teenth) and in their way aa the parallela between cuneiform the Egyptian apellinga of Anatolian place-namea in minor thirteenth century should have been. Certain my modificationa of my ayatem emerge from Edel'a and See VESO 8, with the referencea to other acholara new material. inn. l9.

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ALBRIGHT:

Worthwest-Semitic Namesin a list of Egyptian Slaves

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systemin questionwas workedout in the chancel- feed, to foster, nourish>'=Arab. 'fr;ll in Accanumleries of the Hyksos empire of the Fifteenth dian we have parallelnamesin considerable bers (e.g., Stn-eptrt,"Sin Fosters Me," SamasDynasty.8 etc.).l2 Good parallels in In the following transcriptionof these names epirt, lklarduk-epirt, meaning are also GFreek namessuch as lliotrephes, into roman characters, we follow the numeration " Nurtured by Zeus," Trophtmos," Fosterling." of the attachedplate: Turning to parallelnames,we have from the New T. Ba-hury(pronouncedRah.we^). (Fem.) This Kingdom'Apr(a)'el, "Fosterling of E1"; Aprname is not Semitic at all, but is Eg. R&wy (a) ba'al," Fosterling of Baal "; Apr(a) d (a) gal, (Ranke, AePN 225: 18), a masculineand femi- " Fosterlingof Dagal (= Dagan)."13 The Sethe nine hypocoristicon ( abbreviated name) of Middle texts yield tAprqb-hq,l4 while the Posenertexts give Kingdomtimes, shortenedfrom a whole series of us Apru-anu,l5 Aprqlas apals and three incommale and femalenamesof almostexclusivelyMid- plete names. dle-:Singdom date (Ranke,op. Cit., 225: 19 226: 10. HD m (fem.) must be studied together 3). This has already been suggested by Hayes. with No. 62, Ely'b'rw(fem.). At first sight these There is, of course, no reason why the Asiatic two names seem quite ine2rplicable, but we have a slave in questionshouldnot have borne an Egyp- good many parallels, complete or partial. In tian name even beforeshe receivedher new Egyp- Syr?a28 (1951), p. 32, Virolleaudhas published tian name,just as in the case of No. 61, below. the similar name ,ffy'abn, with which we may 9. 'p-ra-Rspw ('Apra-Rclspqb).9 (Mas.) Any pos- further comparethe "AmoritenJpersonalnames sible doubt about Hayes' reading of this name is Ha-ia-ab-il1b (once), Efa-ia-ab-ni-ilqb (four times), dispelledby the fact that he later found the name Ha-ic^-ab-ni-nqb (or -ilu? once), Efa-ia-bu-um in anothertext; underdate of October lSth, 1953, (twice).l7 Among the Northwest-Semitic names he wrote: "I have just this minute run across 11Cf. already JPoS 8, 242, where I have alao menanotherexampleof the name 'pr-F{spw on a lime- tioned the cognate Egyptian 'pr, "to provide." stone ostrakonfrom our 1926-27 excavationsat 12 For a convenient collection and diacusaion of theae Deir el-Bahri . . . it dates from the reign of namea aee ANG 54, 213, 222, etc. 13 For these namea aee Burchardt, Noa. 254-257, for Thutmose III . . . it is complete and clearly written in a good mid-XVIIIth Dynasty 'busi- the last name aee alao JPOS 8, 242. 14 The aecond element has hitherto remained obacure, ness ' hand." This is a very valuableadditionto aince no Semitic deity with a comparablename ia known. our stock of some half dozen certain names be- However, aince Eg. Q often tranacribeaSemitic G in the ginning with 'pr.9^Any lingering doubtas to the New Kingdom (cf. Burchardt, 113-117, whose excharacterof the first elementas a constructnoun amplea are by no meana complete), it may be Hebrew hag?st, hfig4, etc., with meaninga auch aa "voice, beforethe name of a god or land is now settled; hepe, sound, meditation, atudy," Ugaritic hg, " number," Syr. it has nothing to do with the name of the people hegyan4, etc., "reading," etc. The variety of posaible 'Apiru unless the latter is itself derivedfrom an meaninga ia ao great that it ia idle to apeculate on the apecific aenae underlying thia particular divine appellaabbreviated name of this type, as is not impos- tion if it ia that. sible.10We havea perfectlysatisfactory etymology 16 The divine name 'An? haa been diacussed by myself, of the word, which I should derive from the AJSL 41, 86 f., and R. Dusaaud, Syrra, 8, 225, but Northwest-Semitic cognateof Accadianeperu, "to neither of ua aucceeded in proving that there actually
8 Cf. VXSO 12, where it is pointed out that the syllabic spelling is already fully developed by the third quarter of the 16th century B. a. It appears sporadically in scarabs of the Hyksos Age. 9 For this name and its significance, see especially W. K. Simpson, JAOS 73 (1953), 86ff. 9a On these names cf. JPOS 8, 242, and PPAX 68 ff.there is no object in citing a number of discussions which erroneously derive the element from the ethnic 'Aptr?ffi. 10On the name 'Aptr?scf. especially my discussion BASOR, 125 (1952), 31 f., and T. Save-Soderbergh,OS I (1952), 5-14.

waa such a god. Now Ugaritic 'bd'n, " Servant of Anu," and Bqw-'n = Amarna Btn-Atwa," Son of 'Anu," have furniahed the required proof; cf. T2SU II, 306. The name perhapa originated in an imitation of SumeroAccadian An-Anu, following the identification of his Accadian conaort Antu with the Wea t-Semitic goddeas 'Anat ( 'Antu) . 16The aecond element ia naturally identical with the name of the Semitic tribe, spelled the aame way; Ox1 the name cf. JPOS 8, 249, and PPAN 71, which pointa out that namea of tribea or landa and goda were often the aame. It ia not necesaary to inaiat on the theophoroua character of the aecondelement, however, aince the name may mean aimply " Foaterling of (the Tribe) 'Aa'apa'." 17 OK 18. In Old Babylonian acript ha, hs, b?s may

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226

Names in ALBRIGHT: Northwest-Semitic

a List of Egyptian Slaves

we also find Ha-a-ia-a-bu- 'abu(m) meant "Where Is (My) Father?" and in the Mati documents um twice (once probablyas king of the Damas- the form 'Ayyvbum, whence IIebrez lyyob, ) .18 Among the 18th-centurynames in the " Job," is simply the dissimilatedand contracted cene and form of the name. Among other names of the Alalakhtabletswe find A-ia-bi,A-qycl-bi-sar-ri, names from same formationare A-a-ha-am-mq (lengthened while among ISth-century A-ia-sarri, the same place we have A-ia-bu and A-qa-hu.l9 form of Aya-hammu," Where Is the Paternal is evidently the Amarna A-ia-ab Clan? ") and A-ia-ha-lu," WhereIs the Maternal This A-ia-bqb ), name of the prince of Ashtaroth in Clan?" 26 There is no reason to doubt that the (Ayab names of this type were just Bashan (IIauran) in the early fourteenth cen- Northwest-Semitic Accadian names contemporary as diversified as of the and it is also the 'ybm('Ayyabum) tury,20 etc.27 Ali-ummt, Ali-aSq, Ali-abt, as such 1928, in out Sethe ExecrationTexts, as I pointed to the names confidently turn now may We 21 Job." " biblical with name the identified I when IIayes List. the in 62 and 10 Nos. as The solution of the problemwas brought indi- whichappear above, cited Hy'abn Ugaritic the of light the name In the rectly by A. Goetze, who explained the write to tendency overwhelming the of and rea. B. century 18th the A-ia-a-hu-iin a seal of as 'aleph with beginning words publishedby Van Buren.22 C. II. Gordonhad names containing initial with etc.) ('Ayya-'abu, element second pointed out that the name appearedas 'Ay'ah, the we can say that they as h in Accadiantranscription, in a Ugariticlist; it also appears i. e., 'Ayya'aSqb The first contraction. without dissimilation reflect 14th the of list Accadian an in TUR-A-ya-ah-hi changed been has name same the in centuryfrom Ugarit.23As Goetzepointedout, the of two 'alephs Palestinian modern in g., e. find, we as just h, to like " ? name must mean " WhereIs My Brother AccadianAli-ahz.24The latter is one exampleof Arabic, where the imperativeof classical qa'ada, a large group of Accadiannames beginningwith "to sit," is changedfrom 'u''ud to hq4''ud.The ali, " where," which were first explained by B. second name, Xy'b'rw (Hy'b'tw is just as good but difficultto explain), would Similarly, we may add, 'Ayya- paleographically, Landsberger.25 " WhereIs My Father,O Hay'abi-ilu, be vocalized God? ", like cuneiform Amorite Hayabilu and stand for 'a, 's, '?s, just as azh, sh, ?sh also represent the latter meaning "Where Is Our Hayabni-ilu, at', i', 4'; cf. W. von Soden, Das akkadische Syllabar (1948), p. 88, No. 317. Landsberger's assertion to the Father, O God^" Ugaritic Hy'abn then reflects contrary (JaS 8, 60, n. 126) is extreme. However, the an abbreviated *Hay'abni. Similarly, in Alalakh Ugaritic parallel Hy'abn supports him in this instance, Ayabi-sarri> " Where Is My Father, O means but also shows that his doubt about the connection of standsfor 2, II,'m',probably No. IIayes, King^" the cuneiform names beginning with gaya- with those ?", " Where Is My Mother Hay'qmmq, beginning with Aya- was not necessary. Our Egyptian *Hy'm',28 that be show to and seem evidence names Ugaritic These the names now confirm like AccadianAlq-ummq. we may be dealing throughout with dissimilated forms reflectedindirectlyby a group of names found in (though I still insist that Accadian ha may be used muchlater NorthwestSemitic, such as f-kabod,28^ occasionally in foreign names for 'a; the strong Westf-zebel, and Aya-ram (A-a-ram-muof Edom); Semitic 'aleph did not occur at all in Accadian, so
ordinary Accadian transcriptional habits do not necessarily apply). 18 Dossin, Syria, 1939, 109; Jean, AR71{ II, 135: 23. 19 AT 126 b. The name A-ia-m?s given in AT should be corrected to A-ia-b?s (Wiseman, JaS VIII, 4a). 20BASOR 89, 11, n. 18; the name should be normalized as Ayyab. al JPOS 8, 239 and n. 2. Though Sethe transcribed this name correctly as "'Ij-bm," he also erroneously transcribed the triple reed-leaf ( which stands exclusively in these texts for the consonant Y) as 'ij = our 'y. This has confused scholars, but there is absolutely no reason for further misunderstanding. 5, 133 f.; cf. Weidner, Jahrbuch fur Kleinasia22 Jas tische Forschung, 2 (1951), 138 f. 23 Thureau-Dangin,Syria, 15, 138 ff., line 24. 2 See Van Buren, loc. cit. 2S See the detailed treatment of these names by Stamm, ANG 90 f., 284 f., after Landsberger. latest discussion of the meaning of hamm?s = 26 lWy 'amm?s in these names appeared in JBL 64, 291 f. I have since gone a step farther and render 'amm?s as {' pa-

ternal clan " ( not simply paternal uncle or clan in general) and the parallel halX as " maternal clan " (not simply "maternal uncle," as in Arabic). ANG 27 See the list of such names given by Stamm, 327 b. to 28 Between Old and New Egyptian ' often shifted Y in phonetic value; cf. Sethe, Das aegyptische Verb?sm, I, 48 ff. Note that the verb h' became hy in New Egyptian ( Sethe, op. cit., p. 50, 83 ) . 28a We should then probably vocalize these contracted elements in Hebrew names as 'e ( for earlier 'ayy ), exactly like the same elements in 'e-po, etc. The second element in these names means " honor, prince ( ?), exalted one," and presumably referred to religious concepts or ent,ities of some kind.

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'ts

sdkar, Manof the Corvee," is linguistically

im-

ALBRIGHT:

Narnesin a Lqst of Egyptian Slaves Northwest-Sernitic

227

;' WhereIs mans' valuable handbook of South-Arabicand cf. cuneiformAli-tukultt,Ali-waqrt4m, (My) IIelp ?", ';WhereIs the IIonorable(One)?'", Proto-Arabic personal names,33but several of publishedcollecthem also appearin subsequently etc. well attested. are particularly and Skr'l tions; Skr 11. MnSm' (fem.) is an abbreviated(hypoco- The stem SXR is generallyrendered"to reward " ristic) MunaShtma'." (Such and Such a God) where it appears in South-Arabiannames but, Shows Mercy." The name appearscommonlyin while this meaning is well attested in Arabic of Hebrew as MenaShem,"Menahem,"and in the God's relation to man, it is more likely that its Mqznah- ancient meaning was like that of Latin gratus, early 14th centuryB. a. it was pronounced as we know from two occur- gratta, and derivatives," favorable,favor," and (h)imqzat IJgarit,29 rences of the name in an Accadianlist published related senses.34The causative,Yagaskir,"Issaending in char," would mean approximately"May (God) Hypocoristica by Virolleaudin 1951.29a 'aleph were particularlycommon in the second Grant Favor," and Sakar'il (or Wakir+l)would millennium.30 mean " God has favored (favors)." The feminine 13. Sk-ra-tw must be studied together with Skrt, pronounced Sakratu or Sukratu,which apNos. 14 ('mskrw), 16 (also Sk-ra-tw), 22 (Sk- pears both in the Hayes List and in Lihyanite, ra-'pt),3l 67 (Sk-ra). All these names are femi- may mean somethinglike " favorable,charming," nine and cannot be separatedfrom the biblical No. 14, perhaps to be pronounced Immtsukru, " Issachar" (appear- must be explainedsomewhatdifferently,to judge Hebrewnames *Yasaskir,32 ing as the name of one of the twelve tribes of from Accadian and especially from NorthwestIsrael and as a later person) and Sakar (which Semitic parallels of the 18th and lSth centuries also appears as the name of two persons). In from Alalakh. From the earlier period we have we find deriva- TJmmu-Hepa, South Arabianand Proto-Arabic Khepa is Mother," " the Gkoddess etymo- and Ummi-nams, tives of the stem SK#, which corresponds "My Mother for Urnm-natmi>, logically to Heb. SBSRand early Northwest-Se- Is My Favorite," or the like.35 From the later mitic SX2, in all the dialects: e. g., Yskr'l (Yast- period we have Umm-Batla(t), " The Goddess kur'il) in Sabaean,Minaean,and Hadraml,other Batlat Is My Mother,'> and Umm-Ihara, ';The and Sakartil Goddess Ishkhara Is My Mother." All these theophorous names Salarn>-sakar ( Greek Sachrelos) in Thamudic and Safaitic, namesbelongto women,as do also such Accadian in Sabaean. We also find, both in the names as Umm-Itar, Umm-Samst, Umm-tdbat, Jakar-wadd south and in the north, the hypocoristicaSkr, TJmmt-waqrat, SarAnunttum-ummt, Istar-ummi>, Ykr, and Mkr, as well as the feminine Skrt, panttum-qzmmt, Nikkal-ummi, etc. Since nearly which appearsin a Ijihyaniteinscription(JS 345) all of these names contain the name of a deity which I shoulddate in the fifth or fourth century (generally a goddess) and since the second elenames all appearin G. Ryck- ment of our namecan scarcelybe verbor adjective B. a. The preceding becauseof the nominative masculineending, we 29 It follows that the Ugaritic participle of the deprobably have a goddess Sukru, like Qudshu, rived verbal conjugations was vocalized mu- as in the In this case our name Asherah.36 other Semitic languages and that its first vowel thus " Holiness" 37 Is My Mother." " Sukru would mean lmmtstlkru finite the corresponding differed from the first vowel in
forms, just as in the case of Arabic yataqattalu, etc., I, 250 f., etc. but mutaqattilun. 33 XpSS 34 Heb. sakar then means " gratuity," whence ' wage," 29^Syrta,28, 49f., No. XXVIII: 3, 17. and saktr is ' one who is hired for a gratuity, wage 30 Cf. BASOR 110, 21, n. 77, and Lidzbarski, Ephemeearner." ris, II, 7 ff. for long lists of later examples. 36 We have the excellent parallel A-bi-na-ah-mi (Wise31 The end of the name is uncertain, and I have not been able to explain the second element. We may per- man, JCS 8, 2f.) in 18th-century Alalakh, corresponding exactly to Hebrew Abtnotam (cf. the feminine name haps read W instead of the two strokes (y or i). A.hNnotam). Incidentally, the cuneiform writings make 32 The traditional consonantal form YSSXR and the pronunciation Yissd ker both point to this original, a it highly probable that we should follow Heb. EJlna'am shin causative of the stem SKR; the usual explanation = EX^aayand vocalize Abina'am, Ahina'am. 36 For Qudsu, "Holiness," as name of Asherah see possible. The vocalization of the first and last syllables now BASOR 134, 26; previous data are mentioned in follows Philippi's Law and its corollary, whereas the ARI2, 75, 78, and the notes. 37 It might be tempting to identify our Sukru with two medial sibilants have been reduced to one by assimilation. the first element in the name Sukur-ilf (son of Ashu-%b)

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228

Nalmes Northwest-Sensitic ALBRIGET:

in a Llst of Egyptian Slaves

mean '; Favor, I have maintained for years that the words in nameSukruwouldpresumably The had an originalshortu in the secondsyland would be an appellationof some question Favorite," and have nothing to do with IJgaritic 'adn just as Arabic Ruda, literally " Most lable goddess, 'ad, " father," which appears in the Amarna of the Planet Venus was the appellation Pleasing," The name event, from Jerusalemas addanq4.40 any In Tablets the Evening, CanaaniteAstarte. in the appellative; an or be eithera hypocoristic know that the stem occurredin Northwest- may we 'Adunq4) (for 'Adon masculine corresponding personalnames in the early centuriesof Semitic to be alwayshypocoristic. two however, least at seems, have we since millennium, second the Yaws-kql-ur-il,38 of the Amoritename occurrences 16 see No. 13. the correct sibilant. It must again be emwith cor17. 'h-ts-rn-ra(fem.) . The same initial elethat the sibilants are etymologically phasized discussing ment also appears in No. 32, also name of a in all the nameswhich I havebeen rect form). (Hebrew SXB with the stem woman.That it is Semitic 'akdfu,"sister," folconnection in of the name 'hwrn(w)t be anythingbut 'Adqlffu, lowsfrom my identification series with *Ah(u)15. 'dwfw,can scarcely Sethe and Posener Lady." If the alternative reading '-r?X-w-{w in the The latter texts also mention a prince of " muti.41 inexquite be correct the name becomes should whose name also named 'Ahu-kabkabu,42 plicable.'Adot, "lady,'' is the later feminine of 'Apum in hieratic with an initial 'aytn. These " lord,"and appearsboth in Ugaritic texts appears 'adon, are both certain,despitethe wrong ofthe fourteenthcentury and in Phoenicianin- identifications The sequencetahis absolutelyimpossifrom the tenth and seventh century.39 laryngal. scriptions but in Egyptian, where the 'ayin Semitic, ble in Egypt was much weaker (as we know from many tranon a Syrian seal from our general age found in written ( 208 ,43 it is quite fre8, JEA scriptions and permutations) and published by Sidney Smith, sibilant is opposed. The quent. The word 'ah means "brazier" in EgypD SU-EUR-XI-NI) but the as in the name Istar-

divinename may be feminine, just babylonwhose ili, and it is possible that the sibilant was more reference to the North-Syrian name Adqmns-abia, ianized,but the equation is very hazardous unless Assyrian name PJn-na-A-ya Old good the bore father in Askzur name evidence turns up. The Amorite divine (Dossin, RA 27, 85ff.), and who must have flourished is probably of Sumerian origin. M1st-Askzur the 15th-14th century B. C., to judge from the about has been corrected by on hia 38 OK 30. Bauer's transcription Egyptianizing character of the garb repreaentedshould Landsberger,Jas 8, 33, n. 16, and the early Amorite script. The name cuneiform the from and statue read be also must royal name in the Khorsabad List "Amorite " rather than South-Canaanite vocaliwith the variant in the Horn tablet, thus reflect so the X is probably original, just as in the case Ia-as-kqmr-il1s zation, Amorite Ugarit giving us at least three occurrences of this of the Mari name cited above. Moreover, at as in name. to ^d under the accent, changed not was & (where see Ugaritic in word the X in cunei39 For the occurrence of GIPL South Canaanite, and so would not appear aa among Gordon UH 207, No. 52, in Phoenician see Harris, of form transcription) we have the name Addqxnqx, by published 74. There is some question about the vocalization contract a in mentioned names with a is Semitic pleoThe 16. the second syllable. In favor of vocalizationAbdzu-Adaline f., 4 ), 1941 ( 38 RA Virolleaud in perhaps the Ugaritic name Abdq-Adatr or 16 ), which nastic spelling is no more surprising than the defective ) (Syria, 18, 247, 252, lines 13 and tzu(m for addt4,which is so common in both Mari which spelling adqb might be rendered " Servant of the Lady," in Since Hebrew and Phoenician 'adon may Ugarit. and < case the second element would stand for *adattzu just as well as 'adan, we are forced 'adqxn older we reflect *adantzu.This can scarcely be right, however, since to 'adottqbas the early pronunciation to prefer adt4ttqb have the Mari name ( 18th century ! ) A-dzu-na-Add1s, has the same meaning name 'Adt4ttqx The word. the of earlier even an " Adad is Lord " ( Syria, 19, 109) and " Lady." The element Martha), ( Martd Aramaic as read North-Syrian cylinder seal with the inscription by Adatt4, on the other hand, may stand for *Hadottu < ad dRamas 'Attortlh, 71f mar Ri-is-ilim warad dAd zu-ni-A dA-d [Un- *Eadadtt4, feminine of Hadad (cf. Ba'altqz, :Dossin (RA 27, 91 f.; cf. Langdon, RA 27, 23 ff.). other such secondary feminine forms and 'Eltqb 'Antt4, should we that feeling the at (:hagar Bazar fortunately, I am harassed by ?earadRi-is-ilim, of divine names); cf. (f.) A-da-at-ta dJamsi-dAddi rrLar read Ilzu-ni-Rtm-a-d1s . ) 35 7, Iraq, Gadd, ( note signs; in strict accordance with the sequence of (written ad-da-a-ns twice, alternating 40 For addUnqb ), " Wild-bull of 3, see that the name Rtm-Add1s (R;im-Adad in parallelism with qxm-mi-ia and a-bi-ia spelling with Adad," is well attested, and that the defectivethat 13f. 288: and 26 287: the Amarna Letters is also common in Amorite territory, alsothe Eing." 41JPOS 8, 248 f.; see PPAN 81 f. " Our God Is formation is like Ilzuni-sarrum, 82, and my remarks, BASOR 42 See Posener, PPAX in Ris-ilum Rlm-Addu would then be a precursor of 35f. 83, state.] reigning over some unidentified Mesopotamian JAOS 66 ( 1946), 319 b. 43 See my discussion, with However this may be, no such difficulty arises

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ALBRIGHT:

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229

tian; it was borrowedas *'ah in Eebrew, a fact (1Ieb. Dotan, Dotoyim), and perhaps Tq-ft4s and the related*Do'dathat illustrates the reciprocalphonetic situation. Dt/dt/.49Our *Dodz-ht/'at, in biblical Hebrewonomastics Feminine names beginningwith 'ahatu, " sister," ht/'atare preserved LXX Odiafor *Dodia) 44 andin Northwest- as Dodthu (MT Dodawhq/, both in Accadian are common Semitic. Best known is the name Ahat-milkq/, and Dodo (for *Dodahq/).The formerappearsII which first appears as the name of a Ugaritic Chron. 20: 37 as the father of a ninth-century queenof the fourteenthcenturyin alphabeticand prophet,whereasthe latter is the name of three Accadiantablets (to be publishedby Nougayrol). men living in or about the eleventhcentury is. a. In Phoenician this name appears on a seal as 21. Ip-ra(fem.) is an obvioushypocoristicon 'Ahtmlk and in seventh-centuryAssyrian tran- from a name beginningwith the elementspr (vowhich was calization unknown) from the familiar lIebrew scription as Ahut-milki 'A&ot-milk, shortenedto the normal Phoenician form Zot- and Aramaic stem SPR meaning " to be fair, Hot- beautiful," Arab. SWR, " to shine." The treatmilk. We also have Zotelat for 'A&ot-'elat, milkot for 'A&ot-milkot,and Zot-melqart for ment of the sibilant is absolutelycorrect, since 'ahty is also the sibilant which appearsin Arabicas s, in IIeThe hypocoristicon 'A&ot-melqart.45 found in Ugaritic. It is uncertainwhetherseveral brew and Aramaic as s, is always found in Canames containing the initial element ahat found naanite words transcribed into Egyptian as s; in in the 18th-centurytablets from ChagarBazar46 the Hayes list we have examplesin Nos. 9, 23, are Accadianor " Amo- and especially 26. Our name is related to perin northernMesopotamia rite," but the name Ahat-abi(cf. Ah-abi - 'A&ab) haps even ultimately the same as AramaicSapAccadian ptrah, " Sapphira,"and certainlythe same (with lookswestern,as against the well-known Ahat-abisaand Ahat-abist/. The meaning of our slight morphological adaptation) as " Shiphrah," No. 17 is obscure unless it is an abbreviated name of one of the two Hebrewmidwivesof Exoform of 'A&atz-mil(kattz)Phoenician Zot-mil- dus 1 :15. The second midwife, Pu ah, bears a This would not be a Canaanitename meaning " lass, girl," Ugaritic kot, " My Sister Is Queen.'> hypocoristicformation,but an Egyptian shorten- Pvghttu 50 ing o-fa refractorySemitic name.47 22. See No. 13, above. " My 18. Tw-ti-w't (mas.) is *Dodz-hq/'at(t/) 23. 's-ra (fem.) is evidentlya feminine hypoBelovedIs IIe." For the use of the emphaticproof the same type as the masculine'Aser, coristic No. noun of the third person in these names cf. 29, [ ]h'tw= [ ]hi'att/ (fem.). For the mascu- nameof one of the twelvetribesof Israel and their Phoeniciansee my dis- ancestor. This occurrenceof the corresponding line ht/'atin tenth-century cussion in JAOS 67 (1947), p. 156, n. 31, since feminine is important for the interpretationof when the same forms have been found to survive the biblical name, whose sibilant has been etyIt is now certainthat both by the Dead mologicallyobscure.51 in ClassicalIIebrewas demonstrated Sea Scroll Isaiah,whichwrites HW' and HY'G, 1; BASOR 62, 30. In my opinion this etymology is and *hi'at. certain, though I have not presented my data in the and hi'ah for older *hq/'at i. e., hq/'ah The fact that the correctgendersare used, is de- detailed form which they merit. of this obviousinterpre- 49 JNES 5, 22, No. 62 ( this equation may, however, cisive for the correctness in a somewhat different category). tation. The spelling Tw-ti for Dodz is like tu- belong pgt is also a common noun meaning "girl," hi-ra, Egyptian transcriptionof Can. doher(a), as 6Ugar, is certain from the text published by Virolleaud in 48 Tt/-ta-y-nafor Can. Dotayna " chariot-driver," Syria 21, 267-271. The vocalization pagttu is not cer5

See Stamm, ANG 326 b, for illustrations. 76, top of page. 46 See Harris, GIPL 46 Iraq, 7, 35 f. 47 Or should we vocalize Ahdtimrd, " Behold Ye the Sister! "? It should be noted that the original meaning of Hebrew '1UR," to say," was " to see," as in Accadian and probably in Ugaritic (UH 212, No. 183). The shift in meaning came through the factitive sense " to show," " Let Me hence " to speak." Cf. Accadian Ahata-lam?hr, 326b). See the Sister! " (ANG5 33, III. A. 1, and 52, XI. B. 48 Cf. provisionally VE7SO
44

tain; the analogy of Ugar. hamstu ( for *hamiyatu), " wall "-Heb. h8mah ( also for *hamtyatu) suggests may easily stand for this vocalization, since Heb. PXutah older *PI'ah ( 8 before an accented syllable sometimes becomes u ), which is supported by Arabic tagiyatun, " fragrant blossom( S ) ( of certain trees ) ." The etymology is clear: Arab. FGW = PXWG,"diifuse fragrance," and fragrant blossoms suggest marriageable girls, virgins. It is well known also that words for " boy " and " girl " tend to be derived from words for " shoot, blossom." 61It was until now possible to derive 'Aser from the

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Names in a Ltst of Egyptian Slaves Northwest-Semitic

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ALBRIGHT:

Northwest-Semitic Names in a List of Egyptian Slaves

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names are derived from the stem which appears in IIebrew 'oser, " good fortune," 'xre . ... " happy,blessed,"Arab.'aysara," be prosperous," yassar," propitious,left hand (euphemistic)," etc. 25. 'n[ ]' (fem.). This nameand No. 59, 'n-ti, are both feminine and are thus undoubtedly formedwith the name of the goddess Anat, like fA-na-ti-lbm-me (Virolleaud,Syria 28 [1951], p. 177), literally, " AxlathIs My Mother." 26. iGms-tw(fem.) is again probablyhypocoristic, derivedfrom somesuch a nameas the feminine Sapsi-abi (The Sun-god Is My Father), an 18th centuryname from Alalakh.52Whetherthe name was pranounced Samclstqx, Samsatqx,or Samsttlb,remains obseure; hypocoristicaformed with the name Samas or Japasare common enough: cf. biblical *Samson (Simson), Ugaritic Spsyn, and Sapsi or Sapseat Alalakh. 27. ' 'sbtw (mas.) is almost certainly 'zsibtlb, the nomen lbnitatisof the collectivenoun *'tsblb, " herbage,'> which appearsin E[ebrew as 'eseb, in Aramaicas 'isha,in Arabicas 'lbsb; the sibilant is correct and the transposedform I'sibtqsis perfectly normal in Egyptian, where pretonic short vowels are often syncopatedand replaced by a prothetic vowelbeforethe initial consonant. Feminine nouns are frequentlyemployedas names of men in Semitic. 29. See No. 18. The first elementiIl our name is not legible. 32. See No. 17, above. 33. This name is uncertain,sislcethe B might also be read D or T. 'A-r-(d,t)n' looks like a hypocoristicon with the ending 'aleph. Etymological possibilitiesare numerous but all unconvincing. 35. B"twy (fem.) is almostcertainlyBa'alt7iya, correspondingto the masculine hypocoristicon Ba'alqiya.53 Together with the other feminine name No. 64, [ ] b" [ ]-ba'al, it seems to be the only exampleof Semitic R (L) transcribed by ' in the IIayeslist. As observed above,in ourintroductoryremarks,these casesmay preservehistoriatem 'TR, with a T-which would appear in Middle and Late Egyptian transcription as S; cf. the convenient table and the references given BASOR 110, 15, n. 42. 52 AT 145 b. This name proves that Sapgu was not feminine but masculine in Alalakh, and seems to furnish clinching evidence for the etymological identity of Sapag and Sama. 53Amarna 170: 2, where it is written dIM-lqb-ra.

cal spelling. Names formed with the elements ba'(a)l(X), " lord,"and ba'altqb or Ba'alat (Ba'alt), " lady, (My) Lady" were rare in this period. At Mariwe have so far at least two: Bali-Erawh (ARM II, 114: 12-16), probably " The Moon-GodIs (My) Lord,"and Bawhllb-gaylbm (AR:M V, 87: 5), probably" The Nation Is Lord" (cf. ARZA XV, p. 200), but in neitherhas the appellativebecome a divine name as yet. At Alalakhwe have among the earlier names Ba-li-e-pa ( cf. Niqmi-epa Niqmi-Eplbwh for *Niqm-Yaplb'), " The GodYapu Is (My) Lord." To the kindnessof M. G. Posener (letter of 3 Sept., 1954) I owe knowledgeof an unpublishedname of an Asiatic prince on a statuette of the esecratory type from Brussels (No. 10, verso,line 14): [ ]wb"w [ ]X-batlqs, " X Is Lord." E[e has also reminded me of a " magicwand" from Megiddo(Loud,MegiddoII, plate 203), mentioning the lady (nb. t pr) B"twmw. Turning to my copy of the book I found that I had proposedthe same reading on the margin, with the proviso that the object dated from the Twelfth and not from the Eighteenth Dynasty (Wilson had prudently left the two alternatives open). Now, however,we can without further hesitation date the wand in the Twelfth or ThirteenthDynasty and identify the name with Ba'(a)lat-lbmmlb, like Umm-Ba-ala(-at) of fifteenth-century Alalakh (AT lSOb). Namesof this type, " Ba alat Is My Mother," were extremelycommonboth in NorthwestSemitic and Accadian; cf. above,No. 14, for examples. Incidentally,it followsfrom our presentmaterialthat the feminine Ba'alat achievedindependentstatus as a divinenamebeforethe masculineBa'al. 37. 'qb' 'Aqba'(fem.) and No. 87, 'qbtw 'Aqabtqs or 'Aqbatqs(fem.) are typical hypocoristica of names derivedfrom the stem QB, "to watch, guard, protect" (as we know from Ethiopic and South Arabic). Such names were estremely commonin early NorthwestSemitic; cf. Jean, SM 81b; Finet, AP{MXV, 141f., 145; Goetze, BASOR 9S, 19. The best known early name of this type is, of course,Ya'qqsb-'el, biblical " Jacob,"which also appearsat ChagarBazar in the 18th centuryB. a. (Gadd,Iraq, 7, 38), as well as in Palestine as a place-namein the ISth century B. a.; cf. also the lIyksos royalname Y'qb-hr, Ya'qub-Bar(not Ya'qub-'El).54
64 For these names see JBL 54, 191, n. 51 (on Ya'qmbbHar) and BASOR 88, 36, n. 39.

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ALBRIGHr:

Slaves Namesin a Lisf of Egypfian NorfAwes{-Semific

ize Bayyu-ur, "The Living One (appellationof al ?) Shines."57 Hadad-Ba 8S, 8T, 88.-See Nos. 63, 3T, and 69, respectively. Nearly thirty of the precedingnames are defiwell and are sufficiently nitely Northwest-Semitic practianalysis satisfactory a to make preserved cable. iFromthis analysiswe have deducedmany interestingpoints which fit exceedinglywell into the patterns now known to be characteristicof Northwest-Semiticpersonal names belonging to the period between about 1900 and about 1300 B. a. Since these dates cover the beginnings of Israel as well as the period of the Sojourn in Egypt, we shouldexpectsignificantpoints of contact with Israelite tradition. Nor are we disappointed. Following are the most striking new data bearingon biblicalpersonalnames: 1. The explanationof the original form and meaning of the name " Job " (cf. No. 10) as " WhereIs the Father9 " 'Ayyabum, *'Ayya'abum, This namewas verycommonin the MiddleBronze Age and had already modified its form by dissimilationand contraction.As might be supposed, Job was the central figure of a story going back into the first half of the secondmillenniumB. a.; Ezekiel mentions him twice between Noah and Daniel, the latter of whomwas also a hero of the MiddleBronzeAge.58 2. New light on the etymologyand meaning of the names "Issachar" and "Asher," belonging to two of the northerntribes descendedfrom Leah and her maid, Zilpah (cf. Nos. 13 and 23). of the namesand inferences Previousexplanations from these explanations have been invariably wrong58^(except for the meaning attributedto

51. "mw (mas.) is probably Egyptian like Nos. 7 and 61, meaning" The Asiatic." It mighZ 'Ammu. reflect a Semitic hypocoristicon pos6ibly 59. See No. 2S, above. 61. Ra-'ntf ] (fem.) is again (like Nos. 7 and 51) Egyptian (Ranke, AePN, p. 216, No. 16), attested for the Old and New liingdoms. The 1S O Dscure. meanlNg 62. See No. 10, above. 63. 'b'[ ]m (mas.) is the name of the son of No. 62; his namebeginswith the commonSemitic element'abu,"father." No. 8S, [ ]'b' is perhaps name [ ]- abt, since a composite to be pronounced and end with 'aleph. can scarcelybe hypocoristic mascuThe sex is doubtful,but was presumably line. 64. See No. 35. 67. See No. 13. 69. Tn'(?)t'sa is probablyto be consideredtogetherwith No. 88, Tn'( ?)fr( ^){'. No. 69 is perbut the third hieraticsign in the fectly preserved, name does not look quite like the usual arm SigIl, and may be somethingelse. No. 88 is badly prewhen compounded becomes servedand uncertainty we attempt to explain it. If the first two signs reflectthe name of the Accadianmoon-god,Sln,55 we shouldexpectto find Accadiannames,since we have no clear evidence that the deity was worshiped under this name anywhere among the Semites, and I do not know of any Northwestern hybridnamesformedwith Stn. The 'ayin is, however, (if correct), impossiblein transcribedAccadiannames. 80. Bywr (fem.) lookslike a compositename. If it is completeit would seem to reflectthe two stems HWY, "to live," and 'T#, "to be light, bright.'>AmongIsraelitenamesfrom the time of to the Exodus (and hence belonging presumably Sede'gr have we a.) B. century 14th the late or the (Masoreticvocalization) for *Sadday-'or like, " Shaddaishines." We may perhapsvocal* i

sibilant ), see provisionally my remarks in L. Finkelstein, The Jews: Their History, Culture and Religion (1949), pp. 7 and 56, n. 20. 6qBaal (Hadad) is spoken of as " living " ( hayya ) 56 in the Canaanite epic of Ugarit, and " living " is a common appellation of Yahweh. If the explanation of the second element of the name is right, we have a proremost see Semitic in god this of name 66 On the demonstration that this particular stative visional SYN misprint: a is (there 8 n. cently BASOR 128, 41, goes back to 'ur, just as vadOI i8 derived '6r) (later yet not do we in line 6 of the note should be SYN; This does not necessarily apply to the gadi>l. from fully understand the etymological relationships between statives tob and bos. S and S in South Arabic. clear68 Cf. BASOR 130, 26 f., for a recent statement, 66 On this name and its congeners see JBL 54, 188, of Dan(i)el. home geographical the up ing Egypt, in name Hebrew 14th-century n. 55, and for the 'A-sa-ru of 68a E. g., the well-known geographical name transcribed Sa-dr-'-ms ( Sadde-'Ammt, with the correct

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ALBRIGET:

Northwest-Semitic Names in a List of Egyption Slaves

233

{ Asher" in GEen. 30: 13). Virtuallyall the tribal plained satisfactorily is " Dodavah," properly names of the House of Jacob go back to early *Dodthx'ah(cf. No. 18) and the parallel" Dodo.s times, and the tribes had alreadyhad a long his- This nameis not theophorous as formerlybelieved, tory at the beginning of the MosaicAge. Nor is and the speculations connected with it are entirely it accidentalthat there are two names from the baseless. stem QB (No. 37), which is also the source of 5. It is quite possiblethat the name " Epher' the hypocoristic " Jacob,"alreadywell attestedfor is to be explaineddiiferentlyfrom my proposals this period. three years ago,6and that it is actually hypoco3. The name of one of the iEl:ebrew midwives, risticon of a theophorousname beginning with " Shiphrah" (Ex. 1: 15) appearshere in nearly 'apruor 'ipru, " fosterling." In any case, the new the same form (No. 21), and the other name has light compels the problemof these already been duplicatedthrough Ugaritic finds, names in a us to approach way quite opposed to recent proposals though not hithertorecognized.cv Shiphrah " and from variousdirections. c;Puah " are thus perfectly good Northwest-SeOf less direct significancefor historicalstudies, mitic names of womenfrom the first half of the but of even greater indirect value is the evidence secondmillennium,and there is no reasonto consider them as not authentic in their appearance whichmakesit possibleto fill in an importantgap aboutthe end of the 14th centuryB. C. in iEl:ebrew in the developmentof Egyptian syllabic orthography (groupwriting) from the Sethe Esecration tradition.59 Texts betweencir. 1925 and 1875 B. C., through 4. Among later names which can now be e2rthe Posenertexts from the secondhalf of the 19th hieratic texts has nothing to do with " Asher " in either century B. C. and the Hayes list from cir. 1740 B. C. down to the fifteenth century,when we find consonantal or vocalic structure. 69 Contrast M. Noth, who wrote rather hastily in his the system fully developed. There are enough valuable work, Dre wraelsttscheql, Persoql,enql,atneql, (1928), scattereddata from the lFth and 16th centuriesto p. 10: " Aunstlich sind wohl auch die Namen der beiden indicate that the system was put into approsiHebammen in Ex. 1, 15." On the next page he went on to write: " Auch den Namen m5 5" der Angefeindete mately its later form during the iElyksos period. halte ich fur ad hoc gebildet und kunstlich." We have My views have been repeatedlyattacked,but they seen above that there is now a mass of material to are more firmly establishedtoday than ever, as illustrate the authenticity and antiquity of " Job." It will appear when the unpublishedmaterial now must be remembered,however, that Noth was the first who effectively disproved the views of G. B. Gray and availableis published. others that the early names in the Priestly Gode were artificial constructions of late date. 6 BASOR 125,31.

NEW ARAlTATC TEXTS E. Y. KUTSCHER JEWI8H THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF AMERICA

1. INTRODUCTION. ARAMAIC STUDIES are still in a position where a scholar may further elucidate any newly edited test, even if it is as conscientiously edited as the new Eraeling volume.l Furthermore, these tests provide the opportunity to reconsider some out1 Emil G. Eraeling, The Brooklyn Mt4seumAraqnaic Papyrs, published for the Brooklyn Museum by the Yale University Press, New CEIaven, 1953. A short review will appear in JBL. The abbreviations used are those of the editor; E = Eraeling.

standingproblems concerningthe legal terms, the language and linguistic backgroundof the Aramaic Papyriand OfscReichsaramaisch " in general and the problemsof the development(and interrelation) of law in the Near East during that time. Ijast but not least, they are essential for a re-survey of the problem of Biblical Aramaic, i. e., its origin in time and place. In the following four sections the first four points will be dealt with, i. e., commentson the tests (limited only to essentials), legal terms, interrelationsof languages,and the problemof law.

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