Jun Park Period 1 APUSH Chapter 34 Study Guide Nuremburg Trials After WWII, the Allied forces agreed

that Nazism had to be cut out of Germany. They tried twenty-two Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany in 1945-1946. Twelve of the tried were hanged, and seven sent to jail. Cordell Hull was Secretary of State during FDR's presidency. He believed in the reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers, as well as a low tariff. He led to passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934. He also believed in the Good Neighbor policy with Latin America. Winston Churchill the prime minister of England during World War II. He was known as the bulldog-jawed orator who gave his people the nerve to fight off the air bombings occurring in their cities. He was in favor of the eight point Atlantic Charter. He was also one of the Big Three. Charles Lindbergh In 1927, he was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in his plane, the Spirit of St. Louis. He later became an ambassador of goodwill for the United States. Good Neighbor Policy This was established by Herbert Hoover to create good relations with Latin America. It took much of the American military out of these countries. It also nullified the Roosevelt Corollary Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act (1934) The act was designed to raise American exports and was aimed at both relief and recovery. Led by Cordell Hull, it helped reverse the high-tariff policy. Rome-Berlin Axis - In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini allied together in the Rome-Berlin Axis. They were both allied with Japan. They fought against the Allies in World War II. Nye Committee investigated arms manufacturers and bankers of World War I. It claimed they had caused America's entry into WWI. Public opinion pushed Congress to pass the Neutrality Acts to keep us out of WWII. Neutrality Acts Congress made an effort to legislate the nation out of war. The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent nation, or make loans to a belligerent Russo-German Nonaggression Pact This pact was signed by Hitler and Stalin on August 23, 1939. It allowed Hitler to attack Poland without fear of an attack from Russia. This pact helped spur the start of World War II. Hitler later broke this pact and attacked Russia anyway. "cash and carry" This was the only way that Europe could buy American war materials in World War II. They would have to transport the munitions in their own ships and they could only

purchase the munitions with cash. America First Committee This was a committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh was its most effective speaker. Lend-Lease Act This was a law passed in March of 1941 by sweeping majorities in both houses of Congress. This law said that the U.S. would lend or lease weapons to overseas countries and victims of aggression who would in turn finish the job of the fighting, and keep the war overseas and thus the U.S. would not have to enter. Atlantic Charter This was created by Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a secret conference. It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after World War II. It reflected the ideals of Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points of WWI. Guided Reading Questions Chapter #34 Guided Reading Questions 1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies? In the London Conference, there were 66 nations that came together to hopefully develop a worldwide solution to the Great Depression. Roosevelt first agreed to send Cordell Hull, but then withdrew from that agreement and scolded the other nations for trying to stabilize currencies. As a result, the conference adjourned accomplishing nothing and strengthened American isolationism. 2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines? With hard times, Americans were eager to do away with their liabilities in the Philippines. Also, sugar producers wanted to get rid of the Filipino sugar producers due to the competition they created. So, they passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act which stated that the Philippines would receive their independence after 12 years of economic and political tutelage. 3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain. Yes, the US wanted to be a good neighbor, showing that it was content as a regional power and not as a world one. In the 7th Pan-American Conference, the US renounced armed intervention in Latin America and the next year US marines left Haiti. FDRs good neighbor policy was a great success, improving the US image in Latin American eyes. 4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain. Yes, Hull believed that trade was a two way street and had a part of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act which activated low tariff policies while aiming at relief and recovery by boosting American trade. This act whittled down the most objectionable schedules of the Hawley-Smoot law by amending them, lowering rates by as much as half, provided that the other country would do the same toward the US. It actually reversed the traditionally high-tariff policy that had damaged America before and paved the way for the American-led free trade international economic system that was implemented after WWII.

5. What were the reasons for American isolationism? Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and Adolf Hitler all began to rise, with Hitler being the most dangerous. Nazi Hitler and Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis. Japan slowly began to receive strength, refusing to cooperate with the world and ending the Washing Naval Treaty and walking out of the London Conference. The US continued to stay isolated, believing they could stay okay if they werent involved in any international problems. 6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war? The neutrality acts stated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect: no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent. The flaw with these acts was that they were designed to prevent America from being pulled into a war like WWI but WWII was different. 7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII? In order to stay out of war, the US put an embargo on both the loyalist government which was supported by the USSR and the rebels, which were aided by Hitler and Mussolini. During the Civil War, the US just stood by while Francisco Franco smothered the democratic government. THE US failed to build the fleet because most people believed fleets led to wars. 8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat? Hitler was allowed to introduce mandatory military service in Germany, take over the German Rhineland, persecute and exterminate about six million Jews, and occupy Austria all because European powers were appeasing him. In the Munich Conference, the Allies agreed to let Hitler have the Sudentenland of Czechoslovakia, but Hitler eventually took all of Czechoslovakia. 9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe? The Americans were anti-Hitler and anti-Nazi and wanted Britain and France to win, but America refused to enter the war. European powers needed American supplies, but the Neutrality acts prevented them from buying arms. So, a new Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed European nations to buy war materials on a cash and carry basis, which meant Europeans had to provide their own ships and pay for their arms in cash. 10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France? The phony war ended when Hitler overran Denmark and Norway and took over the Netherlands and Belgium. He blitzed without mercy and forced France to surrender. The fall of France meant the only thing that stood between Hitler and the world was Britain. If the English lost, Hitler would have all of Europe and may attack the US. So Roosevelt moved and called to build armed forces. 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves would be trained. 11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's? Despite the fact that the U.S. received early reports about the desperate plight of European Jewry, procrastination and inaction marked its policies toward rescue. Immigration quotas were never increased for the emergency; the existing quotas, in fact, were never filled. Many believe this occurred because of simple indifference to the plight of Jews. The reduced immigration in

the late 1930s was due to economic pressures, high unemployment, social frustration & disillusionment. 12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940. Those who supported helping Britain formed the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies , while those for isolationism were in the America First Committee such as Charles A Lindbergh. Both groups campaigned and advertised for their respective positions. Britain was in dire need for destroyers and on September 2, 1940 FDR boldly moved to transfer 50 old-model four funnel destroyers left over from WWI and in return the British promised to give the US 8 valuable defensive base sites stretching from Newfoundland to South America. However, FDR began to stop playing games as isolationism was slowly going away. 13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election. Wendell Willkie surprised everyone and was the Republican candidate rather than Robert Taft or Thomas Dewey. He was to run against FDR who waited until the last moment to challenge the two-term tradition. Democrats felt FDR was the only man qualified to be president, especially in a grave situation like they were in. Willkie and FDR werent really different in their views of foreign affairs, but Willkie hit hard with his attacks on the 3rd term. However, voters felt that if war should come, FDR was the best man. 14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease? The Lend-Lease Law allowed the US to lend arms, ships, etc. to nations that needed them and they would be returned when they were no longer needed. Senator Taft retorted that it would be like lending chewing gum and then taking it back after itd been chewed. It was passed in the end, with about $50 billion worth of arms being sent by the US. 15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union? The Atlantic Conference was held in August 1941, and the result was the eight point Atlantic Charter, which was suggestive of Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points. There would be no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the natives. The charter also affirmed the right for people to choose their rulers or self-determination. It declared disarmament and a peace of security, as well as a new League of Nations. 16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war? To ensure that arms sent to Britain would reach there, FDR agreed that a convoy would have to escort them, but only as far as Iceland, as Britain would take over from there. As a result, US destroyers like the Greer, the Kearny, and the Reuben James were attacked by Germans. 17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain. The United States entry into WWII was gradual as they slowly supported the Britain more and more. It was also quite sudden, as the bombing of Pearl Harbor infuriated the United States and irked the people so much that they wanted to go into war.