INDIAS BID FOR REGIONAL HEGEMONY AND THE WAR ON TERRORIM Silviu Petre National University of Political and

Administrative Sciences, Bucharest Tel: 004-03 !"0!"#$, %-mail: silviu&eo'olitic(yahoo"com Abstract

The advent of )ar a&ainst terrorism as a &rand narrative has enmeshed *oth theory and 'ra+is of international relations in intricate )ays" Political science and 'olitics, security studies, military art, immi&ration la)s, ethics and social services have *een recrafted to res'ond to an anthro'olo&y of terrorism )hich has almost *ecome a domain in itself" ,ar-on-terrorism as ,eltanschaun& )as used not only *y USA *ut *y many other states, *oth li*eral and authoritarian to tac-le their security 'ro*lems, 'ossi*ly silence o''onents or advance their interest" This article envisa&es aformentioned hy'othesis for the case of .ndia" The findin&s of the study sho) that .ndian )ar a&ainst terrorism has served more as a tool for nation-*uildin& than for ma+imi/in& re&ional 'o)er" Nonetheless Ne) 0elhi remains an inconsistent he&emon )ith mi+ed influence over its nei&h*ours1 sta*ility" e!"#r$s: I%$ia& re'i#%al (e'e)#%!& (e'e)#%ic stabilit! t(e#r!& *#stWester% IR& "ar #% terr#ris) %ven )ithout a''ealin& to media cliches )hich hailed Se'tem*er as the da)n of a *rand

ne) )orld, com'letely different from everythin& *efore, one can surely state )ithout e+a&&eration that the aftermath of ,T2 crashin& do)n chan&ed the international system in si&nificant )ays" ,ar on terrorism as a corollary of the Bush administration s'ar-ed chan&es *oth on 'ractical as )ell as on theoretical level" Ac-no)led&ement of America3s vulnera*ility or a &rand im'erial desi&n, issued from 'revious devious 'lans or 4ust an overreaction to shoc-in& events, )ar on terrorism has *ecome a &lo*al 'u*lic &ood" Not in a moral sense *ut in the )ay the e+'ression is defined *y economics: as somethin& that affects us all )hether )e li-e it or not" As a res'onse to the ne) 'ost #5 American di'lomacy, many countries too- the synta&m 6)ar a&ainst terror7 as a 'aradi&m containin& a reality of its o)n and a''lied it ho) they sa) fit" ,hether li*eral or authoritarian, &overnments3 stru&&le a&ainst asymmetric a&ents *ecame a tool for solvin& domestic 'ro*lems, refashion institutions, im'rison 'olitical o''onents or ma+imi/in& &ains on the international sta&e" 82hossudovs-y, 900:; Tarro), 900!, :-<; %hteshami, 900$; =i&stad, 900#; >i'schut/, 90 , ?heor&he, 90 9, 9 #-99#@ .n recent years the security landsca'e of South Asia has *een most studied as the inter'lay *et)een t)o ty'es of factors: some rather e+o&enous such as the American intervention in Af&hanistan and the 'otential of re&ional s'illover; Pa-istani dou*le-crossin& &ame and state s'onsored terrorism; the rise of 2hina and Bei4in& entan&lement )ith all the actors; the emer&in& influence of other 'o)erssuch as %U3s interests in Ne'ali civil )ar; other reductionist, namely the rise of .ndia as a &lo*al 'o)er and the em'hasis of such contrastin& rise )here im'ressive economicAmilitary &ro)th d)ell near terri*le social im*alances and security vulnera*ilities"

,hat )as mar&inally ta-en into consideration )as .ndia3s relationshi' )ith its nei&h*ours and the effects of the asymmetry for the Southasian sta*ility" .n this study )e aim to tell the story of SAA=2 8South Asia Association for =e&ional 2o'eration@ as the failure of .ndia to e+ercise its role of fully-fled&ed re&ional he&emon" As a theoretical *ac-&round )e use =o*ert ?il'in3s theory on re&ionalism and instrumentalise it for the Southasian contem'orary dynamics" The 'remise to follo) the )hole ar&ument envisa&es that .ndia uses American led )ar on terrorism in order to inhance its o)n 'o)er as re&ional he&emon and articulate an economic s'here a-in to AS%AN or the %uro'ean Union" Unfortunately, .ndia3s re&ional he&emony is rather incoherent and its im'act over the nei&h*ours *ears mi+ed results" Bethodolo&ical under'innin&s that sha'e, channel and limit the sco'e of our study come as follo)s: state is considered to *e unitary and rational, inha*ited *y a 'olitical elite )hich follo)s a fairly coherent di'lomacy a*ove 'artisan differences; focal time frame is 'ost#5 lin-s; South Asia is held to *e autonomous, mostly unhindered *y e+ternal actors li-e 2hina or the United States" althou&h historical medallions are there to *etter e+'lain causal

S!ste)ic c(a%'e bet"ee% 'l#bal (e'e)#%! a%$ re'i#%alis) .nterestin& to ?il'in3s rece'tion in .= literature remains the )ay his success actually o*scures other as'ects of his )or-" .ntimately associated )ith he&emonic sta*ility theory, ?il'in is either confined to the 'ivotal *oo- of his career- 7,ar and chan&e7 8 #! @ either listed alon& different other authors in .nternational Political %conomy )ithout *ein& mentioned those 'art of his )or- concernin& strate&ic issues" By su*mittin& him to the dra)er of structural realism most of us do not *other to read the actual )ritin&s and miss the fact that ?il'in esta*lished a 'latform to dialo&ue *et)een 'aradi&ms" Althou&h syncretic much more than synthetic and ori&inal, ?il'inian structuralism )eaves to&ether security )ith 'olitical economy and allo)s us to further *uild u'on the *lan- s'aces left 8,holforth, 90 @" All the a*ove *ein& said, he&emonic sta*ility theory 8TSC@, in s'ite of the name su&&estin& immo*ility, actually under'ins a sociolo&y of chan&e" Accordin& to its tenets, *oth individuals, social &rou's and states socialise in order to ma+imise their &ains in an ever chan&in& environment 8?il'in , #! , 0- 4@" %ach society or&anises itself in a oli&archical manner )ith a &rou' of small actors on the to' of it, therefore havin& a he&emonic character" Bodern state emer&ed he&emonic after the stru&&le )ith feudal rivals5 /oomin& the 'ers'ective, international system ends u' havin& one or several &reat 'o)ers )hich emer&ed victorious after a cataclysmic )ar" Postmedieval %uro'ean )orld )itnessed cyclical *ids for su'remacy )ith Portu&al, S'ain, Colland, ?reat Britain and, after #4: the United States com'letin& the list" Ce&emons maintain 'eace or at least relative sta*ility across their realm" ,ritin& after the colla'se of Bretton ,oods and durin& the oil crisis of early #$0s, ?il'in3s )arnin&,

al*eit scattered and im'licit, tells us that ,est'halian state should not *e ta-en for &ranted- his e+istence is constantly under threat from the )aves of free mar-et and transnational cor'orations, therefore soverei&nty must *e reaffirmed a&ain and a&ain 8?il'in, #$:@" Dor the American li*eral he&emony, the seeds of decay stem from its very nature: in order to endure, the 'rimus of the system must offer some 'u*lic &oods 8such as institutions, )ide acce'ted norms, technolo&y, money, a lin&ua franca etc"@ and re)ard its allies *efore all other units 8?il'in, #! , :3@" ?il'in sees a mutual relationshi' *et)een ca'italism and 'o)er hierarhies- as a matter of fact only ca'italist, free mar-et states can as'ire to su'remacy and, in reverse, su'remacy cannot *e maintain in the a*sence of ca'italist mode of 'roduction" Therefore USS= cannot5could not really ho'e to &ain the cro)n 8?il'in, #! , !3-!4@" .n time, those common &oods fuel the rise of other centers of 'o)er )hich may challen&e the su'remacy of the he&emon" %verythin& *e&ins all over a&ain" Such an e+am'le is 'ost,,.. Ea'an" After ,ashin&ton nourished its re*uildin&, To-yo *ecame an economic &iant in its o)n ri&ht and recreated an Asian co-'ros'erity s'here una'olo&etically com'etin& )ith ,estern 'roducts 8al*eit this time com'etition has a *eni&n face and is limited to commercial realm8?il'in, ###, 30-3:@" Fne cannot hel' *ut notice a dialectical 'rocess in )hich 'rimacy 8thesis@ fosters its o)n antithesis and ma-es 'ossi*le a ne) &rand scale conflict to rearran&e systemic hierarchies" To *e fair ?il'in3s 'essimism doesn3t &o all the )ay and contem'lates an o'en ended future )ith lo) 'ro*a*ility for another he&emonic )ar due to three factors: @ nuclear )ea'ons )hich clim* the 'rice of victory to unacce'ta*le ran&e; 9@ economic interde'endence; 3@ instant communications )hich hel' tame security dilemma 8?il'in, #! , 990-94:@" Althou&h )orst case scenario )ill not have its day, USA, as the uncontested actor after ## , may fall victim to o)n hu*ris and misread the 'erils" As a critiGue of Bush doctrine, ?il'in accused ,ashin&ton of 'o)er hun&ry *ehaviour )hich mi&ht *rin& dire conseGuences 8?il'in, 900:, :- !@" Ce considers that )ar a&ainst terrorism resources to never endin& &oals and s'eeds u' decline" commits national

Re'i#%al tur% a%$ 'ra%$ t(e#r! c#)*lia%ce

Fne of the most fertile hy'othesis su&&ested *y ?il'in is the Guestion of he&emonic *ullyin&" %verythin& comes do)n to the Guestion: )hat ha''ens if the 'redominant actor of the system does not settle )ith status Guo and craves for enhanced 'o)er5)ealth5territories5resources5influenceH 0urin& the 3!0 as )ell as in 900: he )rites do)n the issue *ut )ithout &ivin& it further consideration and )ithout fittin& it in the )ider frame 8?il'in, #!9: !9- !3; ?il'in, 900:, :- !@" Fne could reconcile ?il'in t)o contrary 'ositions *y envisionin& he&emonic sta*ility theory as havin& t)o levels: on the one hand the he&emon 'rovides &eneral &oods an on the other he e+'loits certain re&ions" =ecraftin& Ale+ander ,endt no) famous dictum one may say that he&emony is )hat states ma-e of it" Dor a critiGue of American forei&n 'olicy as *ein& inconsistent )ith he&emonic sta*ility see: 8>ayne, 900<, $-4 ; 0re/ner, 900#; Bo/daIlJoIlu, 90 3 @

,ith the end of the 2old ,ar and the )anin& a)ay of &lo*al su'er'o)er com'etition other actors came to the fore" A ne) 'ro'ensity to)ards re&ionalism du**ed the overall trend of &lo*alisation in order to 'rove that interde'endence is es'ecially intense )ithin smaller, su*&lo*al &eo&ra'hical settin&s 8Kumar, 9004, $3- $:; Flla'ally, 9004, $#; Currell, 900$; Prys, 90 0, @" %uro'ean 2ommunity5Union, ?ATT, B%=2FSU=, Ara* >ea&ue, AS%AN, the Lise&rad ?rou', 'redatin& ##0 or created shortly after, esta*lished an intermediate level *et)een national states and the international system )rit lar&e" As a conseGuence, .= literature &re) a taste for area studies reflectin& the limits of &rand-scale theories" 9 Su''lementary, the 'ost,estern turn in the field of .= *oosted the effort to find alternative 'aradi&ms or at least accommodate esta*lished scholarshi' to &eocultural sensi*ilities" 8Acharya, 900$; Acharya and Bu/an, 90 0; .-eda, 90 0, 9#-44@ ,ritin& across ##0s ?il'in himself ta-es u' the Guestion of re&ionalism" ,ithout formulatin& an overall e+'lanatory scheme he suffices to notice that there is not on si/e-fits-all formula and instead d)ells u'on different stories of re&ional inte&ration: ?ATT and NADTA in the ,estern hemis'here, %uro'ean 2ommunity and Ea'an3s ri''les in Southeastern Asia, as already mentioned" Bearin& in mind all of the a*ove, Biriam Prys *uilds u'on 'revious )ritin&s on TSC and contem'lates )ays to ad4ust &rand scale theory to re&ional settin&s" Dor Prys one can tal- a*out re&ional he&emony only if some reGuirements are fulfilled: @ at least more than t)o states close to each other; 9@ those states should considered themselves as *ein& 'art of a certain re&ion; 3@ outside actors should define a re&ion as such" A re&ional he&emon a''ears )hen a state is 3@ so much 'o)erful than those surroundin& it 8throu&h economic, &eo&ra'hic, militar, cultural terms etc@; 9@ is )illin& to 'lay the role leader, ta-e res'onsa*ilities5'rovide certain common &oods and 33@ is acce'ted as such *y its nei&h*ours" 8Prys 900$, :-<; Prys, 90 0, 0- 3@ As )e remain faithful to the 'remise that TSC is useful at re&ional level, )e in4ect a dose of ?il'inianism in Prys frame and as- if the re&ional he&emon confines itself to assure its dominant 'osition and e+tract resources from the nei&h*ours or &oes further and tries to im'ose 'ersonal economic model u'on them 8in the manner US did in 'ost,,.. days )ith ,estern %uro'e and es'ecially in Ea'an@" 8Dordham, ##!; =ittershausen, 900$; .to, 90 from early .nde'endence years to)ards 'resent" @ Bello) )e are to investi&ate ho) .ndia3s 'redominance5he&emony has *een lin-ed to its nei&h*ours

.t has to *e noticed that re&ional turn is not necessarily somethin& ori&inal, com'letely uncovered *y 'revious research" Those )ho read carefully ?il'in-Kindle*er&er model )ill discover that he&emonic sta*ility theory, in s'ite of its systemic )idth, started and remained a re&ional theory" Both ?il'in and Kindle*er&er s'ea- a*out an %uro'ean system of state5*alance of 'o)er )hich &ro)s *it *y *it until s)allo)s the entire inha*ited )orld" %ven for 'resent times )hen ca'italism and ,estern cultural influence send ri''les every)here, ?il'inian he&emonic sta*ility mostly refers to ,estern %uro'e and Ea'an, the &eo&ra'hy of American ,,.. victory" The rest of the )orld is mar&inally s'o-en of" Summin& u': re&ional turn not only adds u' to TSC *ut ma-es those e+tra ste's ne&lectin& *y mainstream .= literature durin& 2old ,ar haydays"

South Asia: an intermestic *alance of 'o)er Present day re&ional system of South Asia, for most of its 'art, has resulted from the disinte&ration of the British =a4" ,ith the advent of decolonisation under the 'ressure of different nationalist movements, the su*continent3s 'olitical unity crum*led to different freshly inde'endent states" %ven *efore the British de'arture, su*currents )ithin the nationalist movements entailed different scenarios, not all com'lementary )ith one another" Their &ro)in& animosity did not herald a unitary 'ath for an inde'endent .ndia" Dor e+am'le, 2on&ress Party leaders such as Bahatma ?handi, La*hallai Patel or Ea)aharlal Nehru desired a secular country, )hereas Buslim >ea&ue 'atronised *y Bohammed Ali Einah feared an a'artheid )here Buslim )ill *e do)n&raded to second class citi/ens" After the common enemy vanished alon& )ith >ord Bount*atten, all those latent issues turned to manifest feuds" Partition de-institutionalised the &reatest divide in .ndian identity, namely the Cindu vs Buslim )hat )ould5should have *een resolved )ithin the same 'olitical *oundaries, via 'arliamentarism *ecame an e+haustin& *alance of 'o)er *et)een states" Drom that moment on )e can s'ea- a*out four -inds of conflicts rattlin& the South Asia: @ *et)een states, mostly *et)een .ndia and Pa-istan, eventually )ith the hel' of other nei&h*ours forced to attend this local 2old ,ar; 9@ *et)een different ethno-reli&ious &rou's; 3@ *et)een states and non-state actors, such as re&ional 'arties, ethno-reli&ious communities )ith different &rievancies or terrorist net)or-s; 4@ last *ut not least a*out the *alance *et)een modernity and tradition as a 'hiloso'hical frame enca'sulatin& all of the a*ove 8Bose, Ealal, 9004, 4-!; Taroor, 900<; Taroor, 900$; Taroor, 900!@" .t &oes )ithout sayin& that all the a*ovementioned levels min&le to&ether" Drom the very onset, .ndia3s self narrative )as s'elled around the )ord s)ara4 8self-rule, inde'endence@" >oosely defined *ut im*ued )ith a stron& sense of 'resti&e, .ndian Guest for inde'endence had t)o *asic tenets: on the home front: *uildin& a 'ros'erous and secure nation; on the international sta&e: 'ra&matic entan&lement )ith other states to the e+tent those relationshi's in order to enhance 'o)er and 'resti&e" 8Taroor, 900!, !#- #9@ ,ordly affairs follo)ed a successive num*er of concentric hori/ons: a leanin& to)ards 2hina and other develo'in& countries 8the Non-Ali&nment Bovement@ dou*led *y an intimate relationshi' )ith =ussia 8from *oth ideolo&ical and military interest@ and tri'led *y friendshi' )ith the United States and the other ,estern nations 82ohen, 900 , 3!-3#@" 3 The first to crum*le )as Sino-.ndian alliance in #<9" Cere Nehru *ased his to' di'lomatic 'illar on the *elief that .ndia and 2hina, as

Dor a *rief descri'tion of .ndia3s en&a&ement )ith Non-Ali&nment as )ell as its activity )ith the UN see: 8Kesavan, 900:, #-9 @" Althou&h Non-ali&nment *ecame .ndia3s mar- on the )orld sta&e, Ne) 0elhi3s di'lomats actually e+celled at *ilateral *ar&ains than in multilateralism settin&s" Dor a critiGue of *ilateralism and multilateralism see +Mu,(er-ee a%$ Mal#%e& De*ruary 4, 90 @"

)orld3s oldest civili/ations shared common &oals, confronted similar economic challen&es therefore understandin& should come naturally" .n reality 2old ,ar 'o)er 'olitics and 2hinese dissatisfaction )ith the Ti*etan *order as )ell as the irritation of Bei4in&3s elite *efore )hat they considered to *e Nehruvian arro&ance e+'loded in the #<9 conflict" The relationshi' )ith the United States in the first t)enty years of the 2old ,ar *alanced a share vocation for %n&lish lan&ua&e and ,estminster ins'ired 'olitical culture )ith more material interest" Drom the American 'oint of vie) ,ashin&ton should assist a fello) democracy a&ainst the 2ommunist *loc- and 'rovide technolo&ical means, such )as those em*odied in the Atoms for Peace 'ro&ram" Dor the .ndian nuclear 'ro&ram American and 2anadian )illin&ness to share latest technolo&y )as a chance not to *e missed" Nehru and his friend, scientist Comi Bha*a )ere searchin& to modernise their nations *y nurturin& electricity to im'overished masses 82ohen, 900 , :$- :#@" The relationshi' *ro-e do)n in early #<0s )hen US, USS= and the other UN 'ermanent mem*ers si&ned the NPT: Nuclear Proliferation Treaty committin& themselves to o''ose future sharin& of military nuclear technolo&y or a&ainst the *irth of other nuclear 'o)ers a'art from them" Cavin& *ein& )ounded in its 'ride .ndia re4ected the NPT as a nuclear a'artheid and chose to run a civil nuclear test in #$4" ,ashin&ton Ne) 0elhi relation shi' )as at its lo)est )ith =ichard Ni+on and Cenry Kissin&er 'ersonali/in& dee' distrust *et)een t)o di'lomatic cultures at odds )ith one another" Brid&es )ere to *e mended only after ## and es'ecially after 900 " 8Kronstadt, Pinto, 90 9; 2urtis, 90 9@ T#uc( t#"ar$s %ei'(b#ur(##$ Pa-istan Surely the most trou*lin& remains .ndia3s relationshi' )ith Pa-istan" Blue'rinted in early #30 as a *rainchild of the Buslim >ea&ue, Pa-istan )as envisa&ed to *e home for South Asia3s Buslim 'o'ulation 8Schofield, 90 0, 9 @" %mer&in& from a violent 'artition, *oth countries )ould soon em*ar- on a s'iral of violence nourished )ith each ne) clash 82ohen, 900 , ##@" Their enmity has stemmed from o''osite identities enforcin& one another: from .ndian 'oint of vie), its North)estern nei&h*our 'resents itself as an omnium &atherum of fears- a unsta*le theocracy )here civilian 'olitical life has *een constantly overthro)n *y 'raetorianism5 from Pa-istani 'oint of vie) .ndia offers a sca'e&oat for its city under sie&e mentality, close relationshi' )ith terrorist cells and e+a&&erated military e+'enditure" Unfortunately for lon& term re&ional sta*ility, South Asia )as never real'oliti- free and instead 'laid an im'ortant 'art durin& 2old ,ar" Nuclearisation clim*ed even hi&her the 'erils of conflict ho) it )as to *e seen in late ##0 and early 9000s" .n Bay ##! .ndia and Pa-istan entertained mirrored nuclear test and declared themselves full-fled&ed atomic states" Fne year later, in ### Pa-istan initiated the fourth conflict a&ainst .ndia as militant infiltrators crossed the Kashmiri *order only to *e seconded *y a massive offensive of Pa-istani re&ular armed forces" The

<

sta-e couldn3t have *een hi&her as United States )as o*li&ed to ste' forth in one that had the 'otential to materialise 2old ,ar3s )orst case scenarios" .n s'ite of Bill 2linton visit to *oth em*attled t)in in 9000 and =ichard Cool*ro-e &ood )ill shuttle di'lomacy, .ndo-Pa-istani *order remained on the *rin- of an all out confrontation until late 900 " >ater, the re&ime of &eneral Perve/ Busharaff and Ne) 0elhi3s Prime Binister, Atal Biharee La4'aee seemed ea&er to turn the 'a&e and )or- to&ether to)ards a'eacement" U')ard trend did not last very lon&" .ndia e+'erienced its o)n #5 )hen several die hard terrorist attac-ed central Bum*ai on Novem*er 9< 900! causin& more than <0 victims" Traces 'ointed to)ards Pa-istan *ased >as-har e Tai*a 8The Army of the Pure@, hailed *y some as ne) Al Maeda"

Ban&ladesh ,hen Pa-istan *ro-e from .ndia in Au&ust #4$ to find its o)n inde'endent destiny the ne) state resem*led a &eo&ra'hical im'ro*a*ility" ,estern 'art )as isolated from the %astern 'art *y more than 000 -m of .ndian land" Artificially created )ith .slamic ideolo&y as the sole cement, the t)o halves )ould soon &ro) a'art and not only in 'hysical distance" A Ben&ali s'ea-in& %astern half accused Karachi of favorin& the ,est and 'romotin& a selective &ro)th 'olicy" ,ith diver&ences accumulatin&, %astern Pa-istan decided to secede from Karachi, &esture soon to *e follo)ed *y civil )ar in #$ " As million of disenfranchised Ben&ali nationals 'oured over .ndian *orders amassin& havoc, .ndira ?handi has sent the troo's to solve the &ro)in& humanitarian crisis and also to )ea-en lon& time archrival 82ohen, 900 , 9 @"
4

Drom a sym*olic 'ers'ective it )as a clear-cut victory:

Pa-istani claim to re'resent a Buslim home )as 'roved )ron& )hile .ndian 'ro4ect )as re)arded *y history" Unfortunately, in s'ite of .ndia3s &odfatherhood, 0ha-a-Ne) 0elhi *ilateralism has -no)n many u's and do)ns" Fne reason is Ban&ladesh3s fundamentalists )ho sym'athised )ith .slama*ad3s 'olicies 8=ia/, 9003, 30 -3 0@; the second concerns Ne) 0elhi-0ha-a alone: namely dis'utes a*out Ban&ladeshi immi&rants )ho cross .ndian *order ille&al at the ris- of *ein& shot on site as )ell as feuds a*out s'littin& common rivers" .n recent years the 'rosecular and 'ro.ndian &overnment of Shei-h Casina has )or-ed to im'rove di'lomatic ties *ut the near future still holds many sur'rises as Ban&ladesh has ste''ed in 90 4 mired *y social and 'olitical turmoil"8=oy, Borsha, 90 3, !$-#$@ Brs"Casina3a measures, even *efore s)ee'in& the 'olls in early Eanuary, )ere follo)ed *y several sentences in t)o hi&h 'rofile cases" Dirst ones concerned those Ban&ladeshis )ho sided )ith Pa-istani armed forces durin& the )ar of inde'endence" Amon&st them, A*dul Muader Bollah, reli&ious leader of Eamaat .slamyia )as 'ut to death, &esture to cause ri''les in *oth Ban&ladesh and Pa-istan )here hundreds morned his 'assin&" 8The %+'ress Tri*une& Dece)ber ./& 01.23 M#(a%& ./ Dece)ber& 01.2@
4

.t has to *e com'leted )ith the fact that .ndian authorities did not stand still and )atched Pa-istan unravellin&" .ntelli&ence institutions 'laid and active role in armin& the Bu-ti Bahini, a re*el or&anisation *ased in %ast Pa-istan )hich fou&ht for secession" 8Kasturi, ##:, 49@

The other case re&ards 2hitta&on& arms haul, A'ril 9004" There Ban&ladeshi 'olice discovered a hu&e arms trans'ort meant for U>DA, terrorist or&anisation from Northeastern .ndia" 2ontroversies arose )hen rumors a*out Pa-istani .S. and Ban&ladeshi intelli&ence collusion si&naled hi&her 'olitical interest )ith an anti-.ndian a&enda 8 0atta, Barch #, 900#@" .n 90 4 several former &overnment officials involved in the affair )ere indicted and a)arded death 'enalty" : Ne'al Birth'lace of Buddha, the former -in&dom of Ne'al 8no) a re'u*lic@ )as never su*dued to British 'o)er or .ndian Union after #4$" .n #:0 *oth countries si&ned a treaty of coo'eration and friendshi' )hich *asically handed over Ne'ali e+ternal 'olicy to .ndian *i&&er *rother" As time 'assed *y, Kathmandu, althou&h ac-no)led&in& 0elhi over)helmin& 'redominance over the Cimalayan -in&dom, has tried either to act as a neutral s'ot *et)een 2hina and .ndia and sometimes even tilted to)ard Bei4in&, *e&rud&in& =ashina Cill" 82ohen, 900 , 934; Bhattarai, 900:, $- 0; Balone, 90 :<@ .n #!# .ndia tried to im'osed Ne'al a ne) )ater treaty, considered unacce'ta*le enslavin& *y Kathmandu" After three decades of authoritarian rule the -in& had to choose *et)een &ivin& in to 0elhi3s demands or reener&ise his home 'o'ularity *y allo)in& once a&ain 'olitical 'arties to function" Ne'ali 'arliamentary sta&e not only ca'tured the al'ha*et of 'luralism *ut actually de&enerate into a ,eimerian #30s ty'e of chaos" ##< came as referential, de'arture year- Ne'ali Baoist Party, the most radical anti-system outfit, i&nited revolt a&ainst monarchy and all other 'arliamentary 'arties everythin& s'iralin& in a civil )ar" .ndia attitude to)ards Ne'ali civil )ar )as deemed to *e am*ivalent" At first .ndian secret services ca'acitated Baoists as a levera&e a&ainst the monarchy" After)ards )hen those *ecame stron&er and colluded )ith .ndian Baoists, Ne) 0elhi s)itched sides and offered )ea'ons and military trainers to Ne'alese =oyal Army" 8?lo*al Security; Lerma, 900 , 3 ; Ba/ari, .///3 Kasturi and Behra, 900 ; Ra)a%, 900$; Ra)a%, 9$ A'r , 90 3@4 .n recent years, as -in& Birendra )as forced to a*dicate amidst 'o'ular u'risin&, Baoist a&reed to renounce armed stru&&le and re'lace re&ular armed forces" 8Balone, 90 , <$@ *ullets )ith *allots" ?iven the circumstances, Banmohan Sin&h3s &overnment focused on *ro-erin& Ne'ali Baoists inte&ration to civil life and ,

Eamaat-e-.slami chief Botiur =ahman Ni/ami, then-industry minister of Ban&ladesh, the Ban&ladesh Nationalist Party1s >utfur Naman Ba*ar, then-minister of state for home, t)o e+-chiefs of NS., &enerals A*dur =ahim and =e/a-ul Caider 2ho)dhury, former industry secretary Nurul Amin and Ulfa1s military chief Paresh Barua com'ound the list oft hose a)arded death sentence" 8The %conomic Times, < De*ruary, 90 4@ < A Ne'ali citi/en told the author in >euven, Bel&ium 890 9@ ho) .ndia uses5used 7an army called =A,7 to create havoc and 'ursue different aims in Ne'al- most 'ro*a*ly he )as referrin& to =esearch and Analysis ,in& *ut did not further ela*orate )hether the activities of =A, chan&ed over the years and es'ecially after 900 or after the demise of monarchy"

Sri >an-a Sri >an-a symmetry to Ne'al is not only &eo&ra'hic *ut )ra's also 'olitical features" Similar to .ndia, >an-a3s diversity, es'ecially the one o''osin& Sinhalese ma4ority to Tamils cradled the civil )ar 8 #!3-900#@" Eust li-e in Ne'al, .ndian military and intelli&ence &arnered su''ort for Tamil Ti&ers 8>TT%@ 8Suryanarayan, : Eanuary, 900 ; =amachandran, 9< Barch, 9004@" After =a4iv ?handi succeeded his mother in #!4, 0elhi3s stance )atered do)n real'oliti- )ith a more 'eace-ee'in& attitude" .n #!$ a 0"000 stron& .ndian contin&ent laid foot in Sri >an-a to ensure armistice and *ro-er 'eace" 2ontrary to )hat )as 'lanned, .ndian soldiers *ecame em*roiled in a mayhem they could not fully understand" After loosin& "000 men, they retreated in ## from )hat had *ecome .ndia3s Lietnam 8Pfaffen*er&er, #!!, 43; ,adu&e, 900!@" Thereu'on Ne) 0elhi chose to -ee' a lo) 'rofile vis-a-vis Sri >an-an domestic turmoil 82ohen, 900 , 940@" Fnly after 900#, )ith the election of Bahinda =a4a'a-sa for 'residency 8900:@, a staunch anti->TT% candidate, =ashina Cill su''orted 2olom*o military *uild-u' )hich )ould eventually led to the final defeat of the Ti&ers" As 'eace settled once more over the island, .ndian im'lication )as dual: on the one hand )as involved in the reconstruction effort; one the other, Banomohan Sin&h3s endorsed USA critiGue a&ainst 'resident =a4a'a-sa 'oor human ri&hts record" 8Kumar, 9$ Barch, 900!; The Times of .ndia, 9 Barch, 900!; Banoharan, ! Euly 90 3@ Bhutan and Baldives 0escendin& from small to smaller, Bhutan and Baldives 'resent some interestin& similarities accom'anied *y shar' contrasts" The former is a landloc-ed Cimalayan Buddhist state )hile the latter, a Buslim island in the .ndian Fcean thrivin& out of tourism" >on& *efore the advent of OO century, Bhutanese monarchy came to or*it in Britain3s s'here of influence" Dirst An&lo-Bhutanese conflict too- 'lace in $$9 for the control of 2ooch Behar re&ion" >ater, in !<453<: and # 0 Bhutan ac-no)led&ed British 'redominance over its forei&n 'olicy receivin& instead a 'led&e of noninterference from the %uro'eans" Asymmetry )ill continue to have its )ay in relations to .ndian re'u*lic after #4$" 0omestic matters follo)ed similar 'atterns to )hat ha''ened in nei&h*ourin& Ne'al, namely the stru&&le *et)een a*solute and constitutional monachy" Bet)een #$<- #! -in& Ei&me Sin&ye ,an&chuc- has 'resided over an am*itious 'rocess to decentrali/e the country follo)ed *y the creation of a 2ouncil of Binisters and ne) la)s that raised the *an over television and .nternet in late ##0s" Dirst &eneral 'arliamentary elections too- 'lace in 900!" T)o facts 'oisoned the calm of the smallish -in&dom: - first )as )ith co-Cymalaian Ne'al" Davoured *y &eo&ra'hic 'ro+imity, many Ne'alese descendants called N&olo' found a home in Bhutan" As they thrived, Thim'u started chi''in& a)ay their civic ri&hts and *anished them throu&h all -ind of means;

- second )as in re&ard to .ndia3s radical or&anisations" .n ##0 and ## .ndian security forces rammed over t)o Bodo outfits: United >i*eration Dront of Assam 8U>DA@ and National 0emocratic Dront of Bodoland 8N0DB@" Bany too- refu&e in Bhutan )here they too- 'ause and tried to or&anise their come *ac-" Thim'u tried to 'ersuade their leave throu&h ne&otiations and di'lomatic means, all endin& in failure" .n 9003, after several years of &ro)in& dismay )ith the un)anted forei&ners, Bhutanese =oyal Army smo-ed them out in )hat )as called F'eration 2lear-All" 8Baner4ee, ! 0ecem*er, 9003; Baner4ee, >aishram, 9004@ At the other e+treme of South Asia, Baldivian atoll can easily elude a rovin& eye set only on *i&&er 'o)er dynamics" Bas-in& in its former &lory )hen it )as revered as Bala*ar- a hu* on the maritime carto&ra'hy of s'ice, 'resent day Baldives earns livin& out of tourism" Pn #4!, the year of Sri >an-an inde'endence, Britain si&ned an a&reement )ith the sultan of Baldive &rantin& 'ermission to use a military *ase" The a&reement )as rene)ed in #:<; in #$ the island )as finally ta-en into 'ossesion *y Baldivians themselves" .n #:3 the sultan is re'laced after a cou'" .nterre&num lasted for more than a decade" National unity came only )ith the life 'residency of Bamoun A*dul ?ayoom , #$!-900! 8Sin&h, 90 9@" .n 900! Bohammed Nasheed, human ri&hts activist defeats ?ayoom in o'en elections and re'laces him" Nasheed3s tenure )as mar-ed *y turmoil and corru'tion scandals 8.ndia Today, 4 De*ruary, 90 9; Bur-e, 99 Fcto*er 90 9@" ,hat is more )orrisome is Baldives *ecomin& a hot*ed for .slamic terrorism, after t)o hi&h 'rofile *lasts shoo- the 'eaceful resort in late Se'tem*er 900$ follo)ed *y reli&ious ins'ired acts of vandalisation a&ainst 'u*lic monuments and Cindu sym*ols" 8=oul, 9< A'ril, 90 3@ Bodern di'lomatic relations )ith .ndia have *een officially inau&urated at some 'oint in #<0s" .n #$: .ndira ?handi visited Baldive to si&n a maritime *order treaty" The clima+ of *ilateral intensity came in #!! as a richochQ from Srilan-an civil )ar" At that time, t)o *usinessmen, A*dullah >uthufi and Sa&ar Nasir, hel'ed *y small contin&ent of :0 Tamils have tried to de'ose 'resident ?ayoom, forcin& .ndian troo's to act s)iftly and restore status-Guo 8?u'ta, # De*ruary, 90 9@" Since 900# .ndian 'resence felt stron&er as Ne) 0elhi *ecame involved in sha'in& 'ost?ayoom 'olitical arena and in *ac-in& u' different *usinessmen em*roiled in controversial affairs on the island 8Sharma, : 0ecem*er, 90 9@" At the military level Ne) 0elhi and Bale si&ned a 2oo'erative A&reement )hich allo)s the installment of several radars" 8.0SA, 90 9@

SAA=2: a form in search of a su*stance U' to this 'oint )e have assessed the security-di'lomatic affairs mar&inal"

from a state centric

'ers'ective, more so from an .ndo-centric 'ers'ective and left the re&ional institutional frame)or2reated in #!:, SAA=2 2harter )as si&ned *y heads of states of Ban&ladesh, Bhutan, .ndia,

Baldives, Ne'al, Pa-istan and Sri >an-a in 0ha-a" $ Su''lementary to the 2harter a series of additional or&anisms or initiatives too- sha'e in the last t)enty ei&ht years: SAA=2 2ham*er of 2ommerce and .ndustry )as set u' in ##9; SAA=2 Preferential Trade Arran&ement A&reementSAPTA 8si&ned in A'ril ##3; entered into force in 0ecem*er ##:@" At the Eanuary 9004 summit meetin&, SAA=2 countries3 forei&n ministers si&ned the South Asian Dree Trade Area 8SADTA@ a&reement 8scheduled to *ecome o'erational *y 900<@" 8Ahmed, 900!, 3@ .n A'ril 900$ SAA=2 4th meetin& a&reed to create a SAA=2 0evelo'ment Dund, esta*lish the South Asian University, esta*lish a SAA=2 Dood Ban- and set u' the SAA=2 Ar*itration 2ouncil" 8Ahmed, 900!, 4@ Unfortunatelly all the a*ove listed ste's remain more or less a di'lomatic &ame of society )ithout real conseGuences for re&ional amal&amation as one may see in the case of AS%AN, not to say %U"

War #% terr#ris) a%$ %ati#% buil$i%' #5 and its aftermath )ere seen as the o*ituary of the ,est'halian )orld )ith all it su*seGuent conotations" .n a &eo&ra'hical sense, American led effort *lended )ith South Asia3s security environment" ,ashin&ton, Ne) 0elhi and .slama*ad 8alon& )ith smaller re&ional actors@ com'ounded a trian&le of interests, tensions and many /ero-sum outcomes" Bost critics a&ainst the controversial 'aradi&m 7)ar on terrorism7 em'hasise at least three items: a@ it is semantically fluid )ith dire conseGuences for 'u*lic 'olicies desi&n to fi&ht a&ainst terrorism; *@ it is very e+'ensive and commits astronomical costs; c@ curtails individual freedoms )ithout a clear ho'e or victory" American led e+'erience in Af&hanistan and other secondary fronts 'roves the a*ove statements" Dor South Asia 900 had a meanin& of its o)n as .ndia e+'erienced the *om*in& of the Parliament caused *y terrorist )ith Pa-istani alle&iance; in Ne'al cro)n 'rince 0i'endra -illed his 'arents and last *ut not least the creation of 22FBPFSA hailed the maturin& of .ndian Baoists alon& )ith their a*ility to meet on a 'latform )ith li-e-minded su*continental terrorist net)or-s" Baoist insur&ency )ould evolve to *e .ndia3s sin&le &reatest internal threat, in the )ords of Banmohan Sin&h 8900<@"

Kishore 0ash traces the *irth of SAA=2 to the initiatives of Ban&ladeshi 'resident Niaur =ahman lo**ied since late #$0" A''arently his motives )ere: @ he needed .ndian friendshi' to le&itimise his rule; 9@ a 'latform *et)een Southasian leaders mi&ht have increased re&ional resistance a&ainst e+ternal 'ressures, many of those caused *y 2old ,ar dynamics; 3@ to enmesh .ndia in a set of a&reements in order to limit its he&emonic 'osition amon&st the nei&h*ours; 3@ rela+ 'rotectionism *et)een South Asian nations and 'romote instead laisse/-faire attitudes; 4@ ta-e advanta&e of Eimmy 2arter3s aid 'olicies to)ards the re&ion" .n 'ursuit of his dream, Niaur =ahman first )ent to .ndian 'rime-minister at that time, Borar4i 0esai, in 0ecem*er ##$" After)ards he turned to Ne'ali monarch durin& the inau&ural meetin& of 2olom*o Plan 2onsultative 2ommitte" The t)o of them )ere to further meet in 0ha-a, Eanuary #$!" Non-Ali&ned Bovement sessions 'roved to *e fertile occasion to socialise the idea and &ain ne) follo)ers" 2ritical mass )ould *e achieved only after Srilan-an 'resident, E"="Eaya)ardene *ecame involved in the *lue'rint" 80ash, ##<, !<!$@

Dor .ndia, )ar on terrorism colluded the threat to its domestic inte&rity )ith the chance to 'o)erhood, 'artly usin& the alliance )ith the United States" Security unfolded as an eGuation )ith nation*uildin& and re&ional he&emony as 'arameters, and )ealth, 'o)er, 'resti&e, institutions or &ood &overnance as the main varia*les" Fn this continuum .ndian )ar on terrorism meant: a@ enactment of ne) la)s; *@ creation of *etter security a&encies ; c@ military action a&ainst different terrorist net)or-s and &uerillas; d@ a massive military *uild-u' *eyond the need of counterinsur&ency" a5 .ndia3s decade lon& e+'erience a&ainst different insur&encies &enerated a do/en of la)s *oth at the national as )ell as states level"! ,ithin the conte+t of dauntin& threats and international counterinsur&ency-friendly attitudes a de*ate emer&ed a*out &overment3s a*uses" .t )as the case of PFTA- Prevention of Terrorist Act, 9009 )hich )as 'assed *y BEP and after)ards re'elled *y the 2on&ress coalition in 9004 due to human ri&hts infrin&ements" 82urtis, 900!, 4@ SAA=23s 'otential as a multilateral 'latform )as not i&nored" %ven since the seminal summit in 0ha-a, #!:, 'olitical leaders ac-no)led&ed amon& others the 'erils 'osed *y the s'read of terrorism" A =e&ional 2onvention on Su''ression of Terrorism translated )orries into a le&al instrument" An additional Protocol to the convention )as si&ned at .slama*ad in 9004" Also, durin& the same summit Southasian leaders endorsed their su''ort for UN resolution 3$3 )hich condemns all manifestation of terrorist activities" Fn De*ruary 900# durin& one of SAA=2 council of ministers meetin& it )as ado'ted R2oo'eration and 2om*atin& terrorism"7 At the *ilateral *asis .ndian and Pa-istani leaders 'led&ed to create a Eoint Anti-Terrorism Bechanism 8EATB@ in 900<" .nitiative considered to have ended in failure" 8Tha'a in Kumar, 90 9, 3!@ # A'art from declarations of &ood )ill, there seems to have *een rather shallo) interrer&ional coo'eration on the matter,
0

althou&h one cannot dismiss .ndian su''ort for Bhutanese 2lear-All

o'eration, military eGui'ment send for Ne'ali =oyal Army and later for Srilan-an forces or intelli&ence sharin& )ith Ban&ladeshi autorities" 8some of those already mentioned a*ove@"
!

Assam Baintenance of Pu*lic Frder Act #:3; Prevention 0etention 82ontinuance@ Act #:$; Armed Dorces 8Assam and Bani'ur@ S'ecial Act #:!; Na&aland Security =e&ulation #<9; Assam Preventive 0etention Act #!0; Armed Dorces 8Pun4a* and 2handi&arh@ #!3 S'ecial Po)ers Act #!3; Pun4a* 0istur*ed Areas Act #!3; National Security 8Amendment@ Act #!! 8ori&inally enacted in #!0@; 2handi&arh 0istur*ed Areas 8Amendment@ Act #!#; Armed Dorces 8Eammu and Kashmir@ S'ecial 'o)ers Act ##0; %+tradition 8Amendment Act@ ##3 8ori&inally enacted in #<9@; SAA=2 2onvention 8Su''ression of Terrorism Act@ ##3; Anti-Ci4ac-in& 8Amendment@ Act ##4 8ori&inally enacted in #!9@; Su''ression of Unla)ful Acts A&ainst Safety of 2ivil Aviation 8Amendment@ Act ##4; Pu*lic .nterest 0isclosure 8Protection of .nformers@ Act 9009; Prevention of Boney >aunderin& Act 9009; Unla)ful Activities 8Prevention@ Amendment Act 900! 8ori&inally enacted in #<$@" 8Deli+ in Kumar, 90 9, $9@ # EATB met three time" Dirst )as in Barch 900$ in the *ac-dro' of Sam4hotha %+'ress *lasts and )as used to define the 'arameters of coo'eration *et)een sides" Second meetin& 8Fcto*er 99, 900$@ *usied itself )ith sharin& details althou&h 'rior to it officials from *oth .slama*ad and 0elhi traded mutual accusations" Third meetin& of EATB too- 'lace in .slama*ad, Eune 9!, 900! in the *ac-dro' of the Ka*ul *last of .ndian %m*assy" After Bum*ai 9<5 900! .ndia has retreated from the Bechanism" 8Dayya/, 900#@ 0 .t is )orth)hile to note that several of the authors 'resent )ith .0SA3s re'ort freGuently em'loy the moni-er Sre&ional coo'erationT they 'rovide only limited e+am'les on the matter" See in this re&ard 8S"0" Buni , in Kumar, 90 9, 9!; Kumar in Kumar, 90 9, !- 9!@

b5 Ne) rules )ere follo)ed *y ne) institutions" .n this res'ect 9009 sa) the creation of 0efense .ntelli&ence A&ency )ith the aim to &ather out'uts from different other a&encies and de'artments" A ne) *ody- namely the National .nvesti&ation A&ency-N.A )as installed in the aftermath of 9<5 *etter handle different sorts of crimes" 8Asthana, 90 0@ c5 Cistory of .ndian counterinsur&ency is older than .nde'endence itself" Thereu'on British leavin& the su*continent different communities contested Ne) 0elhi3s authority and too- arms to &ain more autonomy or even outri&ht inde'endence" Telan&ana, Na&a and first Baoists5Na+alite re*ellions *urst from early #:0 to early #$0s 82ohen, 900 , 3@" After)ards, #!0s- ##0s Pun4a* and Kashmir *ro-e loose enmeshin& .ndia3s internal 'redicaments )ith e+ternal environment" %s'ecially in later3s case, as Af&han front lost its centrality many 4o*less mu4aheddins came to Northeastern .ndian to fi&ht other *attles in the &reat cause of .slam 8Cuman =i&hts ,atch, ##4, 3-<@" Bilitancy scaled do)n in mid ##0s only to increase yet a&ain after ##$5 ##! thus follo)in& .ndo-Pa-istani *order tensions" 8Lictoria Schofield, 90 0, :0- <0, !0- !!@ After 9004 Na+alite movement )as re*orn" 2rafted from several 'revious &rou's, the unified Baoists enthroned themselves in .ndia3s 2entral-%astern states such as 2hhattis&arh, Frrisa, Andhra Pradesh" Predominantly confined to 'oorest rural tri*al communities 8the Adivasi@, Na+alits envisa&e to ta-e do)n Ne) 0elhi and re'lace e+istin& order )ith a classless society" .n the early 9000s .ndian and Ne'ali Baoists 4oined hands )ithin 22FBPFSA, *ut after the later made 'eace )ith the 'ostmonarchic 'olitical class in Kathmandu, they 'arted )ays" $5 ,ith a defence *ud&et soon to 'ass the U40 *illion threshold .ndia has *ecome )orld3s most avid im'orter of military hard)are of all ty'es, from small )ea'ons to hi&h cali*re tan-s, fi&hter 4ets and to'-notch electronic surveillance" Accordin& to S.P=. .ndia *ou&ht U 9"$ *illion, )hile 2hina3s only U<"3 *illion *et)een 900$-90 " Tens of *illionU )ere s'ent and are still one the 'i'e for hi&h 'rofile acGuisitions" 8Kumar, 9 Barch, 90 9@ to

0isccussion )ith Bert Suy-ens, Na+alite e+'ert and researcher at the 2enter for Third ,orld Studies, ?hent University, Bay 90 9

S#urce +6r#) le6t t# ri'(t57 8Sharma, 9< Barch, 90 9; Peeyiush, $ De*ruary, 90 @

A $eca$e #6 c#u%terr#ris)8 A% assesse)e%t .n the same veneer .ndia decade lon& en&a&ement )ith non-conventional threats sho)s mi+ed results" ,e shall use the caste 'aradi&m for the assessment:

The 'olitical layer: Cere )e encom'ass *oth institution *uildin& and la) enactment" Fne of the ironies of *loated *ureaucracies is their inefficiency" Fverstaffin& and 'oor or&ani/ation tend to *ecome a lia*ility )hen confronted )ith hi&h-s'eed 'ro*lems" Thus, .ndia3s security institutions 8either 'olice, armed forces or intelli&ence@ dis'lay the same &eneral features li-e all civil institutions" ,ith all the reform ste's ta-en after Kar&il, security a''aratus remains rather re-active than 'roactive, )ith shallo) communication *et)een de'artments, unfit *ud&ets for their needs, in s'ite of their im'ressive dimension" 8Asthana, 90 0, ! and 'assim@ The military layer: .ndia3s military modernisation s'ree catches *oth am*itions alon& )ith fears and institutional yo-es of an as'irin& su'er'o)er" The sho''in& s'ree earlier mentioned should not *e seen as a function of a lavish economic miracle *ut more so a mas- for the inefficiencies of =A0 sector and the domestic industrial *ase 82hellaney, 4 Eanuary 90 4@" 0=0F- 0efence and =esearch Fr&anisation.ndia3s to' defence scientific forum is )ell -no)n for its o'aGue *ud&ets, ne'otism and mea&er results in more than thirty years of activity"
9

The acGuisition 'rocess is also marred in numerous 'redicaments" .n s'ite of su''lementary fi&ures added from one year to another lar&er and la&er sums of money remain underutilised-a true carnaval of

%sta*lished in #:! 0=0F &re) to a net)or- of :"000 la*oratories )ith :"000 scientists and 9:"000 su''ort 'ersonnel" A *ustlin& activity scattered unto circa "000 'ro4ects can easily im'ress the shallo) loo-, *ut achievements fall short *ehind, say numerous critics" .n the last 30 years, Armed Dorces has used only $V of 0=0F 'roduction" LK Bittal, former a&ency researcher &ave an inside vie): 7 DRDO technology is almost two decades old. Two projects, namely Samyukta and Sangraha electronic warfare equipment, were partially inducted in the armed forces, but users felt these were outdated and more e pensi!e than the latest technology a!ailable.7 An investi&ation ordered in 900! 8=ama =ao 2ommitte@ *y defence ministry, AK Antony confirmed )hat 'ress and analysts had said lon& time *efore" 8Pu**y, Bay 4, 90 0; Wadav and 0ahiya, 09 Se'tem*er, 90 9; Petre, 90 9; Bohanty, 90 4@ I% Se*te)ber 01.2 a %e" $irect#r 'e%eral #6 DRDO "as a**#i%te$& 0r Avinash 2hander- endo)ed )ith the mission to ma-e reforms and increase institutional efficiency" 8S(u,la& Se*te)ber .0& 01.25 .t remains to *e seen if all those ste's should have any im'act" .n De*ruary 90 3 minister Antony announced that si+ ma4or 'ro4ects *earin& 0=0F stam' are delayed" Amon&st them li&ht com*at air'lane Te4as, initially scheduled for launch in 90 4, no) delayed until 0ecem*er 90 :" 8The %conomic Times, De* :, 90 3@

administrative )aste" Beside the a*ove ta*le of defence trends, another comes to mirror the em'ty half of &lass:

S#urce: 8Behera, De*ruary !, 900#@ Bilitary modernisation remains ca'ital and technolo&ical intensive and less human oriented" Boney is invested for strate&ic hard)are 8tan-s, 'lanes, *allistics@ and much less for im'rovin& the Guality of avera&e 'oliceman5 'aramilitary5 4a)an 8soldiers@" A &ro)th in suicide rates for the 'aramilitary alon& )ith lac- of motivation for youn& 'ersons to 4oin the ran-s 'roves the 'oint"
3

After the last ma4or scandal re&ardin& defence 'rocurement- Eanuary 90 3 8Au&usta-,estland affairs@ defence ministry, AK Antony too- measure to modify eGui'ment 'rocurement as to loosen state control and *rin& forth .ndian defence mar-et" 8Petre, April 2013; Suman, 0# Se' , 90 3@ Bost im'ortant, all the lac-s are reflected in the mi+ed results of counterinsur&ent o'erations" .f one ta-es only the de&ree of Baoist menace as sam'le he5she )ill find reluctant causes for o'timism" Fn the one hand statistics sho) the cur*in& on Na+alite related attac-s5victims" Fn the other hand descendant trends may not *e irreversi*le *ut 'art of a cyclical 'attern"

9u)ulative Fatalities b! 9#%6lict T(eatres7 011:;01.2

Years <a))u a%$ I%sur'e%c! i% Le6t Wi%' as()ir N#rt( East +NE5 E=tre)is) Pu%-ab Isla)ist Hi%$utva Ot(er T#tal E=tre)is)E=tre)is)E=tre)is)

Bet)een 900 -90 330 soldiers committed suicide, out of )hich Army counted for "0:< of them, a sta&&erin& ma4ority" 8=amachandran, 0ecem*er 04, 90 3@ Fne should not &et the im'ression that lac- of money is the only cause or even the main cause of &ro)in& suicide rates" =ecent defence *ud&ets allocate most money to 'ersonnel revenue" Dor e+am'le 90 4-90 : interim defence *ud&et clim*s to =s 994"000 crore 8USU 3$, : *illion@, an increase of #,#!V )hich mostly adds u' to revenue e+'enditure such as 'ensions" +Be(era, Februar! 02& 01.>5 Several stu$ies al#%' "it( su*eri#r #66icers list a)#%' suici$e )#tives lac, #6 a$va%ce)e%t *ers*ectives 6#r i%$ivi$ual s#l$iers& *##r )a%a'e)e%t& (u)iliati#% a%$ la%$ tr#ubles bac, (#)e8

+<? 5

$3# 011: < 0114 011@ 011A 011/ 01.1 01.. 01.0 01.2 T#talB $$$ :4 3$: 3$: !3 $ 4$ :0@1

$ $ <3$

$ $ $3$

0 0

#utsi$e #utsi$e #utsi$e <? & NE <? & NE <? & NE ? Pu%-ab a%$ a%$ Pu%-ab Pu%-ab $3 0 3 39:# 930 40 0 9$$0

03< 0: !:9 399 94< 3 < !4 :04.

<:0 <4! ##$ !0 <09 3<$ 994 4.00

$ 0 0 4 0 9 0 .2

:# 3<# : 9 49

! $ 0 0 0 0

: 3 3 0 0 0

9< : 9< # 9939 #09 0$3 !03 3$3 .@4> 4

$ A.@

0 .0A

2:

Present landsca'e seems to 'oint to)ards .5 clusterin& 'oc-ets of insur&ency as a&ainst 'revious years )hen 'olice had to confront a national coordination 8even su'ranational if )e ta-e into account .ndian-Ne'ali Baoist ne+us@ 8Dellman, Nelson, Sanderson, Samo-, ,ise, 90 3, 30-3!@; 05 a shift to)ards hi&h 'rofile tar&ets such as the -illin& of Bahendra Karma, creator of Sal)a Eudum" 8Kaiser, Bay 9<, 90 3; Eose'h Eohn, Bay 30, 90 3@ At the re&ional level an .ndian led counterterrorism effort has stum*led in the .slama*ad-0elhi traditional rivalry, althou&h some confidence *uildin& measure )ere ta-en *y &eneral Busharaff and Banmohan Sin&h" Fverall, )e can see a decline of terrorist related fatalities *ut )ith some hots'ots in Pa-istan and Ban&ladesh sho)in& that the momentum mi&ht *e reversed:.> S#ut( Asia Fatalities 011:;01.2
Year 9ivilia%s SFs Terr#rists T#tal

Around the moment of our )ritin& 8Barch 90 4@ Ban&ladesh stands on the *rin- of social turmoil )ith .slamist shades )hile .ndo-Pa-istani conundrum dis'lays an am*ivalent landsca'e: on the one hand .slama*ad3s ne) PB, Na)a/ Shariff lan&uishes a conciliatory rhetoric to)ards .ndia )hile at the same time the num*er of Pa-istani militants crossin& the *order has increased" 80eccan Cerald, Ean #, 90 4@ Accordin& to SATP 'ortal 6The tre%$ of a sustained decline in terrorism-related fatalities since the year 900 , )as reversed in 90 3, )ith EAK recordin& ! fatalities, as com'ared to $ in 90 9, a stee' rise of :4"$0 'er cent"7 State 0irector ?eneral of Police, Asho- Prasad states that 7the R militants ha!e started targeting S"s Xsecurity forcesY as part of their changed strategy to increase the !iolence graph 7" The num*er of militants -illed in 90 3 stood at 00 as a&ainst !4 for 90 9, an increase of #,04V, concludes SATP" 8South Asia Terrorism Portal 90 4@

<

900: 900< 900$ 900! 900# 90 0 90 90 9 90 3 T#talB

90<3 9!03 3 9! 3<:3 4 #$ 9:$ 3 $3 39$0 #9: 24@A2

#90 $9: :04 9349 9$3! !44 #<9 !$ 4:! .024> * 0ata till Eune <, 90 3

33 4:04 < 4: 4<39 9$03 <0 < 39!4 9#09 3<: :>A40

<9#4 #039 0$$$ 90<9$ 9#<3! #43 $4 # $043 3$4! .1>11/

Ba%'la$es(7 Fatalities;Isla)ist Terr#ris) 011: ; 01.2

Year 011: 0114 011@ 011A 011/ 01.1 01.. 01.0 01.2
T#talB 0# .>@ 0 9ivilia%s SFs Terr#rists T#tal

9<

3:

<

<

<

3 .2

<< /2

!! 0:2

Z0ata till Eune <, 90 3 S#urce7 South Asia Terrorism Portal 8SATP@, htt':55)))"sat'"or&5sat'or&t'5countries5*an&ladesh5data*ase5Datalities-.slamistV90Terrorism V9090 0"htm

---

Fnce )e have outlined the ma4or security dynamics )e need to investi&ate if there is any correlation *et)een counterinsur&ency and economic interest" Before any other consideration it is )orth mentionin& that the 'olitical economy of 'ostcolonial South Asia clustered under the si&n of state-led &ro)th and Guasi-socialism" Dree mar-et and 'rivate initiative )ere seen as moral )ron&s and inefficient technical devises to alleviate 'overty 82ohen, 900 , #!- 03; Taroor, 900!, !:- !! @" Protectionism *ecame the name of the day and remained so until today, in s'ite of Sri >an-sa neoli*eral turn after #$$ and .ndian Ne) %conomy ado'ted after ## " 8The %conomist, A'rilie :th, 90 9@ Accordin& to the 90 4 .nde+ of %conomic Dreedom com'iled *y the Cerita&e Doundation Sri >an-a ran-s #0 8moderately free@, .ndia 90, Pa-istan 9<, Ban&ladesh 3 , Baldives 4: and Ne'al 4# 8mostly unfree@ 8htt':55)))"herita&e"or&5inde+5ran-in&- accessed ! Barch, 90 3@" Trade *arriers 'revented the esta*lishment of a common mar-et as one can see *ello):
Pro'ortion of Trade in the ?0P of South Asian 2ountries 8*y country@: Year Ba%'la$es( B(uta% I%$ia Mal$ives Ne*al Pa,ista% #!:-!$ 94"9< < "9: 4"0! <0"9< 3 "# 34"0 ##0-#9 #"!3 $:"0: !"$! !!": 3<"9! 3$"4: ##<-#! 30"4$ $<" : 9:"4: <$"0! :#":# 3<"40 9000-900 3:":0 !#"4$ 9#"$# <!"#4 ::"0< 3:"!4 S#urce7 South Asia 0evelo'ment and 2oo'eration =e'ort, 9004 8Eain, Sin&h, ,inter 900#@" Pro'ortion of .ntra-SAA=2 trade out of South Asian overall trade: Year I%tra SAAR9 +)illi#%s Gl#bal c#))erce C5 +)illi#%sC5 #!0 9 0,0 3$!!:,3 #!: 0!!,$ 43"$:#,: ##0 :!4,$ <:"4#0,0 ##4 9# #,0 !3" 0,0 Source: 0ash, ##<: 909 Sri La%,a < "!$ <!"49 $#" $ !:"49

D 3,9 9,4 9,4 3,:

Intra-regional Trade Share of South Asias Total Trade (Per cent) Country 1 1985 2 ,4 4,: 1990 1995 4 , 2000 5 9#,$ 2004 ! 3:,3 2007 7 43,

Af&hanistan :
:

Af&hanistan *ecame the ei&hth mem*er of SAA=2 in A'ril 900$ after Ka*ul made a reGuest in this re&ard since #!!" EF.NT 0%2>A=AT.FN FN TC% A0B.SS.FN FD TC% .S>AB.2 =%PUB>.2 FD AD?CAN.STAN .NTF TC% SFUTC AS.AN ASSF2.AT.FN DF= =%?.FNA> 2FFP%=AT.FN 8SAA=2@ N%, 0%>C., 3 AP=.> 900$ 8F1=our-e, Barch 4, 900$; Sar-ar, < Bay 900$@ Co)ever our study does not concern itself )ith Af&hanistan3s 'lace )ithin SAA=2 or .ndian di'lomacy to)ards Ka*ul"

Ban&ladesh Bhutan .ndia Baldives Ne'al Pa-istan

4,$ [ ,$ 9,: 34,3 3,1

<,0 [ "< 9,$ 11,9 2,7

9,! [ 9,$ 4,3 14,8 2,3

$,# [ 9,: 99,9 22,3 3,6

0,: [ 3,0 #,! 47,2 5,0

#,4 [ 9"$ 9,9 60,5 6,6

Source: 8Eain, Sin&h, ,inter 900#@

I%$ias I%tra;re'i#%al Out"ar$ FDI& .//4;011@ T#tal S#ut( Asia B(uta% ESC M% ESC M% D
.//4;10 0110;12 0112;1> 011>;1: 011:;14 0114;1@ Total

H#st c#u%tr! c#)*#siti#% +D5 Ba%'la$es( Mal$ives Ne*al #" $"4 $"< " :"# " !"4 9"! 0 0 0 :"4 0"# $"# 40"$ 3:"< #"# 94"# 3"# 9" 9#":

<3:4 <: 334 < # :4 99<3 < 9 3< 9 :3$ : !<:4 9!0 S#urce: 8Athu-orala, 90 3: :0@

9"< "9 4": 0"$ "0 0" ":

0 0 0 0 0 0"# "!

Sri La%,a 3$"4 :$"0 !9"< <4" !4"# !:"0 : "4

,hat is more stri-in&5'u//lin& is not necesary the slo) 'ace of trade li*eralisation, *ut the fact that .ndia3s trade 'references are oriented to)ards other &eo&ra'hical re&ions:

"ear 2011-2012 2010-2011 2009-2010 2008-2009 2007-2008 200!-2007 2005-200! 2004-2005 200 -2004 2002-200 2001-2002

#an$ Country

%&'ort (in )S* +illion,

I+'ort (in )S* +illion,

Trade Total Trade -alan.e (in (in )S* +illion, )S* +illion

9 9 9 9

2C.NA P =P U A=AB %BTS U A=AB %BTS U A=AB %BTS USA USA USA USA USA USA USA

!"0$$ 33"!99 93"#$0 94"4$$ 90"$3 !"!<3 $"3:3 3"$<< "4#0 0"!#< !": 3

:$": ! 39"$:3 #"4## 93"$# 9 "0<$ "$3! #"4:: $"00 :"03: 4"444 3" :0

$:":#4 <<":$< 43"4$0 4!"9<# 4 "$## 30"<09 9<"!0! 90"$<$ <":9: :"33# "<<3

-3#"44 "0<# 4"4$ <!< -33< $" 9: $"!#! <"$<4 <"4:: <"4:9 :"3<4

USA #"30: 3"0 : 9"390 <"9#0 USA !"3#< 3":<0 "#:< 4"!3: USA $"900 3"<40 0"!40 3"::# USA <"$3: 3"$ 4 0"4:0 3"09 S#urce7 0e'artment of 2ommerce, %+'ort .m'ort 0ata Ban-, htt':55commerce"nic"in5eid*5iecntto'nG"as' The same is for aid .ndia &ives to other countries does not sho) a SAA=2-centered concern, althou&h some of the to' aid tar&est are South Asian countries: Pri%ci*al $esti%ati#% #6 I%$iaFs ai$ a%$ l#a% *r#'ra))es +e=clu$i%' li%es #6 cre$it5& curre%t ESD i% )illi#%s 9#u%tr!Gre'i#% Su) B(uta% 3<<,43 A6'(a%ista% :9,3: Mal$ives 4#,9! Ne*al 9$,0! A6rica% c#u%tries 99,3! Sri La%,a 94,0 M!a%)ar 90, ! Eurasia% c#u%tries :,49 Ba%'la$es( ,44 Lati% A)erica% c#u%tries 0,3< M#%'#lia 0,0# Ot(ers 4!,!4 Total < $,!:
S#urce7 ?overnment of .ndia, Binistry of %+ternal Affairs, Annual =e'orts 900#5 0, 90 05 , 90 5 9 in Trade-=elated South-S'uth 2oo'eration: .ndia, F%20 study, 2FB50205TA0890 9@ #, '"<

2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999 1997-1998

The failure of the re&ion to esta*lish direct fli&ht from one ca'ital no another s'ea-s volumes a*out lac- of trust5interest as 'recondition for further develo'ment of infrastructure" 8Ahmed, Bathana&ar, 900!, @ Co)ever, trade num*ers do not &ive the )hole story of economic interde'endence" Dor *etter or for )orse .ndian ca'ital and investment is 'resent in several of SAA=23s countries" Dor Ne'al and Bhutan, landloc-ed economy )ithout maritime access, forei&n enter'rises are crucial to their develo'ment" At 'resent .ndia 'rovides Ne'al )ith 3<0 *illion ru'ees )orth assistance and conducts 3$0 different 'ro4ects valued at 4 *illion ru'ees" +S(ar)a, <ul /& 01.25 2riticism does lac- as some authors outline that Ne) 0elhi3s economic involvement is not a*out altruism *ut more of a tool to dee'en e+'loitation" 8Tane4a and Su*hanil 2ho)dhury, D e * r u a r y 3, 90 0@ %ven more than )ith Kathmandu, .ndian-Bhutanese interactions are not descri*ed *y e+chan&e of &oods *ut *y hydrolo&ical 'ro4ects" 8%m*assy of .ndia, Au&ust 9!, 90 3; The %conomic Times, 9 Se'tem*er 90 3@ 0iscussion Southasian 'olitics is destined to or*it around .ndia3s actions and the su*seGuent res'onses to those very actions" .t remains to *e seen, ho)ever, )hat -ind and to )hat e+tend one can s'ea- a*out .ndian re&ional he&emony"

90

Sim'lifyin& Biriam Prys3 schemata )e can assert that re&ional he&emony &oes from 'redominance via the )ill to act to)ards the acce'tance of the others" %ach term deserves a closer scrutiny in its o)n ri&ht" The list of material ca'a*ilities in a*solute terms renders Ne) 0elhi3s 'redominance a&ainst nei&h*ours an seemin&ly indis'uta*le fact:
9#u%tra!G Di)e%si#%.4

Area +i% sHuare ,il#)etres5 43"##!

P#*ulati#%

Li6e e=*ecta%c! $0,3<

Ban&ladesh

<3"<:4"!<0

GDP +i% bl$8 $#llars 5 99,$

Nu)ber #6 s#l$iers :$"0009 0"000 ! 5 3<":90,4# !000 # 590 9"40$ "39:"00 0 9 0 53 #" 9 #"490 :<"3 # 0:":00 9 5 <"#4 " :9 < $"000 9 9 5 4!"4:3"30 : 9 3"000935

De6e%ce bu$'et aut #6 t#tal GDP ,4V

9#rru*ti#% i%$e= +01.05.@ 44

Bhutan .ndia Baldives Ne'al Pa-istan Sri >an-a

<

3!"3#4 3,9!$,9<3 9#! 4$" ! $#<"0#: <:"< 0

$9:"9#< "990"!00"3:# 3#3"#!! 30,430,9<$ #3"93!"!<! 9 "<$:"<4!

<!,44 <$,4! $4,#9 <<,!< <<,$ $<, :

9, #< ,!9: 9,90# #,49 93 ,# :#,4

V ,!V :V ,3V 3, V 9,#V

33 #4 3# 3# $#

,ith the e+ce'tion of military fi&ures and those re&ardin& corru'tion everythin& else is ta-en from 2.A Dact*oo-, )))"ciafact*oo-"com $ .nde+ of 2orru'tion Perce'tion, Trans'arency .nternational: htt':55c'i"trans'arency"or&5c'i90 95results5 8last accessed : Se'tem*er, 90 3@ ! Bilitary Balance 90 &ives :$"000 Tradin& %conomics 8 90 0@ 'rovides 9 0"000" 82ordesman, Cammond, ?a&el, 90 , #3-#4@ See also Tradin& %conomics: htt':55)))"tradin&economics"com5*an&ladesh5armed-forces-'ersonnel-total-)*data"html 8last accessed 9# Euly, 90 3@

#
20

8Ti)es #6 I%$ia& Eun 94, 900$@

The %conomist Guotes from Bilitary Balance 90 3, ..SS- .nternational .nstitute for Strate&ic Studies" 8The %conomist: Bar 30th 90 3@" A sli&ht increase from 90 )hen Bilitary Balance &ave 30:,4: thousand soldiers" +2ordesman, Cammond, ?a&el, 90 , #3-#4@ 9 Alon& )ith active military men one should consider another 40"000 reserve" 8?lo*al Dire'o)er, : Fcto*er, 90 9@ 99 Dor 90 Bilitary Balance &ives < $"000 8out of each: ::0"000 army; 99"000 navy and 4:"000 air force@" ?lo*al Dire'o)er &ives < $"000 active soldiers and ::0"000 reserves" 8?lo*al Dire'o)er, 9 A'ril, 90 9@ 93 The a''ro+imate num*er of 9 0"000 is ta-en from Tradin& %conomics: htt':55)))"tradin&economics"com5sri-lan-a5armed-forces-'ersonnel-total-)*-data"html 8accesed : Euly 90 3@ ?lo*al Security mentions only army and navy 'ersonnel in 90 0 8a'ro+@: <9"000 soldiers alon& )ith 4!"000 marines 8level 900#@" Air force stren&th is not 'rovided" This sector had the fastest &ro)th, from 40"000 stron& in #!$ to)ards :0"000 in earlu ##0 to 'ass *y "000 after 9000" ?lo*al Security, htt':55)))"&lo*alsecurity"or&5military5)orld5sri-lan-a5army-troo's"htm Bilitary Balance 890 @ mentions <9"000 land troo's, $,# thousands marines su'lemented *y a reserve of 000" 82ordesman, Cammond, ?a&el, #3-#4@

:"349" 4$

Nonetheless )hen ta-in& into consideration societal varia*les such as literacy, child mortality and so on, a *lea-er 'icture of .ndian 'redominance is revealed:

Years
GNI *er ca*ita C Li6e e=*ecta%c! i% !ears I%6a%t )#rtalit! rate *er .111 live birt(s E%$er : )#rtalit! rate Pr#*#rti#% #6 u%$er"ei'(t c(il$re% +D5 Access t# i)*r#ve$ sa%itati#% Mea% !ears #6 sc(##li%' Fe)ale literac! rate +D5

I%$ia
!$$ 3:<0 :! <4 ! 4!

Ba%'la$es( B(uta%
:43 "!00 :4 <$ ## 3! "9!0 4"#:0 :9 <$ #< 44

Ne*al
:3 "900 :4 <$ #$ 4

Pa,ista%
"9 0 "$!0 < <$ #< $0

Sri La%,a
"490 4"#!0 <# $4 9< 4

9(i%a
! 3 $":$0 <! $: 3! <

##0 90 0 ##0 90 0 ##0 90 0

##0 90 0 ##0 900$

: <3 :#,: 43,:

43 4! < ,: 4 ,3

3# :< 34 9

4 :0 3!,!

94 !$ 3# -

39 $ 9# 9 ,<

4! ! 3 4,:

##0 900! ##0 90 0 ## 900#

! 3 3,0 4,4 4# $4

3# :3 9,# 4,! 3! $$

<: <!

3 9,0 3,9 33 $$

9! 4: 9,3 4# <

$0 # <,# !,9 #3 ##

4 :0 4,# $,< # ##

S#urce: 8Sen, 0re/e, Barch 4, 90

,hereas in ##0 .ndia ran-ed second *est in social indicators amon& South Asia3s 'eers, t)enty years later it has \ being second worst and this is so despite the fact that #ndia has grown immensely faster than all other economies in South $sia in terms of %&' or %ross Domestic 'roduct (%D')\ says Amartya Sen, )orld reno)ned economist" 8%conomic Times, $ Eanuary 90 9; Prasannara4an, : Euly 90 3@ Those factors, alon& )ith many others 8such as suicide amon& security 'ersonnel, a*ove 'resented@ are crucial for translatin& 'otential 'o)er into manifest action" .ndustrial 'ool *ase or the num*er of tan-s are of little meanin& in the lon& term if human ca'ital la&s *ehind" To use a meta'hor, it does not really matter if the teeth are shar' *ut the &ums are ill and sha-y" 2rucial for *oth 'olitical scientists and 'ractitioners, the notion of 'o)er dis'lays elusive features and invites numerous fallacies" Amon&st them are that a@ 'o)er is associated )ith coercion and

99

violence; *@ national 'o)er stems from material, Guantitative ca'a*ilities and c@ can *e deduced from results 87if A defeated B than A is stron&er than B7@" 8Nye, 90 9, 94; ?u//ini, 90 3, 3 and 'assim@ Fn the international sta&e 'o)er relationshi's *et)een actors has many forms, some very su*tle, not to mention that 'o)er asymmetry can very )ell coe+ist )ith coo'eration" Thus one should not restrain its use to *rutality- it can very )ell *e e+ercised *y restrictin& one3s o'tions or *y controllin& the environment of other actors"94 As historical e+'erience sho), .ndia3s tools used to meddle over re&ional *orders )ent from outri&ht *rute military intervention 8%ast Pa-istan #$ ; Sri >an-a #!$- ##0; Baldives #!!@; shenani&ans of hel'in& different radical outfits 8Tamil Ti&ers in early #!0s; Ne'ali Baoists ##<-900 @ to softer tools li-e 4oint ventures and outflo)s of financial aid" After 900 military means have *een channeled to)ards assistin& counterinsur&ency o'erations )ithin domestic *orders and less to)ards vecinity" .ndian &overnments tossed a)ay the levera&e of armed e+'orts )ith re&ard to Ne'al and Sri >an-a" 0is'leased as they )ere )ith American meddlin& in their traditional *ac-yard, *oth La4'aee and more so Banmohan Sin&h shouldered the efforts of international community to *rin& the crisis to a halt" .n Srilan-an case, Sin&h3s rulin& coalition toothe ris- to loose the su''ort of Tamil 'arties unha''y )ith Ne) 0elhi3s handlin& of =a4a'a-sa3s &ro)in& iron &ri' over the island, or even the forei&n investments over there" 8Sitaraman, 9: Barch, 90 4 @9: As to Ban&ladesh this is a *i& country, 'art of the .slamic *elt and )ill not *e 'ushed aside easily" .t is true that Ne) 0elhi seldom har-ed at 0ha-a3s su''ort for hostile or&ani/ations, *ut Ban&ladeshi *ased terrorism )as and continues to *e a reality, so it cannot *e dismissed as a 'rete+t for economic e+'ansion" 8Ba/umdar, Nov 9#, 9009; Sharma, 3 De*ruary, 90 9; The Times of .ndia, Feb 0>& 01.05 I% t(is case& i6 #%e is t# tal, ab#ut I%$ia% (e'e)#%!& t(a% *#"er )ust be $e6i%e$ )#re as a% a'e%$a setti%' i%stru)e%t + t# Hu#te Bachrach and Barat/ A>u-es5 t(a% brute 6#rce8 Secular 6#rces 6r#) Ba%'la$es( 6ear terr#rist )e%ace as "ell as i%teri#r )i%ister& Shahara Khatun ac-no)led&ed in front of an .ndian official: \*angladesh will not tolerate any anti+#ndia acti!ity on its soil. ,e ha!e not allowed in the past, nor we will do in the future. *oth countries are !ictims of terrorism. So, there is no question of harbouring any one"\ +The Times of .ndia, Feb 0>& 01.05 Fverall .ndian investment outflo) in South Asia does not sustain S)ar on terrorism Gua im'erialismT thesis" Athu-orala sho)s that 7re&ional share of .ndian out)ard investment has declined continuously, from 4":V in 9003-04 to a mere 0" V in 900<-0$"7 8Athu-orala, 90 3, 93@ .n )hat concerns the 'remises of this study, it is sha-y to infer that .ndia used terrorist threat as the instrument of choice for e+'loitation or o'en ne) mar-ets" .ntra-SAA=2 trade is still mar&inal for
94

Dirst )as 'ut for)ard *y Bachrach and Barat/ and the second *y >u-es 8Guoted in Nye, 90 9: .n 90 0-90

9:

.ndia )as the second investor in Sri >an-a after Con& Kon& 8Athu-orala, 90 3, !@

93

economic interaction" %ven if *ilateral trade has &ro)n in different *ilateral settin&s 8)ith Ban&ladesh and Sri >an-a@, .ndia3s nei&h*ours are still 'oor and rise trade *arrier fearin& &ross im*alances in the eventuality of their o'enin& to .ndian mar-et" 8 0e Bis)a, Bhattacharyay, 900$, #@ ,ith this as'ect )e reach 'oint and ta-e notice that Southasian states disre&ard their >ili'utian scale and 'urse national interests" .f one is to find economic incentives used as levera&e to &ain 'olitical sta-e Bhutan and Sri >an-a come closest to validate the 'remises"

9#%clu$i%' re)ar,s a%$ *iv#ts 6#r 6urt(er researc( This article har*oured the meta'remise that )arfare and society im'act each other and that nation*uildin& is not a once-and-for-all-&iven status *ut rather a recurrent res'onse to e+ternal 'ressure" Durther on, it 'ro*lematised the e+tent to )hich he&emonic sta*ility theory can *e used to e+'lain re&ional dynamics in the conte+t of stru&&le a&ainst terrorism" .ndian nei&h*ourhood 'olicy 'rovided the case study to see )hether the alliance )ith 'ost #5 America )as e+'loited to enhance 'o)er over *oth domestic security 'ro*lems as )ell as over the other su*continental states" The conclusion seems to *e that althou&h .ndian *ehaviour in its 'ro+imity may *e envisa&ed as a continuum *et)een nation*uildin& and re&ional he&emony, the e+hi*its 'resented here do not lead to a clear-cut 'rofile for .ndia3s re&ional 'rofile" A the same time the findin&s of these article &o a&ainst Biriam Prys assertion that .ndia should *e vie)ed as a disen&a&ed re&ional 'o)er" 8Prys, 90 3, 33@ Dindin& a 'attern to e+'lain .ndia *ehavior to)ards its &eo&ra'hical 'ro+imity seems to *e one of the most theory resistin& cases" Dirst there is disa&reement as to one should *e tal-in& a*out he&emony at all" ,hereas for im'ortant 'arts of Pa-istan or Ne'ali 'u*lic o'inion, 8at least ho) they are e+'ressed in media or *lo&s@ .ndian malignant hegemony cannot *e denied, 8Baral in Ahmar, 900 , #9; Bu$a%ia, 011.& 04.; =aman, ! Fcto*er 9009; 2heema, Eune 0 , 90 9; ?hani, 2handio, 90 3, either is incoherent"04 Before )e &o further )e have to remem*er that South Asia3s confi&uration of 'o)er is mostly the result of the Partition 8or 'artitions, if one considers the #$ )ar as the aftermath of #4$@" As in many other 'ostim'erial set-u's, *onds *et)een former lim*s of the same *ody remain and interaction cannot al)ays *e confined to 4uridical *orders 8Bernard, Pochoy, #!!, #- 3@" Bany social and economic 'ro*lems are *oth domestic and e+ternal in their character 8Kumar, 9004, $!- $#@" .n .ndia3s case chronic insur&ent movements, 'orous *orders, transnational crime or dru& traffic made necessary to loofor solutions in a re&ional manner" 2onflict )ith Pa-istan has only rendered more acute this intermestic
9<

9, 900$; The Tri*une %+'ress, Novem*er !, 90 ;

Tele&ra'h Ne'al, :"09"90 ; Pa-istan Today, : Novem*er, 90 ; Prasai, 0utta, : Bay, 90 9; Khan, Eune 9- 90 @ many .ndians do not see their country as such and 'refer the narrative of a carryin& *i& *rother" Secondly many .= students claim such he&emony either does no e+ist

The author recollects the ans)ers receives to this article3s research Guestion" ,hile Ste'hen P"2ohen, an American ac-no)led&ed a certain he&emonic *ehaviour to)ards the rest of South Asia, Sumit ?an&uly dismissed the hy'othesis as nothin& more than Pa-istani 'ro'a&anda"

94

features and made security a function5conseGuence of nation*uildin&" 9$ Eust li-e US-Soviet confrontation meant not only dis'lay of hard 'o)er or 'roliferation of allies *ut stren&thenin& your society to )ithstand the effort, Southasian units had to tac-le roots of their distress at the 4unction *et)een security and develo'ment"9!;9# Strate&ic landsca'e *y no means e+ce'tional for multi'le Third )orld 'ostocolonial nations" Aforesaid, ,estern .= theories encounter difficulties )hen it comes to e+'lainin& 'henomenon that do not fit neatly in state vs society dichotomy" To overcome this 'redicament )e advance a 'attern for .ndian re&ional *ehaviour inde*ted to 'olitical science than to international relations and )e assert that .ndia3s )orld vie) remains Guasi,est'halian- %+'ressed in historical terms its di'lomacy is *oth 'remodern and 'ostmodern in en&a&in& *oundaries: not as sacrosanct norms *ut more as fluid limits to *e dealt on ad-hoc *asis" Cistorical e+'erience of South Asia sho) that -in&doms and em'ires come and &o and that their rule is rarely a*solute *ut often ne&otiated )ith su*4ect5client communities 8Balone, 90 , 90-94@" ,hen the British =a4 fall a'art 'olitical elites from Ne) 0elhi did not feel they had nothin& to do anymore )ith their nei&h*ourhood"30 .ndia3s federalism someho) translated itself onto e+ternal arena )here smaller Southasian sister nations )ere considered 'rolon&ations of the &reat =e'u*lic 8Balone, 90 Nehru3s dou*le standard utter from t)o te+tts associated )ith his 'olicies: a@ one is 'anchasheela 8community@, a term derived from Buddhist scri'tures that )ould frame .ndo2hinese relations and )hich )as *ase don five 'rinci'les: 8 @ mutual res'ect for each other3s territorial inte&rity and soverei&nty; 89@ mutual non-a&&ression; 83@ mutual non-interference in each other3s internal affairs; 84@ eGuality and mutual *enefit; and 8:@ 'eaceful coe+istence" Beyond this &oal, Panchasheela underlined Nehruvian anti-colonialist 'hiloso'hy on )orld sta&e" 8Bitra and Sch]ttli, 900$, 90; see Taroor, 900!, # @; *@ the other is a statement made in #:0: R&epal is geographically almost a part of #ndia, although it is an independent country"7 8Bhattarai, 900:, !@ ,hat can *e s'elled out of this dou*le standard is a 'olicy )hich aims 'redominance in order to assure5model a friendly and loyal nei&h*ourhood" As lon& as close countries coo'erate, Ne) 0elhi is ea&er to 'lay *y the *oo- and res'ect their soverei&niy" .f confronted )ith trans*order threats or unyieldin& nei&h*ours, than it mi&ht e+act 'ressure in different )ays" .nconsistent as it is, .ndian nei&h*ourhood 'olicy follo)s security over 'o)er ma+imi/ation"
9$

03@"

,e may assess also 2hina3s involvement as s'onsor for Na+alite movements durin& late si+ties and early seventies" Co)ever 2hinese factor remains outside the sco'e of this research" 82hellaney, 900 509, 0<@

9!

Dor a 'aradi&matic lin- *et)een economic 'erformance and security for .ndia3s elites see Banmohan Sin&h3s : Au&ust 90 9 s'eech: 7 #f we do not increase the pace of the country-s economic growth...it most certainly affects our national security.7 80aniel, Au&ust :, 90 9@ 9# There is an already -no)n lin- *et)een )a&in& )ar and *uildin&5develo'in& institutions in modern e+'erience as 2harles Tilly voluminous )or- never tired to re'eat" Fn the same 'ath 0avid K" >evine, Salvatore Bodica e+amine states interaction in the conte+t of violence in lon& durQe 8>evine, Bodica, 90 3@" 30 Some a/imuts of 'ost #4$ .ndian forei&n 'olicy continued British tradition: 7 The #ndian nationalists, ..de!eloped an ambi!alent relationship with this sort of foreign policy projection. On the one hand, there was rejection at one le!el of the colonial state.s power projection as an /imperialist scheme. which must be rejected after independence0 On the other hand, the assertion that #ndia would continue to play a leading role in $sian affairs, if not in the world, not as a military power, but as a bene!olent leader, continued to be e pressed in nationalist thinking on foreign affairs"7 82ha-ra*arti, 90 9, 4 9@

9:

Sometimes a consensus *uilder, other)ise rude and even *ully, .ndia3 re&ional 'redominance does not follo) US e+'erience in 2entral America and only 'artially those inte&rative 'olicies &arnered *y ,ashin&ton for 'ost,,.. %uro'e" As for academic sta-es, =o*ert ?il'in3s he&emonic sta*ility 'aradi&m can *e illuminatin& )ithin the conte+t of re&ional turn from at least to an&les: I" ins'ired *y ,estern history and America3s rise to )orldly 'o)er, TSC sho)s its limits )hen 'ut to test in local su*systems" II8 steamed to its full 'otential, ?il'inian structuralism has a sayin& in those 'laces )here states, and societies are not confined *y fi+ed *orders"

REFEREN9ES7 " A2CA=WA, Amitav, .nternational =elations Theory and ,estern 0ominance: =eassessin& the Doundations of .nternational Frder, >ecture delivered at the R=eenvisionin& ?lo*al Eustice5?lo*al Frder7 Seminar Series, 2entre for .nternational Studies, F+ford University, 99 De*ruary 900$ 9" A2CA=WA, Amitav, A BUNAN, Barry 8%ds"@ &on+,estern international relations theory1 'erspecti!es on and beyond $sia, Ne) Wor-, =outled&e, 90 0 3" A0C.KA=., M#%alisa& Renewed $merican 2ngagement with &epal.s 3aoists, .0SA, .0SA 2omment, N#ve)ber 0@& 01.0 4" ACB%0, Nahid Shaha* ^ BCATNA?A=, Stuti, #nterstate 4onflicts and Regionalism in South $sia1 'rospects and 4hallenges, in '2R42'T#O&S, S'rin&-Summer 900! :" ASTCANA, Landana, 4ross+*order Terrorism in #ndia. 4ounterterrorist Strategies and 4hallenges, A20.S Fccasonal Pa'er, Eune 90 0 <" ATCUKF=A>A, Prema-2handra, .ntra-=e&ional D0. and %conomic .nte&ration in South Asia: Trends, Patterns and Pros'ects, Study 're'ared for UN2TA03s 'ro4ect on _0evelo'ment Friented .nte&ration in South Asia7 funded *y Asian 0evelo'ment Ban- and 2ommon)ealth Secretariat, Bac-&round Pa'er No"$, De*ruary 90 3 $" BAN%=E%%, Nirmalya, *hutan arrests top 5lfa, 67O leaders, The Times of #ndia, 0ec !, 9003, !" BAN%=E%%, 0i'an-ar A >A.SC=AB, Bidhan S, *hutan.s 8Operation $ll 4lear91 #mplications for insurgency and security cooperation, .P2S .ssue Brief, Eanuary 9004 #" BA=A>, Tara N", Perce'tions of Small States on 2onfidence Buildin& Beasures, in South Asia in Boonis ACBA=, The 4hallenge of 4onfidence+building 3easures in South $sia, Car-Anand Pu*lications, Ne) 0elhi, 900 , ''" !!- #$ 0" B%=NA=0, E"A", PF2CFW, B", 7+$mbition de 7.#nde, Dondation 'our les `tudes de 0efense Nationale, Paris, #!! ..8 BEHERA& u)ar La=)a%& .ndia3s 0efence Bud&et 900#- 0: An Assessment .0SA, Februar! .A& 011/ .08 - #ndia.s #nterim Defence *udget :;<=+<>1 $n $ppraisal, .0SA, Februar! 02& 01.> 3" BCATTA=A., =a4an, %eopolitics of &epal and #nternational Responses to 4onflict

Transformation, Driends for Peace Pu*lications, Kathmandu, Eanuary 900:

4" BFS%, Su&ata, EA>A>, Ayesha, 3odern South $sia1 ?istory, 4ulture, 'olitical 2conomy, Second %dition, =outled&e, Ne) Wor-, 9004 :" BFN0A?>.F?>U, Wacel, ?egemonic (in)Stability Theory and 5s "oreign 'olicy1 The 7egacy of the &eocons in the 3iddle 2ast, in $nadolu 5ni!ersity @ournal of Social Sciences, Lol" 3 .ssue 3, 90 3

9<

<" BU0AN.A, Ra-*al, India's National Security Dilemma1 The Pa istan !actor and India's Policy "esponse& .ndus Pu*lishin&, Ne" Del(i& 011. $" BU=K%, Eason, 93aldi!es- political instability allows gang !iolence to flourish7, The %uardian, 99 Fcto*er 90 9 !" 2CAK=ABA=T., Shantanu, #ndia.s regional policy making in post 4old ,ar setting, .nstitute for Societal Studies, 90 9, ''"40:-49$ #" 2C%%BA, Pervai/ .G*al, #ndian hegemonic tendencies, .slama*ad Policy =esearch .nstitute, Eune 9, 900$ 90" 2C%>>AN%W, Brahma, "ighting Terrorism in Southern $sia. The 7essons of ?istory, in #nternational Security, Lol" 9<, No" 3 ,inter 8900 509@, ''" #4^ < 9 " 2C%>>AN%W, Brahma, $rming #ndia into dependency, The ?indu, Eanuary 4, 90 4 99" 2CFSSU0FLSKW, Bichel, $merica.s war on terrorism, Second %dition, ?lo*al =esearch, Mue*ec, 900: 93" 2FC%N, Ste'hen Phili', #ndia. 2merging superpower, Broo-in&s .nstitution, ,ashin&ton 0"2", 900 94" 2F=0%SBAN, Anthony, CABBFN0, =o*ert, ?A?%>, Andre) ?a&el, The 3ilitary *alance in $sia <AA;+:;<<. $ Buantitati!e Research, 2enter for Strate&ic Studies and .nternational =elations2S.S, < Bay 90 , ''"#3-#4 9:" 2U=T.S, >isa, $fter 3umbai1 Time to strenghten 5S+#ndia counterterrorism cooperation , *ackgrounder, No"99 $, 0ec #, 900! 9<" 2U=T.S, >isa, %oing the 2 tra 3ile for a Strategic 5.S.C#ndia Relationship, The Cerita&e Doundation, Au&ust 90, 90 9 9$" 0AN.%>, Dran- Eac-, '3 says economic growth is issue of national security, Reuters a'ud N0TL, Au&ust :, 90 9 9!" 0ASC, Kishore 2", The 'olitical 2conomy of Regional 4ooperation in South $sia, in 'acific $ffairs, Lol"<#, No"9 Summer 8 ##<@, ''" !:-90# 9$" 0% B.S,A, Pra*ir, BCATTA2CA=WAW, N", 'rospects of #ndiaC*angladesh 2conomic 4ooperation1 #mplications for South $sian Regional 4ooperation, A0B .nstitute, 0iscussion Pa'er No" $!, Se'tem*er 900$ 9#" 0eccan Cerald, Second infiltration bid of :;<= foiled, Ean #, 90 4 30" 0=%NN%=, 0aniel ,", The #nited States $lun s he%emonic sta&ility theory, "oreign 'olicy, Barch #, 900# 2.8 DATTA& Sreera$(a& 4omplicity of State $ctors in 4hittagong $rms ?aul 4ase Re!ealed, .nstitute for 0efence Studies and Analyses-.0SA, Marc( /& 011/ 208 EHTESHAMI& A%#us(& '(11 As a cause o$ paradi%m shi$t & Sc(##l #6 G#ver%)e%t a%$ I%ter%ati#%al A66airs& Researc( W#r,i%' Pa*er Series& 011@ 33" %m*assy of .ndia at Thim'u, .ndia-Bhutan Trade =elations, (tt*7GG"""8i%$ia%e)bass!t(i)*(u8btG*a'es8*(*Ii$J4: 8accessed 9! Au&ust 90 3@ 34" DAWWAN, Sha*ana, #ndo+'ak @oint $nti+Terrorism 3echanism. 'erspecti!es from 'akistan , .nstitute for Peace and 2onflict Studies, Brief 9<, Se'tem*er 900# 3:" D%>.O, Shiva4i, The .m'act of Terrorism on Sri >an-a: A Bultifaceted Analysis in Anand KUBA= 8editor@, The Terror 4hallenge in South $sia and 'rospect of Regional 4ooperation, .nstitute for 0efence Studies and Analyses, Ne) 0elhi, 90 9, ''"$ -!9 3<" D%>>BAN, Nachary .", N%>SFN, =ic- 7F//ie7, SAN0%=SFN, Thomas, SABFK, Ste'hanie, ,.S%, =o*, Trends in Bilitancy Across South Asia" A =e&ion on the Brin-, 2enter for Strate&ic and .nternational Studies, =o)manA>ittlefield Pu*lishers, .nc", Boulder5Ne) Wor-, A'ril 90 3, ''"30-3! 3$" DF=0CAB, Ben4amin F", 2conomic #nterests, 'arty, and #deology in 2arly 4old ,ar 2ra 5.S. "oreign 'olicy, in International )r%ani*ation, Lol" :9, no" 9 S'rin& 8 ##!@ 3!" ?CAN., Usman, 2CAN0.F, Khalid, .ndian ?reat Po)er A'irations: An Analysis, in #'R# @ournal, O..., No"9, Summer 890 3@, ''" 9- 90 3#" ?C%F=?C%, Anamaria %lena, De la antiterorism la instrument de politicD e ternD1 baEele militare americane din $sia 4entralD, in *ibliotheca ?istorica, 'hilosophica et %eographica, vol" O., 2olle&ium Bediense .., 2omunicbri tiinifice, nr" 890 9@, ''" 9 # ^ 99#

9$

40" ?.>P.N, =o*ert, 5S power and multinational corporations. The 'olitical 2conomy of "oreign Direct #n!estment, BacBillan, >ondon, #$: 4 "; ,ar and change. $ theory of international politics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, #! 49"- The Politics of Transnational %conomic =elations, in =ay BA?C=FF=., Bennett =ABB%=?, %lobalism !ersus %lobalism, ,estvie) Press, 2olorado, #!9, ''" $ - #: 43" - 2conomia politicD a relaFiilor internaFionale, 0u Style, Bucharest, #!$5 ### 44" - %lobal 'olitical 2conomy, Princeton University Press, 900 4:" - 'ro!ocarea capitalismului global. 2conomia mondialD Gn secolul HH# , trad" 0iana .strbtescu and 2ristina A*o*oaie, Polirom, .aci, 9004 4<" - ,ar is Too .m'ortant to Be >eft to .deolo&ical Amateurs, #nternational Relations, Lol" #, No" , 8900:@, ''":^ ! 4$" ?overnment of .ndia, Binistry of %+ternal Affairs, Annual =e'orts 900#5 0, 90 05 , 90 5 9 4!" ?UNN.N., Stefano, 'ower, #dentity, and 4onstructi!ism, =outled&e, Ne) Wor-, 90 3 4#" ?lo*al Dire'o)er, htt':55)))"&lo*alfire'o)er"com5 :0" ?lo*al Security, (tt*7GG"""8'l#balsecurit!8#r'G : " ?UPTA, Shekar %upta, 4lose Sha!e ?ow #ndia a!erted 3aldi!es coup in <AII, #ndia Today, # De*ruary 90 9 :9" Cuman =i&hts ,atch, Arms and A*uses in .ndian Pun4a* and Kashmir, Lol" <, No" 0, Se'tem*er ##4 :3" .0SA: &et Security 'ro!ider1 #ndia.s Out+of+$rea 4ontingency Operations , Bilitary Affairs 2entre, Fcto*er 90 9, ''":4-: :4" .K%0A, Eosu-e, The 'ost+,estern Turn in #nternational Theory and the 2nglish School , in Ritsumeikan $nnual Re!iew of #nternational Studies, Lol"# 890 0@, ''" 9#-44 ::" .N0.A TF0AW, Delhi !oices concern o!er instability in 3aldi!es as 3ohamed &asheed takes refuge at #ndian mission, 4 De*ruary 90 9 :<" .TF, Ta-eshi, Searchin& for the Frdoli*eral Fri&in of %uro'ean .nte&ration: >essons from the Politics of the %uro'ean =ecovery Pro&ram, =o*ert Schuman 2enter for Advanced Studies, %uro'ean University .nstitute 8Pa'er 'resented at the *iennal conference of the %uro'ean Union Study Association, Boston, Barch 3-:, 90 @ :$" EA.N, =a4eev and S.N?C, E"B", Trade Pattern in SAA=2 2ountries: %mer&in& Trends and .ssues, =eserve Ban- of .ndia, Fccasional Pa'ers, Lol"30, N"3 ,inter 8900#@ :!" EFCN, Eose'h, 3aoists release fresh hit+list, to target e +Salwa @udum acti!ists , The Times of #ndia, Bay 30, 90 3 :#" KA.S%=, %4a/, ,as -*astar Tiger 3ahendra 6arma, face of Salwa @udum, the real target in &a al attackH, ?industan Times, Bay 9<, 90 3 <0" KASTU=., Bhashyam, #ntelligence Ser!ices1 $nalysis, Organisation and "unctions ; >ancer Pa'ers, Ne) 0elhi5>ondon5Carford, ##: < " KASTU=., 0r Bhashyam and B%C=A, 'ankaj, %eo+'olitics of South $sian 4o!ert $ction #ndia.s 2 perience and &eed for $ction $gainst 'akistan , in #DR, Lolume < No"9 8900 @, (tt*7GG"""8sat*8#r'Gsat*#r't*G*ublicati#%Gi$rGv#lK.4+05G,asturi8(t) <9" K%SALAN, K"L", #ndia and 4ommunity *uilding in $sia1 "rom #dealism to Realism, in Ritsumeikan $nnual Re!iew of #nternational Studies, Lol"4 8900:@" ''" #9 <3" KCAN, .sha, #ndian R$, operations in South $sian countries, &ews from *angladesh, Eune 0 90 9 <4" K=FNSTA0T, K" Alan Kronstadt, P.NTF, Sonia, #ndia+5.S. Security Relations1 4urrent 2ngagement, in 4ongressional Research Ser!ice, Novem*er 3, 90 9 <:" KUBA=, Anand, Assessin& 2ounter-terror 2oo'eration in South Asia in Anand KUBA= 8editor@, The Terror 4hallenge in South $sia and 'rospect of Regional 4ooperation, .nstitute for 0efence Studies and Analyses, Ne) 0elhi, 90 9, ''" !- 9! <<" KUBA=, Cari, ,hy ?as #ndia *ecome the ,orld.s Top $rms *uyerH, The &ew Jork Times, Barch 9 , 90 9 <$" KUBA=, San4ay, India +ac s Sri ,an a "eminder, The Diplomat, Barch 9$, 90 9 <!" KUBA=, Sushil, =ethin-in& Security in South Asia, in Kanti BAEPA., Siddarth BA>>ALA=APU 8ed@, #nternational Relations in #ndia1 Theorising the Region and the &ation , Lolume 9, Frient >on&man Private >imited, 90045900:, ''" $3-903

9!

<#" >AWN%, 2hristo'her, The 5nipolar #llusion Re!isited, The 4oming 2nd of the 5nited States. 5nipolar 3oment, in #nternational Security, Lol" 3 , No" 9 Dall 8900<@, ''" $-4 $0" >%L.N%, 0avid K", BF0.2A, Salvatore, 4onflict, 2!olution, ?egemony and the 'ower of the State, in 7e!ine-s ,orking 'aper $rchi!e, $ Bay 90 3, (tt*7GG"""8$,levi%e8c#)G"-ec#%G"-ec#%8(t) 8last accessed Eune 0, 90 3@ $ " >.PS2CUTN, =onnie 0", X,orldY )ar ma-es the X)orldY state and the X)orldY state ma-es X)orldY )ar 8)ith a''olo&ies to 2harles Tilly@" >ecture at ?oldsmith University of >ondon, Fcto*er !, 90 $9" BA>FN%, 0avid 0", Does the 2lephant DanceK 4ontemporary #ndian "oreign 'olicy, F+ford University Press, F+ford, 90 $3" BANFCA=AN, N", Sri ,an a and the 13th Amendment- The Arithmetic o$ .Plus/ and .0inus/& .nstitute for Peace and 2onflict Studies-.P2S, Article 4044, ! Euly 90 3 $4" BANA=., 0r"Shiren B", #ndia.s uncon!entional war strategy,in Defence @ournal, Eanuary ###, htt':55)))"defence4ournal"com54an##5ra)facts"htm 8last accesed # Barch, 90 3@ $:" BANUB0A=, Aunohita Ba/umdar, *angladesh rejects #ndia-s terror charges , The Times of #ndia, Nov 9#, 9009 $<" B.T=A, Su*rata K", S2CdTT>., Eivanta, The new Dynamics of #ndian "oreign 'olicy and its $mbiguities, in #rish Studies in #nternational $ffairs, Lol" !, 8900$@, ''" #-34 $@8 MOHAN& Ra-a& Dhaka Spillo!er& 9ar%e'ie E%$#")e%t 6#r I%ter%ati#%al Peace& ./ Dece)ber 90 3 $!" BFCANTW, 0e*a =", $ Dismal Show $mid 'ockets of 2 cellence1 The State of Defense #nno!ation in #ndia, in #%44 Defense #nno!ation *riefs, Eanuary 90 4 @/8 ME HER<EE& R#(a% a%$ MALONE& Davi$& "or status or statureH, The #ndian &ational #nterest Re!iew, De*ruary 4, 90 !0" BUN., S"0", Beyond Terrorism: 0imensions of Political Liolence in South Asia in Anand KUBA= 8editor@, The Terror 4hallenge in South $sia and 'rospect of Regional 4ooperation, .nstitute for 0efence Studies and Analyses, Ne) 0elhi, 90 9, ''" #-39 ! " NW%, Eose'h S" Er, Liitorul 'uterii, Polirom, .aci, 90 9 !9" F>>APA>>W, 0ee'a B", Dorei&n Policy and .dentity Politics: =ealist versus 2ulturalist >esson, in Kanti BAEPA., Siddarth BA>>ALA=APU, #nternational Relations in #ndia1 Theorising the Region and the &ation, Lolume 9, Frient >on&man Private >imited, 890045900:@, ''" $- 49 !3" F3=FU=K%, Breffni, $fghanistan @oins S$$R4, ,orld-s 7argest Regional %rouping, 'ay!and, 45350$ !4" PAK.STAN TF0AW, e#ndia.s hegemonic mindset keeping S$$R4 in limbo., : Novem*er, 90 !:" P%T=%, Silviu, 0=0F-0N0-0isorder: Audit ordonat de stat &bsecte nere&uli fn forumul ctiingifico- )ilitar al I%$iei& 9e%ter 6#r Est;Eur#*ea% a%$ Asia% Stu$ies;9SEEA& Se*te)ber 01.0 !<" P%T=%, Silviu, India 1i eterna re$orm2 a industriei de ap2rare, 3enter $or 4st54uropean and Asian Studies53S44A, April 2013 !$" P%%WUSC, Parimal, Ci&her D0. for Stron&er 0efence 8intervie) )ith Baroof =a/a@, *usiness and 2conomy, $509590 !!" PDADD%NB%=?%=, Bryan, Sri 7anka in <AIM1 #ndian #nter!ention and Resurgence of the @L', in $sian Sur!ey, Lol" 9!, No" 9, A Survey of Asia in #!$: Part .., De*"8 #!!@, ''" 3$- 4$ !#" P=ASA., 0ir&ha =a4, 0UTTA, 0r"Shastra 0utta, 'ant1 $ Top &epalese $nalyst N &ationalist, The #nternational 3agaEine, : Bay 90 9 #0" Prasannara4an, S", 5nequal #ndia, #ndia Today, Euly :, 90 3 # " P=WS, Biriam, ,hat ma-es a re&ional he&emonH A com'arison of .ndian and South African Policy in the Post-2ol ,ar 'eriod, >ecture, 2hica&o, 9! De*, 900$ #9" - The Laria*ility of =e&ional Po)ers" Pan-%uro'ean 2onference on .=, Stoc-holm, #Se'tem*er, 90 0 #3" + #ndia and South $sia in the world1 on the embeddedness of regions in the international system and its consequences for regional powers , in #nternational Relations $sia 'acific, Lol" 3, No"9 890 3@, ''"9<$-9## #4" PUBBW, Banu, DRDO reforms cleared , to report to panel, The #ndian 2 press, Bay 4 90 0

9#

#:" =ABA2CAN0=AN, Sudra& 6ho's &ehind the ,TT4 splitI& Asia Times& Mar 04& 011> #<" =ABA2CAN0=AN, Sudha, #ndia.s Troubled Soldiers, The Diplomat, 0ecem*er 04, 90 3 #$" =ABAN, B", &epal1 'eople.s ,ar or TerrorismH South $sia $nalysis %roup, ! Fcto*er 9009 #!" =ABAN, B", The 7ao&oys o$ "8A6: Do9n 0emory ,ane, >ancer Pu*lishers, 900$ ##" =ABAN, B", 7eh1 Those magnificent 6aoboys on mule back, in the #ndian Defence Re!iew, 9$ A'r , 90 3 00" =.?STA0, Bar-, The eBush 0octrine3 as a Ce&emonic 0iscourse Strate&y, 4ritical Re!iew of #nternational Social and 'olitical 'hilosophy, Lolume 9, Num*er 3 Eune 8900#@ 0 " =.TT%=SCAUS%N, Eohannes =" B", The 'ostwar ,est %erman 2conomic Transition1 "rom Ordoliberalism to 6eynesianism, .,P 0iscussion Pa'er No" 900$5 Eanuary 8900$@ 09" =FU>, Animesh, The Threat from =isin& %+tremism in the Baldives, S)iss Dederal .nstitute of Technolo&y Narich, A'ril 9<, 90 3 03" =FW, Balli-a, BF=SCA, Daria Cossain, ?artal1 $ !iolent challenge to the socio+economic de!elopment of *angladesh, in #nternational @ournal of ScientificN Technology Research, Lolume 9, .ssue !, Au&ust 890 3@, ''"!$-#$ 04" SA=KA=, Sudeshna, SAA=2: Af&hanistan comes in from the cold, .SN-%TCN, < Bay 900$ 0:" SATP-South Asia Terrorism Portal, Eammu and Kashmir Assessment - Wear 90 4 8accessed Barch $, 90 4, 0 :3# am@ 0<" S2CFD.%>0, Lictoria, 6ashmir in 4onflict. #ndia, 'akistan and the 5neding ,ar , ."B"Tauris, Ne) Wor-, 90 0 0$" S%N, Amartya, 0=%N`, Eean, 'utting %rowth #n #ts 'lace, Outlook #ndia, Barch 4, 90 .1:; S<A"0A, Anshul, #ndian Defence + The 7ucrati!e $ir 'latforms 3arket1 33R4$ in "ocus , "rost, 9< Bar 90 9 0#" SCA=BA, Ra-eev, #S# &etwork in *angladesh. $n analysis, 2urasia Re!iew , 3 De*ruary, 90 9 0" SCA=BA, Ra-eev, ,hy &epal can.t ignore #ndia despite coEying up to 4hina, "irst 'ost #ndia, <ul /& 01.2 " SCA=BA, =a4eev Sharma, India, 0aldi=es "o9 )=er Airport 3ontract, The Diplomat, 0ecem*er :, 90 9 ..08 SHE LA& A-ai& DRDO restructures for greater accountability, *usiness Standard, Se*te)ber .0& 01.2 3" S.N?C, =SN, Strategic Significance of 3aldi!es, in the #ndian Defence Re!iew, 94 Bar , 90 9 4" SUBNA, 0a> ?en 0rinal, &ew 'rocurement 'rocedure and DRDO , in the #ndian Defence Re!iew, .ssue @ol; 2:;2 Apr5Aun 2013, 0# Se' , 90 3 :" SU=WANA=AWAN, L", #ndia as safe ha!enH, "rontline,Lolume $ - .ssue 9<, 0ec" 93, 9000 ^ Ean" 0:, 900 <" TAN%EA, Nisha and 2CF,0CU=W, Su*hanil, Role of Treaties in "acilitating &epal.s Trade with #ndia, 2conomic N 'olitical , e e k l y , L o l O > L , N o " $ , D e * r u a r y 3 , 9 0 0 $"T A==F,, Sidne y, 0e*atin& )ar, states and ri&hts )ith 2harles T illy: A contentious conversation, The Social Science =esearch 2ouncil, Ne) Wor-, Fcto*er 3-:, 900! !" TCAPA, 2hiran Eun&, 2ounter-terrorism and =e&ional 2oo'eration in South Asia in Anand KUBA= 8editor@, The Terror 4hallenge in South $sia and 'rospect of Regional 4ooperation, .nstitute for 0efence Studies and Analyses, Ne) 0elhi, 90 9, ''" 30- 43 #" TCA=FF=, S(as(i, India1 !rom 0idni%ht To The 0illennium and +eyond & Arcade Pu*lishin&, 900< 90" TCA=FF=, S(as(i, The elephant, the ti%er, and the cell phone& Pen&uin Boo-s, Ne) 0elhi" .ndia, 900$ 9 " TCA=FF=, S(as(i, Nehru; In=entarea Indiei, F#re"#r$ b! Iulia L#i%a;M#t#c& Pai$eia& Buc(arest& 011A 99" T%>%?=APC N%PA>, &epal1 #ndian hegemony has been institutionaliEed already, :"09"90 93" TC% %2FNFB.2 T.B%S, #ndia no match for 4hina on social indicators, says $martya Sen, Ean $, 90 9 94" TC% %2FNFB.2 T.B%S, 7ight 4ombat $ircraft Tejas likely to be ready for operational ser!ice

30

by :;<>1 #$" chief, De* :, 90 3 9:" TC% %2FNFB.2 T.B%S, *hutan seeks in!estments from #ndia in !arious sectors , 9 Se'tem*rie 90 3 9<" TC% %2FNFB.2 T.B%S, :;;= 4hittagong arms haul case e poses many terror links, De* <, 90 4 9$, TC% %2FNFB.ST, #ndia-s economic reforms. &ow finish the job, A'ril :th, 90 9 9!" The %2FNFB.ST, 6now your own strength, Bar 30th 90 3 9#" TC% T.B%S FD .N0.A, #ndia !otes against Sri 7anka at 5&?R4, D36 slams go!t for diluting resolution, Bar 9 , 90 3 30" TC% T=.BUN% %OP=%SS, Ne'alese 4ournalists3s visit: .#ndia.s hegemonic mindset

keeping saarc in limbo., Novem*er !, 90

3 " TC% T=.BUN% %OP=%SS, 3olla.s e ecution1 *angladesh.s '3 condemns 'akistan.s stance , 0ecem*er #, 90 3 208 TRIBENE INDIA& &o breakthrough in #ndo+*angla talks, Au&ust 94, 9009 33" ,A0U?%, Shenali, #ndian %o!ernment.s #njustice to #'6" in #ndia.s Lietnam , $sian Tribune, 3 Au&ust 900! 34" ,F>DF=TC, ,illiam 2", %ilpinian Realism and #nternational Relations, in #nternational Relations, Lol"9:, No"4 890 @, ''"4## ^: 3:"WA0AL, Watish and 0AC.WA, Nardee' Sin&h , The secret world of DRDO, The #ndian 2 press, 09 Se'tem*er 90 9